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        {
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          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-amsterdam",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1427.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "amsterdam",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:amsterdam",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1427",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1427.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "ac4051e198abebd88689a4ccce5446efb6f0bd2df924de32f4bb847c7809b7c7",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1427.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1427",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 2017935.3929695138,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Amsterdam (1427)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1427",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Amsterdam (1427)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 1294,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 1294,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 34,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2017935.3929695138,
        "weather_covered_population": 2017935.3929695138,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 6,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Amsterdam (source ID 1427). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 2017935.3929695138,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-amsterdam",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1427.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "auckland",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 5.79499486614101,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:auckland",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-869",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-869.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "418918b8614315f2eaefcdd7763f67a1d3f19716126ecb696b58c51eb696f338",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-869.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 869",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 1731774.1333824566,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Auckland (869)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:869",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Auckland (869)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2159,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2159,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 304,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1731774.1333824566,
        "pm_covered_population": 1731774.1333824566,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 10035622.212267132,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 5.790095736691827,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 5.870153842061059,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Auckland (source ID 869). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-auckland",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-869.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "auckland",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:auckland",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-869",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-869.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "79cc55caa2e1c1f05d16236b2b0813243382d411d97bf2ef8aefa9a7d18bed3c",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-869.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 869",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 1731774.1333824566,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Auckland (869)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:869",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Auckland (869)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2159,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2159,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 304,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1731774.1333824566,
        "weather_covered_population": 1731774.1333824566,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 9,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Auckland (source ID 869). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 1731774.1333824566,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-auckland",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-869.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "bangalore",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 34.75639316972735,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:bangalore",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-9099",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-9099.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "493f8a5f920083635ac74822e82f7e18dac1a81ce12aa11515806be27074c183",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-9099.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 9099",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 14253018.945094977,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bengaluru (9099)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:9099",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bengaluru (9099)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2054,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2054,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 5,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 14253018.945094977,
        "pm_covered_population": 14253018.945094977,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 495383530.3112936,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 34.75374594215243,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 33.91666288023483,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Bengaluru (source ID 9099). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-bangalore",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-9099.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "bangalore",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 8.645702391190284,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:bangalore",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-9099",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-9099.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "8894787dfac610a1dc81f117197ba45ba4a1039f438001f7aa8726850874d01c",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-9099.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 9099",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 14253018.945094977,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bengaluru (9099)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:9099",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bengaluru (9099)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2054,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2054,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 5,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 14253018.945094977,
        "weather_covered_population": 14253018.945094977,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 123227359.97528806,
        "native_weather_points": 9,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Bengaluru (source ID 9099). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.1025382918349282,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 29967518.106310863
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 3.6841782436891406,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 52510662.30440806
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.8589858556662153,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 40749179.56456914
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 14253018.945094977,
        "strict_value": 8.645702391190284,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 123227359.97528806,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 2.1025382918349282,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 29967518.106310863,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 3.6841782436891406,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 52510662.30440806,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 2.8589858556662153,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 40749179.56456914,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-bangalore",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-9099.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
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        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "bangkok",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 24.55145547575428,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:bangkok",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1894",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1894.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "de4d843bd0719e3a1e35e60bc95472de5fb5601d0c493d3d52f3afeccb30d004",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1894.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1894",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 18601400.101104815,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bangkok (1894)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1894",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bangkok (1894)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 5161,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 5161,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 12,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 18601400.101104815,
        "pm_covered_population": 18601400.101104815,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 456691446.36896604,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 24.54920631586285,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 24.587623381700823,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Bangkok (source ID 1894). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-bangkok",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1894.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "bangkok",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 138.84774915942904,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:bangkok",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1894",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1894.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "cd3bd5752573ab9bd341b4261e20df683052a5486e225293317f59d0aa1bfd3f",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1894.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1894",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 18601400.101104815,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bangkok (1894)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1894",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bangkok (1894)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 5161,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 5161,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 12,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 18601400.101104815,
        "weather_covered_population": 18601400.101104815,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2582762535.2523794,
        "native_weather_points": 14,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Bangkok (source ID 1894). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.8908998191871388,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 16571983.986701904
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 14.193381005094878,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 264016758.863191
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 21.1037845973351,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 392559940.94256335
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 26.296650507849446,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 489154517.41542864
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 21.89058637105308,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 407195555.53575045
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 9.698181345182464,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 180399751.4548099
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 5.624830450495642,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 104629721.71054707
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 14.050975860109808,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 261367823.7848679
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 6.413035852197926,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 119291445.7494633
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 12.151093633528795,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 226027354.3432566
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 5.426339177300793,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 100937506.121272
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.1079905400939665,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 20610175.344527084
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 18601400.101104815,
        "strict_value": 138.84774915942904,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2582762535.2523794,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.8908998191871388,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 16571983.986701904,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 14.193381005094878,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 264016758.863191,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 21.1037845973351,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 392559940.94256335,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 26.296650507849446,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 489154517.41542864,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 21.89058637105308,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 407195555.53575045,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 9.698181345182464,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 180399751.4548099,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 5.624830450495642,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 104629721.71054707,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 14.050975860109808,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 261367823.7848679,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 6.413035852197926,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 119291445.7494633,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 12.151093633528795,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 226027354.3432566,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 5.426339177300793,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 100937506.121272,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.1079905400939665,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 20610175.344527084,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-bangkok",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1894.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "barcelona",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 13.642424533498145,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:barcelona",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4523",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4523.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "94319e6898a260b8d07ba2c7500678d5b1efab76b46729e9106d532e3561e75e",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4523.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 4523",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 5345763.368185047,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Barcelona (4523)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4523",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Barcelona (4523)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 1967,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 1967,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 121,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 5345763.368185047,
        "pm_covered_population": 5345763.368185047,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 72929173.32440336,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 13.64201355403992,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 12.73822056366853,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Barcelona (source ID 4523). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-barcelona",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4523.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "barcelona",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 1.5322321465820048,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:barcelona",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4523",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4523.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "f852c1c71b5797e5f94c63033eb4e9432edbf8650078c9a0a52f410f40f3ee91",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4523.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 4523",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 5345763.368185047,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Barcelona (4523)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4523",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Barcelona (4523)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 1967,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 1967,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 121,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 5345763.368185047,
        "weather_covered_population": 5345763.368185047,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 8190950.480753623,
        "native_weather_points": 10,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Barcelona (source ID 4523). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.11564563626296052,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 618214.2060249867
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.024777370691105204,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 132453.96060045203
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.391809139627939,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 7440282.314128184
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 5345763.368185047,
        "strict_value": 1.5322321465820048,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 8190950.480753623,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.11564563626296052,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 618214.2060249867,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.024777370691105204,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 132453.96060045203,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.391809139627939,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 7440282.314128184,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-barcelona",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4523.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "beijing",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 43.91105217600718,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:beijing",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7704",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7704.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "5b76f1a77bd86e6477fab4b3fa367b470b5d309f269c670e52bb41f21b3055c2",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7704.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 7704",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 20738737.867322102,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Beijing (7704)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7704",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Beijing (7704)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 5536,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 5536,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 93,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 20738737.867322102,
        "pm_covered_population": 20738737.867322102,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 910659800.5565168,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 43.89671229745463,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 43.667838851310194,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Beijing (source ID 7704). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-beijing",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7704.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "beijing",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 22.782247502998995,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:beijing",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7704",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7704.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "e2922143187a8f71c9425be1bfaf435962295f4231d2c086b7330fff51c0299b",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7704.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 7704",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 20738737.867322102,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Beijing (7704)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7704",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Beijing (7704)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 5536,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 5536,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 93,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 20738737.867322102,
        "weather_covered_population": 20738737.867322102,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 472475058.9931497,
        "native_weather_points": 18,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Beijing (source ID 7704). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.1273511006277918,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2641101.0930347336
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 8.003450293208715,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 165981457.66499776
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 10.285059717501762,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 213299157.43102294
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 4.294304276324314,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 89058450.70921029
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.07208211533641375,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1494892.094883963
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 20738737.867322102,
        "strict_value": 22.782247502998995,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 472475058.9931497,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
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            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.1273511006277918,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2641101.0930347336,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 8.003450293208715,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 165981457.66499776,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 10.285059717501762,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 213299157.43102294,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 4.294304276324314,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 89058450.70921029,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.07208211533641375,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1494892.094883963,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-beijing",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7704.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "berlin",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 10.720344182093204,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:berlin",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4946",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4946.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "0be031e77f9912f89416f0c162e368e46330dbcbb1d4eefc017968c9e5ec878b",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4946.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 4946",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 4558042.61540937,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Berlin (4946)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4946",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Berlin (4946)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 3572,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3572,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 443,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 4558042.61540937,
        "pm_covered_population": 4558042.61540937,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 48863785.633836724,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 10.720058378403708,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 10.632282684048253,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Berlin (source ID 4946). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-berlin",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4946.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "berlin",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 1.8966709034671059,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:berlin",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4946",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4946.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "2df5187cb1300229c5a5c4baf09df236780269f42e9c1cecbf0a981010bfb775",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4946.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 4946",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 4558042.61540937,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Berlin (4946)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4946",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Berlin (4946)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 3572,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3572,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 443,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 4558042.61540937,
        "weather_covered_population": 4558042.61540937,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 8645106.80541006,
        "native_weather_points": 13,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Berlin (source ID 4946). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4558042.61540937
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.8966709034671059,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4087064.1900006896
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 4558042.61540937,
        "strict_value": 1.8966709034671059,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 8645106.80541006,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4558042.61540937,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.8966709034671059,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4087064.1900006896,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-berlin",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4946.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "boston",
      "metric": "road-deaths",
      "value": 4.596542007518829,
      "unit": "per 100000",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:boston",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-boston-county-membership-population",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json",
      "source_frame_sha256": "33aebaf168d8ad0c8860c7de62dbdba0d51a5638e10287f1a4f21064ae354355",
      "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 14460 counties; original rows linked in derivation.",
      "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.",
      "denominator": 5025517,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau",
      "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents",
      "geography": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:14460",
      "boundary_label": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2024,
      "population_reference_year": 2024,
      "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "NHTSA",
          "title": "2024 FARS ARF",
          "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
          "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
          "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024",
          "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries"
        }
      ],
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents",
        "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.",
        "scale": 100000,
        "numerator_person_fatalities": 231,
        "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 220,
        "midyear_resident_population": 5025517,
        "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
        "population_estimate_vintage": 2024,
        "calendar_period": {
          "year": 2024,
          "start": "2024-01-01",
          "end": "2024-12-31"
        },
        "exact_rational": {
          "numerator": 23100000,
          "denominator": 5025517,
          "reduced_fraction": "3300000/717931"
        },
        "source_victim_selector": {
          "file": "person.csv",
          "field": "INJ_SEV",
          "equals": "4",
          "label": "Fatal Injury (K)"
        },
        "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership",
        "fatal_person_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE",
          "VEH_NO",
          "PER_NO"
        ],
        "crash_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE"
        ],
        "source_classification": {
          "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true,
          "death_followup_days": 30,
          "maximum_followup_hours": 720,
          "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public",
          "time_allocation": "crash-year",
          "fatal_injury_code": "4",
          "prior_death_code": "6",
          "unknown_injury_code": "9",
          "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false,
          "independent_720h_verification": false,
          "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization",
          "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.",
          "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed."
