{ "schema_version": "1.0.0", "api_version": "v1", "snapshot_id": "bctl-7eb7c1c7524bb525d233", "edition": { "name": "Civometra Index", "label": "2026 Q4", "status": "research", "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "official_city_results_released": false }, "as_of": "2026-10-27", "as_of_meaning": "Last complete source check recorded in the research snapshot; not a common observation period or a new editorial review. A separately validated source may have a later retrieved_at date; inspect each observation.", "dates": { "source_checked_at": "2026-10-27", "last_complete_source_check_at": "2026-10-27", "latest_observation_retrieved_at": "2026-10-27", "observations_changed_at": "2026-10-21", "editorial_review_earliest": "2026-10-11", "editorial_review_latest": "2026-10-27", "urban_context_retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "index_evidence_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "air_quality_retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_candidates_evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "protocols_prepared_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_geographies_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "pm25_evidence_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "heat_evidence_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "rental_vacancy_evidence_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "housing_supply_evidence_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "life_expectancy_evidence_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "road_deaths_evidence_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27" }, "publisher": { "name": "BestCityToLive Intelligence", "initiative": "AINT.app", "url": "https://aint.app" }, "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. 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Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "c03dea3f743aa7e052bb31f9e6fdc1e9f04129169d27c7f1dc831d75e6cc5dd1", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 869, "eFUA_name": "Auckland", "Cntry_ISO": "NZL", "Cntry_name": "NewZealand", "UC_IDs": "13129;13130", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "6098c76b53643625b2b53cb2e3ae2a1a18494299bd6684f18cdfc3b0932204a1", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. 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Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "bangkok", "city_name": "Bangkok", "destination_country_iso3": "THA", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 100.5018, "latitude": 13.7563, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1894, "eFUA_name": "Bangkok", "Cntry_ISO": "THA", "Cntry_name": "Thailand", "UC_IDs": "10715;10765;10788", "UC_num": 3, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "ab97b6223c21d1748447aeb432f50b6890a1651723213c0b7391858b755ff797", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "68ada3c35e15e9f4b8a34644be96019acaa1082401f2a6ced1c0e53955b36a69", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 4523, "eFUA_name": "Barcelona", "Cntry_ISO": "ESP", "Cntry_name": "Spain", "UC_IDs": "2051;2066", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "cf1a417cbc7d488b266460de5c3d385c19bd603c52ed2568138409dd706b9b0c", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "ES002F", "URAU_NAME": "Barcelona", "CNTR_CODE": "ES" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "beijing", "city_name": "Beijing", "destination_country_iso3": "CHN", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 116.4074, "latitude": 39.9042, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 7704, "eFUA_name": "Beijing", "Cntry_ISO": "CHN", "Cntry_name": "China", "UC_IDs": "10675;10685;10687;10697;10738;10786", "UC_num": 6, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "9465f56cf82e69cb2ecd6b2d85f3090b12e5d63a3eff40b3845514f2bac86feb", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "berlin", "city_name": "Berlin", "destination_country_iso3": "DEU", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 13.405, "latitude": 52.52, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "DE001F", "country_iso3": "DEU", "source_name": "Berlin", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 118, "member_ids": [ "DEU11000000", "DEU12054000", "DEU12060005", "DEU12060020", "DEU12060024", "DEU12060034", "DEU12060154", "DEU12060161", "DEU12060181", "DEU12060192", "DEU12060198", "DEU12060250", "DEU12060269", "DEU12060280", "DEU12061020", "DEU12061112", "DEU12061192", "DEU12061216", "DEU12061217", "DEU12061260", "DEU12061328", "DEU12061332", "DEU12061344", "DEU12061405", "DEU12061433", "DEU12061444", "DEU12061448", "DEU12061492", "DEU12061540", "DEU12061572", "DEU12063036", "DEU12063056", "DEU12063080", "DEU12063088", "DEU12063142", "DEU12063148", "DEU12063186", "DEU12063202", "DEU12063208", "DEU12063228", "DEU12063240", "DEU12063256", "DEU12063273", "DEU12063357", "DEU12064029", "DEU12064053", "DEU12064084", "DEU12064136", "DEU12064153", "DEU12064205", "DEU12064222", "DEU12064227", "DEU12064303", "DEU12064317", "DEU12064336", "DEU12064370", "DEU12064380", "DEU12064393", "DEU12064408", "DEU12064428", "DEU12064472", "DEU12064484", "DEU12065036", "DEU12065096", "DEU12065100", "DEU12065136", "DEU12065144", "DEU12065165", "DEU12065180", "DEU12065193", "DEU12065198", "DEU12065225", "DEU12065251", "DEU12065256", "DEU12065332", "DEU12067024", "DEU12067040", "DEU12067124", "DEU12067144", "DEU12067173", "DEU12067201", "DEU12067288", "DEU12067408", "DEU12067440", "DEU12067469", "DEU12067544", "DEU12068372", "DEU12069017", "DEU12069020", "DEU12069052", "DEU12069056", "DEU12069076", "DEU12069249", "DEU12069304", "DEU12069306", "DEU12069345", "DEU12069397", "DEU12069402", "DEU12069448", "DEU12069454", "DEU12069460", "DEU12069470", "DEU12069474", "DEU12069590", "DEU12069596", "DEU12069604", "DEU12069616", "DEU12069632", "DEU12069656", "DEU12072002", "DEU12072017", "DEU12072120", "DEU12072232", "DEU12072240", "DEU12072312", "DEU12072340", "DEU12072426", "DEU12072477" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Gemeinden)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Gemeinden)": 118 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "34821fbbc7a63e08490ed46b2a9455f83fcf2f4910e27a7bc38a69affb58d745", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 4946, "eFUA_name": "Berlin", "Cntry_ISO": "DEU", "Cntry_name": "Germany", "UC_IDs": "2849;2851", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "3451855a3fa0aeeb0b7ab3fe1843aececd57a7768f192e249970e1739cb70568", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "DE001F", "URAU_NAME": "Berlin", "CNTR_CODE": "DE" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "boston", "city_name": "Boston", "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -71.0589, "latitude": 42.3601, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "USA11F", "country_iso3": "USA", "source_name": "Boston", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 499, "member_ids": [ "USA01431", "USA01432", "USA01450", "USA01460", "USA01463", "USA01464", "USA01469", "USA01474", "USA01701", "USA01702", "USA01718", "USA01719", "USA01720", "USA01721", "USA01730", "USA01731", "USA01741", "USA01742", "USA01746", "USA01748", "USA01749", "USA01752", "USA01754", "USA01760", "USA01770", "USA01773", "USA01775", "USA01776", "USA01778", "USA01801", "USA01803", "USA01810", "USA01821", "USA01824", "USA01826", "USA01827", "USA01830", "USA01832", "USA01833", "USA01834", "USA01835", "USA01840", "USA01841", "USA01843", "USA01844", "USA01845", "USA01850", "USA01851", "USA01852", "USA01854", "USA01860", "USA01862", "USA01863", "USA01864", "USA01867", "USA01876", "USA01879", "USA01880", "USA01886", "USA01887", "USA01890", "USA01901", "USA01902", "USA01904", "USA01905", "USA01906", "USA01907", "USA01908", "USA01913", "USA01915", "USA01921", "USA01922", "USA01923", "USA01929", "USA01930", "USA01937", "USA01938", "USA01940", "USA01944", "USA01945", "USA01949", "USA01950", "USA01951", "USA01952", "USA01960", "USA01965", "USA01966", "USA01969", "USA01970", "USA01982", "USA01983", "USA01984", "USA01985", "USA02019", "USA02021", "USA02025", "USA02026", "USA02030", "USA02032", "USA02035", "USA02038", "USA02043", "USA02045", "USA02047", "USA02050", "USA02052", "USA02053", "USA02054", "USA02056", "USA02061", "USA02062", "USA02066", "USA02067", "USA02071", "USA02072", "USA02081", "USA02090", "USA02093", "USA02108", "USA02109", "USA02110", "USA02111", "USA02113", "USA02114", "USA02115", "USA02116", "USA02118", "USA02119", "USA02120", "USA02121", "USA02122", "USA02124", "USA02125", "USA02126", "USA02127", "USA02128", "USA02129", "USA02130", "USA02131", "USA02132", "USA02133", "USA02134", "USA02135", "USA02136", "USA02138", "USA02139", "USA02140", "USA02141", "USA02142", "USA02143", "USA02144", "USA02145", "USA02148", "USA02149", "USA02150", "USA02151", "USA02152", "USA02155", "USA02163", "USA02169", "USA02170", "USA02171", "USA02176", "USA02180", "USA02184", "USA02186", "USA02188", "USA02189", "USA02190", "USA02191", "USA02199", "USA02203", "USA02205", "USA02210", "USA02215", "USA02301", "USA02302", "USA02322", "USA02324", "USA02325", "USA02330", "USA02332", "USA02333", "USA02338", "USA02339", "USA02341", "USA02343", "USA02346", "USA02347", "USA02350", "USA02351", "USA02359", "USA02360", "USA02364", "USA02366", "USA02367", "USA02368", "USA02370", "USA02379", "USA02382", "USA02420", "USA02421", "USA02445", "USA02446", "USA02451", "USA02452", "USA02453", "USA02457", "USA02458", "USA02459", "USA02460", "USA02461", "USA02462", "USA02464", "USA02465", "USA02466", "USA02467", "USA02468", "USA02472", "USA02474", "USA02476", "USA02478", "USA02481", "USA02482", "USA02492", "USA02493", "USA02494", "USA02538", "USA02558", "USA02571", "USA02576", "USA02738", "USA02739", "USA02762", "USA02770", "USA2500135", "USA25009", "USA2500901260", "USA2500901465", "USA2500905595", "USA2500907420", "USA2500916250", "USA2500921850", "USA2500925625", "USA2500926150", "USA2500927620", "USA2500927900", "USA2500929405", "USA2500932310", "USA2500934550", "USA2500937490", "USA2500937560", "USA2500937995", "USA2500938400", "USA2500940430", "USA2500940710", "USA2500941095", "USA2500943580", "USA2500945175", "USA2500945245", "USA2500946365", "USA2500952490", "USA2500957880", "USA2500958405", "USA2500959105", "USA2500959245", "USA2500960015", "USA2500968645", "USA2500970150", "USA2500974595", "USA2500977150", "USA2501260", "USA2501430", "USA2501640", "USA25017", "USA2501700380", "USA2501701605", "USA2501701955", "USA2501702130", "USA2501703005", "USA2501704615", "USA2501705070", "USA2501705805", "USA2501707350", "USA2501709840", "USA2501711000", "USA2501711525", "USA2501713135", "USA2501715060", "USA2501717475", "USA2501717825", "USA2501721990", "USA2501724960", "USA2501727480", "USA2501730700", "USA2501731085", "USA2501731540", "USA2501735215", "USA2501735425", "USA2501735950", "USA2501737000", "USA2501737875", "USA2501738715", "USA2501739625", "USA2501739835", "USA2501740115", "USA2501743895", "USA2501745560", "USA2501748955", "USA2501752805", "USA2501756130", "USA2501761380", "USA2501761590", "USA2501762535", "USA2501767665", "USA2501768050", "USA2501768260", "USA2501769415", "USA2501770360", "USA2501771025", "USA2501772215", "USA2501772600", "USA2501773440", "USA2501773790", "USA2501776135", "USA2501777255", "USA2501780230", "USA2501780510", "USA2501781035", "USA25021", "USA2502102935", "USA2502104930", "USA2502107740", "USA2502109175", "USA2502111315", "USA2502114640", "USA2502116495", "USA2502117405", "USA2502124820", "USA2502125172", "USA2502130455", "USA2502139765", "USA2502139975", "USA2502141515", "USA2502141690", "USA2502144105", "USA2502146050", "USA2502150250", "USA2502154100", "USA2502155745", "USA2502156000", "USA2502160785", "USA2502167945", "USA2502172495", "USA2502174175", "USA2502178690", "USA2502178972", "USA2502182315", "USA25023", "USA2502300170", "USA2502308130", "USA2502309000", "USA2502311665", "USA2502317895", "USA2502318455", "USA2502327795", "USA2502328285", "USA2502328495", "USA2502330210", "USA2502331645", "USA2502333220", "USA2502333920", "USA2502338540", "USA2502338855", "USA2502339450", "USA2502340850", "USA2502350145", "USA2502352630", "USA2502354310", "USA2502354415", "USA2502357600", "USA2502357775", "USA2502360330", "USA2502372985", "USA2502375260", "USA2502379530", "USA25025", "USA2502507000", "USA2502513205", "USA2502556585", "USA2502581005", "USA2503040", "USA2504965", "USA2505105", "USA2505595", "USA2507000", "USA2507385", "USA2507740", "USA2508130", "USA2509000", "USA2509210", "USA2509875", "USA2511000", "USA2511945", "USA2513205", "USA2514570", "USA2516285", "USA2516530", "USA2517370", "USA2517860", "USA2520310", "USA2521815", "USA2521990", "USA2524855", "USA2524960", "USA2525172", "USA2526150", "USA2527130", "USA2527445", "USA2528425", "USA2528460", "USA2529405", "USA2530175", "USA2530420", "USA2531050", "USA2531575", "USA2531680", "USA2532275", "USA2533185", "USA2534550", "USA2535250", "USA2536020", "USA2537000", "USA2537490", "USA2537595", "USA2537875", "USA2538435", "USA2538575", "USA2538715", "USA2538820", "USA2538960", "USA2539485", "USA2539660", "USA2539730", "USA2539835", "USA2540115", "USA2540710", "USA2540885", "USA2541532", "USA2541725", "USA2543615", "USA2544140", "USA2545245", "USA2545560", "USA2548220", "USA2548710", "USA2548780", "USA2549165", "USA2550285", "USA2550862", "USA2551160", "USA2552490", "USA2552770", "USA2553680", "USA2554275", "USA2555745", "USA2556000", "USA2556165", "USA2556585", "USA2557845", "USA2558370", "USA2559105", "USA2559210", "USA2560050", "USA2560295", "USA2560820", "USA2561555", "USA2562535", "USA2563690", "USA2567700", "USA2568680", "USA2569585", "USA2570115", "USA2570325", "USA2572250", "USA2572460", "USA2572600", "USA2573020", "USA2573440", "USA2574210", "USA2575680", "USA2578410", "USA2578850", "USA2578972", "USA2579390", "USA2580195", "USA2580545", "USA2581005", "USA2581035" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Counties", "Places", "Subcounties", "Zipcodes" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Counties": 5, "Places": 112, "Subcounties": 147, "Zipcodes": 235 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8e6b20b8cee990d03ae34b9f916348033ba96981f9acd8eb4b71db2b7b116d58", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 7347, "eFUA_name": "Boston", "Cntry_ISO": "USA", "Cntry_name": "UnitedStates", "UC_IDs": "1022", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "884d072a760b854477106515dc94a64c2ed0d9bed2177041935717e115aeb4db", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "US OMB/Census Metropolitan statistical area", "name": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH", "id": "14460", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city": { "name": "Boston", "state_fips": "25", "place_fips": "07000" }, "member_type": "County or county equivalent", "member_ids": [ "25009", "25017", "25021", "25023", "25025", "33015", "33017" ], "source_frame": "us-cbsa-2023", "member_count": 7, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_comparison_notice": "The OECD correspondence includes overlapping Counties, Places, Subcounties and Zipcodes; this national MSA is delineated by whole counties. Its county membership cannot be equated to the complete mixed-level OECD correspondence or to a city-proper ACS estimate." }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" }, { "frame_id": "us-cbsa-2023", "file": "us-2023-cbsa-delineations.xlsx", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629", "bytes": 143798, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:06:36.735881+00:00", "last_modified": "Fri, 04 Aug 2023 14:36:17 GMT", "publisher": "United States Census Bureau / Office of Management and Budget", "label": "July 2023 CBSA delineations", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city_source_frame": { "file": "us-2023-principal-cities.xlsx", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list2_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "1e1091de28d1ad1423cebf18e7cdb6db4fbf2204fd357bc68c24e8261dcce161", "bytes": 79368, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:06:36.716958+00:00", "last_modified": "Fri, 04 Aug 2023 14:36:23 GMT" }, "licence": "US Census Bureau government data: public-domain government work; cite source.", "licence_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "source_ref": "source-b2291e17aab05222" } ] }, { "city_slug": "brisbane", "city_name": "Brisbane", "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 153.0251, "latitude": -27.4698, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "AUS03F", "country_iso3": "AUS", "source_name": "Greater Brisbane", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 246, "member_ids": [ "AUS301011001", "AUS301011002", "AUS301011003", "AUS301011004", "AUS301011005", "AUS301011006", "AUS301021007", "AUS301021008", "AUS301021009", "AUS301021011", "AUS301021012", "AUS301021013", "AUS301021550", "AUS301021551", "AUS301031014", "AUS301031015", "AUS301031016", "AUS301031017", "AUS301031018", "AUS301031019", "AUS301031020", "AUS301031021", "AUS302011022", "AUS302011023", "AUS302011024", "AUS302011025", "AUS302011026", "AUS302021027", "AUS302021028", "AUS302021029", "AUS302021030", "AUS302021031", "AUS302021032", "AUS302021033", "AUS302021034", "AUS302031035", "AUS302031036", "AUS302031037", "AUS302031038", "AUS302031039", "AUS302031040", "AUS302041041", "AUS302041042", "AUS302041043", "AUS302041044", "AUS302041045", "AUS302041046", "AUS303011047", "AUS303011048", "AUS303011049", "AUS303011050", "AUS303011051", "AUS303021052", "AUS303021053", "AUS303021054", "AUS303021055", "AUS303021056", "AUS303021057", "AUS303021058", "AUS303021059", "AUS303031060", "AUS303031061", "AUS303031062", "AUS303031063", "AUS303031064", "AUS303031065", "AUS303031066", "AUS303041067", "AUS303041068", "AUS303041069", "AUS303041070", "AUS303041071", "AUS303051072", "AUS303051073", "AUS303051074", "AUS303051075", "AUS303051076", "AUS303061077", "AUS303061078", "AUS303061079", "AUS303061080", "AUS304011081", "AUS304011082", "AUS304011083", "AUS304011084", "AUS304011085", "AUS304021086", "AUS304021087", "AUS304021088", "AUS304021089", "AUS304021090", "AUS304021091", "AUS304031092", "AUS304031093", "AUS304031094", "AUS304031095", "AUS304031096", "AUS304031097", "AUS304041098", "AUS304041099", "AUS304041100", "AUS304041101", "AUS304041102", "AUS304041103", "AUS304041104", "AUS305011105", "AUS305011106", "AUS305011107", "AUS305011108", "AUS305011109", "AUS305011110", "AUS305011111", "AUS305011112", "AUS305021113", "AUS305021114", "AUS305021115", "AUS305021116", "AUS305021117", "AUS305021118", "AUS305031119", "AUS305031120", "AUS305031121", "AUS305031122", "AUS305031123", "AUS305031124", "AUS305031125", "AUS305031126", "AUS305031127", "AUS305031128", "AUS305031129", "AUS305031130", "AUS305031131", "AUS305041132", "AUS305041133", "AUS305041134", "AUS305041135", "AUS305041136", "AUS305041137", "AUS310011271", "AUS310011272", "AUS310011274", "AUS310011275", "AUS310011276", "AUS310011563", "AUS310011564", "AUS310021277", "AUS310021278", "AUS310021279", "AUS310021280", "AUS310021281", "AUS310021282", "AUS310031283", "AUS310031284", "AUS310031285", "AUS310031286", "AUS310031287", "AUS310031288", "AUS310031289", "AUS310031290", "AUS310031291", "AUS310031292", "AUS310031293", "AUS310031294", "AUS310031295", "AUS310041297", "AUS310041298", "AUS310041299", "AUS310041300", "AUS310041301", "AUS310041302", "AUS310041303", "AUS310041304", "AUS310041565", "AUS310041566", "AUS311011305", "AUS311021306", "AUS311021307", "AUS311021308", "AUS311021309", "AUS311021310", "AUS311031311", "AUS311031312", "AUS311031313", "AUS311031314", "AUS311031315", "AUS311031316", "AUS311031317", "AUS311031318", "AUS311031319", "AUS311041322", "AUS311041567", "AUS311041568", "AUS311041569", "AUS311041570", "AUS311041571", "AUS311051323", "AUS311051324", "AUS311051325", "AUS311051326", "AUS311051327", "AUS311051328", "AUS311061329", "AUS311061330", "AUS311061331", "AUS311061332", "AUS311061333", "AUS311061334", "AUS311061335", "AUS311061336", "AUS313011362", "AUS313011363", "AUS313021364", "AUS313021366", "AUS313021367", "AUS313021368", "AUS313021369", "AUS313021572", "AUS313021573", "AUS313031370", "AUS313031371", "AUS313041372", "AUS313041373", "AUS313041374", "AUS313041375", "AUS313041376", "AUS313051377", "AUS313051378", "AUS313051379", "AUS313051380", "AUS313051574", "AUS313051575", "AUS314011382", "AUS314011383", "AUS314011384", "AUS314011385", "AUS314011386", "AUS314011387", "AUS314021389", "AUS314021576", "AUS314021577", "AUS314021578", "AUS314021579", "AUS314031391", "AUS314031392", "AUS314031393", "AUS314031394" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Statistical