        },
        "source_geography": {
          "native_cbsa_code": "14460",
          "native_geoidfq": "310M700US14460",
          "source_area_name": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH",
          "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards",
          "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024",
          "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:4269",
          "native_record_number": 121,
          "county_count": 7,
          "county_fips": [
            "25009",
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            "25021",
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            "25025",
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          "point_adapter": {
            "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
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            "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)",
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            "is_ballpark": false,
            "coordinate_epoch": null,
            "input_point": [
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            "transformed_point": [
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            "native_matches": [
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            ],
            "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 29639.109910421204,
            "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.",
            "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.",
            "proof": {
              "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof",
              "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json",
              "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6"
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        },
        "original_population_record": {
          "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
          "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0",
          "csv_row_1based": 197,
          "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024",
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            "CBSA": "14460",
            "MDIV": "",
            "STCOU": "",
            "NAME": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH",
            "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area",
            "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "4944732",
            "POPESTIMATE2020": "4930540",
            "POPESTIMATE2021": "4911669",
            "POPESTIMATE2022": "4931775",
            "POPESTIMATE2023": "4967266",
            "POPESTIMATE2024": "5025517",
            "NPOPCHG2020": "-14192",
            "NPOPCHG2021": "-18871",
            "NPOPCHG2022": "20106",
            "NPOPCHG2023": "35491",
            "NPOPCHG2024": "58251",
            "BIRTHS2020": "12280",
            "BIRTHS2021": "47883",
            "BIRTHS2022": "49549",
            "BIRTHS2023": "49313",
            "BIRTHS2024": "49256",
            "DEATHS2020": "14700",
            "DEATHS2021": "39727",
            "DEATHS2022": "41313",
            "DEATHS2023": "39702",
            "DEATHS2024": "39145",
            "NATURALCHG2020": "-2420",
            "NATURALCHG2021": "8156",
            "NATURALCHG2022": "8236",
            "NATURALCHG2023": "9611",
            "NATURALCHG2024": "10111",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "727",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "13219",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "57776",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "58359",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "70731",
            "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-11763",
            "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-40321",
            "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-45605",
            "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-32377",
            "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-22736",
            "NETMIG2020": "-11036",
            "NETMIG2021": "-27102",
            "NETMIG2022": "12171",
            "NETMIG2023": "25982",
            "NETMIG2024": "47995",
            "RESIDUAL2020": "-736",
            "RESIDUAL2021": "75",
            "RESIDUAL2022": "-301",
            "RESIDUAL2023": "-102",
            "RESIDUAL2024": "145"
          }
        },
        "original_source_archives": {
          "fars": {
            "manifest": {
              "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest",
              "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json",
              "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d"
            },
            "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration",
            "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "bytes": 32672161,
            "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f",
            "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression",
            "parts": [
              {
                "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin",
                "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033",
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                "offset": 0,
                "bytes": 20000000,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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                "bytes": 12672161,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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          },
          "native_geometry": {
            "manifest": {
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              "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json",
              "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0"
            },
            "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
            "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "bytes": 34959504,
            "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e",
            "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression",
            "parts": [
              {
                "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin",
                "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b",
                "order": 1,
                "offset": 0,
                "bytes": 20000000,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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              {
                "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin",
                "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1",
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                "offset": 20000000,
                "bytes": 14959504,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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            ]
          },
          "membership": {
            "id": "road-2024-membership",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx",
            "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629"
          },
          "population": {
            "id": "road-2024-population",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0"
          },
          "population_revision": {
            "id": "road-2024-population-revision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852"
          }
        },
        "source_frames": {
          "county_membership_population": {
            "id": "road-2024-boston-county-membership-population",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json",
            "sha256": "33aebaf168d8ad0c8860c7de62dbdba0d51a5638e10287f1a4f21064ae354355"
          },
          "native_boundary": {
            "id": "road-2024-boston-native-boundary",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-native-boundary.json",
            "sha256": "b0ecf7cf451ac1d8756462a1a517311e0b5c801b18cdf90bf558aaac20c9fde1"
          },
          "fatal_persons": {
            "id": "road-2024-boston-fatal-persons",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-fatal-persons.json",
            "sha256": "d4c53fdd7d422b045351ea488e44a4303d8c02f1abfd37b3be9a6722ec71e11d"
          },
          "fatal_crashes": {
            "id": "road-2024-boston-fatal-crashes",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-fatal-crashes.json",
            "sha256": "499661b722a0a614ca6f2096b72bef6cde15abdc62f82dc17743100c22b5b6b1"
          },
          "source_facts": {
            "id": "road-2024-source-facts",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json",
            "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39"
          }
        },
        "revision_sensitivity_only": {
          "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison",
          "population_estimate_vintage": 2025,
          "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
          "midyear_resident_population": 5022230,
          "value": 4.5995503989263735,
          "exact_rational": {
            "numerator": 23100000,
            "denominator": 5022230,
            "reduced_fraction": "2310000/502223"
          },
          "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate."
        },
        "coverage": {
          "county_membership_complete": true,
          "population_components_reconcile": true,
          "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true,
          "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0,
          "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true,
          "source_person_rows_in_region": 488,
          "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 3,
          "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0,
          "fatal_person_death_year_counts": {
            "2024": 230,
            "2025": 1
          },
          "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0,
          "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0,
          "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true
        },
        "source_inventories": {
          "omb_county_relationships": 1915,
          "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935,
          "us_population_cbsas": 925,
          "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10,
          "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico",
          "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed."
        },
        "method_qualification": {
          "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
          "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.",
          "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.",
          "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.",
          "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.",
          "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.",
          "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.",
          "manual_source_refs": [
            {
              "report_number": "813794",
              "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad",
              "pdf_pages": [
                6,
                10
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813791",
              "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408",
              "pdf_pages": [
                14
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813798",
              "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a",
              "pdf_pages": [
                521
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            }
          ],
          "geographic_change_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json",
            "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3"
          },
          "rights_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-rights",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json",
            "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3"
          },
          "independent_audit": {
            "id": "road-2024-independent-proof",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json",
            "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb"
          },
          "initial_scope_decision": {
            "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json",
            "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc"
          }
        },
        "source_licences": {
          "fatalities": {
            "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
            "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
            "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
          },
          "population_and_membership": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          },
          "native_geometry": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          }
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "provisional-arf",
          "label": "Provisional ARF",
          "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization"
        },
        {
          "code": "territorial-source-count",
          "label": "Territorial, not resident risk",
          "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents."
        },
        {
          "code": "unknowns-retained",
          "label": "Source unknowns preserved",
          "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
        "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
        "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
      "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-boston",
      "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-36f81ce7708a40a0",
        "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "boston",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 6.125742905814816,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:boston",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7347",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7347.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "bf5e91e52b8b6814cba75bbbcd8b08544be11097c19c4cc47d6f9f7e06598a15",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7347.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 7347",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 2814805.310674146,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Boston (7347)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7347",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Boston (7347)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2800,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2800,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 171,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2814805.310674146,
        "pm_covered_population": 2814805.310674146,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 17242773.66311202,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 6.120196536070688,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 6.163159711080538,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Boston (source ID 7347). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-boston",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7347.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "boston",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 3.311900902063051,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:boston",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7347",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7347.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "1dba6d464bb1fb3a365f520c0998c923bf18752b540746aca37768631ca48d0a",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7347.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 7347",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 2814805.310674146,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Boston (7347)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7347",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Boston (7347)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2800,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2800,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 171,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2814805.310674146,
        "weather_covered_population": 2814805.310674146,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9322356.24755357,
        "native_weather_points": 14,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Boston (source ID 7347). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
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          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 1.8818961510293903,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5297171.280054762
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.4257537984427509,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4013219.363570491
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.004250952590910104,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11965.603928317782
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 2814805.310674146,
        "strict_value": 3.311900902063051,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9322356.24755357,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 1.8818961510293903,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5297171.280054762,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.4257537984427509,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4013219.363570491,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.004250952590910104,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11965.603928317782,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-boston",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7347.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
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        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "brisbane",
      "metric": "life-expectancy",
      "value": 83.1,
      "unit": "years",
      "period_start": "2022-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:brisbane",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx",
      "source_frame_sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0",
      "source_record_ref": "Table 1!AC74; original Persons header AC8; period header AA6=2022–2024; geography A74=3GBRI, B74=Greater Brisbane",
      "universe": "Both sexes combined, as the original ABS Persons category, for published three-year period life expectancy at birth within the exact reviewed official GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age treatment and overseas-resident death allocation are not separately documented and remain explicit limitations of the published-value path.",
      "denominator": null,
      "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics",
      "source_label": "Published Persons period life expectancy at birth, 2022–2024",
      "geography": "Greater Brisbane · GCCSA2021",
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      "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:3GBRI",
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      "uncertainty": {
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        "standard_error": null,
        "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics",
          "title": "Life expectancy, 2022–2024 · Table 2, original Persons e0",
          "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics",
          "title": "ASGS Edition 3 · GCCSA2021 native GDA2020 boundaries",
          "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
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      ],
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        "display_precision_decimals": 1,
        "pooled_years": 3,
        "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell",
        "confidence_interval": null,
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          "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0",
          "sheet": "Table 1",
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          "geography_code_cell": "A74",
          "geography_name_cell": "B74",
          "sex_header": "AC8",
          "period_header": "AA6"
        },
        "geography": {
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          "source_name": "Greater Brisbane",
          "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:7844",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip",
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        "coordinate_adapter": {
          "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json",
          "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c",
          "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
          "target_crs": "EPSG:7844",
          "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)",
          "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg",
          "operation_accuracy_metres": 3,
          "input_wgs84": [
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          "output_gda2020": [
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          "source_coordinate_epoch": null,
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          "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 315.8016311630985
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        "method_qualification": {
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          "terminal_age": null,
          "overseas_death_rule": null,
          "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.",
          "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.",
          "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed."