Area 2 (SA2)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Statistical Area 2 (SA2)": 246 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "37e6eb65dbc3e9572e8f66752acdb44b554925deccde7db5ae22133c03f5a608", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 2355, "eFUA_name": "Brisbane", "Cntry_ISO": "AUS", "Cntry_name": "Australia", "UC_IDs": "13074;13076;13078;13079;13082", "UC_num": 5, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "194bc01e142741656fd092bbb1a1f749724b0037e588d2fecaab10897533346c", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "calgary", "city_name": "Calgary", "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -114.0719, "latitude": 51.0447, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "CAN05F", "country_iso3": "CAN", "source_name": "Calgary", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 26, "member_ids": [ "CAN4805012", "CAN4805018", "CAN4805019", "CAN4805021", "CAN4805022", "CAN4806001", "CAN4806006", "CAN4806008", "CAN4806009", "CAN4806011", "CAN4806012", "CAN4806014", "CAN4806016", "CAN4806017", "CAN4806019", "CAN4806021", "CAN4806022", "CAN4806024", "CAN4806026", "CAN4806028", "CAN4806029", "CAN4806031", "CAN4806032", "CAN4806034", "CAN4806036", "CAN4806804" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Census Subdivisions" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Census Subdivisions": 26 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8b8f48d0ea8c27dd38d8ddfbc01ce060ff6639b2df6ae87a421a6f57ecb2d029", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1276, "eFUA_name": "Calgary", "Cntry_ISO": "CAN", "Cntry_name": "Canada", "UC_IDs": "361;362;365", "UC_num": 3, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f73f3900b5e035534c0ea1075e2f432734ea827a49338c93575d7e6eaf18a62c", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "Statistics Canada Census metropolitan area", "name": "Calgary", "id": "825", "dguid": "2021S0503825", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "member_type": "Census subdivision", "member_ids": [ "4806014", "4806016", "4806017", "4806019", "4806021", "4806022", "4806024", "4806026", "4806804" ], "source_frame": "statcan-cma-2021", "member_count": 9, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_member_set_comparison": { "oecd_only_ids": [ "4805012", "4805018", "4805019", "4805021", "4805022", "4806001", "4806006", "4806008", "4806009", "4806011", "4806012", "4806028", "4806029", "4806031", "4806032", "4806034", "4806036" ], "national_only_ids": [], "same_identifier_membership": false, "notice": "Identifier set comparison only. Unknown OECD boundary vintage and geometry differences still require review; matching sets are not scoring approval." } }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" }, { "frame_id": "statcan-cma-2021", "file": "canada-98100003.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/98100003-eng.zip", "sha256": "01cf1003b34146c7babb2250342813e0d76e21e3dcbe9a42013119e5b8b966e9", "bytes": 128709, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:10:02.144168+00:00", "last_modified": "Wed, 09 Feb 2022 13:30:30 GMT", "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "label": "Table 98-10-0003-01, 2021 Census", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence; acknowledgement required.", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "source_ref": "source-30a378bb0031fc7e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "cape-town", "city_name": "Cape Town", "destination_country_iso3": "ZAF", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 18.4241, "latitude": -33.9249, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 189, "eFUA_name": "Cape Town", "Cntry_ISO": "ZAF", "Cntry_name": "SouthAfrica", "UC_IDs": "3268", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "785a4be3d6f40d025d63bab391cba572bdb9bb56bb4cf770a3c03799d4dd190b", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "chicago", "city_name": "Chicago", "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -87.6298, "latitude": 41.8781, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "USA03F", "country_iso3": "USA", "source_name": "Chicago", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 1042, "member_ids": [ "USA1700243", "USA1700594", "USA1700685", "USA1701010", "USA1701517", "USA1701595", "USA1701803", "USA1702154", "USA1703012", "USA17031", "USA1703103831", "USA1703105586", "USA1703106561", "USA1703107939", "USA1703110474", "USA1703114000", "USA1703114364", "USA1703123243", "USA1703124582", "USA1703132694", "USA1703142808", "USA1703143120", "USA1703145447", "USA1703146162", "USA1703152909", "USA1703153013", "USA1703153676", "USA1703154430", "USA1703154898", "USA1703156614", "USA1703157238", "USA1703157355", "USA1703162133", "USA1703163498", "USA1703164317", "USA1703164434", "USA1703168016", "USA1703172689", "USA1703175198", "USA1703181100", "USA1703183531", "USA1703610", "USA17037", "USA1703700386", "USA1703714988", "USA1703716483", "USA1703719174", "USA1703727650", "USA1703728911", "USA1703740078", "USA1703746292", "USA1703747696", "USA1703748983", "USA1703758200", "USA1703759676", "USA1703767561", "USA1703768835", "USA1703770473", "USA1703770837", "USA1703772182", "USA1703774236", "USA1703777798", "USA1703844", "USA1703883", "USA1704013", "USA1704078", "USA17043", "USA1704300250", "USA1704303", "USA1704306600", "USA1704314000", "USA1704320604", "USA1704343952", "USA1704349451", "USA1704351635", "USA1704379410", "USA1704382413", "USA1704383947", "USA1704572", "USA1704585", "USA1704975", "USA1705248", "USA1705404", "USA1705573", "USA1705859", "USA1705976", "USA17063", "USA1706303090", "USA1706307653", "USA1706324400", "USA1706325778", "USA1706328677", "USA1706330432", "USA1706330549", "USA1706331381", "USA1706334657", "USA1706346175", "USA1706347800", "USA1706350504", "USA1706352038", "USA1706353286", "USA1706367678", "USA1706377850", "USA1706379345", 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393 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "a13139b59c1548504db640bfa5d09ec95ad0393d80f1977535a66a1af80c5e7c", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 6654, "eFUA_name": "Chicago", "Cntry_ISO": "USA", "Cntry_name": "UnitedStates", "UC_IDs": "634;635;644;648;652", "UC_num": 5, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "2c3fad67bea1f6d71e302c4f52f99f6b4b2e631dabd81209abbfb480d9af0424", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "US OMB/Census Metropolitan statistical area", "name": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN", "id": "16980", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city": { "name": "Chicago", "state_fips": "17", "place_fips": "14000" }, "member_type": "County or county equivalent", "member_ids": [ "17031", "17037", "17043", "17063", "17089", "17093", "17097", "17111", "17197", "18073", "18089", "18111", "18127" ], "source_frame": "us-cbsa-2023", "member_count": 13, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_comparison_notice": "The OECD correspondence includes overlapping Counties, Places, Subcounties and Zipcodes; this national MSA is delineated by whole counties. Its county membership cannot be equated to the complete mixed-level OECD correspondence or to a city-proper ACS estimate." }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "17f70a029f61f463beaa0c923ba1667bfb5cc26c797fb66ddf3b178bc6d25938", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 537, "eFUA_name": "Copenhagen", "Cntry_ISO": "DNK", "Cntry_name": "Denmark", "UC_IDs": "2749", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "460a6ed468395064b665167a01d1017cdab94404d687e2600247f39095e266e3", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "9f8d2ff301df1ae0ece227e90ee54d100dfd88a081d25611b56348939d87ea14", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 687, "eFUA_name": "Helsinki", "Cntry_ISO": "FIN", "Cntry_name": "Finland", "UC_IDs": "3244", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "bcee9637caca13c7e5c1236a7abe8cceaa9ebf37ed6c891826f1ab58bb1f6ef5", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "FI001F", "URAU_NAME": "Helsinki", "CNTR_CODE": "FI" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "ho-chi-minh-city", "city_name": "Ho Chi Minh City", "destination_country_iso3": "VNM", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 106.6297, "latitude": 10.8231, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 5038, "eFUA_name": "Ho Chi Minh City", "Cntry_ISO": "VNM", "Cntry_name": "Vietnam", "UC_IDs": "11778;11781;11784;11787;11800;11802;11830", "UC_num": 7, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "48e1fbffcba3d1107cc05d64541fd7e1030d9acdc4177818e21ef053ffe53410", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "hong-kong", "city_name": "Hong Kong", "destination_country_iso3": "CHN", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 114.1694, "latitude": 22.3193, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 73, "eFUA_name": "Hong Kong", "Cntry_ISO": "HKG", "Cntry_name": "HongKong", "UC_IDs": "12274", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "794546d56e4e38a4546202ccb5f677b3a052da09305f5435f1d6c096564a8db4", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres.", "match_caveat": "Source Cntry_ISO is HKG; the inherited destination registry groups Hong Kong under CHN. Preserve both source labels rather than rewriting territorial identity." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "istanbul", "city_name": "Istanbul", "destination_country_iso3": "TUR", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 28.9784, "latitude": 41.0082, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "TR012F", "country_iso3": "TUR", "source_name": "Istanbul", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "not_in_retrieved_boundary_package", "boundary_source_frame": null, "boundary_archive_generation": null, "member_count": 32, "member_ids": [ "TUR1166", "TUR1183", "TUR1185", "TUR1186", "TUR1325", "TUR1327", "TUR1336", "TUR1421", "TUR1449", "TUR1604", "TUR1663", "TUR1708", "TUR1739", "TUR1810", "TUR1823", "TUR1835", "TUR1852", "TUR1886", "TUR2003", "TUR2004", "TUR2005", "TUR2010", "TUR2012", "TUR2014", "TUR2015", "TUR2016", "TUR2048", "TUR2049", "TUR2050", "TUR2052", "TUR2054", "TUR2055" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Districts (Ilçeler)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Districts (Ilçeler)": 32 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "unresolved_reason": "Official country-qualified codelist identity exists; no containing polygon in retrieved OECD boundary package.", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1637, "eFUA_name": "Istanbul", "Cntry_ISO": "TUR", "Cntry_name": "Turkey", "UC_IDs": "3562;3564;3576;3599", "UC_num": 4, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "7f1336a8d916c88e67eec87e1338fdad3feb1ff7111252fe6cffa58786b6f0fd", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "lima", "city_name": "Lima", "destination_country_iso3": "PER", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -77.0428, "latitude": -12.0464, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 2327, "eFUA_name": "Lima", "Cntry_ISO": "PER", "Cntry_name": "Peru", "UC_IDs": "528;539", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "29a7c69c7bad34be1e0eed94c34bb66d1b208a235a8357796e7680a211849321", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. 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Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "lisbon", "city_name": "Lisbon", "destination_country_iso3": "PRT", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -9.1393, "latitude": 38.7223, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "PT001F", "country_iso3": "PRT", "source_name": "Lisboa", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 175, "member_ids": [ "PRT1101", "PRT110106", "PRT110107", "PRT110108", "PRT110109", "PRT110113", "PRT110114", "PRT110117", "PRT110118", "PRT110119", "PRT110120", "PRT110121", "PRT1102", "PRT110201", "PRT110202", "PRT110203", "PRT110204", "PRT1103", "PRT110301", "PRT110302", "PRT110303", "PRT110304", "PRT110306", "PRT110307", "PRT110310", "PRT1105", "PRT110501", "PRT110506", "PRT110507", "PRT110508", "PRT1106", "PRT110601", "PRT110602", "PRT110607", "PRT110608", "PRT110610", "PRT110611", "PRT110618", "PRT110621", "PRT110633", "PRT110639", "PRT110654", "PRT110655", "PRT110656", "PRT110657", "PRT110658", "PRT110659", "PRT110660", "PRT110661", "PRT110662", "PRT110663", "PRT110664", "PRT110665", "PRT110666", "PRT110667", "PRT1107", "PRT110702", "PRT110705", "PRT110707", "PRT110708", "PRT110726", "PRT110727", "PRT110728", "PRT110729", "PRT110730", "PRT110731", "PRT1109", "PRT110902", "PRT110904", "PRT110906", "PRT110909", "PRT110911", "PRT110913", "PRT110918", "PRT110919", "PRT110920", "PRT110921", "PRT110922", "PRT1110", "PRT111002", "PRT111009", "PRT111012", "PRT111013", "PRT111014", "PRT1111", "PRT111102", "PRT111105", "PRT111108", "PRT111115", "PRT111122", "PRT111123", "PRT111124", "PRT111125", "PRT111126", "PRT111127", "PRT111128", "PRT1112", "PRT111201", "PRT111202", "PRT111203", "PRT1114", "PRT111408", "PRT111409", "PRT111412", "PRT111413", "PRT111414", "PRT111415", "PRT1115", "PRT111512", "PRT111513", "PRT111514", "PRT111515", "PRT111516", "PRT111517", "PRT1116", "PRT111603", "PRT111608", "PRT111609", "PRT111610", "PRT1405", "PRT140501", "PRT140502", "PRT140503", "PRT140504", "PRT1415", "PRT141502", "PRT141503", "PRT141507", "PRT141508", "PRT1502", "PRT150201", "PRT150202", "PRT150203", "PRT1503", "PRT150303", "PRT150312", "PRT150313", "PRT150314", "PRT150315", "PRT1504", "PRT150407", "PRT150409", "PRT150410", "PRT150411", "PRT1506", "PRT150601", "PRT150603", "PRT150607", "PRT150608", "PRT1507", "PRT150701", "PRT150704", "PRT150709", "PRT150710", "PRT150711", "PRT1508", "PRT150802", "PRT150803", "PRT150804", "PRT150806", "PRT1510", "PRT151002", "PRT151005", "PRT151006", "PRT151007", "PRT1511", "PRT151101", "PRT151102", "PRT151103", "PRT1512", "PRT151205", "PRT151207", "PRT151208", "PRT151209", "PRT151210" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Councils (Concoelhos)", "Parishes (Freguesias)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Councils (Concoelhos)": 24, "Parishes (Freguesias)": 151 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "06d6b1c58f63ad292005c77e0050c7cbdd7a61134f8b0ac37d5fe6958d5fe318", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 310, "eFUA_name": "Lisbon", "Cntry_ISO": "PRT", "Cntry_name": "Portugal", "UC_IDs": "1551;1554;1556", "UC_num": 3, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "b3baa9de4e4c1fd0a118a77e82e2186f4024e27b6f37ea716ec1ff6b24009c12", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "PT001F", "URAU_NAME": "Lisboa", "CNTR_CODE": "PT" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "london", "city_name": "London", "destination_country_iso3": "GBR", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -0.1278, "latitude": 51.5074, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "UK001F", "country_iso3": "GBR", "source_name": "London", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 62, "member_ids": [ "GBRE06000033", "GBRE06000034", "GBRE07000066", "GBRE07000068", "GBRE07000069", "GBRE07000070", "GBRE07000072", "GBRE07000073", "GBRE07000075", "GBRE07000077", "GBRE07000095", "GBRE07000098", "GBRE07000102", "GBRE07000103", "GBRE07000107", "GBRE07000109", "GBRE07000111", "GBRE07000115", "GBRE07000116", "GBRE07000207", "GBRE07000208", "GBRE07000210", "GBRE07000211", "GBRE07000213", "GBRE07000215", "GBRE07000217", "GBRE07000240", "GBRE07000241", "GBRE07000242", "GBRE09000001", "GBRE09000002", "GBRE09000003", "GBRE09000004", "GBRE09000005", "GBRE09000006", "GBRE09000007", "GBRE09000008", "GBRE09000009", "GBRE09000010", "GBRE09000011", "GBRE09000012", "GBRE09000013", "GBRE09000014", "GBRE09000015", "GBRE09000016", "GBRE09000017", "GBRE09000018", "GBRE09000019", "GBRE09000020", "GBRE09000021", "GBRE09000022", "GBRE09000023", "GBRE09000024", "GBRE09000025", "GBRE09000026", "GBRE09000027", "GBRE09000028", "GBRE09000029", "GBRE09000030", "GBRE09000031", "GBRE09000032", "GBRE09000033" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Local Authorities" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Local Authorities": 62 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "632b31d2801bee9019c0151fd47eae61b3e743eed5d4427e52e1dcba3087717c", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 5288, "eFUA_name": "London", "Cntry_ISO": "GBR", "Cntry_name": "UnitedKingdom", "UC_IDs": "1892;1895;1906;1912;1914;1924;1936;1945;1948;1960;1981;1983", "UC_num": 12, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "dbd19509ec585494ce6b73100f9d82a9f571f6c753fd851d5e60e6b326e0beff", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "city_name": "Los Angeles", "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -118.2437, "latitude": 34.0522, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "USA02F", "country_iso3": "USA", "source_name": "Los Angeles (Greater)", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 919, "member_ids": [ "USA0600212", "USA0600296", "USA0600394", "USA0600450", "USA0600464", "USA0600884", "USA0600947", "USA0601150", "USA0601290", "USA0602000", "USA0602294", "USA0602364", "USA0602462", "USA0602896", "USA0603274", "USA0603344", "USA0603386", "USA0603512", "USA0603666", "USA06037", "USA0603790015", "USA0603790560", "USA0603790730", "USA0603790810", "USA0603791400", "USA0603791730", "USA0603791750", "USA0603792110", "USA0603792140", "USA0603792360", "USA0603792400", "USA0603792785", "USA0603792920", "USA0603793090", "USA0603793100", "USA0603793155", "USA0603793200", "USA0603793380", "USA0603793510", "USA0603793730", "USA0603820", "USA0604030", "USA0604758", "USA0604870", "USA0604982", "USA0604996", "USA06059", "USA0605990050", "USA0605990420", "USA0605991413", "USA0605991977", "USA0605992150", "USA0605993015", "USA0605993110", "USA0606028", "USA0606308", "USA0606406", "USA0606434", "USA06065", "USA0606590253", "USA0606590410", "USA0606590492", "USA0606590520", "USA0606590590", "USA0606590670", "USA0606590880", "USA0606591280", "USA0606591370", "USA0606591450", "USA0606591530", "USA0606592060", "USA0606592130", "USA0606592340", "USA0606592450", "USA0606592640", "USA0606592810", "USA0606635", "USA0607064", "USA06071", "USA0607172", "USA0607190188", "USA0607190220", "USA0607191513", "USA0607192040", "USA0607192080", "USA0607192102", "USA0607192260", "USA0607192770", "USA0607192955", "USA0607193482", "USA0607193555", "USA0607193850", "USA0607218", "USA0607946", "USA0608100", "USA0608786", "USA0608954", "USA0609360", "USA0609598", "USA0609864", "USA0610928", "USA0611530", "USA0611796", "USA0612048", "USA0612552", "USA0612734", "USA0612916", "USA0613210", "USA0613214", "USA0613560", "USA0613756", "USA0614260", "USA0614890", "USA0614974", "USA0615044", "USA0616350", "USA0616420", "USA0616532", "USA0616580", "USA0616742", "USA0617162", "USA0617498", "USA0617568", "USA0617750", "USA0617946", "USA0618352", "USA0618982", "USA0618986", "USA0618996", "USA0619022", "USA0619052", "USA0619192", "USA0619766", "USA0619990", "USA0620697", "USA0620802", "USA0620984", "USA0621034", "USA0621096", "USA0621230", "USA0621292", "USA0621810", "USA0621964", "USA0622230", "USA0622412", "USA0622457", "USA0624477", "USA0624680", "USA0625114", "USA0625380", "USA0626067", "USA0628000", "USA0628168", "USA0629000", "USA0629112", "USA0630000", "USA0630014", "USA0630410", "USA0630658", "USA0630944", "USA0631092", "USA0631596", "USA0632385", "USA0632506", "USA0632548", "USA0633182", "USA0633364", "USA0633434", "USA0633518", "USA0633574", "USA0633588", "USA0634302", "USA0634316", "USA0634392", "USA0636000", "USA0636056", "USA0636203", "USA0636434", "USA0636448", "USA0636452", "USA0636490", "USA0636546", "USA0636770", "USA0636826", "USA0637554", "USA0637692", "USA0639003", "USA0639045", "USA0639108", "USA0639114", "USA0639178", "USA0639220", "USA0639248", "USA0639259", "USA0639290", "USA0639304", "USA0639444", "USA0639486", "USA0639496", "USA0639556", "USA0639598", "USA0639612", "USA0639645", "USA0639715", "USA0639836", "USA0639892", "USA0640032", "USA0640130", "USA0640256", "USA0640340", "USA0640354", "USA0640526", "USA0640830", "USA0640886", "USA0641180", "USA0641194", "USA0641208", "USA0641880", "USA0642370", "USA0642468", "USA0643000", "USA0643224", "USA0644000", "USA0644420", "USA0644574", "USA0644644", "USA0645246", "USA0645400", "USA0645680", "USA0645806", "USA0646436", "USA0646492", "USA0646520", "USA0646646", "USA0646660", "USA0646842", "USA0646884", "USA0647066", "USA0647430", "USA0648256", "USA0648410", "USA0648648", "USA0648788", "USA0648816", "USA0648914", "USA0649270", "USA0649348", "USA0649544", "USA0649684", "USA0650076", "USA0650132", "USA0650734", "USA0651182", "USA0651560", "USA0651820", "USA0652302", "USA0652379", "USA0652526", "USA0652624", "USA0652715", "USA0652760", "USA0653224", "USA0653896", "USA0653980", "USA0655156", "USA0655184", "USA0655254", "USA0655380", "USA0655618", "USA0656000", "USA0656598", "USA0656700", "USA0656826", "USA0656924", "USA0657302", "USA0657526", "USA0658072", "USA0659052", "USA0659451", "USA0659500", "USA0659503", "USA0659514", "USA0659587", "USA0659962", "USA0660018", "USA0660466", "USA0661012", "USA0662000", "USA0662602", "USA0662644", "USA0662756", "USA0662860", "USA0662896", "USA0663050", "USA0663218", "USA0663316", "USA0664056", "USA0664462", "USA0665000", "USA0665084", "USA0666070", "USA0666140", "USA0667042", "USA0667112", "USA0668028", "USA0668224", "USA0668308", "USA0669000", "USA0669088", "USA0669154", "USA0670000", "USA0670686", "USA0670728", "USA0671806", "USA0671876", "USA0671918", "USA0671964", "USA0672156", "USA0672996", "USA0673080", "USA0673167", "USA0673220", "USA0673276", "USA0673290", "USA0673430", "USA0673700", "USA0673962", "USA0674130", "USA0677308", "USA0678120", "USA0678138", "USA0678148", "USA0678456", "USA0678596", "USA0678960", "USA0680000", "USA0680210", "USA0680854", "USA0680994", "USA0681344", "USA0681638", "USA0681708", "USA0681967", "USA0682422", "USA0682590", "USA0682667", "USA0682744", "USA0682815", "USA0683085", "USA0683332", "USA0683402", "USA0683460", "USA0684116", "USA0684144", "USA0684200", "USA0684410", "USA0684438", "USA0684550", "USA0684592", "USA0684774", "USA0684780", "USA0684921", "USA0685208", "USA0685292", "USA0685446", "USA0685587", "USA0685614", "USA0685894", "USA0686244", "USA0686594", "USA0686720", "USA0686832", "USA0687042", "USA0687056", "USA90001", "USA90002", "USA90003", "USA90004", "USA90005", "USA90006", "USA90007", "USA90008", "USA90010", "USA90011", "USA90012", "USA90013", "USA90014", "USA90015", "USA90016", "USA90017", "USA90018", "USA90019", "USA90020", "USA90021", "USA90022", "USA90023", "USA90024", "USA90025", "USA90026", "USA90027", "USA90028", "USA90029", "USA90031", "USA90032", "USA90033", "USA90034", "USA90035", "USA90036", "USA90037", "USA90038", "USA90039", "USA90040", "USA90041", "USA90042", "USA90043", "USA90044", "USA90045", "USA90046", "USA90047", "USA90048", "USA90049", "USA90052", "USA90056", "USA90057", "USA90058", "USA90059", "USA90061", "USA90062", "USA90063", "USA90064", "USA90065", "USA90066", "USA90067", "USA90068", "USA90069", "USA90071", "USA90073", "USA90077", "USA90079", "USA90089", "USA90094", "USA90095", "USA90201", "USA90210", "USA90211", "USA90212", "USA90220", "USA90221", "USA90222", "USA90230", "USA90232", "USA90240", "USA90241", "USA90242", "USA90245", "USA90247", "USA90248", "USA90249", "USA90250", "USA90254", "USA90255", "USA90260", "USA90262", "USA90263", "USA90265", "USA90266", "USA90270", "USA90272", "USA90274", "USA90275", "USA90277", "USA90278", "USA90280", "USA90290", "USA90291", "USA90292", "USA90293", "USA90301", "USA90302", "USA90303", "USA90304", "USA90305", "USA90401", "USA90402", "USA90403", "USA90404", "USA90405", "USA90501", "USA90502", "USA90503", "USA90504", "USA90505", "USA90506", "USA90601", "USA90602", "USA90603", "USA90604", "USA90605", "USA90606", "USA90620", "USA90621", "USA90623", "USA90630", "USA90631", "USA90638", "USA90639", "USA90640", "USA90650", "USA90660", "USA90670", "USA90680", "USA90701", "USA90703", "USA90704", "USA90706", "USA90710", "USA90712", "USA90713", "USA90715", "USA90716", "USA90717", "USA90720", "USA90723", "USA90731", "USA90732", "USA90740", "USA90742", "USA90743", "USA90744", "USA90745", "USA90746", "USA90747", "USA90755", "USA90802", "USA90803", "USA90804", "USA90805", "USA90806", "USA90807", "USA90808", "USA90810", "USA90813", "USA90814", "USA90815", "USA90822", "USA90840", "USA91001", "USA91006", "USA91007", "USA91008", "USA91010", "USA91011", "USA91016", "USA91020", "USA91024", "USA91030", "USA91040", "USA91042", "USA91046", "USA91101", "USA91103", "USA91104", "USA91105", "USA91106", "USA91107", "USA91108", "USA91125", "USA91201", "USA91202", "USA91203", "USA91204", "USA91205", "USA91206", "USA91207", "USA91208", "USA91210", "USA91214", "USA91301", "USA91302", "USA91303", "USA91304", "USA91306", "USA91307", "USA91311", "USA91316", "USA91321", "USA91324", "USA91325", "USA91326", "USA91330", "USA91331", "USA91335", "USA91340", "USA91342", "USA91343", "USA91344", "USA91345", "USA91350", "USA91351", "USA91352", "USA91354", "USA91355", "USA91356", "USA91364", "USA91367", "USA91371", "USA91381", "USA91384", "USA91387", "USA91390", "USA91401", "USA91402", "USA91403", "USA91405", "USA91406", "USA91411", "USA91423", "USA91436", "USA91501", "USA91502", "USA91504", "USA91505", "USA91506", "USA91601", "USA91602", "USA91604", "USA91605", "USA91606", "USA91607", "USA91608", "USA91701", "USA91702", "USA91706", "USA91708", "USA91709", "USA91710", "USA91711", "USA91722", "USA91723", "USA91724", "USA91730", "USA91731", "USA91732", "USA91733", "USA91737", "USA91739", "USA91740", "USA91741", "USA91744", "USA91745", "USA91746", "USA91748", "USA91750", "USA91752", "USA91754", "USA91755", "USA91759", "USA91761", "USA91762", "USA91763", "USA91764", "USA91765", "USA91766", "USA91767", "USA91768", "USA91770", "USA91773", "USA91775", "USA91776", "USA91780", "USA91784", "USA91786", "USA91789", "USA91790", "USA91791", "USA91792", "USA91801", "USA91803", "USA92201", "USA92203", "USA92210", "USA92211", "USA92220", "USA92223", "USA92225", "USA92230", "USA92234", "USA92236", "USA92239", "USA92240", "USA92241", "USA92242", "USA92252", "USA92253", "USA92254", "USA92256", "USA92258", "USA92260", "USA92262", "USA92264", "USA92267", "USA92268", "USA92270", "USA92274", "USA92276", "USA92277", "USA92278", "USA92280", "USA92282", "USA92284", "USA92285", "USA92301", "USA92304", "USA92305", "USA92307", "USA92308", "USA92309", "USA92310", "USA92311", "USA92313", "USA92314", "USA92315", "USA92316", "USA92317", "USA92320", "USA92321", "USA92322", "USA92324", "USA92325", "USA92327", "USA92332", "USA92333", "USA92335", "USA92336", "USA92337", "USA92338", "USA92339", "USA92341", "USA92342", "USA92344", "USA92345", "USA92346", "USA92347", "USA92350", "USA92352", "USA92354", "USA92356", "USA92358", "USA92359", "USA92363", "USA92364", "USA92365", "USA92368", "USA92369", "USA92371", "USA92372", "USA92373", "USA92374", "USA92376", "USA92377", "USA92378", "USA92382", "USA92385", "USA92386", "USA92391", "USA92392", "USA92394", "USA92395", "USA92397", "USA92398", "USA92399", "USA92401", "USA92404", "USA92405", "USA92407", "USA92408", "USA92410", "USA92411", "USA92415", "USA92501", "USA92503", "USA92504", "USA92505", "USA92506", "USA92507", "USA92508", "USA92509", "USA92518", "USA92521", "USA92530", "USA92532", "USA92536", "USA92539", "USA92543", "USA92544", "USA92545", "USA92548", "USA92549", "USA92551", "USA92553", "USA92555", "USA92557", "USA92561", "USA92562", "USA92563", "USA92567", "USA92570", "USA92571", "USA92582", "USA92583", "USA92584", "USA92585", "USA92586", "USA92587", "USA92590", "USA92591", "USA92592", "USA92595", "USA92596", "USA92602", "USA92603", "USA92604", "USA92606", "USA92610", "USA92612", "USA92614", "USA92617", "USA92618", "USA92620", "USA92624", "USA92625", "USA92626", "USA92627", "USA92629", "USA92630", "USA92637", "USA92646", "USA92647", "USA92648", "USA92649", "USA92651", "USA92653", "USA92655", "USA92656", "USA92657", "USA92660", "USA92661", "USA92662", "USA92663", "USA92672", "USA92673", "USA92675", "USA92676", "USA92677", "USA92678", "USA92679", "USA92683", "USA92688", "USA92691", "USA92692", "USA92694", "USA92697", "USA92701", "USA92703", "USA92704", "USA92705", "USA92706", "USA92707", "USA92708", "USA92780", "USA92782", "USA92801", "USA92802", "USA92804", "USA92805", "USA92806", "USA92807", "USA92808", "USA92821", "USA92823", "USA92831", "USA92832", "USA92833", "USA92835", "USA92840", "USA92841", "USA92843", "USA92844", "USA92845", "USA92860", "USA92861", "USA92865", "USA92866", "USA92867", "USA92868", "USA92869", "USA92870", "USA92879", "USA92880", "USA92881", "USA92882", "USA92883", "USA92886", "USA92887", "USA93510", "USA93532", "USA93534", "USA93535", "USA93536", "USA93543", "USA93544", "USA93550", "USA93551", "USA93552", "USA93553", "USA93558", "USA93562", "USA93563", "USA93591" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Counties", "Places", "Subcounties", "Zipcodes" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Counties": 4, "Places": 314, "Subcounties": 56, "Zipcodes": 545 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "da7cdaf3221d84805d693c94e21cc3740a5ce5aed3e84245e76096033d5e2a71", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1642, "eFUA_name": "Los Angeles", "Cntry_ISO": "USA", "Cntry_name": "UnitedStates", "UC_IDs": "11;12;14;16;41;45", "UC_num": 6, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8e31426c3d7434685eda49baf0643fa221b5a253976d3175cab4fdf3bea5d427", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "US OMB/Census Metropolitan statistical area", "name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "id": "31080", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city": { "name": "Los Angeles", "state_fips": "06", "place_fips": "44000" }, "member_type": "County or county equivalent", "member_ids": [ "06037", "06059" ], "source_frame": "us-cbsa-2023", "member_count": 2, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_comparison_notice": "The OECD correspondence includes overlapping Counties, Places, Subcounties and Zipcodes; this national MSA is delineated by whole counties. Its county membership cannot be equated to the complete mixed-level OECD correspondence or to a city-proper ACS estimate." }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" }, { "frame_id": "us-cbsa-2023", "file": "us-2023-cbsa-delineations.xlsx", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629", "bytes": 143798, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:06:36.735881+00:00", "last_modified": "Fri, 04 Aug 2023 14:36:17 GMT", "publisher": "United States Census Bureau / Office of Management and Budget", "label": "July 2023 CBSA delineations", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city_source_frame": { "file": "us-2023-principal-cities.xlsx", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list2_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "1e1091de28d1ad1423cebf18e7cdb6db4fbf2204fd357bc68c24e8261dcce161", "bytes": 79368, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:06:36.716958+00:00", "last_modified": "Fri, 04 Aug 2023 14:36:23 GMT" }, "licence": "US Census Bureau government data: public-domain government work; cite source.", "licence_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "source_ref": "source-b2291e17aab05222" } ] }, { "city_slug": "madrid", "city_name": "Madrid", "destination_country_iso3": "ESP", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -3.7038, "latitude": 40.4168, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "ES001F", "country_iso3": "ESP", "source_name": "Madrid", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 166, "member_ids": [ "ESP05241", "ESP19024", "ESP19046", "ESP19071", "ESP19126", "ESP19280", "ESP19293", "ESP19319", "ESP28002", "ESP28004", "ESP28005", "ESP28006", "ESP28007", "ESP28008", "ESP28009", "ESP28010", "ESP28013", "ESP28014", "ESP28015", "ESP28017", "ESP28018", "ESP28019", "ESP28022", "ESP28023", "ESP28026", "ESP28028", "ESP28029", "ESP28030", "ESP28031", "ESP28032", "ESP28033", "ESP28035", "ESP28036", "ESP28037", "ESP28038", "ESP28040", "ESP28041", "ESP28042", "ESP28043", "ESP28044", "ESP28045", "ESP28046", "ESP28047", "ESP28049", "ESP28050", "ESP28051", "ESP28052", "ESP28053", "ESP28054", "ESP28056", "ESP28057", "ESP28058", "ESP28059", "ESP28061", "ESP28065", "ESP28066", "ESP28067", "ESP28068", "ESP28072", "ESP28073", "ESP28074", "ESP28075", "ESP28079", "ESP28080", "ESP28082", "ESP28083", "ESP28084", "ESP28085", "ESP28086", "ESP28087", "ESP28089", "ESP28090", "ESP28091", "ESP28092", "ESP28093", "ESP28094", "ESP28095", "ESP28096", "ESP28099", "ESP28100", "ESP28104", "ESP28106", "ESP28108", "ESP28109", "ESP28110", "ESP28113", "ESP28115", "ESP28116", "ESP28119", "ESP28121", "ESP28123", "ESP28125", "ESP28127", "ESP28129", "ESP28130", "ESP28131", "ESP28132", "ESP28133", "ESP28134", "ESP28135", "ESP28137", "ESP28140", "ESP28141", "ESP28144", "ESP28145", "ESP28146", "ESP28147", "ESP28148", "ESP28149", "ESP28150", "ESP28151", "ESP28152", "ESP28154", "ESP28157", "ESP28160", "ESP28161", "ESP28162", "ESP28163", "ESP28164", "ESP28165", "ESP28167", "ESP28168", "ESP28169", "ESP28170", "ESP28171", "ESP28172", "ESP28174", "ESP28175", "ESP28176", "ESP28177", "ESP28178", "ESP28179", "ESP28180", "ESP28181", "ESP28183", "ESP28903", "ESP45021", "ESP45025", "ESP45031", "ESP45038", "ESP45041", "ESP45047", "ESP45056", "ESP45064", "ESP45081", "ESP45085", "ESP45099", "ESP45119", "ESP45123", "ESP45127", "ESP45128", "ESP45129", "ESP45143", "ESP45145", "ESP45157", "ESP45161", "ESP45171", "ESP45176", "ESP45180", "ESP45183", "ESP45188", "ESP45199", "ESP45201", "ESP45202", "ESP45203", "ESP45205" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Municipios)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Municipios)": 166 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "9693f6a549436802ed905afd3a1832a94421dd82ef63eeed1b9d36e4ab7eb38b", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 3147, "eFUA_name": "Madrid", "Cntry_ISO": "ESP", "Cntry_name": "Spain", "UC_IDs": "1701;1719", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "e24795ab209a1e5d91ebbf76c79b446f3836df6dce98e66bcb1cfa8f17d1d72d", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "ES001F", "URAU_NAME": "Madrid", "CNTR_CODE": "ES" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "manila", "city_name": "Manila", "destination_country_iso3": "PHL", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 120.9842, "latitude": 14.5995, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 2845, "eFUA_name": "Quezon City [Manila]", "Cntry_ISO": "PHL", "Cntry_name": "Philippines", "UC_IDs": "12817;12819;12821;12824;12829;12840;12837;12847;12854;12855;12859;12860;12861;12866", "UC_num": 14, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "a5c61421621ef44433dc4d66df8d9613005a37a9f400a8e0388a0c3762fb009a", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "melbourne", "city_name": "Melbourne", "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 144.9631, "latitude": -37.8136, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "AUS02F", "country_iso3": "AUS", "source_name": "Greater Melbourne", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 361, "member_ids": [ "AUS206011106", "AUS206011107", "AUS206011109", "AUS206011495", "AUS206011496", "AUS206011497", "AUS206011498", "AUS206021110", "AUS206021112", "AUS206021499", "AUS206021500", "AUS206031113", "AUS206031115", "AUS206031116", "AUS206031501", "AUS206031502", "AUS206041117", "AUS206041118", "AUS206041119", "AUS206041120", "AUS206041121", "AUS206041124", "AUS206041125", "AUS206041127", "AUS206041503", "AUS206041504", "AUS206041505", "AUS206041506", "AUS206041507", "AUS206041508", "AUS206041509", "AUS206041510", "AUS206051128", "AUS206051129", "AUS206051130", "AUS206051134", "AUS206051511", "AUS206051512", "AUS206051513", "AUS206051514", "AUS206061135", "AUS206061136", "AUS206061138", "AUS206061515", "AUS206061516", "AUS206071139", "AUS206071140", "AUS206071141", "AUS206071142", "AUS206071143", "AUS206071145", "AUS206071517", "AUS206071518", "AUS207011146", "AUS207011147", "AUS207011148", "AUS207011149", "AUS207011150", "AUS207011152", "AUS207011154", "AUS207011155", "AUS207011519", "AUS207011520", "AUS207011521", "AUS207011522", "AUS207021156", "AUS207021157", "AUS207021159", "AUS207021160", "AUS207021424", "AUS207021425", "AUS207031161", "AUS207031162", "AUS207031163", "AUS207031164", "AUS207031165", "AUS207031166", "AUS207031167", "AUS208011168", "AUS208011169", "AUS208011170", "AUS208011171", "AUS208011172", "AUS208011173", "AUS208021174", "AUS208021176", "AUS208021177", "AUS208021178", "AUS208021179", "AUS208021180", "AUS208021181", "AUS208021182", "AUS208021426", "AUS208021427", "AUS208031183", "AUS208031184", "AUS208031185", "AUS208031186", "AUS208031187", "AUS208031188", "AUS208031189", "AUS208031190", "AUS208031191", "AUS208031192", "AUS208031193", "AUS208041194", "AUS208041195", "AUS209011196", "AUS209011197", "AUS209011198", "AUS209011199", "AUS209011200", "AUS209011201", "AUS209011202", "AUS209011203", "AUS209011204", "AUS209021205", "AUS209021428", "AUS209021429", "AUS209021523", "AUS209021524", "AUS209021525", "AUS209021526", "AUS209031209", "AUS209031210", "AUS209031211", "AUS209031212", "AUS209031213", "AUS209031214", "AUS209031215", "AUS209041216", "AUS209041217", "AUS209041220", "AUS209041221", "AUS209041223", "AUS209041224", "AUS209041225", "AUS209041431", "AUS209041432", "AUS209041433", "AUS209041435", "AUS209041436", "AUS209041437", "AUS209041527", "AUS209041528", "AUS209041529", "AUS209041530", "AUS209041531", "AUS209041532", "AUS210011226", "AUS210011227", "AUS210011228", "AUS210011230", "AUS210011231", "AUS210011533", "AUS210011534", "AUS210021232", "AUS210021233", "AUS210021234", "AUS210021235", "AUS210031236", "AUS210031237", "AUS210031439", "AUS210031440", "AUS210031535", "AUS210031536", "AUS210031537", "AUS210031538", "AUS210041240", "AUS210041539", "AUS210041540", "AUS210041541", "AUS210051242", "AUS210051243", "AUS210051245", "AUS210051246", "AUS210051247", "AUS210051248", "AUS210051250", "AUS210051441", "AUS210051442", "AUS210051443", "AUS210051445", "AUS210051542", "AUS210051543", "AUS210051544", "AUS210051545", "AUS211011251", "AUS211011254", "AUS211011255", "AUS211011256", "AUS211011257", "AUS211011258", "AUS211011259", "AUS211011260", "AUS211011446", "AUS211011447", "AUS211011448", "AUS211011449", "AUS211021261", "AUS211021262", "AUS211031263", "AUS211031265", "AUS211031266", "AUS211031267", "AUS211031268", "AUS211031450", "AUS211031451", "AUS211031452", "AUS211041269", "AUS211041270", "AUS211041271", "AUS211041272", "AUS211041273", "AUS211051274", "AUS211051275", "AUS211051276", "AUS211051277", "AUS211051278", "AUS211051279", "AUS211051280", "AUS211051281", "AUS211051282", "AUS211051283", "AUS211051284", "AUS211051285", "AUS211051286", "AUS212011289", "AUS212011546", "AUS212011547", "AUS212011548", "AUS212011549", "AUS212011550", "AUS212011551", "AUS212011552", "AUS212021293", "AUS212021295", "AUS212021297", "AUS212021299", "AUS212021453", "AUS212021454", "AUS212021455", "AUS212021456", "AUS212021553", "AUS212021554", "AUS212031300", "AUS212031303", "AUS212031304", "AUS212031306", "AUS212031308", "AUS212031457", "AUS212031458", "AUS212031555", "AUS212031556", "AUS212031557", "AUS212031558", "AUS212031559", "AUS212031560", "AUS212031561", "AUS212031562", "AUS212041309", "AUS212041310", "AUS212041312", "AUS212041313", "AUS212041316", "AUS212041317", "AUS212041318", "AUS212041459", "AUS212041460", "AUS212041563", "AUS212041564", "AUS212041565", "AUS212041566", "AUS212051319", "AUS212051321", "AUS212051322", "AUS212051323", "AUS212051324", "AUS212051325", "AUS212051326", "AUS212051327", "AUS212051567", "AUS212051568", "AUS213011328", "AUS213011329", "AUS213011331", "AUS213011332", "AUS213011333", "AUS213011334", "AUS213011335", "AUS213011336", "AUS213011337", "AUS213011338", "AUS213011339", "AUS213011340", "AUS213011569", "AUS213011570", "AUS213021341", "AUS213021342", "AUS213021343", "AUS213021344", "AUS213021345", "AUS213021346", "AUS213031347", "AUS213031348", "AUS213031349", "AUS213031350", "AUS213031351", "AUS213031352", "AUS213041353", "AUS213041358", "AUS213041359", "AUS213041360", "AUS213041461", "AUS213041462", "AUS213041463", "AUS213041571", "AUS213041572", "AUS213041573", "AUS213041574", "AUS213041575", "AUS213041576", "AUS213041577", "AUS213041578", "AUS213051361", "AUS213051362", "AUS213051363", "AUS213051368", "AUS213051464", "AUS213051466", "AUS213051467", "AUS213051468", "AUS213051579", "AUS213051580", "AUS213051581", "AUS213051582", "AUS213051583", "AUS213051584", "AUS213051585", "AUS213051586", "AUS213051587", "AUS213051588", "AUS213051589", "AUS213051590", "AUS214011370", "AUS214011371", "AUS214011372", "AUS214011373", "AUS214011374", "AUS214011375", "AUS214011376", "AUS214021377", "AUS214021378", "AUS214021379", "AUS214021381", "AUS214021382", "AUS214021383", "AUS214021384", "AUS214021385", "AUS214021591", "AUS214021592" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Statistical