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented",
          "label": "Published method detail limited",
          "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.",
        "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-brisbane",
      "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-9daf1db0d6677387",
        "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "brisbane",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 5.1838401484037515,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:brisbane",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2355",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2355.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "1b7a9e4ef6c147e04e41878399b2776b1a8eb9bd0d7b3c8b288338b0fdd6f158",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2355.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2355",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 2349777.369637776,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brisbane (2355)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2355",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brisbane (2355)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 3144,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3144,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 228,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2349777.369637776,
        "pm_covered_population": 2349777.369637776,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 12180870.268538866,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 5.1824440994786105,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 5.161206539441812,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Brisbane (source ID 2355). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-brisbane",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2355.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "brisbane",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 9.625936192260596,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brisbane",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2355",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2355.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "19c0d308043bcfacde21bb0953bb37ae8c32897b916989918680a91ed16bbe12",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2355.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2355",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 2349777.3696377757,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brisbane (2355)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2355",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brisbane (2355)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 3144,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3144,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 228,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2349777.3696377757,
        "weather_covered_population": 2349777.3696377757,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22618807.02615117,
        "native_weather_points": 12,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Brisbane (source ID 2355). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 3.3033564497873917,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 7762152.229557399
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0.02293997873255837,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 53903.842885737526
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.0658477556714137,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4854282.305393677
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 1.4768366482871118,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3470237.3347967584
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.7569553597821206,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6478231.313517599
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 2349777.3696377757,
        "strict_value": 9.625936192260596,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 22618807.02615117,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 3.3033564497873917,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 7762152.229557399,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0.02293997873255837,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 53903.842885737526,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 2.0658477556714137,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4854282.305393677,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 1.4768366482871118,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3470237.3347967584,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 2.7569553597821206,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6478231.313517599,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-brisbane",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2355.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "brussels",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 9.480405520377232,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:brussels",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1269",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1269.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "8a51c65b07280273da9522696743efa9f4b1554f8c8704d782541e7b042442ee",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1269.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1269",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 2338156.6941405023,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brussels (1269)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1269",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brussels (1269)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 1851,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 1851,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 22,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2338156.6941405023,
        "pm_covered_population": 2338156.6941405023,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 22166673.6306366,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 9.472366827018789,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 9.44240782817612,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Brussels (source ID 1269). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-brussels",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1269.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "brussels",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0.8049109911595546,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brussels",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1269",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1269.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "6116f5b748ecd6a5678f9399d9dbd4da75fe0f0a21ab6499409ccd07ed5a5bf3",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1269.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1269",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 2338156.6941405023,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brussels (1269)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1269",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brussels (1269)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 1851,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 1851,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 22,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2338156.6941405023,
        "weather_covered_population": 2338156.6941405023,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1882008.022166979,
        "native_weather_points": 9,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Brussels (source ID 1269). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.8049109911595546,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1882008.022166979
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 2338156.6941405023,
        "strict_value": 0.8049109911595546,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1882008.022166979,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.8049109911595546,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1882008.022166979,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-brussels",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1269.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "buenos-aires",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 13.380821409601708,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:buenos-aires",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4215",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4215.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "5b527b5c64478f59e110a42a1b3b1fb2aa265a8caa188af6ef6726bf4548aca1",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4215.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 4215",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 14590525.582297105,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Buenos Aires (4215)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4215",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Buenos Aires (4215)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 5376,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 5376,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 667,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 14590525.582297105,
        "pm_covered_population": 14590525.582297105,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 195233217.08894253,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 13.38413003638135,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 13.343413338040113,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Buenos Aires (source ID 4215). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-buenos-aires",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4215.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "buenos-aires",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 9.622675546402405,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:buenos-aires",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4215",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4215.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "cb9741d67221c939c9cf6ac3ac3870d6a27c8f99f0905dc9c6641b2d14e8e532",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4215.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 4215",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 14590525.582297105,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Buenos Aires (4215)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4215",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Buenos Aires (4215)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 5376,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 5376,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 667,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 14590525.582297105,
        "weather_covered_population": 14590525.582297105,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 140399893.72992906,
        "native_weather_points": 17,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Buenos Aires (source ID 4215). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.4535424255543068,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 21207947.9450043
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
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          "value": 4.211262116694477,
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          "value": 1.451827542475056,
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          "value": 0,
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        {
          "month": "2025-05",
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          "value": 0,
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
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          "value": 2.506043461678565,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 36564491.2379695
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      ],
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        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 14590525.582297105,
        "strict_value": 9.622675546402405,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 140399893.72992906,
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        "monthly_exposure_days": [
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            "strict_value": 1.4535424255543068,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 21207947.9450043,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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          {
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            "strict_value": 4.211262116694477,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 61444527.64738943,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
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            "strict_value": 1.451827542475056,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 21182926.899565842,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
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          },
          {
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            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
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            "strict_value": 2.506043461678565,
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            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-buenos-aires",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4215.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "cairo",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 45.16148308488991,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:cairo",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3981",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3981.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "552b20838f0bc2c692c82f3546cfbd761412fa3d70aecd0e5760f3039c30f2e0",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3981.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3981",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 27925433.20003526,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cairo (3981)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3981",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cairo (3981)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 4348,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 4348,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 102,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 27925433.20003526,
        "pm_covered_population": 27925433.20003526,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 1261153979.1016154,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 45.17631859745068,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 46.11869808034042,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Cairo (source ID 3981). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-cairo",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3981.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "cairo",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 110.78374532344635,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:cairo",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3981",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3981.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "27df21184bca3079d43f7332a39c23904722645ec50c54adceb12cbc973eb143",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3981.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3981",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 27925433.20003526,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cairo (3981)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3981",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cairo (3981)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 4348,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 4348,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 102,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 27925433.20003526,
        "weather_covered_population": 27925433.20003526,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3093684079.67962,
        "native_weather_points": 14,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Cairo (source ID 3981). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
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          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
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          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.5764659291885272,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 44023493.99768573
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 3.604000560028306,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 100643276.89196013
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 9.507819550610993,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 265509979.73857656
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 21.50974509142742,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 600668949.7004427
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
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          "value": 30.735259582090364,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 858295438.3454081
        },
        {
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          "value": 30.18028282899338,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 842797472.0992258
        },
        {
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          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 11.202633384755128,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 312838390.2504642
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.4401234017435383,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 68141503.05523197
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.027414994608704783,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 765575.6006247122
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 27925433.20003526,
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        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
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            "strict_value": 0,
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          {
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          {
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          },
          {
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            "strict_value": 9.507819550610993,
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          },
          {
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          {
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          {
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          {
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          {
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        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "calgary",
      "metric": "rental-vacancy",
      "value": 4.9,
      "unit": "%",
      "period_start": "2025-10-01",
      "period_end": "2025-10-31",
      "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-calgary-2025-en.xlsx?rev=195b9176-4327-4831-ae13-62fdc4f7bca7",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:calgary",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-calgary",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-calgary-4e6e333ed15f.xlsx",
      "source_frame_sha256": "4e6e333ed15ffd1ef63c0903a6f4868ed6a3762319d7afdcd55a1dfc44fff9ac",
      "source_record_ref": "Table 3.1.1 X19 (Oct-25, Total), Y19 (quality); Table 3.1.3 K19 (Oct-25, Total universe); Calgary CMA; 2021 census geographic definitions.",
      "universe": "Completed, privately initiated purpose-built long-term rental apartment and row/townhouse units in structures/projects with at least three rental units, on the market for at least three months; all bedroom types combined. Social/affordable housing, owner-occupied units and condominium/secondary rental stock are excluded. Vacant units are physically unoccupied and immediately rentable at the survey.",
      "denominator": 67980,
      "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation",
      "source_label": "Official combined private apartment-and-row rental vacancy",
      "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:825",
      "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "calculation_method": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published",
        "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "coefficient_of_variation": null
      },
      "scope_notice": "Official October 2025 weighted vacancy estimate for private apartment and row rental units combined in the exact 2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825). One-decimal published precision; not apartment-only, all-rental-stock, availability or a 2026 market reading. The exact survey day and vacant-unit numerator are unknown. This source-specific CMA2021 binding is separate from the PM2015 area; no CMHC/Statistics Canada endorsement.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation",
          "title": "Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025; combined private apartment and row units",
          "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-calgary-2025-en.xlsx?rev=195b9176-4327-4831-ae13-62fdc4f7bca7",
          "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "Statistics Canada",
          "title": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files; original CMA2021 identities and polygons",
          "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6",
          "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence"
        }
      ],
      "temporal_basis": {
        "precision": "month",
        "source_period": "2025-10",
        "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.",
        "exact_reference_date": null,
        "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01",
        "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31",
        "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01",
        "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "published-survey-rate",
        "published_rate": 4.9,
        "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1,
        "reported_universe_units": 67980,
        "vacant_unit_estimate": null,
        "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.",
        "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe."
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "a",
          "label": "Excellent",
          "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data",
        "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
        "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data"
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-calgary",
      "source_ref": "source-516b264cc88e3866",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-calgary-4e6e333ed15f.xlsx",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-516b264cc88e3866",
        "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "calgary",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 9.126862318413096,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:calgary",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1276",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1276.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "f921d111a5498d23f11859c7cbc0527ccd56c1b20ab628a82b630aa11da5537c",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1276.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1276",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 1598499.7845190063,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1276",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2051,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2051,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 346,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1598499.7845190063,
        "pm_covered_population": 1598499.7845190063,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 14589287.449317973,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 9.127534347445783,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 8.857442978924364,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Calgary (source ID 1276). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-calgary",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1276.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "calgary",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:calgary",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1276",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1276.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "1f47e60811819c9014909780f557100d6cb6a442625349cfd61d1f7fd8793b92",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1276.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1276",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 1598499.784519006,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1276",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2051,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2051,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 346,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1598499.784519006,
        "weather_covered_population": 1598499.784519006,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 10,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Calgary (source ID 1276). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 1598499.784519006,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-calgary",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1276.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "calgary",
      "metric": "housing-supply",
      "value": 13.527144702757933,
      "unit": "per 1000",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:calgary",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-minimal",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json",
      "source_frame_sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f",
      "source_record_ref": "CMHC Table A6_1 K11 / Table F6-4 G10; Statistics Canada annual v42127890, monthly January–December 2025, population v1589908737 (July 1,2025); native Notes!A2 SGC2021 adapter.",
      "universe": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.",
      "denominator": 1836012,
      "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation / Statistics Canada",
      "source_label": "Gross dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 population estimate",
      "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:825",
      "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "population_reference_year": 2025,
      "calculation_method": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "numeric-uncertainty-not-published",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "coefficient_of_variation": null,
        "note": "Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Completion rows carry blank original quality/revision symbols; blank does not imply zero uncertainty or finality."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Official 2025 gross CMHC dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 residents in 2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825). Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption. Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.",
      "source_attribution": [
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          "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data"
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        {
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          "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "Statistics Canada",
          "title": "CMA2021 digital boundaries; original whole-CMA provincial-part identity proof",
          "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6",
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      ],
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "gross-completions-per-midyear-resident",
        "calculation": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.",
        "completion_count": 24836,
        "midyear_population": 1836012,
        "scale": 1000,
        "exact_rational": {
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          "denominator": 1836012,
          "decimal_28_digit_context": "13.52714470275793404400406969",
          "expression": "1000 * 24836 / 1836012"
        },
        "calendar_period": {
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          "end": "2025-12-31",
          "year": 2025
        },
        "population_reference_date": "2025-07-01",
        "population_status": "preliminary-postcensal",
        "gross_or_net": "gross-new-build",
        "all_intended_markets": true,
        "completion_standard": "Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption.",
        "dwelling_definition": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.",
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        "source_cmap_uid": "48825",
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        "source_completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503825",
        "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503825",
        "completion_by_dwelling_type": {
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          "Semi-detached units": 2412,
          "Row units": 3325,
          "Apartment and other unit types": 11596
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        "completion_by_intended_market": {
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            "value": 10868,
            "source_cell": "C10"
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          "rental": {
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            "value": 9527,
            "source_cell": "D10"
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          "condominium": {
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            "value": 4441,
            "source_cell": "E10"
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          "cooperative": {
            "raw": "-",
            "value": 0,
            "source_cell": "F10"
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            "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence",
            "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence",
            "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.",
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          "note": "Integer source operands; derived rate has no independently measured decimal precision."
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          "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final",
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        },
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          "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
          "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
          "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
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          "name": "Statistics Canada Open Licence",
          "url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence",
          "acknowledgement": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.",
          "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.",
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        "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
        "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
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    {
      "city_slug": "cape-town",
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      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
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      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
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      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cape Town (189)",
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        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
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      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
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          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
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          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
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        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
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      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
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      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
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      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
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        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
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      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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      ],
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        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
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        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
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          {
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.975574655458458,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4275984.942332158,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-cape-town",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-189.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "chicago",
      "metric": "road-deaths",
      "value": 7.344363270275969,
      "unit": "per 100000",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:chicago",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json",
      "source_frame_sha256": "58a92371278879ecc4d9e62f96829826d0877cdb31e79b7d16db6b872380a00d",
      "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 16980 counties; original rows linked in derivation.",
      "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.",
      "denominator": 9408576,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau",
      "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents",
      "geography": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:16980",
      "boundary_label": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2024,
      "population_reference_year": 2024,
      "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "NHTSA",
          "title": "2024 FARS ARF",
          "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
          "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
          "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024",
          "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries"
        }
      ],
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents",
        "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.",
        "scale": 100000,
        "numerator_person_fatalities": 691,
        "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 645,
        "midyear_resident_population": 9408576,
        "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
        "population_estimate_vintage": 2024,
        "calendar_period": {
          "year": 2024,
          "start": "2024-01-01",
          "end": "2024-12-31"
        },
        "exact_rational": {
          "numerator": 69100000,
          "denominator": 9408576,
          "reduced_fraction": "2159375/294018"
        },
        "source_victim_selector": {
          "file": "person.csv",
          "field": "INJ_SEV",
          "equals": "4",
          "label": "Fatal Injury (K)"
        },
        "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership",
        "fatal_person_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE",
          "VEH_NO",
          "PER_NO"
        ],
        "crash_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE"
        ],
        "source_classification": {
          "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true,
          "death_followup_days": 30,
          "maximum_followup_hours": 720,
          "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public",
          "time_allocation": "crash-year",
          "fatal_injury_code": "4",
          "prior_death_code": "6",
          "unknown_injury_code": "9",
          "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false,
          "independent_720h_verification": false,
          "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization",
          "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.",
          "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed."