Area 2 (SA2)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Statistical Area 2 (SA2)": 361 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "cf9def8e61ca4b810d4ba3245f6b527769d1e9624ed003ba11e28874dde4340a", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1266, "eFUA_name": "Melbourne", "Cntry_ISO": "AUS", "Cntry_name": "Australia", "UC_IDs": "13020;13023", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "aec89447f9e018b015d7235297e6edf5f7223fbaca59cebd009b5caadaccc241", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "montreal", "city_name": "Montreal", "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -73.5673, "latitude": 45.5017, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "CAN02F", "country_iso3": "CAN", "source_name": "Montreal", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 176, "member_ids": [ "CAN2445030", "CAN2445093", "CAN2445095", "CAN2445100", "CAN2445105", "CAN2446010", "CAN2446035", "CAN2446040", "CAN2446045", "CAN2446058", "CAN2446065", "CAN2446100", "CAN2446105", "CAN2452007", "CAN2452017", "CAN2453032", "CAN2453040", "CAN2454025", "CAN2454030", "CAN2455030", "CAN2455037", "CAN2455048", "CAN2455057", "CAN2455065", "CAN2456005", "CAN2456010", "CAN2456023", "CAN2456030", "CAN2456050", "CAN2456055", "CAN2456060", "CAN2456083", "CAN2456097", "CAN2457005", "CAN2457010", "CAN2457020", "CAN2457025", "CAN2457030", "CAN2457033", "CAN2457035", "CAN2457040", "CAN2457045", "CAN2457050", "CAN2457057", "CAN2457068", "CAN2457075", "CAN2458007", "CAN2458012", "CAN2458033", "CAN2458037", "CAN2458227", "CAN2459010", "CAN2459015", "CAN2459020", "CAN2459025", "CAN2459030", "CAN2459035", "CAN2460005", "CAN2460013", "CAN2460020", "CAN2460028", "CAN2460037", "CAN2461050", "CAN2462015", "CAN2462020", "CAN2462025", "CAN2462037", "CAN2462047", "CAN2462053", "CAN2462055", "CAN2462060", "CAN2462065", "CAN2463005", "CAN2463013", "CAN2463023", "CAN2463030", "CAN2463035", "CAN2463040", "CAN2463048", "CAN2463055", "CAN2463060", "CAN2464008", "CAN2464015", "CAN2465005", "CAN2466007", "CAN2466023", "CAN2466032", "CAN2466047", "CAN2466058", "CAN2466062", "CAN2466072", "CAN2466087", "CAN2466097", "CAN2466102", "CAN2466107", "CAN2466112", "CAN2466117", "CAN2466127", "CAN2466142", "CAN2467005", "CAN2467010", "CAN2467015", "CAN2467020", "CAN2467025", "CAN2467030", "CAN2467035", "CAN2467045", "CAN2467050", "CAN2467055", "CAN2468005", "CAN2468010", "CAN2468015", "CAN2468020", "CAN2468025", "CAN2468030", "CAN2468035", "CAN2468040", "CAN2468045", "CAN2468050", "CAN2468055", "CAN2469017", "CAN2469025", "CAN2469030", "CAN2470005", "CAN2470012", "CAN2470022", "CAN2470030", "CAN2471005", "CAN2471015", "CAN2471025", "CAN2471033", "CAN2471040", "CAN2471045", "CAN2471050", "CAN2471055", "CAN2471083", "CAN2471090", "CAN2471100", "CAN2471105", "CAN2471110", "CAN2471125", "CAN2471133", "CAN2472005", "CAN2472010", "CAN2472015", "CAN2472020", "CAN2472025", "CAN2472032", "CAN2472043", "CAN2472802", "CAN2473005", "CAN2473010", "CAN2473015", "CAN2473020", "CAN2473025", "CAN2473030", "CAN2473035", "CAN2474005", "CAN2475005", "CAN2475017", "CAN2475028", "CAN2475040", "CAN2475045", "CAN2476008", "CAN2476020", "CAN2476025", "CAN2476043", "CAN2477011", "CAN2477012", "CAN2477022", "CAN2477030", "CAN2477035", "CAN2477043", "CAN2477050", "CAN2477065", "CAN2478005" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Census Subdivisions" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Census Subdivisions": 176 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8e30fa2e45df239e4ac65bb0032ad3dfb71bdd13b5f9bd3b55898c9e24f2870b", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 3485, "eFUA_name": "Montreal", "Cntry_ISO": "CAN", "Cntry_name": "Canada", "UC_IDs": "1013;1017;1026;1030", "UC_num": 4, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "7869b15ce38edcdd1371798d80ce8cb42ea3aaa9656d9e7c5de567e8abda35a6", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "Statistics Canada Census metropolitan area", "name": "Montréal", "id": "462", "dguid": "2021S0503462", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "member_type": "Census subdivision", "member_ids": [ "2452007", "2455057", "2455065", "2456083", "2457005", "2457010", "2457020", "2457025", "2457030", "2457035", "2457040", "2457045", "2458007", "2458012", "2458033", "2458037", "2458227", "2459010", "2459015", "2459020", "2459025", "2460005", "2460013", "2460020", "2460028", "2460037", "2463035", "2463048", "2464008", "2464015", "2465005", "2466007", "2466023", "2466032", "2466047", "2466058", "2466062", "2466072", "2466087", "2466092", "2466097", "2466102", "2466107", "2466112", "2466117", "2466127", "2466142", "2467005", "2467010", "2467015", "2467020", "2467025", "2467030", "2467035", "2467040", "2467045", "2467050", "2467055", "2467802", "2470022", "2471025", "2471033", "2471040", "2471050", "2471055", "2471060", "2471065", "2471070", "2471075", "2471083", "2471090", "2471095", "2471100", "2471105", "2472005", "2472010", "2472015", "2472020", "2472025", "2472032", "2472043", "2472802", "2473005", "2473010", "2473015", "2473020", "2473025", "2473030", "2473035", "2474005", "2475005", "2475017", "2476025" ], "source_frame": "statcan-cma-2021", "member_count": 93, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_member_set_comparison": { "oecd_only_ids": [ "2445030", "2445093", "2445095", "2445100", "2445105", "2446010", "2446035", "2446040", "2446045", "2446058", "2446065", "2446100", "2446105", "2452017", "2453032", "2453040", "2454025", "2454030", "2455030", "2455037", "2455048", "2456005", "2456010", "2456023", "2456030", "2456050", "2456055", "2456060", "2456097", "2457033", "2457050", "2457057", "2457068", "2457075", "2459030", "2459035", "2461050", "2462015", "2462020", "2462025", "2462037", "2462047", "2462053", "2462055", "2462060", "2462065", "2463005", "2463013", "2463023", "2463030", "2463040", "2463055", "2463060", "2468005", "2468010", "2468015", "2468020", "2468025", "2468030", "2468035", "2468040", "2468045", "2468050", "2468055", "2469017", "2469025", "2469030", "2470005", "2470012", "2470030", "2471005", "2471015", "2471045", "2471110", "2471125", "2471133", "2475028", "2475040", "2475045", "2476008", "2476020", "2476043", "2477011", "2477012", "2477022", "2477030", "2477035", "2477043", "2477050", "2477065", "2478005" ], "national_only_ids": [ "2466092", "2467040", "2467802", "2471060", "2471065", "2471070", "2471075", "2471095" ], "same_identifier_membership": false, "notice": "Identifier set comparison only. Unknown OECD boundary vintage and geometry differences still require review; matching sets are not scoring approval." } }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "munich", "city_name": "Munich", "destination_country_iso3": "DEU", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 11.582, "latitude": 48.1351, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "DE003F", "country_iso3": "DEU", "source_name": "München", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 200, "member_ids": [ "DEU09162000", "DEU09173118", "DEU09173120", "DEU09173123", "DEU09173130", "DEU09173137", "DEU09173141", "DEU09173147", "DEU09173451", "DEU09174111", "DEU09174113", "DEU09174115", "DEU09174118", "DEU09174121", "DEU09174122", "DEU09174126", "DEU09174131", "DEU09174135", "DEU09174136", "DEU09174137", "DEU09174141", "DEU09174143", "DEU09174146", "DEU09174147", "DEU09174150", "DEU09174151", "DEU09175111", "DEU09175112", "DEU09175113", "DEU09175114", "DEU09175115", "DEU09175116", "DEU09175118", "DEU09175119", "DEU09175121", "DEU09175122", "DEU09175123", "DEU09175124", "DEU09175127", "DEU09175128", "DEU09175131", "DEU09175132", "DEU09175133", "DEU09175135", "DEU09175136", "DEU09175137", "DEU09175139", "DEU09175451", "DEU09175452", "DEU09175453", "DEU09177113", "DEU09177114", "DEU09177115", "DEU09177116", "DEU09177117", "DEU09177118", "DEU09177119", "DEU09177122", "DEU09177123", "DEU09177127", "DEU09177130", "DEU09177131", "DEU09177133", "DEU09177134", "DEU09177135", "DEU09177137", "DEU09177142", "DEU09177144", "DEU09178113", "DEU09178115", "DEU09178120", "DEU09178123", "DEU09178124", "DEU09178129", "DEU09178130", "DEU09178133", "DEU09178136", "DEU09178137", "DEU09178138", "DEU09178140", "DEU09178142", "DEU09178143", "DEU09178145", "DEU09178150", "DEU09178155", "DEU09178156", "DEU09178157", "DEU09179111", "DEU09179113", "DEU09179114", "DEU09179117", "DEU09179118", "DEU09179119", "DEU09179121", "DEU09179123", "DEU09179125", "DEU09179126", "DEU09179128", "DEU09179130", "DEU09179131", "DEU09179132", "DEU09179134", "DEU09179136", "DEU09179137", "DEU09179138", "DEU09179140", "DEU09179142", "DEU09179145", "DEU09179147", "DEU09179149", "DEU09181114", "DEU09181115", "DEU09181116", "DEU09181118", "DEU09181120", "DEU09181122", "DEU09181123", "DEU09181139", "DEU09181144", "DEU09181145", "DEU09181146", "DEU09181451", "DEU09182120", "DEU09182127", "DEU09182133", "DEU09182136", "DEU09182137", "DEU09183119", "DEU09183126", "DEU09183135", "DEU09183144", "DEU09184112", "DEU09184113", "DEU09184114", "DEU09184118", "DEU09184119", "DEU09184120", "DEU09184121", "DEU09184122", "DEU09184123", "DEU09184127", "DEU09184129", "DEU09184130", "DEU09184131", "DEU09184132", "DEU09184134", "DEU09184135", "DEU09184136", "DEU09184137", "DEU09184138", "DEU09184139", "DEU09184140", "DEU09184141", "DEU09184142", "DEU09184144", "DEU09184145", "DEU09184146", "DEU09184147", "DEU09184148", "DEU09184149", "DEU09184452", "DEU09184454", "DEU09184457", "DEU09186125", "DEU09186126", "DEU09186130", "DEU09186132", "DEU09186143", "DEU09186146", "DEU09186149", "DEU09186151", "DEU09186152", "DEU09186162", "DEU09187130", "DEU09187451", "DEU09188113", "DEU09188117", "DEU09188118", "DEU09188120", "DEU09188121", "DEU09188124", "DEU09188126", "DEU09188127", "DEU09188132", "DEU09188137", "DEU09188139", "DEU09188141", "DEU09188144", "DEU09188145", "DEU09188451", "DEU09190115", "DEU09190132", "DEU09190138", "DEU09190152", "DEU09771111", "DEU09771145", "DEU09771146", "DEU09771160", "DEU09771162", "DEU09771165" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Gemeinden)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Gemeinden)": 200 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8e63901e79ef294d5e5d082e2eafd00cd30ff888b5032cbc8489c60eabeaa5be", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 4736, "eFUA_name": "Munich", "Cntry_ISO": "DEU", "Cntry_name": "Germany", "UC_IDs": "2784", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "77e716d713fbb79a14ee43a65bf4b91fb5e22b4d22541948ce0379b9d5a22b4c", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "DE003F", "URAU_NAME": "München", "CNTR_CODE": "DE" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "new-york-city", "city_name": "New York City", "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -74.006, "latitude": 40.7128, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "USA01F", "country_iso3": "USA", "source_name": "New York (Greater)", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 2449, "member_ids": [ "USA06390", "USA07001", "USA07002", "USA07003", "USA07004", "USA07005", "USA07006", "USA07008", "USA07009", "USA07010", "USA07011", "USA07012", "USA07013", "USA07014", "USA07016", "USA07017", "USA07018", "USA07020", "USA07021", "USA07022", "USA07023", "USA07024", "USA07026", "USA07027", "USA07028", "USA07029", "USA07030", "USA07031", "USA07032", "USA07033", "USA07034", "USA07035", "USA07036", "USA07039", "USA07040", "USA07041", "USA07042", "USA07043", "USA07044", "USA07045", "USA07046", "USA07047", "USA07050", "USA07052", "USA07054", "USA07055", "USA07057", "USA07058", "USA07059", "USA07060", "USA07062", "USA07063", "USA07064", "USA07065", "USA07066", "USA07067", "USA07068", "USA07069", "USA07070", "USA07071", "USA07072", "USA07073", "USA07074", "USA07075", "USA07076", "USA07077", "USA07078", "USA07079", "USA07080", "USA07081", "USA07082", "USA07083", "USA07086", "USA07087", "USA07088", "USA07090", "USA07092", "USA07093", "USA07094", "USA07095", "USA07102", "USA07103", "USA07104", "USA07105", "USA07106", "USA07107", "USA07108", "USA07109", "USA07110", "USA07111", "USA07112", "USA07114", "USA07201", "USA07202", "USA07203", "USA07204", "USA07205", "USA07206", "USA07208", "USA07302", "USA07304", "USA07305", "USA07306", "USA07307", "USA07310", "USA07311", "USA07401", "USA07403", "USA07405", "USA07407", "USA07410", "USA07416", "USA07417", "USA07418", "USA07419", "USA07420", "USA07421", "USA07422", "USA07423", "USA07424", "USA07430", "USA07432", "USA07435", "USA07436", "USA07438", "USA07439", "USA07440", "USA07442", "USA07444", "USA07446", "USA07450", "USA07452", "USA07456", "USA07457", "USA07458", "USA07460", "USA07461", "USA07462", "USA07463", "USA07465", "USA07470", "USA07480", "USA07481", "USA07501", "USA07502", "USA07503", "USA07504", "USA07505", "USA07506", "USA07508", "USA07512", "USA07513", "USA07514", "USA07522", "USA07524", "USA07601", "USA07603", "USA07604", "USA07605", "USA07606", "USA07607", "USA07608", "USA07620", "USA07621", "USA07624", "USA07626", "USA07627", "USA07628", "USA07630", "USA07631", "USA07632", "USA07640", "USA07641", "USA07642", "USA07643", "USA07644", "USA07645", "USA07646", "USA07647", "USA07648", "USA07649", "USA07650", "USA07652", "USA07656", "USA07657", "USA07660", "USA07661", "USA07662", "USA07663", "USA07666", "USA07670", "USA07675", "USA07676", "USA07677", "USA07701", "USA07702", "USA07703", "USA07704", "USA07711", "USA07712", "USA07716", "USA07717", "USA07718", "USA07719", "USA07720", "USA07721", "USA07722", "USA07723", "USA07724", "USA07726", "USA07727", "USA07728", "USA07730", "USA07731", "USA07732", "USA07733", "USA07734", "USA07735", "USA07737", "USA07738", "USA07739", "USA07740", "USA07746", "USA07747", "USA07748", "USA07750", "USA07751", "USA07753", "USA07755", "USA07756", "USA07757", "USA07758", "USA07760", "USA07762", "USA07764", "USA07801", "USA07803", "USA07820", "USA07821", "USA07822", "USA07823", "USA07825", "USA07826", "USA07827", "USA07828", "USA07830", "USA07831", "USA07832", "USA07833", "USA07834", "USA07836", "USA07838", "USA07840", "USA07842", "USA07843", "USA07844", "USA07846", "USA07847", "USA07848", "USA07849", "USA07850", "USA07851", "USA07852", "USA07853", "USA07856", "USA07857", "USA07860", "USA07863", "USA07865", "USA07866", "USA07869", "USA07870", "USA07871", "USA07874", "USA07876", "USA07878", "USA07880", "USA07881", "USA07882", "USA07885", "USA07901", "USA07920", "USA07921", "USA07922", "USA07924", "USA07926", "USA07927", "USA07928", "USA07930", "USA07931", "USA07932", "USA07933", "USA07934", "USA07935", "USA07936", "USA07939", "USA07940", "USA07945", "USA07946", "USA07950", "USA07960", "USA07961", "USA07970", "USA07974", 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Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "b2c6f7c9ad3de080ba292bf65138e0613cd309bd175de51f637d65a355abe60d", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 7244, "eFUA_name": "New York", "Cntry_ISO": "USA", "Cntry_name": "UnitedStates", "UC_IDs": "942;949;945;947;953;970", "UC_num": 6, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "980718f0842709471b01d636e65cf2594d9bb0d582d1757b7632189092e0daeb", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "US OMB/Census Metropolitan statistical area", "name": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ", "id": "35620", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city": { "name": "New York", "state_fips": "36", "place_fips": "51000" }, "member_type": "County or county equivalent", "member_ids": [ "34003", "34013", "34017", "34019", "34023", "34025", "34027", "34029", "34031", "34035", "34037", "34039", "36005", "36047", "36059", "36061", "36079", "36081", "36085", "36087", "36103", "36119" ], "source_frame": "us-cbsa-2023", "member_count": 22, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_comparison_notice": "The OECD correspondence includes overlapping Counties, Places, Subcounties and Zipcodes; this national MSA is delineated by whole counties. 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Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "NO001F", "URAU_NAME": "Oslo", "CNTR_CODE": "NO" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "paris", "city_name": "Paris", "destination_country_iso3": "FRA", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 2.3522, "latitude": 48.8566, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "FR001F", "country_iso3": "FRA", "source_name": "Paris", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 1949, "member_ids": [ "FRA02015", "FRA02042", "FRA02062", "FRA02084", "FRA02090", "FRA02105", "FRA02125", "FRA02137", "FRA02162", "FRA02163", "FRA02185", "FRA02186", "FRA02192", "FRA02216", "FRA02221", "FRA02225", "FRA02232", "FRA02242", "FRA02258", "FRA02259", "FRA02268", "FRA02281", "FRA02289", "FRA02292", "FRA02302", "FRA02307", "FRA02316", "FRA02339", "FRA02368", "FRA02375", "FRA02410", "FRA02415", "FRA02428", "FRA02441", "FRA02443", "FRA02449", "FRA02458", "FRA02465", "FRA02466", "FRA02496", "FRA02505", "FRA02506", "FRA02512", "FRA02515", "FRA02518", "FRA02521", "FRA02528", "FRA02540", "FRA02555", "FRA02557", "FRA02568", "FRA02594", "FRA02596", "FRA02622", "FRA02628", "FRA02644", "FRA02653", "FRA02664", "FRA02679", "FRA02701", "FRA02718", "FRA02729", "FRA02734", "FRA02744", "FRA02749", "FRA02777", "FRA02792", "FRA02798", "FRA02800", "FRA02810", "FRA02818", "FRA02822", "FRA10208", "FRA10254", "FRA10367", "FRA27004", "FRA27010", "FRA27022", "FRA27026", "FRA27045", "FRA27059", "FRA27066", "FRA27067", "FRA27070", "FRA27072", "FRA27073", "FRA27076", "FRA27078", "FRA27081", "FRA27094", "FRA27098", "FRA27111", "FRA27114", "FRA27119", "FRA27136", "FRA27152", "FRA27153", "FRA27176", "FRA27180", "FRA27181", "FRA27183", "FRA27190", "FRA27193", "FRA27199", "FRA27203", "FRA27204", "FRA27213", "FRA27214", "FRA27220", "FRA27226", "FRA27230", "FRA27231", "FRA27232", "FRA27259", "FRA27271", "FRA27273", "FRA27276", "FRA27278", "FRA27279", "FRA27284", "FRA27285", "FRA27304", "FRA27309", "FRA27310", "FRA27312", "FRA27324", "FRA27326", "FRA27329", "FRA27331", "FRA27333", "FRA27336", "FRA27343", "FRA27355", "FRA27369", "FRA27370", "FRA27372", "FRA27376", "FRA27379", "FRA27391", "FRA27392", "FRA27397", "FRA27399", "FRA27400", "FRA27405", "FRA27406", "FRA27407", "FRA27408", "FRA27417", "FRA27419", "FRA27420", "FRA27421", "FRA27423", "FRA27426", "FRA27429", "FRA27430", "FRA27437", "FRA27440", "FRA27445", "FRA27448", "FRA27465", "FRA27473", "FRA27477", "FRA27480", "FRA27490", "FRA27525", "FRA27533", "FRA27539", "FRA27540", "FRA27543", "FRA27548", "FRA27554", "FRA27555", "FRA27562", "FRA27567", "FRA27589", "FRA27599", "FRA27612", "FRA27614", "FRA27617", "FRA27621", "FRA27625", "FRA27632", "FRA27633", "FRA27644", "FRA27674", "FRA27681", "FRA27682", "FRA27689", "FRA27690", "FRA27694", "FRA27696", "FRA28001", "FRA28007", "FRA28009", "FRA28013", "FRA28015", "FRA28023", "FRA28025", "FRA28026", "FRA28036", "FRA28039", "FRA28050", "FRA28052", "FRA28053", "FRA28054", "FRA28055", "FRA28056", "FRA28058", "FRA28062", "FRA28064", "FRA28073", "FRA28074", "FRA28076", "FRA28082", "FRA28084", "FRA28092", "FRA28094", "FRA28096", "FRA28098", "FRA28113", "FRA28118", "FRA28129", "FRA28134", "FRA28135", "FRA28136", "FRA28137", "FRA28140", "FRA28143", "FRA28146", "FRA28164", "FRA28168", "FRA28169", "FRA28172", "FRA28178", "FRA28180", "FRA28183", "FRA28184", "FRA28185", "FRA28187", "FRA28188", "FRA28189", "FRA28191", "FRA28193", "FRA28195", "FRA28197", "FRA28207", "FRA28208", "FRA28210", "FRA28213", "FRA28215", "FRA28223", "FRA28227", "FRA28230", "FRA28235", "FRA28243", "FRA28247", "FRA28249", "FRA28251", "FRA28255", "FRA28257", "FRA28267", "FRA28268", "FRA28274", "FRA28275", "FRA28276", "FRA28279", "FRA28284", "FRA28285", "FRA28289", "FRA28291", "FRA28292", "FRA28293", "FRA28294", "FRA28298", "FRA28299", "FRA28312", "FRA28313", "FRA28317", "FRA28319", "FRA28321", "FRA28332", "FRA28343", "FRA28344", "FRA28347", "FRA28349", "FRA28352", "FRA28355", "FRA28357", "FRA28359", "FRA28363", "FRA28366", "FRA28371", "FRA28372", "FRA28374", "FRA28375", "FRA28377", "FRA28379", "FRA28392", "FRA28397", "FRA28404", "FRA28405", "FRA28408", "FRA28415", "FRA28417", "FRA28421", "FRA28423", "FRA28425", "FRA45005", "FRA45012", "FRA45013", "FRA45015", "FRA45026", "FRA45032", "FRA45033", "FRA45037", "FRA45054", "FRA45056", "FRA45065", "FRA45080", "FRA45091", "FRA45094", "FRA45124", "FRA45125", "FRA45127", "FRA45133", "FRA45135", "FRA45136", "FRA45145", "FRA45148", "FRA45149", "FRA45170", "FRA45191", "FRA45198", "FRA45201", "FRA45217", "FRA45222", "FRA45233", "FRA45237", "FRA45240", "FRA45246", "FRA45250", "FRA45255", "FRA45258", "FRA45263", "FRA45265", "FRA45310", "FRA45320", "FRA51071", "FRA51306", "FRA51402", "FRA51459", "FRA51625", "FRA60002", "FRA60005", "FRA60006", "FRA60007", "FRA60008", "FRA60010", "FRA60012", "FRA60013", "FRA60014", "FRA60015", "FRA60016", "FRA60020", "FRA60022", "FRA60027", "FRA60028", "FRA60030", "FRA60031", "FRA60033", "FRA60034", "FRA60036", "FRA60040", "FRA60042", "FRA60044", "FRA60045", "FRA60046", "FRA60047", "FRA60050", "FRA60054", "FRA60056", "FRA60060", "FRA60063", "FRA60065", "FRA60066", "FRA60067", "FRA60069", "FRA60074", "FRA60078", 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"FRA60279", "FRA60282", "FRA60284", "FRA60293", "FRA60307", "FRA60309", "FRA60313", "FRA60316", "FRA60317", "FRA60318", "FRA60319", "FRA60320", "FRA60321", "FRA60322", "FRA60327", "FRA60330", "FRA60331", "FRA60332", "FRA60334", "FRA60341", "FRA60342", "FRA60343", "FRA60345", "FRA60346", "FRA60352", "FRA60356", "FRA60357", "FRA60358", "FRA60360", "FRA60361", "FRA60363", "FRA60364", "FRA60367", "FRA60369", "FRA60370", "FRA60375", "FRA60380", "FRA60385", "FRA60391", "FRA60393", "FRA60395", "FRA60398", "FRA60400", "FRA60401", "FRA60404", "FRA60406", "FRA60409", "FRA60411", "FRA60412", "FRA60413", "FRA60414", "FRA60415", "FRA60420", "FRA60421", "FRA60422", "FRA60426", "FRA60427", "FRA60429", "FRA60430", "FRA60432", "FRA60433", "FRA60437", "FRA60439", "FRA60446", "FRA60447", "FRA60448", "FRA60450", "FRA60451", "FRA60452", "FRA60454", "FRA60462", "FRA60463", "FRA60464", "FRA60466", "FRA60469", "FRA60473", "FRA60478", "FRA60479", "FRA60481", "FRA60482", "FRA60487", "FRA60489", "FRA60494", "FRA60495", "FRA60498", "FRA60500", "FRA60504", "FRA60505", "FRA60508", "FRA60509", "FRA60510", "FRA60512", "FRA60513", "FRA60515", "FRA60516", "FRA60517", "FRA60524", "FRA60525", "FRA60526", "FRA60527", "FRA60528", "FRA60529", "FRA60536", "FRA60539", "FRA60541", "FRA60543", "FRA60546", "FRA60547", "FRA60548", "FRA60551", "FRA60552", "FRA60553", "FRA60554", "FRA60559", "FRA60560", "FRA60561", "FRA60562", "FRA60563", "FRA60568", "FRA60570", "FRA60574", "FRA60575", "FRA60579", "FRA60581", "FRA60584", "FRA60587", "FRA60589", "FRA60592", "FRA60595", "FRA60598", "FRA60601", "FRA60612", "FRA60613", "FRA60614", "FRA60616", "FRA60618", "FRA60619", "FRA60620", "FRA60626", "FRA60630", "FRA60631", "FRA60635", "FRA60637", "FRA60638", "FRA60640", "FRA60644", "FRA60645", "FRA60650", "FRA60651", "FRA60652", "FRA60653", "FRA60656", "FRA60658", "FRA60659", "FRA60660", "FRA60661", "FRA60662", "FRA60666", "FRA60667", "FRA60669", "FRA60670", "FRA60671", "FRA60672", "FRA60678", "FRA60679", "FRA60680", "FRA60682", "FRA60683", "FRA60684", "FRA60685", "FRA60686", "FRA60694", "FRA60695", "FRA75056", "FRA75101", "FRA75102", "FRA75103", "FRA75104", "FRA75105", "FRA75106", "FRA75107", "FRA75108", "FRA75109", "FRA75110", "FRA75111", "FRA75112", "FRA75113", "FRA75114", "FRA75115", "FRA75116", "FRA75117", "FRA75118", "FRA75119", "FRA75120", "FRA76450", "FRA76463", "FRA77001", "FRA77002", "FRA77003", "FRA77004", "FRA77005", "FRA77006", "FRA77007", "FRA77008", "FRA77009", "FRA77010", "FRA77011", "FRA77012", "FRA77013", "FRA77014", "FRA77015", "FRA77016", "FRA77018", "FRA77019", "FRA77020", "FRA77021", "FRA77022", "FRA77023", "FRA77024", "FRA77025", "FRA77026", "FRA77027", "FRA77029", "FRA77030", "FRA77031", "FRA77032", "FRA77033", "FRA77034", "FRA77035", "FRA77036", "FRA77037", "FRA77038", "FRA77039", "FRA77040", "FRA77041", "FRA77042", "FRA77043", "FRA77044", "FRA77045", "FRA77046", "FRA77047", "FRA77048", "FRA77049", "FRA77050", "FRA77051", "FRA77052", "FRA77053", "FRA77054", "FRA77055", "FRA77056", "FRA77057", "FRA77058", "FRA77059", "FRA77060", "FRA77061", "FRA77062", "FRA77063", "FRA77065", "FRA77066", "FRA77067", "FRA77068", "FRA77069", "FRA77070", "FRA77071", "FRA77072", "FRA77073", "FRA77075", "FRA77076", "FRA77077", "FRA77078", "FRA77079", "FRA77080", "FRA77081", "FRA77082", "FRA77083", "FRA77084", "FRA77085", "FRA77086", "FRA77087", "FRA77088", "FRA77089", "FRA77090", "FRA77091", "FRA77093", "FRA77094", "FRA77095", "FRA77096", "FRA77097", "FRA77098", "FRA77099", "FRA77100", "FRA77101", "FRA77102", "FRA77103", "FRA77104", "FRA77106", "FRA77107", "FRA77108", "FRA77109", "FRA77110", "FRA77111", "FRA77112", "FRA77113", "FRA77114", "FRA77115", "FRA77116", "FRA77117", "FRA77118", "FRA77119", "FRA77120", "FRA77121", "FRA77122", "FRA77123", "FRA77124", "FRA77125", "FRA77126", "FRA77127", "FRA77128", "FRA77129", "FRA77130", "FRA77131", "FRA77132", "FRA77133", "FRA77134", "FRA77135", "FRA77136", "FRA77137", "FRA77138", "FRA77139", "FRA77140", "FRA77141", "FRA77142", "FRA77143", "FRA77144", "FRA77145", "FRA77146", "FRA77147", "FRA77148", "FRA77150", "FRA77151", "FRA77152", "FRA77153", "FRA77154", "FRA77155", "FRA77156", "FRA77157", "FRA77158", "FRA77159", "FRA77161", "FRA77162", "FRA77163", "FRA77164", "FRA77165", "FRA77167", "FRA77168", "FRA77169", "FRA77171", "FRA77172", "FRA77173", "FRA77174", "FRA77175", "FRA77176", "FRA77177", "FRA77178", "FRA77179", "FRA77180", "FRA77181", "FRA77182", "FRA77183", "FRA77184", "FRA77185", "FRA77186", "FRA77187", "FRA77188", "FRA77190", "FRA77191", "FRA77192", "FRA77193", "FRA77194", "FRA77195", "FRA77196", "FRA77197", "FRA77198", "FRA77199", "FRA77200", "FRA77201", "FRA77202", "FRA77203", "FRA77204", "FRA77205", "FRA77206", "FRA77207", "FRA77208", "FRA77209", "FRA77210", "FRA77211", "FRA77212", "FRA77214", "FRA77215", "FRA77216", "FRA77217", "FRA77218", "FRA77219", "FRA77220", "FRA77221", "FRA77222", "FRA77223", "FRA77224", "FRA77225", "FRA77226", "FRA77227", "FRA77228", "FRA77229", "FRA77230", "FRA77231", "FRA77232", "FRA77233", "FRA77234", "FRA77235", "FRA77236", "FRA77237", "FRA77238", "FRA77239", "FRA77240", "FRA77241", "FRA77242", "FRA77243", "FRA77244", "FRA77245", "FRA77246", "FRA77247", "FRA77248", "FRA77249", "FRA77250", "FRA77251", "FRA77252", "FRA77253", "FRA77254", "FRA77255", "FRA77256", "FRA77257", "FRA77258", "FRA77259", "FRA77260", "FRA77261", "FRA77262", "FRA77263", "FRA77264", "FRA77265", "FRA77266", "FRA77267", "FRA77268", "FRA77269", "FRA77270", "FRA77271", "FRA77272", "FRA77273", "FRA77274", "FRA77275", "FRA77276", "FRA77277", "FRA77278", "FRA77279", "FRA77280", "FRA77281", "FRA77282", "FRA77283", "FRA77284", "FRA77285", "FRA77286", "FRA77287", "FRA77288", "FRA77289", "FRA77290", "FRA77291", "FRA77292", "FRA77293", "FRA77294", "FRA77295", "FRA77296", "FRA77297", "FRA77298", "FRA77300", "FRA77301", "FRA77302", "FRA77303", "FRA77304", "FRA77305", "FRA77306", "FRA77307", "FRA77308", "FRA77309", "FRA77310", "FRA77311", "FRA77312", "FRA77313", "FRA77314", "FRA77315", "FRA77316", "FRA77317", "FRA77318", "FRA77319", "FRA77320", "FRA77321", "FRA77322", "FRA77323", "FRA77325", "FRA77326", "FRA77327", "FRA77328", "FRA77329", "FRA77330", "FRA77331", "FRA77332", "FRA77333", "FRA77335", "FRA77336", "FRA77337", "FRA77338", "FRA77339", "FRA77340", "FRA77341", "FRA77342", "FRA77343", "FRA77344", "FRA77345", "FRA77347", "FRA77348", "FRA77349", "FRA77350", "FRA77352", "FRA77353", "FRA77354", "FRA77355", "FRA77356", "FRA77357", "FRA77358", "FRA77359", "FRA77360", "FRA77361", "FRA77363", "FRA77364", "FRA77365", "FRA77366", "FRA77367", "FRA77368", "FRA77369", "FRA77370", "FRA77371", "FRA77372", "FRA77373", "FRA77374", "FRA77376", "FRA77377", "FRA77378", "FRA77379", "FRA77380", "FRA77381", "FRA77382", "FRA77383", "FRA77384", "FRA77385", "FRA77386", "FRA77387", "FRA77388", "FRA77389", "FRA77390", "FRA77391", "FRA77392", "FRA77393", "FRA77394", "FRA77395", "FRA77396", "FRA77397", "FRA77398", "FRA77400", "FRA77401", "FRA77402", "FRA77403", "FRA77404", "FRA77405", "FRA77406", "FRA77407", "FRA77408", "FRA77409", "FRA77410", "FRA77411", "FRA77412", "FRA77413", "FRA77414", "FRA77415", "FRA77416", "FRA77417", "FRA77418", "FRA77419", "FRA77420", "FRA77421", "FRA77423", "FRA77424", "FRA77425", "FRA77426", "FRA77427", "FRA77428", "FRA77429", "FRA77430", "FRA77431", "FRA77432", "FRA77433", "FRA77434", "FRA77435", "FRA77436", "FRA77437", "FRA77438", "FRA77439", "FRA77440", "FRA77441", "FRA77442", "FRA77443", "FRA77444", "FRA77445", "FRA77446", "FRA77447", "FRA77448", "FRA77449", "FRA77450", "FRA77451", "FRA77452", "FRA77453", "FRA77454", "FRA77455", "FRA77456", "FRA77457", "FRA77458", "FRA77459", "FRA77460", "FRA77461", "FRA77462", "FRA77463", "FRA77464", "FRA77465", "FRA77466", "FRA77467", "FRA77468", "FRA77469", "FRA77470", "FRA77471", "FRA77472", "FRA77473", "FRA77474", "FRA77475", "FRA77476", "FRA77477", "FRA77478", "FRA77479", "FRA77480", "FRA77481", "FRA77482", "FRA77483", "FRA77484", "FRA77485", "FRA77486", "FRA77487", "FRA77489", "FRA77490", "FRA77492", "FRA77493", "FRA77494", "FRA77495", "FRA77496", "FRA77498", "FRA77500", "FRA77501", "FRA77504", "FRA77505", "FRA77506", "FRA77507", "FRA77508", "FRA77509", "FRA77510", "FRA77511", "FRA77512", "FRA77513", "FRA77514", "FRA77515", "FRA77516", "FRA77517", "FRA77518", "FRA77519", "FRA77520", "FRA77521", "FRA77522", "FRA77523", "FRA77524", "FRA77525", "FRA77526", "FRA77527", "FRA77528", "FRA77529", "FRA77530", "FRA77531", "FRA77532", "FRA77533", "FRA77534", "FRA78003", "FRA78005", "FRA78006", "FRA78007", "FRA78009", "FRA78010", "FRA78013", "FRA78015", "FRA78020", "FRA78029", "FRA78030", "FRA78031", "FRA78033", "FRA78034", "FRA78036", "FRA78043", "FRA78048", "FRA78049", "FRA78050", "FRA78053", "FRA78057", "FRA78062", "FRA78068", "FRA78070", "FRA78071", "FRA78072", "FRA78073", "FRA78076", "FRA78077", "FRA78082", "FRA78084", "FRA78087", "FRA78089", "FRA78090", "FRA78092", "FRA78096", "FRA78104", "FRA78107", "FRA78108", "FRA78113", "FRA78117", "FRA78118", "FRA78120", "FRA78123", "FRA78124", "FRA78125", "FRA78126", "FRA78128", "FRA78133", "FRA78138", "FRA78140", "FRA78143", "FRA78146", "FRA78147", "FRA78152", "FRA78158", "FRA78160", "FRA78162", "FRA78163", "FRA78164", "FRA78165", "FRA78168", "FRA78171", "FRA78172", "FRA78185", "FRA78188", "FRA78189", "FRA78190", "FRA78192", "FRA78193", "FRA78194", "FRA78196", "FRA78202", "FRA78206", "FRA78208", "FRA78209", "FRA78217", "FRA78220", "FRA78224", "FRA78227", "FRA78230", "FRA78231", "FRA78233", "FRA78234", "FRA78236", "FRA78237", "FRA78238", "FRA78239", "FRA78242", "FRA78245", "FRA78246", "FRA78255", "FRA78261", "FRA78262", "FRA78263", "FRA78264", "FRA78265", "FRA78267", "FRA78269", "FRA78276", "FRA78278", "FRA78281", "FRA78283", "FRA78285", "FRA78289", "FRA78290", "FRA78291", "FRA78296", "FRA78297", "FRA78299", "FRA78300", "FRA78302", "FRA78305", "FRA78307", "FRA78310", "FRA78311", "FRA78314", "FRA78317", "FRA78320", "FRA78321", "FRA78322", "FRA78324", "FRA78325", "FRA78327", "FRA78329", "FRA78334", "FRA78335", "FRA78337", "FRA78343", "FRA78344", "FRA78346", "FRA78349", "FRA78350", "FRA78354", "FRA78356", "FRA78358", "FRA78361", "FRA78362", "FRA78364", "FRA78366", "FRA78367", "FRA78368", "FRA78372", "FRA78380", "FRA78381", "FRA78382", "FRA78383", "FRA78384", "FRA78385", "FRA78389", "FRA78391", "FRA78396", "FRA78397", "FRA78398", "FRA78401", "FRA78402", "FRA78403", "FRA78404", "FRA78406", "FRA78407", "FRA78410", "FRA78413", "FRA78415", "FRA78416", "FRA78417", "FRA78418", "FRA78420", "FRA78423", "FRA78431", "FRA78437", "FRA78439", "FRA78440", "FRA78442", "FRA78443", "FRA78444", "FRA78451", "FRA78455", "FRA78460", "FRA78464", "FRA78465", "FRA78466", "FRA78470", "FRA78472", "FRA78474", "FRA78475", "FRA78478", "FRA78481", "FRA78484", "FRA78486", "FRA78490", "FRA78497", "FRA78498", "FRA78499", "FRA78501", "FRA78502", "FRA78505", "FRA78506", "FRA78513", "FRA78516", "FRA78517", "FRA78518", "FRA78520", "FRA78522", "FRA78528", "FRA78530", "FRA78531", "FRA78536", "FRA78537", "FRA78545", "FRA78548", "FRA78550", "FRA78551", "FRA78557", "FRA78558", "FRA78559", "FRA78561", "FRA78562", "FRA78564", "FRA78565", "FRA78567", "FRA78569", "FRA78571", "FRA78575", "FRA78576", "FRA78586", "FRA78588", "FRA78590", "FRA78591", "FRA78597", "FRA78601", "FRA78605", "FRA78606", "FRA78608", "FRA78609", "FRA78615", "FRA78616", "FRA78618", "FRA78620", "FRA78621", "FRA78623", "FRA78624", "FRA78638", "FRA78640", "FRA78642", "FRA78643", "FRA78644", "FRA78646", "FRA78647", "FRA78650", "FRA78653", "FRA78655", "FRA78668", "FRA78672", "FRA78674", "FRA78677", "FRA78681", "FRA78683", "FRA78686", "FRA78688", "FRA89054", "FRA89074", "FRA89093", "FRA89100", "FRA89124", "FRA89229", "FRA89255", "FRA89332", "FRA89390", "FRA89428", "FRA89449", "FRA89456", "FRA89460", "FRA89467", "FRA89480", "FRA91001", "FRA91016", "FRA91017", "FRA91021", "FRA91022", "FRA91027", "FRA91035", "FRA91037", "FRA91038", "FRA91041", "FRA91044", "FRA91045", "FRA91047", "FRA91064", "FRA91067", "FRA91069", "FRA91075", "FRA91079", "FRA91080", "FRA91081", "FRA91085", "FRA91086", "FRA91093", "FRA91095", "FRA91097", "FRA91098", "FRA91099", "FRA91100", "FRA91103", "FRA91105", "FRA91106", "FRA91109", "FRA91111", "FRA91112", "FRA91114", "FRA91115", "FRA91121", "FRA91122", "FRA91129", "FRA91130", "FRA91131", "FRA91132", "FRA91135", "FRA91136", "FRA91137", "FRA91145", "FRA91148", "FRA91156", "FRA91159", "FRA91161", "FRA91174", "FRA91175", "FRA91179", "FRA91180", "FRA91184", "FRA91186", "FRA91191", "FRA91195", "FRA91198", "FRA91200", "FRA91201", "FRA91204", "FRA91207", "FRA91215", "FRA91216", "FRA91223", "FRA91225", "FRA91226", "FRA91228", "FRA91232", "FRA91235", "FRA91240", "FRA91243", "FRA91244", "FRA91247", "FRA91248", "FRA91249", "FRA91272", "FRA91273", "FRA91274", "FRA91275", "FRA91284", "FRA91286", "FRA91292", "FRA91293", "FRA91294", "FRA91312", "FRA91315", "FRA91318", "FRA91319", "FRA91326", "FRA91330", "FRA91332", "FRA91333", "FRA91338", "FRA91339", "FRA91340", "FRA91345", "FRA91347", "FRA91359", "FRA91363", "FRA91374", "FRA91376", "FRA91377", "FRA91378", "FRA91386", "FRA91390", "FRA91393", "FRA91399", "FRA91405", "FRA91408", "FRA91411", "FRA91412", "FRA91414", "FRA91421", "FRA91425", "FRA91432", "FRA91433", "FRA91434", "FRA91435", "FRA91441", "FRA91457", "FRA91458", "FRA91461", "FRA91463", "FRA91468", "FRA91469", "FRA91471", "FRA91473", "FRA91477", "FRA91479", "FRA91482", "FRA91494", "FRA91495", "FRA91507", "FRA91508", "FRA91511", "FRA91514", "FRA91519", "FRA91521", "FRA91525", "FRA91526", "FRA91533", "FRA91534", "FRA91538", "FRA91540", "FRA91544", "FRA91546", "FRA91547", "FRA91549", "FRA91552", "FRA91553", "FRA91556", "FRA91560", "FRA91568", "FRA91570", "FRA91573", "FRA91577", "FRA91578", "FRA91579", "FRA91581", "FRA91587", "FRA91589", "FRA91593", "FRA91599", "FRA91600", "FRA91602", "FRA91613", "FRA91617", "FRA91619", "FRA91629", "FRA91630", "FRA91631", "FRA91634", "FRA91635", "FRA91639", "FRA91645", "FRA91648", "FRA91649", "FRA91654", "FRA91657", "FRA91659", "FRA91661", "FRA91662", "FRA91665", "FRA91666", "FRA91667", "FRA91671", "FRA91679", "FRA91685", "FRA91687", "FRA91689", "FRA91691", "FRA91692", "FRA92002", "FRA92004", "FRA92007", "FRA92009", "FRA92012", "FRA92014", "FRA92019", "FRA92020", "FRA92022", "FRA92023", "FRA92024", "FRA92025", "FRA92026", "FRA92032", "FRA92033", "FRA92035", "FRA92036", "FRA92040", "FRA92044", "FRA92046", "FRA92047", "FRA92048", "FRA92049", "FRA92050", "FRA92051", "FRA92060", "FRA92062", "FRA92063", "FRA92064", "FRA92071", "FRA92072", "FRA92073", "FRA92075", "FRA92076", "FRA92077", "FRA92078", "FRA93001", "FRA93005", "FRA93006", "FRA93007", "FRA93008", "FRA93010", "FRA93013", "FRA93014", "FRA93015", "FRA93027", "FRA93029", "FRA93030", "FRA93031", "FRA93032", "FRA93033", "FRA93039", "FRA93045", "FRA93046", "FRA93047", "FRA93048", "FRA93049", "FRA93050", "FRA93051", "FRA93053", "FRA93055", "FRA93057", "FRA93059", "FRA93061", "FRA93062", "FRA93063", "FRA93064", "FRA93066", "FRA93070", "FRA93071", "FRA93072", "FRA93073", "FRA93074", "FRA93077", "FRA93078", "FRA93079", "FRA94001", "FRA94002", "FRA94003", "FRA94004", "FRA94011", "FRA94015", "FRA94016", "FRA94017", "FRA94018", "FRA94019", "FRA94021", "FRA94022", "FRA94028", "FRA94033", "FRA94034", "FRA94037", "FRA94038", "FRA94041", "FRA94042", "FRA94043", "FRA94044", "FRA94046", "FRA94047", "FRA94048", "FRA94052", "FRA94053", "FRA94054", "FRA94055", "FRA94056", "FRA94058", "FRA94059", "FRA94060", "FRA94065", "FRA94067", "FRA94068", "FRA94069", "FRA94070", "FRA94071", "FRA94073", "FRA94074", "FRA94075", "FRA94076", "FRA94077", "FRA94078", "FRA94079", "FRA94080", "FRA94081", "FRA95002", "FRA95008", "FRA95011", "FRA95012", "FRA95014", "FRA95018", "FRA95019", "FRA95023", "FRA95024", "FRA95026", "FRA95028", "FRA95039", "FRA95040", "FRA95042", "FRA95046", "FRA95051", "FRA95052", "FRA95054", "FRA95055", "FRA95056", "FRA95058", "FRA95059", "FRA95060", "FRA95061", "FRA95063", "FRA95074", "FRA95078", "FRA95088", "FRA95091", "FRA95094", "FRA95101", "FRA95102", "FRA95110", "FRA95116", "FRA95119", "FRA95120", "FRA95127", "FRA95134", "FRA95139", "FRA95141", "FRA95142", "FRA95144", "FRA95149", "FRA95150", "FRA95151", "FRA95154", "FRA95157", "FRA95166", "FRA95169", "FRA95170", "FRA95176", "FRA95177", "FRA95181", "FRA95183", "FRA95197", "FRA95199", "FRA95203", "FRA95205", "FRA95210", "FRA95211", "FRA95212", "FRA95213", "FRA95214", "FRA95218", "FRA95219", "FRA95229", "FRA95241", "FRA95250", "FRA95252", "FRA95253", "FRA95254", "FRA95256", "FRA95257", "FRA95258", "FRA95268", "FRA95270", "FRA95271", "FRA95277", "FRA95280", "FRA95287", "FRA95288", "FRA95295", "FRA95298", "FRA95301", "FRA95303", "FRA95304", "FRA95306", "FRA95308", "FRA95309", "FRA95313", "FRA95316", "FRA95323", "FRA95328", "FRA95331", "FRA95341", "FRA95348", "FRA95351", "FRA95352", "FRA95353", "FRA95355", "FRA95365", "FRA95369", "FRA95370", "FRA95371", "FRA95379", "FRA95387", "FRA95388", "FRA95392", "FRA95394", "FRA95395", "FRA95409", "FRA95422", "FRA95424", "FRA95426", "FRA95427", "FRA95428", "FRA95429", "FRA95430", "FRA95436", "FRA95438", "FRA95445", "FRA95446", "FRA95447", "FRA95450", "FRA95452", "FRA95456", "FRA95459", "FRA95462", "FRA95476", "FRA95480", "FRA95483", "FRA95487", "FRA95488", "FRA95489", "FRA95491", "FRA95492", "FRA95493", "FRA95500", "FRA95504", "FRA95509", "FRA95510", "FRA95523", "FRA95527", "FRA95529", "FRA95535", "FRA95539", "FRA95541", "FRA95543", "FRA95554", "FRA95555", "FRA95563", "FRA95566", "FRA95572", "FRA95574", "FRA95580", "FRA95582", "FRA95584", "FRA95585", "FRA95592", "FRA95594", "FRA95598", "FRA95604", "FRA95607", "FRA95610", "FRA95611", "FRA95612", "FRA95625", "FRA95627", "FRA95628", "FRA95633", "FRA95637", "FRA95641", "FRA95651", "FRA95652", "FRA95656", "FRA95658", "FRA95660", "FRA95675", "FRA95676", "FRA95678", "FRA95680", "FRA95682", "FRA95690" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Arrondissements", "Municipalities (Communes)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Arrondissements": 20, "Municipalities (Communes)": 1929 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "2b56f7ba2ae54eb741937253f1d1688c24ce3c09b018526b44a80bde8151da46", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 2702, "eFUA_name": "Paris", "Cntry_ISO": "FRA", "Cntry_name": "France", "UC_IDs": "2046;2071", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "6be76049f842032db55162935c4910cb94a842e3f39c6f7e5abd53dd06c46bcf", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "FR001F", "URAU_NAME": "Paris", "CNTR_CODE": "FR" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "3744ab6343fa27df8d5caa546a615af3e5d76c8c9cb64411ebc489ec12ceff67", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 360, "eFUA_name": "Perth", "Cntry_ISO": "AUS", "Cntry_name": "Australia", "UC_IDs": "11640", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "4445ed62ce4b1f52c54d132e6d0a37065bf4ceaa5604236f472c523169f23c54", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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"boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 588, "member_ids": [ "CZE505781", "CZE512991", "CZE513032", "CZE513041", "CZE513113", "CZE513130", "CZE513288", "CZE513369", "CZE513393", "CZE513431", "CZE513458", "CZE513482", "CZE513504", "CZE513521", "CZE513539", "CZE513555", "CZE513571", "CZE513628", "CZE513644", "CZE529303", "CZE529451", "CZE529478", "CZE529516", "CZE529541", "CZE529567", "CZE529591", "CZE529621", "CZE529630", "CZE529656", "CZE529745", "CZE529796", "CZE529818", "CZE529842", "CZE529940", "CZE529958", "CZE529974", "CZE530051", "CZE530115", "CZE530204", "CZE530263", "CZE530298", "CZE530310", "CZE530344", "CZE530352", "CZE530409", "CZE530441", "CZE530450", "CZE530492", "CZE530522", "CZE530638", "CZE530689", "CZE530760", "CZE530841", 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(Obce)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Obce)": 588 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "3b2e9bc2364695bfb515dc79f97a487aef8b55c810ceeadfc8adb2c0547cbb0a", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 535, "eFUA_name": "Prague", "Cntry_ISO": "CZE", "Cntry_name": "CzechRepublic", "UC_IDs": "2927", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "c7ef9980cb3b32f951e59629e57b263d75835d89e65a3ba4e77868ab5d801847", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "CZ001F", "URAU_NAME": "Praha", "CNTR_CODE": "CZ" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "rio-de-janeiro", "city_name": "Rio de Janeiro", "destination_country_iso3": "BRA", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -43.1729, "latitude": -22.9068, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 6961, "eFUA_name": "Rio de Janeiro", "Cntry_ISO": "BRA", "Cntry_name": "Brazil", "UC_IDs": "1360;1361;1363;1368", "UC_num": 4, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "ac2425fca0b715a903d158cf22971de439973fd42ae8923935905ffdb57ee12e", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "rome", "city_name": "Rome", "destination_country_iso3": "ITA", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 12.4964, "latitude": 41.9028, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "IT001F", "country_iso3": "ITA", "source_name": "Roma", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 159, "member_ids": [ "ITA056005", "ITA056010", "ITA056014", "ITA056017", "ITA056025", "ITA056038", "ITA056039", "ITA056041", "ITA056045", "ITA056049", "ITA056056", "ITA057010", "ITA057011", "ITA057012", "ITA057014", "ITA057018", "ITA057021", "ITA057027", "ITA057029", "ITA057030", "ITA057038", "ITA057041", "ITA057044", "ITA057046", "ITA057047", "ITA057052", "ITA057053", "ITA057054", "ITA057055", "ITA057056", "ITA057058", "ITA057061", "ITA057063", "ITA057064", "ITA057065", "ITA057066", "ITA057067", "ITA057068", "ITA057069", "ITA057070", "ITA057071", "ITA058001", "ITA058002", "ITA058003", "ITA058005", "ITA058006", "ITA058007", "ITA058008", "ITA058009", "ITA058010", "ITA058011", "ITA058012", "ITA058013", "ITA058014", "ITA058015", "ITA058016", "ITA058017", "ITA058018", "ITA058019", "ITA058021", "ITA058022", "ITA058023", "ITA058024", "ITA058025", "ITA058026", "ITA058027", "ITA058028", "ITA058029", "ITA058030", "ITA058031", "ITA058033", "ITA058034", "ITA058035", "ITA058036", "ITA058037", "ITA058038", "ITA058039", "ITA058040", "ITA058042", "ITA058043", "ITA058044", "ITA058046", "ITA058047", "ITA058049", "ITA058050", "ITA058051", "ITA058052", "ITA058053", "ITA058054", "ITA058055", "ITA058056", "ITA058057", "ITA058058", "ITA058059", "ITA058060", "ITA058061", "ITA058063", "ITA058064", "ITA058065", "ITA058066", "ITA058067", "ITA058068", "ITA058069", "ITA058070", "ITA058071", "ITA058073", "ITA058074", "ITA058075", "ITA058076", "ITA058077", "ITA058078", "ITA058079", "ITA058080", "ITA058081", "ITA058082", "ITA058083", "ITA058084", "ITA058085", "ITA058086", "ITA058087", "ITA058088", "ITA058089", "ITA058090", "ITA058091", "ITA058092", "ITA058093", "ITA058094", "ITA058095", "ITA058096", "ITA058097", "ITA058098", "ITA058099", "ITA058100", "ITA058101", "ITA058103", "ITA058104", "ITA058106", "ITA058107", "ITA058109", "ITA058110", "ITA058111", "ITA058112", "ITA058113", "ITA058114", "ITA058115", "ITA058116", "ITA058117", "ITA058118", "ITA058119", "ITA058120", "ITA058122", "ITA059001", "ITA060046", "ITA060053", "ITA060071", "ITA060080", "ITA066023", "ITA066067", "ITA066080" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Comuni)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Comuni)": 159 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "12fbecd07f61c810dffbb51f3ee5699b73bcf98dac4dfc49db092ccf49f9180d", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 3881, "eFUA_name": "Rome", "Cntry_ISO": "ITA", "Cntry_name": "Italy", "UC_IDs": "2892;2895;2897;2912", "UC_num": 4, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "11c86c04925e861d651b1ca8a8469ed42060bc0e008b4bb9482649b3abdbcdf9", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "IT001F", "URAU_NAME": "Roma", "CNTR_CODE": "IT" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "san-francisco", "city_name": "San Francisco", "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -122.4194, "latitude": 37.7749, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "USA05F", "country_iso3": "USA", "source_name": "San Francisco (Greater)", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 450, "member_ids": [ "USA06001", "USA0600135", "USA0600190020", "USA0600190200", "USA0600191070", "USA0600191260", "USA0600191660", "USA0600192230", "USA0600562", "USA0600618", "USA0600674", "USA0600898", "USA06013", "USA0601390080", "USA0601390270", "USA0601390440", "USA0601390780", "USA0601393310", "USA0601393620", "USA0601416", "USA0601458", "USA0602252", "USA0602980", "USA0603092", "USA06041", "USA0604190256", "USA0604192200", "USA0604192205", "USA0604192670", "USA0604192880", "USA0604193140", "USA0604415", "USA0604470", "USA0604549", "USA0605108", "USA0605164", "USA0606000", "USA0606210", "USA06069", "USA0606928", "USA0606982", "USA0606991300", "USA0606992760", "USA0606992840", "USA0607316", "USA06075", "USA0607590195", "USA0607590734", "USA0607591964", "USA0607591976", "USA0607592605", "USA0607593067", "USA0607593267", "USA0607593625", "USA06081", "USA0608142", "USA0608191215", "USA0608192870", "USA0608193170", "USA0608310", "USA0608338", "USA06085", "USA0608590680", "USA0608591602", "USA0608591680", "USA0608592830", "USA0608593175", "USA0608593660", "USA0608968", "USA0609066", "USA0609346", "USA0610088", "USA0610301", "USA0610345", "USA0611915", "USA0611964", "USA0612902", "USA0613882", "USA0614232", "USA0614736", "USA0616000", "USA0616090", "USA0616462", "USA0617274", "USA0617610", "USA0617918", "USA0617988", "USA0619150", "USA0619262", "USA0619339", "USA0620018", "USA0620598", "USA0620956", "USA0621061", "USA0621796", "USA0621936", "USA0622454", "USA0622587", "USA0622594", "USA0623168", "USA0623350", "USA0625338", "USA0626000", "USA0627080", "USA0629504", "USA0631708", "USA0633000", "USA0633308", "USA0633632", "USA0633798", "USA0634120", "USA0636616", "USA0638086", "USA0638114", "USA0638772", "USA0639094", "USA0639122", "USA0639283", "USA0639318", "USA0640438", "USA0641282", "USA0641992", "USA0642384", "USA0643280", "USA0643294", "USA0644112", "USA0644378", "USA0644399", "USA0645820", "USA0646114", "USA0646870", "USA0647486", "USA0647710", "USA0647766", "USA0648718", "USA0648760", "USA0648956", "USA0649187", "USA0649278", "USA0649446", "USA0649651", "USA0649670", "USA0649950", "USA0650916", "USA0651280", "USA0651622", "USA0651840", "USA0651890", "USA0652162", "USA0652582", "USA0653000", "USA0653070", "USA0654232", "USA0654764", "USA0654806", "USA0655282", "USA0656756", "USA0656938", "USA0657288", "USA0657456", "USA0657764", "USA0657792", "USA0657960", "USA0658226", "USA0658380", "USA0660102", "USA0660279", "USA0660620", "USA0660706", "USA0662490", "USA0662700", "USA0662980", "USA0664434", "USA0665028", "USA0665070", "USA0667000", "USA0667070", "USA0668000", "USA0668014", "USA0668084", "USA0668112", "USA0668238", "USA0668252", "USA0668263", "USA0668294", "USA0668364", "USA0668378", "USA0669084", "USA0670154", "USA0670266", "USA0670280", "USA0670364", "USA0671362", "USA0672184", "USA0673262", "USA0673906", "USA0674172", "USA0675315", "USA0677000", "USA0677042", "USA0677805", "USA0677924", "USA0678666", "USA0678890", "USA0680364", "USA0681204", "USA0682842", "USA0683346", "USA0684536", "USA0686216", "USA0686440", "USA94002", "USA94005", "USA94010", "USA94014", "USA94015", "USA94018", "USA94019", "USA94020", "USA94021", "USA94022", "USA94024", "USA94025", "USA94027", "USA94028", "USA94030", "USA94037", "USA94038", "USA94040", "USA94041", "USA94043", "USA94044", "USA94060", "USA94061", "USA94062", "USA94063", "USA94065", "USA94066", "USA94070", "USA94074", "USA94080", "USA94085", "USA94086", "USA94087", "USA94089", "USA94102", "USA94103", "USA94104", "USA94105", "USA94107", "USA94108", "USA94109", "USA94110", "USA94111", "USA94112", "USA94114", "USA94115", "USA94116", "USA94117", "USA94118", "USA94121", "USA94122", "USA94123", "USA94124", "USA94127", "USA94128", "USA94129", "USA94130", "USA94131", "USA94132", "USA94133", "USA94134", "USA94158", "USA94188", "USA94301", "USA94303", "USA94304", "USA94305", "USA94306", "USA94401", "USA94402", "USA94403", "USA94404", "USA94501", "USA94502", "USA94505", "USA94506", "USA94507", "USA94509", "USA94511", "USA94513", "USA94514", "USA94516", "USA94517", "USA94518", "USA94519", "USA94520", "USA94521", "USA94523", "USA94525", "USA94526", "USA94528", "USA94530", "USA94531", "USA94536", "USA94538", "USA94539", "USA94541", "USA94542", "USA94544", "USA94545", "USA94546", "USA94547", "USA94548", "USA94549", "USA94550", "USA94551", "USA94552", "USA94553", "USA94555", "USA94556", "USA94560", "USA94561", "USA94563", "USA94564", "USA94565", "USA94566", "USA94568", "USA94569", "USA94572", "USA94575", "USA94577", "USA94578", "USA94579", "USA94580", "USA94582", "USA94583", "USA94586", "USA94587", "USA94588", "USA94595", "USA94596", "USA94597", "USA94598", "USA94601", "USA94602", "USA94603", "USA94605", "USA94606", "USA94607", "USA94608", "USA94609", "USA94610", "USA94611", "USA94612", "USA94613", "USA94618", "USA94619", "USA94621", "USA94702", "USA94703", "USA94704", "USA94705", "USA94706", "USA94707", "USA94708", "USA94709", "USA94710", "USA94720", "USA94801", "USA94803", "USA94804", "USA94805", "USA94806", "USA94901", "USA94903", "USA94904", "USA94920", "USA94924", "USA94925", "USA94929", "USA94930", "USA94933", "USA94937", "USA94938", "USA94939", "USA94940", "USA94941", "USA94945", "USA94946", "USA94947", "USA94949", "USA94950", "USA94956", "USA94957", "USA94960", "USA94963", "USA94964", "USA94965", "USA94970", "USA94971", "USA94973", "USA95002", "USA95008", "USA95013", "USA95014", "USA95020", "USA95023", "USA95030", "USA95032", "USA95035", "USA95037", "USA95043", "USA95045", "USA95046", "USA95050", "USA95051", "USA95053", "USA95054", "USA95070", "USA95075", "USA95110", "USA95111", "USA95112", "USA95113", "USA95116", "USA95117", "USA95118", "USA95119", "USA95120", "USA95121", "USA95122", "USA95123", "USA95124", "USA95125", "USA95126", "USA95127", "USA95128", "USA95129", "USA95130", "USA95131", "USA95132", "USA95133", "USA95134", "USA95135", "USA95136", "USA95138", "USA95139", "USA95140", "USA95148" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Counties", "Places", "Subcounties", "Zipcodes" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Counties": 7, "Places": 166, "Subcounties": 38, "Zipcodes": 239 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "de30eb94685127811fb9e9acb94f8256bf3d5e4e922ccbd55bc977ef6c35ea61", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1255, "eFUA_name": "San Jose", "Cntry_ISO": "USA", "Cntry_name": "UnitedStates", "UC_IDs": "10;13", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "34b0a8382a2f0f376c836619519fc932daa05e38f8731f6144bede4ae6b59955", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres.", "match_caveat": "The San Francisco reference point intersects the source eFUA named San Jose (1255). Preserve that source identity; do not silently rename the estimated area or claim equivalence to OECD USA05F." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 404, "member_ids": [ "USA5301045", "USA5301150", "USA5301185", "USA5301290", "USA5301920", "USA5302060", "USA5302585", "USA5302620", "USA5302910", "USA5303005", "USA5303180", "USA53033", "USA5303391056", "USA5303391140", "USA5303391392", "USA5303392928", "USA5303392931", "USA5303393078", "USA5303393392", "USA5303393616", "USA5304300", "USA5304895", "USA5305210", "USA53053", "USA5305390336", "USA5305390976", "USA5305391184", "USA5305391232", "USA5305391280", "USA5305391480", "USA5305392064", "USA5305392672", "USA5305392880", "USA5305393376", "USA53061", "USA5306190080", "USA5306190839", "USA5306190992", "USA5306191120", "USA5306191312", "USA5306191584", "USA5306191872", "USA5306191936", 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"USA98032", "USA98033", "USA98034", "USA98036", "USA98037", "USA98038", "USA98039", "USA98040", "USA98042", "USA98043", "USA98045", "USA98047", "USA98050", "USA98051", "USA98052", "USA98053", "USA98055", "USA98056", "USA98057", "USA98058", "USA98059", "USA98065", "USA98070", "USA98072", "USA98074", "USA98075", "USA98077", "USA98087", "USA98092", "USA98101", "USA98102", "USA98103", "USA98104", "USA98105", "USA98106", "USA98107", "USA98108", "USA98109", "USA98112", "USA98115", "USA98116", "USA98117", "USA98118", "USA98119", "USA98121", "USA98122", "USA98125", "USA98126", "USA98133", "USA98134", "USA98136", "USA98144", "USA98146", "USA98148", "USA98154", "USA98155", "USA98158", "USA98164", "USA98166", "USA98168", "USA98174", "USA98177", "USA98178", "USA98188", "USA98195", "USA98198", "USA98199", "USA98201", "USA98203", "USA98204", "USA98207", "USA98208", "USA98223", "USA98224", "USA98241", "USA98251", "USA98252", "USA98256", "USA98258", "USA98270", "USA98271", "USA98272", "USA98275", "USA98288", "USA98290", "USA98292", "USA98294", "USA98296", "USA98303", "USA98304", "USA98321", "USA98323", "USA98327", "USA98328", "USA98329", "USA98330", "USA98332", "USA98333", "USA98335", "USA98338", "USA98349", "USA98351", "USA98354", "USA98360", "USA98371", "USA98372", "USA98373", "USA98374", "USA98375", "USA98385", "USA98387", "USA98388", "USA98390", "USA98391", "USA98394", "USA98396", "USA98402", "USA98403", "USA98404", "USA98405", "USA98406", "USA98407", "USA98408", "USA98409", "USA98416", "USA98418", "USA98421", "USA98422", "USA98424", "USA98430", "USA98433", "USA98438", "USA98439", "USA98443", "USA98444", "USA98445", "USA98446", "USA98447", "USA98465", "USA98466", "USA98467", "USA98498", "USA98499", "USA98558", "USA98580" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Counties", "Places", "Subcounties", "Zipcodes" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Counties": 3, "Places": 200, "Subcounties": 31, "Zipcodes": 170 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "6efbea614118f59b599be4a2bd2f43d20a9954c78ef32d44fb77d0c375b0336a", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 4510, "eFUA_name": "Seattle", "Cntry_ISO": "USA", "Cntry_name": "UnitedStates", "UC_IDs": "140", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "770f9c3847ac2415310c53201a1d1b73e377cfd9d45650d465a851e2dbeb82c8", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "US OMB/Census Metropolitan statistical area", "name": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA", "id": "42660", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city": { "name": "Seattle", "state_fips": "53", "place_fips": "63000" }, "member_type": "County or county equivalent", "member_ids": [ "53033", "53053", "53061" ], "source_frame": "us-cbsa-2023", "member_count": 3, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_comparison_notice": "The OECD correspondence includes overlapping Counties, Places, Subcounties and Zipcodes; this national MSA is delineated by whole counties. Its county membership cannot be equated to the complete mixed-level OECD correspondence or to a city-proper ACS estimate." }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" }, { "frame_id": "us-cbsa-2023", "file": "us-2023-cbsa-delineations.xlsx", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629", "bytes": 143798, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:06:36.735881+00:00", "last_modified": "Fri, 04 Aug 2023 14:36:17 GMT", "publisher": "United States Census Bureau / Office of Management and Budget", "label": "July 2023 CBSA delineations", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city_source_frame": { "file": "us-2023-principal-cities.xlsx", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list2_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "1e1091de28d1ad1423cebf18e7cdb6db4fbf2204fd357bc68c24e8261dcce161", "bytes": 79368, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:06:36.716958+00:00", "last_modified": "Fri, 04 Aug 2023 14:36:23 GMT" }, "licence": "US Census Bureau government data: public-domain government work; cite