        },
        "source_geography": {
          "native_cbsa_code": "16980",
          "native_geoidfq": "310M700US16980",
          "source_area_name": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN",
          "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards",
          "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024",
          "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:4269",
          "native_record_number": 203,
          "county_count": 13,
          "county_fips": [
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            "18073",
            "18089",
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          "point_adapter": {
            "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
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            "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)",
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            "is_ballpark": false,
            "coordinate_epoch": null,
            "input_point": [
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            "transformed_point": [
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            "native_matches": [
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            ],
            "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 36587.43253205496,
            "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.",
            "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.",
            "proof": {
              "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof",
              "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json",
              "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6"
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        "original_population_record": {
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          "csv_row_1based": 295,
          "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024",
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            "STCOU": "",
            "NAME": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN",
            "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area",
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            "POPESTIMATE2021": "9362043",
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            "NPOPCHG2022": "-52026",
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            "BIRTHS2021": "96895",
            "BIRTHS2022": "95836",
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            "DEATHS2021": "83708",
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            "DEATHS2023": "76800",
            "DEATHS2024": "74448",
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            "NATURALCHG2021": "13187",
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            "NATURALCHG2023": "17591",
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            "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "474",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "9457",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "52551",
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            "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-15628",
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            "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-118416",
            "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-68681",
            "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-45217",
            "NETMIG2020": "-15154",
            "NETMIG2021": "-90067",
            "NETMIG2022": "-65865",
            "NETMIG2023": "10479",
            "NETMIG2024": "51231",
            "RESIDUAL2020": "1080",
            "RESIDUAL2021": "-608",
            "RESIDUAL2022": "1250",
            "RESIDUAL2023": "-273",
            "RESIDUAL2024": "143"
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        },
        "original_source_archives": {
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              "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json",
              "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d"
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            "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration",
            "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "bytes": 32672161,
            "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f",
            "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression",
            "parts": [
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                "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin",
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                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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              "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json",
              "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0"
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            "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
            "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "bytes": 34959504,
            "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e",
            "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression",
            "parts": [
              {
                "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin",
                "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b",
                "order": 1,
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                "bytes": 20000000,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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                "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin",
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                "bytes": 14959504,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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          },
          "membership": {
            "id": "road-2024-membership",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx",
            "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629"
          },
          "population": {
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0"
          },
          "population_revision": {
            "id": "road-2024-population-revision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852"
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        },
        "source_frames": {
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json",
            "sha256": "58a92371278879ecc4d9e62f96829826d0877cdb31e79b7d16db6b872380a00d"
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          "native_boundary": {
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json",
            "sha256": "ea466f700acde81a0566a608512ce81c610db5ad7e24e667f0c29191a6b68235"
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          "fatal_persons": {
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-fatal-persons.json",
            "sha256": "569d431d6dbca94eee80da5c6885defa182ab342db9906110d581e041bc37901"
          },
          "fatal_crashes": {
            "id": "road-2024-chicago-fatal-crashes",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-fatal-crashes.json",
            "sha256": "fe8f56c6e1b705c3f9b15625dd6a10d881cbb4f3a54856cff3ea7d44df2eb301"
          },
          "source_facts": {
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json",
            "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39"
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        },
        "revision_sensitivity_only": {
          "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison",
          "population_estimate_vintage": 2025,
          "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
          "midyear_resident_population": 9411198,
          "value": 7.34231709926834,
          "exact_rational": {
            "numerator": 69100000,
            "denominator": 9411198,
            "reduced_fraction": "34550000/4705599"
          },
          "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate."
        },
        "coverage": {
          "county_membership_complete": true,
          "population_components_reconcile": true,
          "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true,
          "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0,
          "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true,
          "source_person_rows_in_region": 1723,
          "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 4,
          "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0,
          "fatal_person_death_year_counts": {
            "2024": 691
          },
          "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0,
          "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0,
          "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true
        },
        "source_inventories": {
          "omb_county_relationships": 1915,
          "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935,
          "us_population_cbsas": 925,
          "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10,
          "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico",
          "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed."
        },
        "method_qualification": {
          "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
          "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.",
          "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.",
          "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.",
          "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.",
          "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.",
          "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.",
          "manual_source_refs": [
            {
              "report_number": "813794",
              "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad",
              "pdf_pages": [
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              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813791",
              "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408",
              "pdf_pages": [
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              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813798",
              "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a",
              "pdf_pages": [
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              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
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          ],
          "geographic_change_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json",
            "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3"
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          "rights_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-rights",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json",
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          },
          "independent_audit": {
            "id": "road-2024-independent-proof",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json",
            "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb"
          },
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            "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json",
            "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc"
          }
        },
        "source_licences": {
          "fatalities": {
            "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
            "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
            "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
          },
          "population_and_membership": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          },
          "native_geometry": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          }
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "provisional-arf",
          "label": "Provisional ARF",
          "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization"
        },
        {
          "code": "territorial-source-count",
          "label": "Territorial, not resident risk",
          "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents."
        },
        {
          "code": "unknowns-retained",
          "label": "Source unknowns preserved",
          "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
        "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
        "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
      "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-chicago",
      "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-36f81ce7708a40a0",
        "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "chicago",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 7.983246186547001,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:chicago",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-6654",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6654.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "6f1856eb0ff07b2e0d7deb4e14aa6fbdc50bec515ebe289a6b5dfcc66f9c902c",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-6654.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 6654",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 9031457.985048497,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Chicago (6654)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6654",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Chicago (6654)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 13185,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 13185,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 1711,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 9031457.985048497,
        "pm_covered_population": 9031457.985048497,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 72100352.51809788,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 7.987727653074161,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 7.962949167638284,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Chicago (source ID 6654). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-chicago",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6654.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "chicago",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 2.6937646903574755,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:chicago",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6654",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6654.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "6df4ce3982a36e159980093bf0ced3d0c7b688868103ad5c44a79812cba491d1",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6654.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 6654",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 9031457.985048497,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Chicago (6654)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6654",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Chicago (6654)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 13185,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 13185,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 1711,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 9031457.985048497,
        "weather_covered_population": 9031457.985048497,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 24328622.622570716,
        "native_weather_points": 42,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Chicago (source ID 6654). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.5750019819764352,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5193106.2415397875
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.4332442471836833,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 12944285.200751899
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.685518461197357,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6191231.180279029
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 9031457.985048497,
        "strict_value": 2.6937646903574755,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 24328622.622570716,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.5750019819764352,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5193106.2415397875,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.4332442471836833,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 12944285.200751899,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.685518461197357,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6191231.180279029,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
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      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6654.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
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        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "copenhagen",
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      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:copenhagen",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
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      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-537.npz",
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      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-537.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 537",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 2088197.4410470906,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
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      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:537",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Copenhagen (537)",
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      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 3406,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3406,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 297,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2088197.4410470906,
        "pm_covered_population": 2088197.4410470906,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 18761963.76682205,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 8.98117296882201,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 8.856231979409888,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Copenhagen (source ID 537). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-copenhagen",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-537.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "copenhagen",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:copenhagen",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-537",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-537.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "c69481d284ac38f9a04c0125378fd751d894a8a9ba85d6e5d2b5956115f4bb4e",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-537.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 537",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 2088197.4410470906,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Copenhagen (537)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:537",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Copenhagen (537)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 3406,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3406,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 297,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2088197.4410470906,
        "weather_covered_population": 2088197.4410470906,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 16,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Copenhagen (source ID 537). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 2088197.4410470906,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-copenhagen",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-537.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "delhi",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 88.43376029895165,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:delhi",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7466",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7466.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "d48ceb97c74bf219ef10f583104f71ebe9fb32848073eff8a1429f770dbbba79",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7466.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 7466",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 33495554.00720462,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Delhi [New Delhi] (7466)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7466",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Delhi [New Delhi] (7466)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 5569,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 5569,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 183,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 33495554.00720462,
        "pm_covered_population": 33495554.00720462,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 2962137794.153723,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 88.42759472684423,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 86.30222576954252,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Delhi [New Delhi] (source ID 7466). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-delhi",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7466.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "delhi",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 137.36731833262834,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:delhi",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7466",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7466.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "0203d01a98ea951a2efb5dc21f87814b3f28cf65588b160dd13dbeb316fe585e",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7466.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 7466",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 33495554.00720462,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Delhi [New Delhi] (7466)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7466",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Delhi [New Delhi] (7466)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 5569,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 5569,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 183,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 33495554.00720462,
        "weather_covered_population": 33495554.00720462,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4601194430.035421,
        "native_weather_points": 19,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Delhi [New Delhi] (source ID 7466). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
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          "value": 2.7364147511552086,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 91657728.08343068
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
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          "value": 25.99612303126617,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 870754542.9717118
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
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          "value": 30.1915672250732,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1011283270.5495882
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
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          "value": 27.00414305494065,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 904518732.115044
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 19.84394165150584,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 664683819.3038311
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 13.064021079813735,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 437586623.63016057
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 14.535184326251375,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 486864051.604627
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 3.9959232126221473,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 133845661.77702773
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 33495554.00720462,
        "strict_value": 137.36731833262834,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4601194430.035421,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 2.7364147511552086,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 91657728.08343068,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 25.99612303126617,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 870754542.9717118,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 30.1915672250732,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1011283270.5495882,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 27.00414305494065,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 904518732.115044,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 19.84394165150584,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 664683819.3038311,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 13.064021079813735,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 437586623.63016057,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 14.535184326251375,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 486864051.604627,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 3.9959232126221473,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 133845661.77702773,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-delhi",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7466.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "dubai",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 42.445560193019865,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:dubai",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-357",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-357.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "12bce80e04d0eb77ebc0e362030651e4a1037da2c87fff653dfb8f29ebc440ab",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-357.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 357",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 4912017.148067977,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dubai (357)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:357",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dubai (357)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9967845659163987,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2177,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2170,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 7,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 204,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 4912017.148067977,
        "pm_covered_population": 4912017.148067977,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 208493319.5274651,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 42.42602743631158,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 39.72857799606897,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Dubai (source ID 357). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-dubai",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-357.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "dubai",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 214.11187481315605,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:dubai",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-357",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-357.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "020a23482867c993c744ff1130557ccbbb91e4f2168e0504b69145fbe880e0c5",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-357.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 357",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 4912017.148067977,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dubai (357)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:357",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dubai (357)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2177,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2170,
        "missing_cells": 7,
        "zero_cells": 204,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9967845659163987,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 4912017.148067977,
        "weather_covered_population": 4912017.148067977,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1051721200.6872065,
        "native_weather_points": 10,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Dubai (source ID 357). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0.9867337475541587,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4846853.088563406
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 7.010865057016838,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 34437489.382857285
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 20.991455353020722,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 103110388.65694112
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 28.457775081888844,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 139785079.19809958
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 29.429726628213817,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 144559321.86073905
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 31,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 152272531.5901073
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 31,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 152272531.5901073
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 30,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 147360514.4420393
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 29.339240938577067,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 144114854.60158858
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 5.896078006884611,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 28961636.27616367
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 4912017.148067977,
        "strict_value": 214.11187481315605,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1051721200.6872065,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
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            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 34437489.382857285,
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
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            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 139785079.19809958,
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
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            "strict_value": 29.429726628213817,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 144559321.86073905,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 31,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 152272531.5901073,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 31,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 152272531.5901073,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 30,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 147360514.4420393,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 29.339240938577067,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 144114854.60158858,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 5.896078006884611,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 28961636.27616367,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-dubai",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-357.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "dublin",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 7.6304374085174285,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:dublin",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-415",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-415.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "90bbaba6ea7846f7e7019445a0be955bb2543a2b92fc337d30966d87bd51ba1f",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-415.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 415",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 1721811.743779016,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dublin (415)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:415",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dublin (415)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2245,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2245,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 100,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1721811.743779016,
        "pm_covered_population": 1721811.743779016,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 13138176.740156028,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 7.634034645446627,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 7.558294053630696,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Dublin (source ID 415). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-dublin",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-415.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "dublin",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:dublin",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-415",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-415.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "5cc2e61252b8ce2260b438eb741cd99d232e46682d3a9d2664f2e10757044bcd",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-415.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 415",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 1721811.7437790157,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dublin (415)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:415",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dublin (415)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2245,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2245,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 100,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1721811.7437790157,
        "weather_covered_population": 1721811.7437790157,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 14,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Dublin (source ID 415). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 1721811.7437790157,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-dublin",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-415.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "edinburgh",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 7.919955077175897,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:edinburgh",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2305",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2305.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "f20969bfc280462db821ef7a9b17d686c3352e6a7ac531d5e6a3c274026ac78e",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2305.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2305",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 713622.6716791101,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Edinburgh (2305)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2305",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Edinburgh (2305)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
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      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 1448,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 1448,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 337,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 713622.6716791101,
        "pm_covered_population": 713622.6716791101,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 5651859.501752797,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 7.922253703123669,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 7.872561609903901,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Edinburgh (source ID 2305). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-edinburgh",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2305.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "edinburgh",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:edinburgh",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2305",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2305.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "a44266e79c016e6399c00db93065da515fa4d709030770c2dc0238f1a9a615fb",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2305.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2305",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 713622.6716791101,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Edinburgh (2305)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2305",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Edinburgh (2305)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 1448,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 1448,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 337,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 713622.6716791101,
        "weather_covered_population": 713622.6716791101,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 7,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Edinburgh (source ID 2305). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 713622.6716791101,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-edinburgh",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2305.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "helsinki",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 6.888214780326909,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:helsinki",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-687",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-687.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "a273d4e01ed1a501e800e02f25cdb27596e0fc5f564cf4d96d25c3d8f18bbe13",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-687.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 687",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 1439175.176609227,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Helsinki (687)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:687",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Helsinki (687)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 3066,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3066,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 229,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1439175.176609227,
        "pm_covered_population": 1439175.176609227,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 9913347.722999267,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 6.876789790719536,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 6.609792636559865,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Helsinki (source ID 687). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-helsinki",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-687.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "helsinki",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:helsinki",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-687",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-687.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "a4d65ba13b833818c93080e13fb5931c52a6db13958248a68ca91d942621cf9d",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-687.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 687",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 1439175.176609227,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Helsinki (687)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:687",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Helsinki (687)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 3066,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3066,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 229,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1439175.176609227,
        "weather_covered_population": 1439175.176609227,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 18,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Helsinki (source ID 687). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 1439175.176609227,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-helsinki",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-687.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "ho-chi-minh-city",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 30.141808302504714,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:ho-chi-minh-city",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5038",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5038.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "cc23dd5089a4f04f51fd9c84e96929a183aa76b387a46cbfa1015997ab1a488b",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5038.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 5038",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 14247592.631594708,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Ho Chi Minh City (5038)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5038",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Ho Chi Minh City (5038)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 3036,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3036,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 20,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 14247592.631594708,
        "pm_covered_population": 14247592.631594708,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 429448205.87370634,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 30.13822941936339,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 29.327814030157946,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Ho Chi Minh City (source ID 5038). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-ho-chi-minh-city",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5038.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "ho-chi-minh-city",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 190.06077897932266,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:ho-chi-minh-city",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5038",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5038.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "098cc9b3d6ee26bdbcdec6c09b9b88173fbab5f641ac4f310bb251bc872b9df7",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5038.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 5038",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 14247592.631594706,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Ho Chi Minh City (5038)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5038",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Ho Chi Minh City (5038)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 3036,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3036,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 20,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 14247592.631594706,
        "weather_covered_population": 14247592.631594706,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2707908554.140948,
        "native_weather_points": 11,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Ho Chi Minh City (source ID 5038). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 9.301316630431813,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 132521370.2878696
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 22.678119753277077,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 323108611.8952128
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 28.996002875938846,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 413123236.9209252
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 28.913848520747923,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 411952735.1352536
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 26.03484872667795,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 370933918.8828996
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 10.81394950108176,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 154072747.23004973
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 3.9903753752406215,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 56853242.79357524
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 10.455571170108248,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 148966718.76234832
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 7.312626454057407,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 104187322.78443283
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 21.77137983991217,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 310189750.9867822
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 8.392900689814839,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 119578630.02591203
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 11.39983944203403,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 162420268.43568677
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 14247592.631594706,
        "strict_value": 190.06077897932266,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2707908554.140948,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 9.301316630431813,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 132521370.2878696,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
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            "strict_value": 22.678119753277077,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 323108611.8952128,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
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            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 28.996002875938846,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 413123236.9209252,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 28.913848520747923,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 411952735.1352536,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 26.03484872667795,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 370933918.8828996,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 10.81394950108176,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 154072747.23004973,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
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            "strict_value": 3.9903753752406215,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 56853242.79357524,
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          {
            "month": "2025-08",
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            "strict_value": 10.455571170108248,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 148966718.76234832,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
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          {
            "month": "2025-09",
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            "strict_value": 7.312626454057407,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 104187322.78443283,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
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            "strict_value": 21.77137983991217,
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
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          {
            "month": "2025-12",
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            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 162420268.43568677,
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          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-ho-chi-minh-city",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5038.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "hong-kong",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 15.886071114039074,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:hong-kong",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-73",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-73.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "1e76d8ec5387b28e34dedbf53763090a1fc40659a885de3f10ac7aaa25e38612",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-73.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 73",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 6026319.458987157,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Hong Kong (73)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:73",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Hong Kong (73)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 684,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 684,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 124,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 6026319.458987157,
        "pm_covered_population": 6026319.458987157,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 95734539.48138745,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 15.911590040257977,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 15.723462412225757,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Hong Kong (source ID 73). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-hong-kong",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-73.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "hong-kong",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 14.756421282331,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:hong-kong",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-73",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-73.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "edbad5db5839b8ab69e4d61b10a96460d5afde7fec05e00f84339b976110efa4",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-73.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 73",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 6026319.458987157,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Hong Kong (73)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:73",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Hong Kong (73)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 684,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 684,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 124,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 6026319.458987157,
        "weather_covered_population": 6026319.458987157,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 88926908.71872352,
        "native_weather_points": 4,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Hong Kong (source ID 73). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.2770054458359804,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1669323.3084867815
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 1.1123938466010244,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6703640.683829328
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 7.22321037493225,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 43529373.23881213
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.2802636084841392,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 13741596.955428239
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 3.430891811460287,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 20675650.08508282
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.43265619501732033,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2607324.4470842197
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 6026319.458987157,
        "strict_value": 14.756421282331,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 88926908.71872352,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.2770054458359804,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1669323.3084867815,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 1.1123938466010244,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6703640.683829328,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 7.22321037493225,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 43529373.23881213,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 2.2802636084841392,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 13741596.955428239,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 3.430891811460287,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 20675650.08508282,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.43265619501732033,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2607324.4470842197,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-hong-kong",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-73.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "istanbul",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 20.15829295654356,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:istanbul",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1637",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1637.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "198d7c12d5ef1b241a459a2d5573ecac0abd36a95a69fcd4c1ebeb39aff3c343",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1637.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1637",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 14693269.211055055,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Istanbul (1637)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1637",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Istanbul (1637)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2540,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2540,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 300,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 14693269.211055055,
        "pm_covered_population": 14693269.211055055,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 296191225.24580944,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 20.160790277549236,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 19.431110796568728,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Istanbul (source ID 1637). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-istanbul",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1637.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
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        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "istanbul",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0.30557805726213516,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:istanbul",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1637",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1637.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "3b472faece91ebe061134e266a3ce34c0ad301a1b635fb890c696679228a546c",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1637.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1637",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 14693269.211055055,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Istanbul (1637)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1637",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Istanbul (1637)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2540,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2540,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 300,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 14693269.211055055,
        "weather_covered_population": 14693269.211055055,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4489940.660343749,
        "native_weather_points": 12,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Istanbul (source ID 1637). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.30557805726213516,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4489940.660343749
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 14693269.211055055,
        "strict_value": 0.30557805726213516,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4489940.660343749,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.30557805726213516,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4489940.660343749,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-istanbul",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1637.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "jakarta",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 38.104383459833386,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:jakarta",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4897",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4897.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "8bb5520912b01730561376879346815bd2f36002b44cf36b8cf7fffd3953757a",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4897.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 4897",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 32513588.33302874,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Jakarta (4897)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4897",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Jakarta (4897)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 5292,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 5292,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 313,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 32513588.33302874,
        "pm_covered_population": 32513588.33302874,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 1238910237.4968922,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 38.1126559787534,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 37.65414769208807,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Jakarta (source ID 4897). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-jakarta",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4897.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "jakarta",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 55.14722120747264,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:jakarta",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4897",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4897.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "b231dfa3a5ad1ab5dd80511e0596c29b32dd906ba942ab2dbc700e7e24fa85c2",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4897.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 4897",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 32513588.33302874,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Jakarta (4897)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4897",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Jakarta (4897)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 5292,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 5292,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 313,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 32513588.33302874,
        "weather_covered_population": 32513588.33302874,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1793034048.0502377,
        "native_weather_points": 16,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Jakarta (source ID 4897). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.05619176649296379,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1826995.963457903
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 1.0129585835289958,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 32934918.38326968
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 3.050457184105373,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 99181309.11153217
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 6.055270263779876,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 196878564.60176927
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 10.896022099669578,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 354268777.0162401
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 5.197080624723758,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 168975739.9658281
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.9624114983005918,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 63805039.595747575
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.2587499584273676,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 73440066.2955532
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 6.652203857596045,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 216287017.73326355
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 10.45927079636884,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 340068424.93680614
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 5.418881218825612,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 176187273.17447698
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.127723355653641,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 69179921.27229297
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 32513588.33302874,
        "strict_value": 55.14722120747264,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1793034048.0502377,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.05619176649296379,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1826995.963457903,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
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            "strict_value": 1.0129585835289958,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 32934918.38326968,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 3.050457184105373,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 99181309.11153217,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 6.055270263779876,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 196878564.60176927,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 10.896022099669578,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 354268777.0162401,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 5.197080624723758,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 168975739.9658281,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.9624114983005918,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 63805039.595747575,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 2.2587499584273676,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 73440066.2955532,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 6.652203857596045,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 216287017.73326355,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 10.45927079636884,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 340068424.93680614,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 5.418881218825612,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 176187273.17447698,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 2.127723355653641,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 69179921.27229297,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-jakarta",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4897.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "kuala-lumpur",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 23.23896414254003,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:kuala-lumpur",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1322",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1322.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "837fa5519cec4aeba06875503bba4e3ec2a3fce97f1a496e290707bc208ab56b",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1322.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1322",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 9038690.66690238,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Kuala Lumpur (1322)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1322",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Kuala Lumpur (1322)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 3314,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3314,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 227,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 9038690.66690238,
        "pm_covered_population": 9038690.66690238,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 210049808.30365565,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 23.23218228449294,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 22.583676343481407,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Kuala Lumpur (source ID 1322). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-kuala-lumpur",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1322.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "kuala-lumpur",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 148.83083170107005,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:kuala-lumpur",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1322",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1322.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "4b15162d98e5be23e46aed911193285c490f0198bf81b1dcfc7675d091639de8",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1322.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1322",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 9038690.66690238,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Kuala Lumpur (1322)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1322",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Kuala Lumpur (1322)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 3314,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3314,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 227,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 9038690.66690238,
        "weather_covered_population": 9038690.66690238,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1345235849.4437807,
        "native_weather_points": 12,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Kuala Lumpur (source ID 1322). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 7.958874303355866,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 71937802.88479185
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 10.028553870236262,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 90644996.26943225
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 16.483726120754334,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 148991301.44343716
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 9.884934936100308,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 89346869.14986713
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 16.596130436105053,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 150007289.27951726
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 20.43835557147469,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 184735973.75072056
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 24.85144256550899,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 224624501.97592664
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 13.984237748370035,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 126399199.21993619
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 8.939649407188504,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 80802725.66213413