source.", "licence_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "source_ref": "source-b2291e17aab05222" } ] }, { "city_slug": "seoul", "city_name": "Seoul", "destination_country_iso3": "KOR", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 126.978, "latitude": 37.5665, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "KOR01F", "country_iso3": "KOR", "source_name": "Seoul", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 1080, "member_ids": [ "KOR11010", "KOR11010530", "KOR11010540", "KOR11010550", "KOR11010560", "KOR11010570", "KOR11010580", "KOR11010600", "KOR11010610", "KOR11010630", "KOR11010640", "KOR11010670", "KOR11010680", "KOR11010690", "KOR11010700", "KOR11010710", "KOR11010720", "KOR11010730", "KOR11020", "KOR11020520", "KOR11020540", "KOR11020550", "KOR11020570", "KOR11020580", "KOR11020590", "KOR11020600", "KOR11020650", "KOR11020670", "KOR11020680", "KOR11020690", "KOR11020700", "KOR11020710", "KOR11020720", "KOR11020730", "KOR11030", "KOR11030510", "KOR11030520", "KOR11030530", "KOR11030570", "KOR11030580", "KOR11030590", "KOR11030630", "KOR11030640", "KOR11030650", "KOR11030660", "KOR11030690", "KOR11030700", "KOR11030710", "KOR11030720", "KOR11030730", "KOR11030740", "KOR11040", "KOR11040520", "KOR11040540", "KOR11040550", "KOR11040560", "KOR11040570", "KOR11040580", "KOR11040590", "KOR11040620", "KOR11040650", "KOR11040660", "KOR11040670", "KOR11040680", "KOR11040690", "KOR11040700", "KOR11040710", "KOR11040720", "KOR11040730", "KOR11050", "KOR11050530", "KOR11050540", "KOR11050550", "KOR11050560", "KOR11050570", "KOR11050580", "KOR11050590", "KOR11050600", "KOR11050610", "KOR11050620", "KOR11050630", "KOR11050640", "KOR11050650", "KOR11050660", "KOR11050670", "KOR11060", "KOR11060710", "KOR11060720", "KOR11060730", "KOR11060800", "KOR11060810", "KOR11060820", "KOR11060830", "KOR11060840", "KOR11060860", "KOR11060870", "KOR11060880", "KOR11060890", "KOR11060900", "KOR11060910", "KOR11070", "KOR11070520", "KOR11070540", "KOR11070550", "KOR11070570", "KOR11070590", "KOR11070600", "KOR11070610", "KOR11070620", "KOR11070640", "KOR11070650", "KOR11070680", "KOR11070690", "KOR11070700", "KOR11070710", "KOR11070720", "KOR11070730", "KOR11080", "KOR11080580", "KOR11080590", "KOR11080600", "KOR11080610", "KOR11080620", "KOR11080630", "KOR11080640", "KOR11080650", "KOR11080660", "KOR11080680", "KOR11080710", "KOR11080720", "KOR11080760", "KOR11080770", "KOR11080780", "KOR11080810", "KOR11080820", "KOR11080830", "KOR11080840", "KOR11080850", "KOR11090", "KOR11090600", "KOR11090610", "KOR11090620", "KOR11090630", "KOR11090640", "KOR11090650", "KOR11090690", "KOR11090700", "KOR11090710", "KOR11090720", "KOR11090730", "KOR11090740", "KOR11090750", "KOR11100", "KOR11100510", "KOR11100520", "KOR11100530", "KOR11100540", "KOR11100550", "KOR11100560", "KOR11100570", "KOR11100590", "KOR11100600", "KOR11100610", "KOR11100620", "KOR11100630", "KOR11100640", "KOR11100650", "KOR11110", "KOR11110510", "KOR11110520", "KOR11110530", "KOR11110560", "KOR11110580", "KOR11110590", "KOR11110600", "KOR11110610", "KOR11110640", "KOR11110650", "KOR11110660", "KOR11110690", "KOR11110720", "KOR11110730", "KOR11110740", "KOR11110760", "KOR11110770", "KOR11110780", "KOR11110790", "KOR11120", "KOR11120510", "KOR11120520", "KOR11120550", "KOR11120560", "KOR11120570", "KOR11120580", "KOR11120590", "KOR11120600", "KOR11120650", "KOR11120660", "KOR11120670", "KOR11120680", "KOR11120710", "KOR11120720", "KOR11120730", "KOR11120740", "KOR11130", "KOR11130520", "KOR11130620", "KOR11130640", "KOR11130650", "KOR11130660", "KOR11130680", "KOR11130690", "KOR11130700", "KOR11130710", "KOR11130720", "KOR11130730", "KOR11130740", "KOR11130750", "KOR11130760", "KOR11140", "KOR11140590", "KOR11140600", "KOR11140610", "KOR11140630", "KOR11140660", "KOR11140680", "KOR11140690", "KOR11140700", "KOR11140710", "KOR11140720", "KOR11140730", "KOR11140740", "KOR11140750", "KOR11140760", "KOR11140770", "KOR11140780", "KOR11150", "KOR11150510", "KOR11150520", "KOR11150530", "KOR11150540", "KOR11150570", "KOR11150580", "KOR11150590", "KOR11150600", "KOR11150610", "KOR11150620", "KOR11150630", "KOR11150640", "KOR11150650", "KOR11150660", "KOR11150690", "KOR11150700", "KOR11150710", "KOR11150720", "KOR11160", "KOR11160510", "KOR11160520", "KOR11160530", "KOR11160540", "KOR11160550", "KOR11160570", "KOR11160580", "KOR11160590", "KOR11160610", "KOR11160630", "KOR11160640", "KOR11160650", "KOR11160660", "KOR11160670", "KOR11160690", "KOR11160700", "KOR11160710", "KOR11160720", "KOR11160730", "KOR11160740", "KOR11170", "KOR11170510", "KOR11170520", "KOR11170540", "KOR11170550", "KOR11170560", "KOR11170610", "KOR11170620", "KOR11170640", "KOR11170650", "KOR11170670", "KOR11170690", "KOR11170700", "KOR11170710", "KOR11170720", "KOR11170730", "KOR11170740", "KOR11180", "KOR11180510", "KOR11180520", "KOR11180530", "KOR11180540", "KOR11180550", "KOR11180570", "KOR11180580", "KOR11180590", "KOR11180600", "KOR11180610", "KOR11190", "KOR11190540", "KOR11190550", "KOR11190560", "KOR11190610", "KOR11190620", "KOR11190630", "KOR11190650", "KOR11190660", "KOR11190670", "KOR11190680", "KOR11190690", "KOR11190700", "KOR11190710", "KOR11190720", "KOR11190730", "KOR11190740", "KOR11190750", "KOR11190760", "KOR11200", "KOR11200520", "KOR11200530", "KOR11200540", "KOR11200550", "KOR11200560", "KOR11200630", "KOR11200650", "KOR11200660", "KOR11200670", "KOR11200680", "KOR11200690", "KOR11200700", "KOR11200710", "KOR11200720", "KOR11200730", "KOR11210", "KOR11210520", "KOR11210540", "KOR11210570", "KOR11210580", "KOR11210610", "KOR11210620", "KOR11210630", "KOR11210640", "KOR11210650", "KOR11210660", "KOR11210680", "KOR11210690", "KOR11210710", "KOR11210720", "KOR11210730", "KOR11210780", "KOR11210790", "KOR11210800", "KOR11210810", "KOR11210820", "KOR11210830", "KOR11220", "KOR11220510", "KOR11220520", "KOR11220530", "KOR11220540", "KOR11220550", "KOR11220560", "KOR11220570", "KOR11220580", "KOR11220590", "KOR11220600", "KOR11220610", "KOR11220620", "KOR11220630", "KOR11220640", "KOR11220650", "KOR11220660", "KOR11220670", "KOR11220680", "KOR11230", "KOR11230510", "KOR11230511", "KOR11230520", "KOR11230530", "KOR11230580", "KOR11230590", "KOR11230600", "KOR11230630", "KOR11230640", "KOR11230650", "KOR11230660", "KOR11230670", "KOR11230680", "KOR11230710", "KOR11230720", "KOR11230730", "KOR11230750", "KOR11230760", "KOR11230770", "KOR11230780", "KOR11230790", "KOR11230800", "KOR11240", "KOR11240510", "KOR11240520", "KOR11240530", "KOR11240540", "KOR11240550", "KOR11240560", "KOR11240570", "KOR11240580", "KOR11240590", "KOR11240600", "KOR11240610", "KOR11240620", "KOR11240630", "KOR11240640", "KOR11240650", "KOR11240660", "KOR11240670", "KOR11240680", "KOR11240690", "KOR11240710", "KOR11240750", "KOR11240770", "KOR11240780", "KOR11240790", "KOR11240800", "KOR11240810", "KOR11240820", "KOR11250", "KOR11250530", "KOR11250540", "KOR11250550", "KOR11250560", "KOR11250580", "KOR11250590", "KOR11250610", "KOR11250630", "KOR11250650", "KOR11250660", "KOR11250670", "KOR11250700", "KOR11250710", "KOR11250720", "KOR11250730", "KOR11250740", "KOR11250750", "KOR11250760", "KOR11250770", "KOR23020", "KOR23020510", "KOR23020520", "KOR23020530", "KOR23020550", "KOR23020570", "KOR23020580", "KOR23020590", "KOR23020600", "KOR23020610", "KOR23020630", "KOR23020640", "KOR23040", "KOR23040510", "KOR23040520", "KOR23040530", "KOR23040540", "KOR23040550", "KOR23040560", "KOR23040570", "KOR23040580", "KOR23040590", "KOR23040600", "KOR23040640", "KOR23040650", "KOR23040660", "KOR23040680", "KOR23040690", "KOR23050", "KOR23050510", "KOR23050521", "KOR23050530", "KOR23050540", "KOR23050550", "KOR23050561", "KOR23050570", "KOR23050580", "KOR23050590", "KOR23050600", "KOR23050610", "KOR23050620", "KOR23050630", "KOR23050640", "KOR23050670", "KOR23050720", "KOR23050730", "KOR23050740", "KOR23050750", "KOR23050760", "KOR23060", "KOR23060510", "KOR23060520", "KOR23060530", "KOR23060540", "KOR23060550", "KOR23060560", "KOR23060570", "KOR23060580", "KOR23060590", "KOR23060600", "KOR23060610", "KOR23060620", "KOR23060630", "KOR23060640", "KOR23060650", "KOR23060660", "KOR23060670", "KOR23060680", "KOR23060690", "KOR23060700", "KOR23060710", "KOR23060720", "KOR23070", "KOR23070510", "KOR23070520", "KOR23070530", "KOR23070540", "KOR23070550", "KOR23070560", "KOR23070570", "KOR23070580", "KOR23070610", "KOR23070620", "KOR23070630", "KOR23070640", "KOR23080", "KOR23080510", "KOR23080530", "KOR23080540", "KOR23080550", "KOR23080560", "KOR23080580", "KOR23080590", "KOR23080600", "KOR23080620", "KOR23080630", "KOR23080640", "KOR23080650", "KOR23080730", "KOR23080740", "KOR23080780", "KOR23080790", "KOR23080800", "KOR23080810", "KOR23080840", "KOR23080850", "KOR23080860", "KOR23080870", "KOR23080880", "KOR23090", "KOR23090520", "KOR23090540", "KOR23090560", "KOR23090570", "KOR23090590", "KOR23090600", "KOR23090610", "KOR23090620", "KOR23090650", "KOR23090660", "KOR23090670", "KOR23090680", "KOR23090690", "KOR23090700", "KOR23090710", "KOR23090720", "KOR23090730", "KOR23090740", "KOR23090750", "KOR23090760", "KOR23090770", "KOR31011", "KOR31011540", "KOR31011550", "KOR31011560", "KOR31011570", "KOR31011580", "KOR31011590", "KOR31011600", "KOR31011610", "KOR31011620", "KOR31011630", "KOR31012", "KOR31012520", "KOR31012530", "KOR31012540", "KOR31012550", "KOR31012560", "KOR31012570", "KOR31012600", "KOR31012610", "KOR31012620", "KOR31012640", "KOR31012650", "KOR31012660", "KOR31013", "KOR31013530", "KOR31013540", "KOR31013550", "KOR31013560", "KOR31013670", "KOR31013680", "KOR31013690", "KOR31013700", "KOR31013710", "KOR31013720", "KOR31014", "KOR31014510", "KOR31014520", "KOR31014530", "KOR31014540", "KOR31014600", "KOR31014620", "KOR31014630", "KOR31014640", "KOR31014650", "KOR31014660", "KOR31014670", "KOR31014680", "KOR31021", "KOR31021510", "KOR31021520", "KOR31021530", "KOR31021540", "KOR31021550", "KOR31021560", "KOR31021570", "KOR31021580", "KOR31021590", "KOR31021600", "KOR31021610", "KOR31021620", "KOR31021640", "KOR31021650", "KOR31021660", "KOR31021670", "KOR31021680", "KOR31022", "KOR31022510", "KOR31022530", "KOR31022540", "KOR31022550", "KOR31022560", "KOR31022570", "KOR31022580", "KOR31022590", "KOR31022600", "KOR31022610", "KOR31022620", "KOR31023", "KOR31023510", "KOR31023520", "KOR31023530", "KOR31023540", "KOR31023550", "KOR31023560", "KOR31023580", "KOR31023590", "KOR31023600", "KOR31023610", "KOR31023620", "KOR31023630", "KOR31023640", "KOR31023670", "KOR31023680", "KOR31023710", "KOR31023720", "KOR31023740", "KOR31023750", "KOR31023760", "KOR31023770", "KOR31023780", "KOR31030", "KOR31030520", "KOR31030550", "KOR31030560", "KOR31030570", "KOR31030580", "KOR31030590", "KOR31030600", "KOR31030640", "KOR31030650", "KOR31030670", "KOR31030680", "KOR31030690", "KOR31030700", "KOR31030710", "KOR31041", "KOR31041510", "KOR31041520", "KOR31041530", "KOR31041540", "KOR31041550", "KOR31041560", "KOR31041570", "KOR31041580", "KOR31041590", "KOR31041600", "KOR31041610", "KOR31041620", "KOR31041630", "KOR31041640", "KOR31042", "KOR31042510", "KOR31042520", "KOR31042530", "KOR31042540", "KOR31042550", "KOR31042560", "KOR31042570", "KOR31042580", "KOR31042590", "KOR31042600", "KOR31042610", "KOR31042620", "KOR31042630", "KOR31042640", "KOR31042650", "KOR31042660", "KOR31042670", "KOR31050", "KOR31050870", "KOR31050880", "KOR31050890", "KOR31050900", "KOR31050910", "KOR31050920", "KOR31050930", "KOR31050940", "KOR31050950", "KOR31050960", "KOR31060", "KOR31060510", "KOR31060520", "KOR31060530", "KOR31060540", "KOR31060550", "KOR31060560", "KOR31060570", "KOR31060580", "KOR31060590", "KOR31060600", "KOR31060610", "KOR31060620", "KOR31060630", "KOR31060640", "KOR31060650", "KOR31060660", "KOR31060680", "KOR31060690", "KOR31060700", "KOR31091", "KOR31091510", "KOR31091540", "KOR31091550", "KOR31091560", "KOR31091570", "KOR31091580", "KOR31091620", "KOR31091710", "KOR31091730", "KOR31091740", "KOR31091760", "KOR31091770", "KOR31091780", "KOR31092", "KOR31092590", "KOR31092660", "KOR31092680", "KOR31092690", "KOR31092700", "KOR31092720", "KOR31092730", "KOR31092740", "KOR31092750", "KOR31092760", "KOR31092770", "KOR31092780", "KOR31101", "KOR31101510", "KOR31101511", "KOR31101512", "KOR31101513", "KOR31101514", "KOR31101515", "KOR31101520", "KOR31101540", "KOR31101550", "KOR31101560", "KOR31101580", "KOR31101590", "KOR31101600", "KOR31101610", "KOR31101620", "KOR31101630", "KOR31101640", "KOR31101650", "KOR31101660", "KOR31101670", "KOR31101680", "KOR31103", "KOR31103510", "KOR31103511", "KOR31103512", "KOR31103530", "KOR31103540", "KOR31103550", "KOR31103560", "KOR31103570", "KOR31103580", "KOR31103590", "KOR31103600", "KOR31103610", "KOR31104", "KOR31104510", "KOR31104511", "KOR31104512", "KOR31104513", "KOR31104514", "KOR31104520", "KOR31104530", "KOR31104550", "KOR31104560", "KOR31104570", "KOR31104580", "KOR31110", "KOR31110510", "KOR31110521", "KOR31110522", "KOR31110530", "KOR31110540", "KOR31110550", "KOR31110560", "KOR31120", "KOR31120510", "KOR31120520", "KOR31120530", "KOR31120540", "KOR31120550", "KOR31120560", "KOR31120570", "KOR31120580", "KOR31130", "KOR31130110", "KOR31130111", "KOR31130120", "KOR31130140", "KOR31130150", "KOR31130160", "KOR31130310", "KOR31130340", "KOR31130350", "KOR31130510", "KOR31130520", "KOR31130530", "KOR31130540", "KOR31130570", "KOR31130580", "KOR31130590", "KOR31140", "KOR31140510", "KOR31140520", "KOR31140530", "KOR31140540", "KOR31140550", "KOR31140560", "KOR31150", "KOR31150510", "KOR31150520", "KOR31150530", "KOR31150540", "KOR31150550", "KOR31150560", "KOR31150590", "KOR31150610", "KOR31150620", "KOR31150640", "KOR31150650", "KOR31150670", "KOR31150680", "KOR31150690", "KOR31150700", "KOR31150710", "KOR31150720", "KOR31150740", "KOR31150750", "KOR31160", "KOR31160510", "KOR31160520", "KOR31160540", "KOR31160550", "KOR31160560", "KOR31160570", "KOR31160580", "KOR31160590", "KOR31160600", "KOR31160610", "KOR31160630", "KOR31160640", "KOR31170", "KOR31170510", "KOR31170520", "KOR31170530", "KOR31170540", "KOR31170550", "KOR31170560", "KOR31180", "KOR31180510", "KOR31180520", "KOR31180530", "KOR31180540", "KOR31180550", "KOR31180560", "KOR31180590", "KOR31180600", "KOR31180611", "KOR31180620", "KOR31180630", "KOR31180650", "KOR31180660", "KOR31180670", "KOR31191", "KOR31191110", "KOR31191120", "KOR31191130", "KOR31191140", "KOR31191340", "KOR31191350", "KOR31191360", "KOR31191510", "KOR31191530", "KOR31191540", "KOR31191550", "KOR31191560", "KOR31192", "KOR31192520", "KOR31192540", "KOR31192550", "KOR31192560", "KOR31192570", "KOR31192590", "KOR31192600", "KOR31192610", "KOR31192630", "KOR31192640", "KOR31192650", "KOR31192660", "KOR31192670", "KOR31192680", "KOR31192690", "KOR31193", "KOR31193510", "KOR31193520", "KOR31193530", "KOR31193550", "KOR31193560", "KOR31193580", "KOR31193590", "KOR31193600", "KOR31193610", "KOR31193620", "KOR31193630", "KOR31200", "KOR31200110", "KOR31200120", "KOR31200130", "KOR31200150", "KOR31200310", "KOR31200320", "KOR31200350", "KOR31200360", "KOR31200370", "KOR31200390", "KOR31200511", "KOR31200512", "KOR31200513", "KOR31200514", "KOR31200515", "KOR31200516", "KOR31200520", "KOR31200530", "KOR31200540", "KOR31200570", "KOR31230", "KOR31230110", "KOR31230120", "KOR31230130", "KOR31230340", "KOR31230350", "KOR31230360", "KOR31230530", "KOR31230540", "KOR31230560", "KOR31230600", "KOR31230610", "KOR31230620", "KOR31230630", "KOR31230640", "KOR31240", "KOR31240120", "KOR31240130", "KOR31240140", "KOR31240150", "KOR31240310", "KOR31240330", "KOR31240350", "KOR31240360", "KOR31240370", "KOR31240380", "KOR31240390", "KOR31240420", "KOR31240430", "KOR31240520", "KOR31240530", "KOR31240540", "KOR31240550", "KOR31240560", "KOR31240570", "KOR31240600", "KOR31240610", "KOR31240620", "KOR31240640", "KOR31240650", "KOR31240691", "KOR31240700", "KOR31240710", "KOR31240720", "KOR31250", "KOR31250120", "KOR31250140", "KOR31250340", "KOR31250350", "KOR31250360", "KOR31250380", "KOR31250511", "KOR31250512", "KOR31250513", "KOR31250514", "KOR31250540", "KOR31250550", "KOR31250560", "KOR31250570", "KOR31250580", "KOR31250590", "KOR31260", "KOR31260110", "KOR31260310", "KOR31260320", "KOR31260330", "KOR31260340", "KOR31260510", "KOR31260520", "KOR31260530", "KOR31260540", "KOR31260550", "KOR31260560", "KOR31580", "KOR31580110", "KOR31580310", "KOR31580320", "KOR31580330", "KOR31580340", "KOR31580350", "KOR31580360", "KOR31580370", "KOR31580380", "KOR31580390", "KOR31580400", "KOR31580410" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (시군구)", "Towns, townships, neighbourhoods (읍면동)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (시군구)": 66, "Towns, townships, neighbourhoods (읍면동)": 1014 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "4547b98f8c9d76478fbdcbaf6e3f7b02ac8dcdbe78c8e9adc1e78a3117cc4170", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 94, "eFUA_name": "Seoul", "Cntry_ISO": "KOR", "Cntry_name": "SouthKorea", "UC_IDs": "12389;12431;12453;12462;12477", "UC_num": 5, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "96a76ce6df385cdbdefd5540ad5ddc9c1b6a57d740189cbb689b535c2f35b1d6", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "a5906d19c608b9d21f11cee6e5991098f19bc7c695d4618a9c4d6cbe87ae8009", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1445, "eFUA_name": "Stockholm", "Cntry_ISO": "SWE", "Cntry_name": "Sweden", "UC_IDs": "2973;2988", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "54d75334ce7a8403f6df30103856037a25e240f4abe0aaa1f32ac4f5be57d0fd", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "sydney", "city_name": "Sydney", "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 151.2093, "latitude": -33.8688, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "AUS01F", "country_iso3": "AUS", "source_name": "Greater Sydney", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": 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Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "56e05be1633d01474099a1890bd57d27a6e496918910df0e94d6124201da401e", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1830, "eFUA_name": "Sydney", "Cntry_ISO": "AUS", "Cntry_name": "Australia", "UC_IDs": "13042;13043", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "5b0000ea13b88313b3ecb224a7f6e3b4c863a51460dca209c8c156665c9d8b69", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "taipei", "city_name": "Taipei", "destination_country_iso3": "TWN", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 121.5654, "latitude": 25.033, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1141, "eFUA_name": "New Taipei [Taipei]", "Cntry_ISO": "TWN", "Cntry_name": "Taiwan", "UC_IDs": "12696;12701", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "41f112d61cf438c03b80319f6d0c345d5f88e2da502f6390e4d71d6cdd7b5a8d", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "tel-aviv", "city_name": "Tel Aviv", "destination_country_iso3": "ISR", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 34.7818, "latitude": 32.0853, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "ISR10F", "country_iso3": "ISR", "source_name": "Tel Aviv - Yafo", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "not_in_retrieved_boundary_package", "boundary_source_frame": null, "boundary_archive_generation": null, "member_count": 0, "member_ids": [], "member_geography_levels": [], "member_count_by_geography_level": {}, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. 