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 8.52660694617436,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 77069362.62473118
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 5.906505604652748,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 53387077.0827814
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 5.231814191148891,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 47288750.10050491
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 9038690.66690238,
        "strict_value": 148.83083170107005,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1345235849.4437807,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
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            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 7.958874303355866,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 71937802.88479185,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
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            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
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            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 148991301.44343716,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
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            "month": "2025-04",
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            "strict_value": 9.884934936100308,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 89346869.14986713,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 16.596130436105053,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 150007289.27951726,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
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          {
            "month": "2025-06",
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          {
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          {
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            "strict_value": 13.984237748370035,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 126399199.21993619,
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          {
            "month": "2025-09",
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            "strict_value": 8.939649407188504,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 80802725.66213413,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
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            "strict_value": 8.52660694617436,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 77069362.62473118,
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          {
            "month": "2025-11",
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            "strict_value": 5.906505604652748,
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          {
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        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-kuala-lumpur",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1322.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
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        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "kyoto",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 12.145098721578263,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:kyoto",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3956",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz",
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      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3956",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 16866788.447898425,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3956",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9994053518334985,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 10090,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 10084,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 6,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 1186,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 16866788.447898425,
        "pm_covered_population": 16866788.447898425,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 204848810.81570217,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 12.14252967315906,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 12.133673607837919,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Osaka [Kyoto] (source ID 3956). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained. This physical area is shared with osaka; destination bindings are not independent measurements.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-kyoto",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "kyoto",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 23.70942202698526,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:kyoto",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3956",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3956.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "16c3200266ba58006eb040b1d1d554cc84c3a0c0dba329de0d026b0d8e321d91",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3956.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3956",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 16866788.447898425,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3956",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 10090,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 10084,
        "missing_cells": 6,
        "zero_cells": 1186,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9994053518334985,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 16866788.447898425,
        "weather_covered_population": 16866788.447898425,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 399901805.5511034,
        "native_weather_points": 32,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Osaka [Kyoto] (source ID 3956). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary. This physical area is shared with osaka; destination bindings are not independent measurements.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.0003975620253270389,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6705.594576109201
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 10.5216686619858,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 177466759.44059697
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 11.292073412143205,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 190461013.38075796
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 1.8952823908309264,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 31967327.13517238
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 16866788.447898425,
        "strict_value": 23.70942202698526,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 399901805.5511034,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.0003975620253270389,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6705.594576109201,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 10.5216686619858,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 177466759.44059697,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 11.292073412143205,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 190461013.38075796,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 1.8952823908309264,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 31967327.13517238,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-kyoto",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3956.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
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        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "lima",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 26.78811071950509,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:lima",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2327",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2327.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "611a87386ef5750e8a8a51e1741cc25f220414ad68186b9364621700e2c991ac",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2327.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2327",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 10496388.841424905,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lima (2327)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2327",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lima (2327)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
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      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2121,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2121,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 602,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 10496388.841424905,
        "pm_covered_population": 10496388.841424905,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 281178426.43906814,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
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      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 26.791152757841335,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 26.19982454577103,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Lima (source ID 2327). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-lima",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2327.npz",
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    {
      "city_slug": "lima",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:lima",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2327",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2327.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "d91d4a2be928583fdb084472b26e402f55cc4332987e883cc37536e7f8805b7c",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2327.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2327",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 10496388.841424905,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lima (2327)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2327",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lima (2327)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2121,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2121,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 602,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 10496388.841424905,
        "weather_covered_population": 10496388.841424905,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 10,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Lima (source ID 2327). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 10496388.841424905,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-lima",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2327.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "lisbon",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 9.902778817936438,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:lisbon",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-310",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-310.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "58c267de332dab81032d97465df570d87e6386d97aec8250b75e7221a7199329",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-310.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 310",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 2731340.2467697114,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lisbon (310)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:310",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lisbon (310)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 1575,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 1575,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 94,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2731340.2467697114,
        "pm_covered_population": 2731340.2467697114,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 27047858.340288382,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 9.889288001519388,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 9.799733409582446,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Lisbon (source ID 310). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-lisbon",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-310.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "lisbon",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 2.342397353016719,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:lisbon",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-310",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-310.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "ba8b50d373d13e495400884f19aa56245e69aa38d75787c1bad27edf44ec4fc8",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-310.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 310",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 2731340.2467697114,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lisbon (310)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:310",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lisbon (310)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 1575,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 1575,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 94,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2731340.2467697114,
        "weather_covered_population": 2731340.2467697114,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6397884.164221404,
        "native_weather_points": 8,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Lisbon (source ID 310). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.04713073400702401,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 128730.07065318257
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.7782461976163435,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2125655.1614450132
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.36938711188850387,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1008921.8853390971
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.1476333095048474,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3134577.0467841104
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 2731340.2467697114,
        "strict_value": 2.342397353016719,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6397884.164221404,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.04713073400702401,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 128730.07065318257,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.7782461976163435,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2125655.1614450132,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.36938711188850387,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1008921.8853390971,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.1476333095048474,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3134577.0467841104,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-lisbon",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-310.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "london",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 8.606392745028117,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:london",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5288",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5288.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "66493d27972625c16941025797af1116da9189ca46824c9d3bf4da15855062bf",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5288.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 5288",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 13475296.615137912,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: London (5288)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5288",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: London (5288)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 6605,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 6605,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 91,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 13475296.615137912,
        "pm_covered_population": 13475296.615137912,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 115973695.02562487,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 8.616832919809285,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 8.619366838823789,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area London (source ID 5288). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-london",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5288.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "london",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:london",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5288",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5288.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "48696bca6a1ccbbff78f75b3ec3ecbf60f5ac206b4ae99937550c1785679dc46",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5288.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 5288",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 13475296.615137912,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: London (5288)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5288",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: London (5288)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 6605,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 6605,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 91,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 13475296.615137912,
        "weather_covered_population": 13475296.615137912,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 28,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area London (source ID 5288). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 13475296.615137912,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-london",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5288.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "los-angeles",
      "metric": "road-deaths",
      "value": 7.557465747352914,
      "unit": "per 100000",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json",
      "source_frame_sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853",
      "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 31080 counties; original rows linked in derivation.",
      "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.",
      "denominator": 12927614,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau",
      "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents",
      "geography": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:31080",
      "boundary_label": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2024,
      "population_reference_year": 2024,
      "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "NHTSA",
          "title": "2024 FARS ARF",
          "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
          "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
          "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024",
          "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries"
        }
      ],
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents",
        "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.",
        "scale": 100000,
        "numerator_person_fatalities": 977,
        "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 920,
        "midyear_resident_population": 12927614,
        "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
        "population_estimate_vintage": 2024,
        "calendar_period": {
          "year": 2024,
          "start": "2024-01-01",
          "end": "2024-12-31"
        },
        "exact_rational": {
          "numerator": 97700000,
          "denominator": 12927614,
          "reduced_fraction": "48850000/6463807"
        },
        "source_victim_selector": {
          "file": "person.csv",
          "field": "INJ_SEV",
          "equals": "4",
          "label": "Fatal Injury (K)"
        },
        "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership",
        "fatal_person_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE",
          "VEH_NO",
          "PER_NO"
        ],
        "crash_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE"
        ],
        "source_classification": {
          "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true,
          "death_followup_days": 30,
          "maximum_followup_hours": 720,
          "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public",
          "time_allocation": "crash-year",
          "fatal_injury_code": "4",
          "prior_death_code": "6",
          "unknown_injury_code": "9",
          "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false,
          "independent_720h_verification": false,
          "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization",
          "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.",
          "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed."
        },
        "source_geography": {
          "native_cbsa_code": "31080",
          "native_geoidfq": "310M700US31080",
          "source_area_name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA",
          "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards",
          "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024",
          "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:4269",
          "native_record_number": 732,
          "county_count": 2,
          "county_fips": [
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            "06059"
          ],
          "point_adapter": {
            "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
            "target_crs": "EPSG:4269",
            "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)",
            "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80",
            "accuracy_m": 4,
            "is_ballpark": false,
            "coordinate_epoch": null,
            "input_point": [
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            "transformed_point": [
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            "native_matches": [
              "31080"
            ],
            "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 27733.135975618974,
            "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.",
            "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.",
            "proof": {
              "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof",
              "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json",
              "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6"
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        "original_population_record": {
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          "csv_row_1based": 862,
          "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024",
          "raw_source_record": {
            "CBSA": "31080",
            "MDIV": "",
            "STCOU": "",
            "NAME": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA",
            "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area",
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            "POPESTIMATE2023": "12886400",
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            "NPOPCHG2021": "-214305",
            "NPOPCHG2022": "-61654",
            "NPOPCHG2023": "-20536",
            "NPOPCHG2024": "41214",
            "BIRTHS2020": "31399",
            "BIRTHS2021": "124588",
            "BIRTHS2022": "127597",
            "BIRTHS2023": "125847",
            "BIRTHS2024": "124244",
            "DEATHS2020": "25220",
            "DEATHS2021": "115341",
            "DEATHS2022": "98870",
            "DEATHS2023": "95838",
            "DEATHS2024": "90857",
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            "NATURALCHG2021": "9247",
            "NATURALCHG2022": "28727",
            "NATURALCHG2023": "30009",
            "NATURALCHG2024": "33387",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "233",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "15944",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "83694",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "105058",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "130009",
            "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-29264",
            "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-232171",
            "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-173616",
            "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-156690",
            "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-122349",
            "NETMIG2020": "-29031",
            "NETMIG2021": "-216227",
            "NETMIG2022": "-89922",
            "NETMIG2023": "-51632",
            "NETMIG2024": "7660",
            "RESIDUAL2020": "1090",
            "RESIDUAL2021": "-7325",
            "RESIDUAL2022": "-459",
            "RESIDUAL2023": "1087",
            "RESIDUAL2024": "167"
          }
        },
        "original_source_archives": {
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              "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json",
              "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d"
            },
            "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration",
            "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "bytes": 32672161,
            "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f",
            "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression",
            "parts": [
              {
                "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin",
                "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033",
                "order": 1,
                "offset": 0,
                "bytes": 20000000,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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                "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin",
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                "bytes": 12672161,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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            ]
          },
          "native_geometry": {
            "manifest": {
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              "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json",
              "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0"
            },
            "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
            "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "bytes": 34959504,
            "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e",
            "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression",
            "parts": [
              {
                "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin",
                "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b",
                "order": 1,
                "offset": 0,
                "bytes": 20000000,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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              {
                "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin",
                "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1",
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                "offset": 20000000,
                "bytes": 14959504,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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            ]
          },
          "membership": {
            "id": "road-2024-membership",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx",
            "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629"
          },
          "population": {
            "id": "road-2024-population",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0"
          },
          "population_revision": {
            "id": "road-2024-population-revision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852"
          }
        },
        "source_frames": {
          "county_membership_population": {
            "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json",
            "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853"
          },
          "native_boundary": {
            "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json",
            "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef"
          },
          "fatal_persons": {
            "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons.json",
            "sha256": "ca063264289074e73e4ff8c3a151512b152dabb7d92d83f16699ba946449350b"
          },
          "fatal_crashes": {
            "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes.json",
            "sha256": "bec2d9d7e20272bdd828cec8290f5d2c3088adc0f45e5b53da067f32991893b6"
          },
          "source_facts": {
            "id": "road-2024-source-facts",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json",
            "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39"
          }
        },
        "revision_sensitivity_only": {
          "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison",
          "population_estimate_vintage": 2025,
          "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
          "midyear_resident_population": 12906895,
          "value": 7.569597490333655,
          "exact_rational": {
            "numerator": 97700000,
            "denominator": 12906895,
            "reduced_fraction": "19540000/2581379"
          },
          "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate."
        },
        "coverage": {
          "county_membership_complete": true,
          "population_components_reconcile": true,
          "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true,
          "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0,
          "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true,
          "source_person_rows_in_region": 2391,
          "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 88,
          "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0,
          "fatal_person_death_year_counts": {
            "2024": 958,
            "2025": 1,
            "9999": 18
          },
          "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1,
          "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1,
          "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true
        },
        "source_inventories": {
          "omb_county_relationships": 1915,
          "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935,
          "us_population_cbsas": 925,
          "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10,
          "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico",
          "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed."
        },
        "method_qualification": {
          "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
          "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.",
          "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.",
          "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.",
          "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.",
          "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.",
          "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.",
          "manual_source_refs": [
            {
              "report_number": "813794",
              "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad",
              "pdf_pages": [
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                10
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              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813791",
              "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408",
              "pdf_pages": [
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              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813798",
              "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a",
              "pdf_pages": [
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              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            }
          ],
          "geographic_change_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json",
            "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3"
          },
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json",
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json",
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json",
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        },
        "source_licences": {
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            "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
            "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
            "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
          },
          "population_and_membership": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          },
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            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
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        },
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          "label": "Territorial, not resident risk",
          "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents."
        },
        {
          "code": "unknowns-retained",
          "label": "Source unknowns preserved",
          "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
        "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
        "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
      "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-los-angeles",
      "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
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        "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68"
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "los-angeles",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 12.523773681869056,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1642",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "f51a43aa7366b0fdb3757f9f125dfbfd2c301721efb85bd79f37ffce72449e5c",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1642",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 16206528.530156042,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 10407,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 10407,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 1881,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 16206528.530156042,
        "pm_covered_population": 16206528.530156042,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 202966895.48042825,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 12.529604693343646,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 12.38746809274214,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Los Angeles (source ID 1642). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-los-angeles",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "los-angeles",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 11.519801470761283,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:los-angeles",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1642",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1642.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "21bcaae5b9f9d021cd707e2eaa3028295fd741db3a52b01f3f490ac19eeeb1c8",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1642.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1642",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 16206528.530156042,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 10407,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 10407,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 1881,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 16206528.530156042,
        "weather_covered_population": 16206528.530156042,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 186695991.1976263,
        "native_weather_points": 31,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Los Angeles (source ID 1642). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.986498081371653,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 32194237.830849934
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.46966624015609737,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 7611659.320740911
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.3123107007517128,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5061472.282005659
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 6.048713809517851,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 98028652.9246999
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 2.702612638963969,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 43799968.839329876
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 16206528.530156042,
        "strict_value": 11.519801470761283,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 186695991.1976263,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.986498081371653,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 32194237.830849934,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.46966624015609737,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 7611659.320740911,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.3123107007517128,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5061472.282005659,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 6.048713809517851,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 98028652.9246999,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 2.702612638963969,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 43799968.839329876,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-los-angeles",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1642.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
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        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "madrid",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 9.85078713870339,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:madrid",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3147",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3147.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "c7497cd37d3af22deb5c57f194b999b51d4bd012ac1fbe0b5a62158b56f440e7",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3147.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3147",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 6989714.09332524,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Madrid (3147)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3147",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Madrid (3147)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
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      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 4270,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 4270,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 465,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 6989714.09332524,
        "pm_covered_population": 6989714.09332524,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 68854185.6937421,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
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      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 9.833481465385791,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 9.735770394272775,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Madrid (source ID 3147). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
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      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-madrid",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3147.npz",
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    {
      "city_slug": "madrid",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 24.80251365612274,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:madrid",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3147",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3147.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "0dd8a5aee3f9c0b9fc1a0ea994627e8819130ea6be0819516433bfb68643bf15",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3147.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3147",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 6989714.093325241,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Madrid (3147)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3147",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Madrid (3147)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 4270,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 4270,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 465,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 6989714.093325241,
        "weather_covered_population": 6989714.093325241,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 173362479.25209287,
        "native_weather_points": 14,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Madrid (source ID 3147). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.1017338747841691,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 711090.6983474921
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 7.165215549337093,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 50082808.10691463
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 5.491457346520964,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 38383716.80787201
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 11.60688997778685,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 81128842.45741223
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.43721690769366683,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3056021.1815465037
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 6989714.093325241,
        "strict_value": 24.80251365612274,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 173362479.25209287,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.1017338747841691,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 711090.6983474921,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 7.165215549337093,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 50082808.10691463,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 5.491457346520964,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 38383716.80787201,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 11.60688997778685,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 81128842.45741223,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.43721690769366683,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3056021.1815465037,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-madrid",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3147.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "manila",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 25.413557966101862,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:manila",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2845",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2845.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "f08f3da2ef7de5e0624166f24bc0e47db6f8f519ef0ec1e3f41ae666f7b54193",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2845.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2845",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 27327889.076457687,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Quezon City [Manila] (2845)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2845",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Quezon City [Manila] (2845)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 4873,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 4873,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 416,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 27327889.076457687,
        "pm_covered_population": 27327889.076457687,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 694498893.1357594,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 25.411532262023176,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 24.16191818368233,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Quezon City [Manila] (source ID 2845). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-manila",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2845.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "manila",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 58.80904774244292,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:manila",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2845",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2845.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "eae354e0a2342bde2d61429ce80a86a279a75f6deb0ac6a310af14c7d7fe7fef",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2845.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2845",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 27327889.076457683,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Quezon City [Manila] (2845)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2845",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Quezon City [Manila] (2845)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 4873,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 4873,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 416,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 27327889.076457683,
        "weather_covered_population": 27327889.076457683,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1607127133.3975842,
        "native_weather_points": 19,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Quezon City [Manila] (source ID 2845). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.00019638551201301384,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5366.80148851499
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0.08884956606473096,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2428071.0859083664
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 3.3764093351855853,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 92270139.7886679
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 19.64193608224971,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 536772650.5025919
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 16.711382409329776,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 456686804.7964303
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 4.418362789747078,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 120744528.21775626
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.21838944721253517,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5968122.588893072
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 3.844169473897591,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 105053036.97377805
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 1.9353960564429469,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 52890288.74948648
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 5.9127965343581845,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 161584247.82260388
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 2.0975761843844842,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 57322329.29627853
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.5635834780582802,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 15401546.773700906
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 27327889.076457683,
        "strict_value": 58.80904774244292,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1607127133.3975842,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
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            "strict_value": 0.08884956606473096,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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            "month": "2025-03",
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            "strict_value": 3.3764093351855853,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 92270139.7886679,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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          {
            "month": "2025-04",
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            "strict_value": 19.64193608224971,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 536772650.5025919,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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          {
            "month": "2025-05",
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            "strict_value": 16.711382409329776,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 456686804.7964303,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
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            "strict_value": 4.418362789747078,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 120744528.21775626,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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          {
            "month": "2025-07",
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            "strict_value": 0.21838944721253517,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5968122.588893072,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 3.844169473897591,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 105053036.97377805,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 1.9353960564429469,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 52890288.74948648,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 5.9127965343581845,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 161584247.82260388,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 2.0975761843844842,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 57322329.29627853,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
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            "strict_value": 0.5635834780582802,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-manila",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2845.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "melbourne",
      "metric": "life-expectancy",
      "value": 84.2,
      "unit": "years",
      "period_start": "2022-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:melbourne",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx",
      "source_frame_sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0",
      "source_record_ref": "Table 1!AC53; original Persons header AC8; period header AA6=2022–2024; geography A53=2GMEL, B53=Greater Melbourne",
      "universe": "Both sexes combined, as the original ABS Persons category, for published three-year period life expectancy at birth within the exact reviewed official GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age treatment and overseas-resident death allocation are not separately documented and remain explicit limitations of the published-value path.",
      "denominator": null,
      "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics",
      "source_label": "Published Persons period life expectancy at birth, 2022–2024",
      "geography": "Greater Melbourne · GCCSA2021",
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      "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:2GMEL",
      "boundary_label": "Greater Melbourne · GCCSA2021",
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      "calculation_method": "Use the exact original numeric ABS Persons life-expectancy-at-birth cell with its original one-decimal published precision. No arithmetic mean of male/female or subarea life expectancies; no reconstruction of an unpublished mortality denominator, radix, CI or standard error.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "confidence_interval": null,
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        "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics",
          "title": "Life expectancy, 2022–2024 · Table 2, original Persons e0",
          "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics",
          "title": "ASGS Edition 3 · GCCSA2021 native GDA2020 boundaries",
          "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
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        "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy",
        "sex": "Persons",
        "age_basis": "at-birth",
        "source_value_literal": "84.2",
        "display_precision_decimals": 1,
        "pooled_years": 3,
        "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell",
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        "standard_error": null,
        "workbook": {
          "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx",
          "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0",
          "sheet": "Table 1",
          "persons_cell": "AC53",
          "geography_code_cell": "A53",
          "geography_name_cell": "B53",
          "sex_header": "AC8",
          "period_header": "AA6"
        },
        "geography": {
          "source_code": "2GMEL",
          "source_name": "Greater Melbourne",
          "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:7844",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip",
          "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7",
          "native_shape_content_sha256": "73622e3831faca1884cde26e54f04d91a8fd2a51093ff98b9f56966e692abf21",
          "native_dbf_record_sha256": "f54ef86fecb5e312ea3dd764d5be974cd189c6eb534e79ba04864c4f60febe51",
          "native_record_number": 5
        },
        "coordinate_adapter": {
          "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json",
          "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c",
          "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
          "target_crs": "EPSG:7844",
          "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)",
          "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg",
          "operation_accuracy_metres": 3,
          "input_wgs84": [
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          "output_gda2020": [
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          "source_coordinate_epoch": null,
          "required_clearance_metres": 100,
          "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 2961.524221400355
        },
        "method_qualification": {
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          "terminal_age": null,
          "overseas_death_rule": null,
          "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.",
          "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.",
          "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed."
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented",
          "label": "Published method detail limited",
          "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.",
        "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-melbourne",
      "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-9daf1db0d6677387",
        "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "melbourne",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 5.63064447742122,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:melbourne",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1266",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1266.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "4adda9b672c602a4abe660dbe2712777119636d080659b7cbc781e40ebdf1c2c",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1266.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1266",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 5177020.587336659,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Melbourne (1266)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1266",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Melbourne (1266)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 8348,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 8348,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 1073,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 5177020.587336659,
        "pm_covered_population": 5177020.587336659,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 29149962.379583124,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 5.625979432127128,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 5.723289441104155,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Melbourne (source ID 1266). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-melbourne",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1266.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "melbourne",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 7.144354865777786,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:melbourne",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1266",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1266.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "eeaef6bedab7c979ee541d636dba2cfc072e3bf6d7a227a0d1a4d1955dcddcc3",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1266.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1266",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 5177020.58733666,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Melbourne (1266)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1266",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Melbourne (1266)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 8348,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 8348,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 1073,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 5177020.58733666,
        "weather_covered_population": 5177020.58733666,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 36986472.22337044,
        "native_weather_points": 32,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Melbourne (source ID 1266). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.176854847753599,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11269622.362463992
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 3.007644547197697,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 15570637.740233324
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.9360924998685797,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4846170.143471077
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.0237629709579115,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5300041.977202051
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 5177020.58733666,
        "strict_value": 7.144354865777786,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 36986472.22337044,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 2.176854847753599,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11269622.362463992,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 3.007644547197697,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 15570637.740233324,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.9360924998685797,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4846170.143471077,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.0237629709579115,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5300041.977202051,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-melbourne",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1266.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "montreal",
      "metric": "rental-vacancy",
      "value": 2.9,
      "unit": "%",
      "period_start": "2025-10-01",
      "period_end": "2025-10-31",
      "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-montreal-2025-en.xlsx?rev=1dcc0f0e-5c82-4c31-b8ea-51911650d27b",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:montreal",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-montreal",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-montreal-ebd37ffbcea9.xlsx",
      "source_frame_sha256": "ebd37ffbcea94c2432683224f3f1cab0a36456d3fe7fd8501c6f5882b2998d8d",
      "source_record_ref": "Table 3.1.1 X55 (Oct-25, Total), Y55 (quality); Table 3.1.3 K55 (Oct-25, Total universe); Montréal CMA; 2021 census geographic definitions.",
      "universe": "Completed, privately initiated purpose-built long-term rental apartment and row/townhouse units in structures/projects with at least three rental units, on the market for at least three months; all bedroom types combined. Social/affordable housing, owner-occupied units and condominium/secondary rental stock are excluded. Vacant units are physically unoccupied and immediately rentable at the survey.",
      "denominator": 668834,
      "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation",
      "source_label": "Official combined private apartment-and-row rental vacancy",
      "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:462",
      "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "calculation_method": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published",
        "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "coefficient_of_variation": null
      },
      "scope_notice": "Official October 2025 weighted vacancy estimate for private apartment and row rental units combined in the exact 2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462). One-decimal published precision; not apartment-only, all-rental-stock, availability or a 2026 market reading. The exact survey day and vacant-unit numerator are unknown. This source-specific CMA2021 binding is separate from the PM2015 area; no CMHC/Statistics Canada endorsement.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation",
          "title": "Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025; combined private apartment and row units",
          "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-montreal-2025-en.xlsx?rev=1dcc0f0e-5c82-4c31-b8ea-51911650d27b",
          "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "Statistics Canada",
          "title": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files; original CMA2021 identities and polygons",
          "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6",
          "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence"
        }
      ],
      "temporal_basis": {
        "precision": "month",
        "source_period": "2025-10",
        "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.",
        "exact_reference_date": null,
        "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01",
        "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31",
        "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01",
        "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "published-survey-rate",
        "published_rate": 2.9,
        "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1,
        "reported_universe_units": 668834,
        "vacant_unit_estimate": null,
        "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.",
        "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe."