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Equivalence is not assumed or silently repaired." }, "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 419, "eFUA_name": "Tel Aviv", "Cntry_ISO": "ISR", "Cntry_name": "Israel", "UC_IDs": "4309", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "e7ea5aa0762f942e6f340e9c0dc9b13c1417db82ae6ff91f89d1f38ec8e7d321", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "tokyo", "city_name": "Tokyo", "destination_country_iso3": "JPN", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 139.6503, "latitude": 35.6762, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "JPN01F", "country_iso3": "JPN", "source_name": "Tokyo", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 228, "member_ids": [ "JPN08204", "JPN08208", "JPN08217", "JPN08219", "JPN08224", "JPN08235", "JPN08542", "JPN08564", "JPN09364", "JPN11101", "JPN11102", "JPN11103", "JPN11104", "JPN11105", "JPN11106", "JPN11107", "JPN11108", "JPN11109", "JPN11110", "JPN11201", "JPN11202", "JPN11203", "JPN11206", "JPN11208", "JPN11209", "JPN11210", "JPN11212", "JPN11214", "JPN11215", "JPN11216", "JPN11217", "JPN11218", "JPN11219", "JPN11221", "JPN11222", "JPN11223", "JPN11224", "JPN11225", "JPN11227", "JPN11228", "JPN11229", "JPN11230", "JPN11231", "JPN11232", "JPN11233", "JPN11234", "JPN11235", "JPN11237", "JPN11238", "JPN11239", "JPN11240", "JPN11241", "JPN11242", "JPN11243", "JPN11245", "JPN11246", "JPN11301", "JPN11324", "JPN11326", "JPN11327", "JPN11341", "JPN11342", "JPN11343", "JPN11346", "JPN11347", "JPN11348", "JPN11349", "JPN11369", "JPN11408", "JPN11442", "JPN11464", "JPN11465", "JPN12101", "JPN12102", "JPN12103", "JPN12104", "JPN12105", "JPN12106", "JPN12203", "JPN12204", "JPN12206", "JPN12207", "JPN12208", "JPN12210", "JPN12211", "JPN12212", "JPN12213", "JPN12216", "JPN12217", "JPN12219", "JPN12220", "JPN12221", "JPN12222", "JPN12224", "JPN12225", "JPN12226", "JPN12227", "JPN12228", "JPN12229", "JPN12230", "JPN12231", "JPN12232", "JPN12233", "JPN12237", "JPN12239", "JPN12322", "JPN12329", "JPN12403", "JPN12421", "JPN12422", "JPN12423", "JPN12424", "JPN12426", "JPN12427", "JPN12441", "JPN12463", "JPN13101", "JPN13102", "JPN13103", "JPN13104", "JPN13105", "JPN13106", "JPN13107", "JPN13108", "JPN13109", "JPN13110", "JPN13111", "JPN13112", "JPN13113", "JPN13114", "JPN13115", "JPN13116", "JPN13117", "JPN13118", "JPN13119", "JPN13120", "JPN13121", "JPN13122", "JPN13123", "JPN13201", "JPN13202", "JPN13203", "JPN13204", "JPN13205", "JPN13206", "JPN13207", "JPN13208", "JPN13209", "JPN13210", "JPN13211", "JPN13212", "JPN13213", "JPN13214", "JPN13215", "JPN13218", "JPN13219", "JPN13220", "JPN13221", "JPN13222", "JPN13223", "JPN13224", "JPN13225", "JPN13227", "JPN13228", "JPN13229", "JPN13303", "JPN13305", "JPN13307", "JPN13308", "JPN14101", "JPN14102", "JPN14103", "JPN14104", "JPN14105", "JPN14106", "JPN14107", "JPN14108", "JPN14109", "JPN14110", "JPN14111", "JPN14112", "JPN14113", "JPN14114", "JPN14115", "JPN14116", "JPN14117", "JPN14118", "JPN14131", "JPN14132", "JPN14133", "JPN14134", "JPN14135", "JPN14136", "JPN14137", "JPN14151", "JPN14152", "JPN14153", "JPN14201", "JPN14203", "JPN14204", "JPN14205", "JPN14206", "JPN14207", "JPN14208", "JPN14210", "JPN14211", "JPN14212", "JPN14213", "JPN14214", "JPN14215", "JPN14216", "JPN14217", "JPN14218", "JPN14301", "JPN14321", "JPN14341", "JPN14342", "JPN14361", "JPN14362", "JPN14363", "JPN14364", "JPN14366", "JPN14383", "JPN14384", "JPN14401", "JPN14402", "JPN19206", "JPN19212" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (市区町村)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (市区町村)": 228 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "b5ca1cdd69d0966e8f48bba7a8d64cbe01f0cde5680d1472337a10e02a06c3f9", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 5129, "eFUA_name": "Tokyo", "Cntry_ISO": "JPN", "Cntry_name": "Japan", "UC_IDs": "12962;12964;12966;12989;12995", "UC_num": 5, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "48a22203c281dea4beaec496ad4f3aacf5dda2a5e0a9bd7ddcf5d5935c24165e", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. 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Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "bf5b029221b2bdef200a5180f2e8d9e8e65a3643fb86d83bc5b4e9b2034a2d58", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 2626, "eFUA_name": "Toronto", "Cntry_ISO": "CAN", "Cntry_name": "Canada", "UC_IDs": "875;881;893;899", "UC_num": 4, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "16116d160a6ec025abc7bd50c53fa0a53e2ebe8b2f969056818d96b08d2a4d58", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "Statistics Canada Census metropolitan area", "name": "Toronto", "id": "535", "dguid": "2021S0503535", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "member_type": "Census subdivision", "member_ids": [ "3518001", "3518005", "3518029", "3519028", "3519036", "3519038", "3519044", "3519046", "3519048", "3519049", "3519054", "3519070", "3519076", "3520005", "3521005", "3521010", "3521024", "3522012", "3522014", "3524001", "3524009", "3524015", "3543007", "3543014" ], "source_frame": "statcan-cma-2021", "member_count": 24, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_member_set_comparison": { "oecd_only_ids": [ "3514019", "3514020", "3516010", "3518009", "3518013", "3518017", "3518020", "3518022", "3518039", "3522001", "3522010", "3522016", "3523017", "3524002", "3542005", "3543009", "3543017", "3543021", "3543023", "3543042" ], "national_only_ids": [], "same_identifier_membership": false, "notice": "Identifier set comparison only. Unknown OECD boundary vintage and geometry differences still require review; matching sets are not scoring approval." } }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. 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Unknown OECD boundary vintage and geometry differences still require review; matching sets are not scoring approval." } }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "AT001F", "country_iso3": "AUT", "source_name": "Wien", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 350, "member_ids": [ "AUT10101", "AUT10301", "AUT10302", "AUT10303", "AUT10304", "AUT10305", "AUT10306", "AUT10308", "AUT10309", "AUT10310", "AUT10311", "AUT10312", "AUT10314", "AUT10315", "AUT10316", "AUT10317", "AUT10318", "AUT10319", "AUT10320", "AUT10321", "AUT10322", "AUT10323", "AUT10601", "AUT10602", "AUT10603", "AUT10605", "AUT10606", "AUT10607", "AUT10608", "AUT10609", "AUT10611", "AUT10612", "AUT10614", "AUT10615", "AUT10616", "AUT10617", "AUT10701", "AUT10702", "AUT10703", "AUT10704", "AUT10705", "AUT10706", "AUT10707", "AUT10708", "AUT10709", "AUT10710", "AUT10711", "AUT10712", "AUT10713", "AUT10714", "AUT10715", "AUT10716", "AUT10717", "AUT10718", "AUT10719", "AUT10720", "AUT10721", "AUT10722", "AUT10723", "AUT10724", "AUT10725", "AUT10726", "AUT10727", "AUT30401", "AUT30601", "AUT30602", "AUT30603", "AUT30604", "AUT30607", "AUT30608", "AUT30612", "AUT30613", "AUT30614", "AUT30615", "AUT30616", "AUT30618", "AUT30620", "AUT30621", "AUT30623", "AUT30625", "AUT30626", "AUT30629", "AUT30631", "AUT30633", "AUT30635", "AUT30636", "AUT30637", "AUT30639", "AUT30641", "AUT30645", "AUT30646", "AUT30701", "AUT30702", "AUT30703", "AUT30704", "AUT30706", "AUT30708", "AUT30709", "AUT30710", "AUT30711", "AUT30712", "AUT30713", "AUT30715", "AUT30716", "AUT30718", "AUT30719", "AUT30721", "AUT30722", "AUT30724", "AUT30726", "AUT30728", "AUT30729", "AUT30730", "AUT30731", "AUT30732", "AUT30733", "AUT30734", "AUT30735", "AUT30736", "AUT30737", "AUT30738", "AUT30739", "AUT30740", "AUT30741", "AUT30801", "AUT30802", "AUT30803", "AUT30804", "AUT30805", "AUT30808", "AUT30810", "AUT30811", "AUT30812", "AUT30813", "AUT30814", "AUT30817", "AUT30819", "AUT30821", "AUT30822", "AUT30824", "AUT30825", "AUT30826", "AUT30827", "AUT30828", "AUT30829", "AUT30830", "AUT30831", "AUT30834", "AUT30835", "AUT30836", "AUT30838", "AUT30841", "AUT30842", "AUT30844", "AUT30845", "AUT30846", "AUT30848", "AUT30849", "AUT30850", "AUT30852", "AUT30854", "AUT30856", "AUT30857", "AUT30858", "AUT30859", "AUT30860", "AUT30863", "AUT30865", "AUT31001", "AUT31008", "AUT31009", "AUT31014", "AUT31015", "AUT31016", "AUT31018", "AUT31019", "AUT31021", "AUT31022", "AUT31025", "AUT31026", "AUT31028", "AUT31033", "AUT31035", "AUT31036", "AUT31037", "AUT31038", "AUT31041", "AUT31042", "AUT31043", "AUT31051", "AUT31052", "AUT31053", "AUT31103", "AUT31105", "AUT31114", "AUT31120", "AUT31124", "AUT31130", "AUT31201", "AUT31202", "AUT31203", "AUT31204", "AUT31205", "AUT31206", "AUT31207", "AUT31208", "AUT31213", "AUT31214", "AUT31215", "AUT31216", "AUT31224", "AUT31226", "AUT31227", "AUT31228", "AUT31229", "AUT31230", "AUT31234", "AUT31235", "AUT31308", "AUT31315", "AUT31355", "AUT31405", "AUT31601", "AUT31603", "AUT31604", "AUT31605", "AUT31606", "AUT31608", "AUT31609", "AUT31611", "AUT31612", "AUT31613", "AUT31614", "AUT31615", "AUT31616", "AUT31617", "AUT31620", "AUT31621", "AUT31622", "AUT31627", "AUT31628", "AUT31629", "AUT31630", "AUT31633", "AUT31634", "AUT31636", "AUT31642", "AUT31644", "AUT31645", "AUT31649", "AUT31650", "AUT31651", "AUT31652", "AUT31653", "AUT31654", "AUT31655", "AUT31658", "AUT31701", "AUT31702", "AUT31703", "AUT31704", "AUT31706", "AUT31707", "AUT31709", "AUT31710", "AUT31711", "AUT31712", "AUT31713", "AUT31714", "AUT31715", "AUT31716", "AUT31717", "AUT31718", "AUT31719", "AUT31723", "AUT31725", "AUT31726", "AUT31831", "AUT31847", "AUT31901", "AUT31902", "AUT31904", "AUT31905", "AUT31919", "AUT31921", "AUT31926", "AUT31927", "AUT31949", "AUT31950", "AUT31951", "AUT31952", "AUT31953", "AUT31954", "AUT32101", "AUT32104", "AUT32106", "AUT32107", "AUT32109", "AUT32110", "AUT32112", "AUT32114", "AUT32115", "AUT32116", "AUT32119", "AUT32120", "AUT32131", "AUT32134", "AUT32135", "AUT32139", "AUT32140", "AUT32141", "AUT32142", "AUT32143", "AUT32144", "AUT32301", "AUT32304", "AUT32305", "AUT32307", "AUT32313", "AUT32318", "AUT32320", "AUT32327", "AUT32330", "AUT32334", "AUT32336", "AUT32337", "AUT32338", "AUT90101", "AUT90201", "AUT90301", "AUT90401", "AUT90501", "AUT90601", "AUT90701", "AUT90801", "AUT90901", "AUT91001", "AUT91101", "AUT91201", "AUT91301", "AUT91401", "AUT91501", "AUT91601", "AUT91701", "AUT91801", "AUT91901", "AUT92001", "AUT92101", "AUT92201", "AUT92301" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Gemeinden)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Gemeinden)": 350 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f3fa823ee927eca9567283dddc056900a7655485005a3cef5cc68315bd62df6f", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 790, "eFUA_name": "Vienna", "Cntry_ISO": "AUT", "Cntry_name": "Austria", "UC_IDs": "3027", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "3b21a550d12bbb9645c8287e2e063c4f252ae0b3bf4383dd41d46cdd25ac39e8", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "091ae468829cf74715c0b1564af8baa70228f374340c9405ff9b4aa85551daba", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 3222, "eFUA_name": "Warsaw", "Cntry_ISO": "POL", "Cntry_name": "Poland", "UC_IDs": "3216;3219", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "6b0258a2bf31f1eeca1ac852774ee91929c685181511d7054a94bb43238be201", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "PL001F", "URAU_NAME": "Warszawa", "CNTR_CODE": "PL" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, { "city_slug": "washington-dc", "city_name": "Washington DC", "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -77.0369, "latitude": 38.9072, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "USA04F", "country_iso3": "USA", "source_name": "Washington (Greater)", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 1252, "member_ids": [ "USA11001", "USA1100150000", "USA1150000", "USA20001", "USA20002", "USA20003", "USA20004", "USA20005", "USA20006", "USA20007", "USA20008", "USA20009", "USA20010", "USA20011", "USA20012", "USA20015", "USA20016", "USA20017", "USA20018", "USA20019", "USA20020", "USA20024", "USA20032", "USA20036", "USA20037", "USA20052", "USA20057", "USA20059", "USA20064", "USA20105", "USA20106", "USA20109", "USA20110", "USA20111", "USA20112", "USA20115", "USA20117", "USA20119", "USA20120", "USA20121", "USA20124", "USA20129", "USA20130", "USA20132", "USA20135", "USA20136", "USA20137", "USA20141", "USA20143", "USA20144", "USA20147", "USA20148", "USA20151", "USA20152", "USA20155", 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"USA5117990064", "USA5117993535", "USA5117993683", "USA5117993687", "USA5117993783", "USA5117993863", "USA5117995407", "USA51187", "USA5118793599", "USA5118793831", "USA5118794919", "USA5118795663", "USA5118795807", "USA5119560", "USA5119571", "USA5120436", "USA5120752", "USA5121088", "USA5122472", "USA5123392", "USA5123732", "USA5123760", "USA5123984", "USA5126496", "USA5126592", "USA5126701", "USA5126875", "USA5127200", "USA5127264", "USA5128496", "USA5128528", "USA5129008", "USA5129136", "USA5129552", "USA5129628", "USA5129744", "USA5129968", "USA5130176", "USA5130618", "USA5131912", "USA5132496", "USA5132498", "USA5132592", "USA5133584", "USA5134240", "USA5135912", "USA5135976", "USA5136648", "USA5137288", "USA5139064", "USA5139259", "USA5139304", "USA5139448", "USA5139544", "USA5139916", "USA5142501", "USA5142664", "USA5142680", "USA5142746", "USA5143352", "USA5143432", "USA5143600", "USA5144048", "USA5144430", "USA5144984", "USA5145008", "USA5145784", "USA5145957", "USA5146328", "USA5146760", "USA5147064", "USA5147136", "USA5147208", "USA5147296", "USA5148376", "USA5148450", "USA5148952", "USA5148968", "USA5149144", "USA5149656", "USA5149998", "USA51510", "USA5151090020", "USA5151192", "USA5151448", "USA5151544", "USA5152658", "USA5153030", "USA5154144", "USA5155208", "USA5155528", "USA5155752", "USA5155758", "USA5156464", "USA5157560", "USA5158104", "USA5158472", "USA5158696", "USA5159364", "USA5159416", "USA51600", "USA5160093507", "USA5160536", "USA51610", "USA5161093531", "USA5162264", "USA51630", "USA5163093651", "USA5164152", "USA5165008", "USA5165120", "USA5165128", "USA5165776", "USA5166032", "USA5166512", "USA5166672", "USA51683", "USA5168394474", "USA51685", "USA5168594476", "USA5168880", "USA5169168", "USA5171216", "USA5171810", "USA5171825", "USA5171826", "USA5172935", "USA5173760", "USA5174100", "USA5174120", "USA5174384", "USA5174470", "USA5174592", "USA5174916", "USA5175376", "USA5175702", "USA5176416", "USA5176464", "USA5176516", "USA5178192", "USA5179360", "USA5179950", "USA5180029", "USA5180120", "USA5180224", "USA5181072", "USA5182371", "USA5183136", "USA5183248", "USA5183440", "USA5184368", "USA5184976", "USA5187240", "USA5187312", "USA5187333", "USA5187410", "USA5188176", "USA54037", "USA5403790504", "USA5403791548", "USA5403791740", "USA5403792160", "USA5403792760", "USA5408932", "USA5414610", "USA5435284", "USA5453692", "USA5466988", "USA5473252", "USA5473444", "USA5473468" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Counties", "Places", "Subcounties", "Zipcodes" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Counties": 31, "Places": 482, "Subcounties": 209, "Zipcodes": 530 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "79cabb101d8bbba1740fde1723304576464cfacfc51d643f02d40c0cc271ae0f", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 7068, "eFUA_name": "Washington D.C.", "Cntry_ISO": "USA", "Cntry_name": "UnitedStates", "UC_IDs": "852;855;856;858;859;871;874;877", "UC_num": 8, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f1366025968ab7b15f26e97bec22ad812a9db7c9a1ac133422363c8fbe35e46a", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "US OMB/Census Metropolitan statistical area", "name": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV", "id": "47900", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city": { "name": "Washington", "state_fips": "11", "place_fips": "50000" }, "member_type": "County or county equivalent", "member_ids": [ "11001", "24017", "24021", "24031", "24033", "51013", "51043", "51047", "51059", "51061", "51107", "51153", "51157", "51177", "51179", "51187", "51510", "51600", "51610", "51630", "51683", "51685", "54037" ], "source_frame": "us-cbsa-2023", "member_count": 23, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_comparison_notice": "The OECD correspondence includes overlapping Counties, Places, Subcounties and Zipcodes; this national MSA is delineated by whole counties. Its county membership cannot be equated to the complete mixed-level OECD correspondence or to a city-proper ACS estimate." }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" }, { "frame_id": "us-cbsa-2023", "file": "us-2023-cbsa-delineations.xlsx", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629", "bytes": 143798, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:06:36.735881+00:00", "last_modified": "Fri, 04 Aug 2023 14:36:17 GMT", "publisher": "United States Census Bureau / Office of Management and Budget", "label": "July 2023 CBSA delineations", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city_source_frame": { "file": "us-2023-principal-cities.xlsx", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list2_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "1e1091de28d1ad1423cebf18e7cdb6db4fbf2204fd357bc68c24e8261dcce161", "bytes": 79368, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:06:36.716958+00:00", "last_modified": "Fri, 04 Aug 2023 14:36:23 GMT" }, "licence": "US Census Bureau government data: public-domain government work; cite source.", "licence_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "source_ref": "source-b2291e17aab05222" } ] }, { "city_slug": "zurich", "city_name": "Zurich", "destination_country_iso3": "CHE", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 8.5417, "latitude": 47.3769, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "CH002F", "country_iso3": "CHE", "source_name": "Zürich", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 155, "member_ids": [ "CHE0001", "CHE0002", "CHE0003", "CHE0004", "CHE0005", "CHE0008", "CHE0009", "CHE0010", "CHE0011", "CHE0012", "CHE0013", "CHE0014", "CHE0023", "CHE0051", "CHE0052", "CHE0053", "CHE0054", "CHE0055", "CHE0056", "CHE0057", "CHE0058", "CHE0059", "CHE0060", "CHE0061", "CHE0062", "CHE0063", "CHE0064", "CHE0065", "CHE0066", "CHE0067", "CHE0068", "CHE0069", "CHE0070", "CHE0071", "CHE0072", "CHE0081", "CHE0082", "CHE0083", "CHE0084", "CHE0085", "CHE0086", "CHE0087", "CHE0088", "CHE0089", "CHE0090", "CHE0091", "CHE0092", "CHE0093", "CHE0094", "CHE0095", "CHE0096", "CHE0097", "CHE0098", "CHE0099", "CHE0100", "CHE0101", "CHE0102", "CHE0111", "CHE0112", "CHE0115", "CHE0116", "CHE0117", "CHE0119", "CHE0121", "CHE0131", "CHE0135", "CHE0136", "CHE0137", "CHE0138", "CHE0139", "CHE0141", "CHE0151", "CHE0152", "CHE0153", "CHE0154", "CHE0155", "CHE0156", "CHE0157", "CHE0158", "CHE0159", "CHE0160", "CHE0161", "CHE0172", "CHE0173", "CHE0176", "CHE0177", "CHE0178", "CHE0180", "CHE0182", "CHE0191", "CHE0192", "CHE0193", "CHE0194", "CHE0195", "CHE0196", "CHE0197", "CHE0198", "CHE0199", "CHE0200", "CHE0213", "CHE0215", "CHE0219", "CHE0223", "CHE0224", "CHE0225", "CHE0226", "CHE0227", "CHE0230", "CHE0241", "CHE0242", "CHE0243", "CHE0244", "CHE0245", "CHE0246", "CHE0247", "CHE0248", "CHE0249", "CHE0250", "CHE0251", "CHE0261", "CHE0293", "CHE0294", "CHE0295", "CHE0296", "CHE0298", "CHE1321", "CHE1322", "CHE1323", "CHE2933", "CHE2938", "CHE4022", "CHE4023", "CHE4030", "CHE4031", "CHE4040", "CHE4048", "CHE4061", "CHE4062", "CHE4063", "CHE4066", "CHE4067", "CHE4071", "CHE4073", "CHE4074", "CHE4075", "CHE4079", "CHE4081", "CHE4083", "CHE4084", "CHE4226", "CHE4238", "CHE4306", "CHE4308", "CHE4318", "CHE4319" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Gemeinden/communes/comuni/vischnancas)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Gemeinden/communes/comuni/vischnancas)": 155 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "aa149452b1946b45bb4b13b81c3f3b8cd50b87b782b38ca938edffdb6aeba1fa", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1479, "eFUA_name": "Zurich", "Cntry_ISO": "CHE", "Cntry_name": "Switzerland", "UC_IDs": "2449;2463;2475;2494", "UC_num": 4, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "7ef4d04d5eb9697b79a657fce8ad4d028060483814623fbb5c47bf4036c38e9f", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "CH002F", "URAU_NAME": "Zurich", "CNTR_CODE": "CH" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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