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "a",
          "label": "Excellent",
          "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data",
        "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
        "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data"
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-montreal",
      "source_ref": "source-5b1de44ca8207bb2",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-montreal-ebd37ffbcea9.xlsx",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-5b1de44ca8207bb2",
        "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "montreal",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 8.236004807242018,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:montreal",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3485",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3485.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "0723d4a7a188777ff3399b26c6c37876297ebff0ac3ce597c5532355472d684a",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3485.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3485",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 4184064.7379515534,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Montreal (3485)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3485",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Montreal (3485)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 5027,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 5027,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 740,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 4184064.7379515534,
        "pm_covered_population": 4184064.7379515534,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 34459977.29558081,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 8.231804578582484,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 8.085414587564337,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Montreal (source ID 3485). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-montreal",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3485.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "montreal",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0.8378985668699251,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:montreal",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3485",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3485.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "1deadefaad1c1f1af1bc4bc162ecdccfb5963ed900373edb361369ba6f4b1cdc",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3485.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3485",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 4184064.7379515534,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Montreal (3485)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3485",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Montreal (3485)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 5027,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 5027,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 740,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 4184064.7379515534,
        "weather_covered_population": 4184064.7379515534,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957,
        "native_weather_points": 20,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Montreal (source ID 3485). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.8378985668699251,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 4184064.7379515534,
        "strict_value": 0.8378985668699251,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
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            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.8378985668699251,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-montreal",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3485.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "montreal",
      "metric": "housing-supply",
      "value": 4.695686254210404,
      "unit": "per 1000",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:montreal",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-minimal",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json",
      "source_frame_sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f",
      "source_record_ref": "CMHC Table A6_1 K27 / Table F6-4 G26; Statistics Canada annual v42128175, monthly January–December 2025, population v1589878032 (July 1,2025); native Notes!A2 SGC2021 adapter.",
      "universe": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.",
      "denominator": 4597837,
      "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation / Statistics Canada",
      "source_label": "Gross dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 population estimate",
      "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:462",
      "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "population_reference_year": 2025,
      "calculation_method": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "numeric-uncertainty-not-published",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "coefficient_of_variation": null,
        "note": "Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Completion rows carry blank original quality/revision symbols; blank does not imply zero uncertainty or finality."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Official 2025 gross CMHC dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 residents in 2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462). Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption. Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation",
          "title": "Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025; all intended markets",
          "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx",
          "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "Statistics Canada",
          "title": "Table 17-10-0148-01, July 1,2025 population estimates; preliminary postcensal",
          "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip",
          "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "Statistics Canada",
          "title": "CMA2021 digital boundaries; original whole-CMA provincial-part identity proof",
          "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6",
          "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence"
        }
      ],
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "gross-completions-per-midyear-resident",
        "calculation": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.",
        "completion_count": 21590,
        "midyear_population": 4597837,
        "scale": 1000,
        "exact_rational": {
          "numerator": 21590000,
          "denominator": 4597837,
          "decimal_28_digit_context": "4.695686254210403718096139554",
          "expression": "1000 * 21590 / 4597837"
        },
        "calendar_period": {
          "start": "2025-01-01",
          "end": "2025-12-31",
          "year": 2025
        },
        "population_reference_date": "2025-07-01",
        "population_status": "preliminary-postcensal",
        "gross_or_net": "gross-new-build",
        "all_intended_markets": true,
        "completion_standard": "Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption.",
        "dwelling_definition": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.",
        "source_geography_adapter": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.",
        "source_cma_uid": "462",
        "source_cmap_uid": "24462",
        "source_provincial_part_dguid": "2021S050524462",
        "source_completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503462",
        "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503462",
        "completion_by_dwelling_type": {
          "Single-detached units": 1255,
          "Semi-detached units": 331,
          "Row units": 700,
          "Apartment and other unit types": 19304
        },
        "completion_by_intended_market": {
          "homeownership": {
            "raw": "2265",
            "value": 2265,
            "source_cell": "C26"
          },
          "rental": {
            "raw": "16436",
            "value": 16436,
            "source_cell": "D26"
          },
          "condominium": {
            "raw": "2778",
            "value": 2778,
            "source_cell": "E26"
          },
          "cooperative": {
            "raw": "111",
            "value": 111,
            "source_cell": "F26"
          }
        },
        "original_source_records": {
          "annual": {
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            "sha256": "b72f17d6d9f419cd5881500e60e9f7399f1a50c06aa88ef3e629705ac2b8b95f",
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            "raw_source_record": {
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              "DGUID": "2011S0503462",
              "Housing estimates": "Housing completions",
              "Type of unit": "Total units",
              "UOM": "Units",
              "UOM_ID": "300",
              "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
              "SCALAR_ID": "0",
              "VECTOR": "v42128175",
              "COORDINATE": "9.3.1",
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          "monthly": {
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            "member": "34100154.csv",
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                  "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
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                  "VALUE": "2254",
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                  "DECIMALS": "0"
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            "raw_source_record": {
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              "GEO": "Montréal (CMA), Quebec",
              "DGUID": "2021S0503462",
              "Gender": "Total - gender",
              "Age group": "All ages",
              "UOM": "Persons",
              "UOM_ID": "249",
              "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
              "SCALAR_ID": "0",
              "VECTOR": "v1589878032",
              "COORDINATE": "14.1.1",
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          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
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          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
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          "value": 1.8737455084209031,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 43911490.40166646
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
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          "value": 2.7920736646282127,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 65432640.33139268
        },
        {
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          "value": 3.6453390490642765,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 85429035.02338834
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
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          "value": 5.247366246849204,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 122972768.47202867
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
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          "value": 3.2765819383692625,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 76787160.0974403
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
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          "value": 0.9253393588488881,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 21685458.45301083
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        {
          "month": "2025-07",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 3.762777604162125,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 88181224.13433689
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.964408333044347,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22601045.376462698
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.5725176662195856,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 13417032.298144165
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 23435141.114052795,
        "strict_value": 23.060149369606805,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 540417854.5878711,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
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            "strict_value": 1.8737455084209031,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 43911490.40166646,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 2.7920736646282127,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 65432640.33139268,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 3.6453390490642765,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 85429035.02338834,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 5.247366246849204,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 122972768.47202867,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 3.2765819383692625,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 76787160.0974403,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.9253393588488881,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 21685458.45301083,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 3.762777604162125,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 88181224.13433689,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.964408333044347,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 22601045.376462698,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.5725176662195856,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 13417032.298144165,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-mumbai",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7163.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "munich",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 9.34161689853942,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:munich",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4736",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4736.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "f88f99279225ef35a1f986360fe4c7d336a448b2859347063a07689024ca38ba",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4736.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 4736",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 2618481.6694096336,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Munich (4736)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4736",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Munich (4736)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2638,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2638,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 299,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2618481.6694096336,
        "pm_covered_population": 2618481.6694096336,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 24460852.61147275,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 9.330219401543223,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 9.220838405687873,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Munich (source ID 4736). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-munich",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4736.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "munich",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:munich",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4736",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4736.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "a87c3871dfccaf28362cf6aa1223aee1452adf07864bac5cde6373414da57a1f",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4736.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 4736",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 2618481.6694096336,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Munich (4736)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4736",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Munich (4736)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2638,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2638,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 299,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2618481.6694096336,
        "weather_covered_population": 2618481.6694096336,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 13,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Munich (source ID 4736). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 2618481.6694096336,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
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            "strict_value": 0,
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            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
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            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-munich",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4736.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "new-york-city",
      "metric": "road-deaths",
      "value": 4.458313862688145,
      "unit": "per 100000",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:new-york-city",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json",
      "source_frame_sha256": "31633b1f32e0c3c3e6d205574b0e3cde9ee99ab9786f575a1c5088111386e5f2",
      "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 35620 counties; original rows linked in derivation.",
      "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.",
      "denominator": 19940274,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau",
      "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents",
      "geography": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:35620",
      "boundary_label": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2024,
      "population_reference_year": 2024,
      "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "NHTSA",
          "title": "2024 FARS ARF",
          "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
          "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
          "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024",
          "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries"
        }
      ],
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents",
        "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.",
        "scale": 100000,
        "numerator_person_fatalities": 889,
        "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 839,
        "midyear_resident_population": 19940274,
        "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
        "population_estimate_vintage": 2024,
        "calendar_period": {
          "year": 2024,
          "start": "2024-01-01",
          "end": "2024-12-31"
        },
        "exact_rational": {
          "numerator": 88900000,
          "denominator": 19940274,
          "reduced_fraction": "44450000/9970137"
        },
        "source_victim_selector": {
          "file": "person.csv",
          "field": "INJ_SEV",
          "equals": "4",
          "label": "Fatal Injury (K)"
        },
        "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership",
        "fatal_person_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE",
          "VEH_NO",
          "PER_NO"
        ],
        "crash_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE"
        ],
        "source_classification": {
          "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true,
          "death_followup_days": 30,
          "maximum_followup_hours": 720,
          "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public",
          "time_allocation": "crash-year",
          "fatal_injury_code": "4",
          "prior_death_code": "6",
          "unknown_injury_code": "9",
          "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false,
          "independent_720h_verification": false,
          "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization",
          "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.",
          "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed."
        },
        "source_geography": {
          "native_cbsa_code": "35620",
          "native_geoidfq": "310M700US35620",
          "source_area_name": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ",
          "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards",
          "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024",
          "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:4269",
          "native_record_number": 843,
          "county_count": 22,
          "county_fips": [
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            "34017",
            "34019",
            "34023",
            "34025",
            "34027",
            "34029",
            "34031",
            "34035",
            "34037",
            "34039",
            "36005",
            "36047",
            "36059",
            "36061",
            "36079",
            "36081",
            "36085",
            "36087",
            "36103",
            "36119"
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          "point_adapter": {
            "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
            "target_crs": "EPSG:4269",
            "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)",
            "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80",
            "accuracy_m": 4,
            "is_ballpark": false,
            "coordinate_epoch": null,
            "input_point": [
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            "transformed_point": [
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            ],
            "native_matches": [
              "35620"
            ],
            "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 25820.106382993992,
            "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.",
            "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.",
            "proof": {
              "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof",
              "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json",
              "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6"
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        "original_population_record": {
          "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
          "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0",
          "csv_row_1based": 1032,
          "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024",
          "raw_source_record": {
            "CBSA": "35620",
            "MDIV": "",
            "STCOU": "",
            "NAME": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ",
            "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area",
            "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "20083412",
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            "POPESTIMATE2024": "19940274",
            "NPOPCHG2020": "-92304",
            "NPOPCHG2021": "-276512",
            "NPOPCHG2022": "-94752",
            "NPOPCHG2023": "107027",
            "NPOPCHG2024": "213403",
            "BIRTHS2020": "54238",
            "BIRTHS2021": "210696",
            "BIRTHS2022": "218804",
            "BIRTHS2023": "215717",
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            "DEATHS2020": "78899",
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            "NATURALCHG2021": "53937",
            "NATURALCHG2022": "64869",
            "NATURALCHG2023": "70058",
            "NATURALCHG2024": "72316",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "2041",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "36787",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "157722",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "237130",
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            "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-65242",
            "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-351348",
            "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-325460",
            "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-201223",
            "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-146888",
            "NETMIG2020": "-63201",
            "NETMIG2021": "-314561",
            "NETMIG2022": "-167738",
            "NETMIG2023": "35907",
            "NETMIG2024": "141105",
            "RESIDUAL2020": "-4442",
            "RESIDUAL2021": "-15888",
            "RESIDUAL2022": "8117",
            "RESIDUAL2023": "1062",
            "RESIDUAL2024": "-18"
          }
        },
        "original_source_archives": {
          "fars": {
            "manifest": {
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              "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json",
              "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d"
            },
            "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration",
            "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "bytes": 32672161,
            "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f",
            "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression",
            "parts": [
              {
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                "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin",
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                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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                "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin",
                "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73",
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                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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            ]
          },
          "native_geometry": {
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              "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json",
              "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0"
            },
            "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
            "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "bytes": 34959504,
            "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e",
            "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression",
            "parts": [
              {
                "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin",
                "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b",
                "order": 1,
                "offset": 0,
                "bytes": 20000000,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
              },
              {
                "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin",
                "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1",
                "order": 2,
                "offset": 20000000,
                "bytes": 14959504,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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          },
          "membership": {
            "id": "road-2024-membership",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx",
            "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629"
          },
          "population": {
            "id": "road-2024-population",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0"
          },
          "population_revision": {
            "id": "road-2024-population-revision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852"
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        },
        "source_frames": {
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json",
            "sha256": "31633b1f32e0c3c3e6d205574b0e3cde9ee99ab9786f575a1c5088111386e5f2"
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          "native_boundary": {
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json",
            "sha256": "59cb0ca28ee2f9ad542725ef808790b89558f5d5b88ef9babdf49f6c9d65c1b0"
          },
          "fatal_persons": {
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-persons.json",
            "sha256": "6c94c54ed2f1eb80b8a752b4fd1f6ef04d42354b51e42433fb0284e67393df0f"
          },
          "fatal_crashes": {
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-crashes.json",
            "sha256": "7f1705fd6268820cfd927f5f9e7bf17970efa7c8233030188c110b0d9c710e3d"
          },
          "source_facts": {
            "id": "road-2024-source-facts",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json",
            "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39"
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        },
        "revision_sensitivity_only": {
          "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison",
          "population_estimate_vintage": 2025,
          "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
          "midyear_resident_population": 20080087,
          "value": 4.427271654749305,
          "exact_rational": {
            "numerator": 88900000,
            "denominator": 20080087,
            "reduced_fraction": "88900000/20080087"
          },
          "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate."
        },
        "coverage": {
          "county_membership_complete": true,
          "population_components_reconcile": true,
          "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true,
          "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0,
          "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true,
          "source_person_rows_in_region": 2095,
          "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 52,
          "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0,
          "fatal_person_death_year_counts": {
            "2024": 886,
            "2025": 3
          },
          "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 25,
          "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 26,
          "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true
        },
        "source_inventories": {
          "omb_county_relationships": 1915,
          "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935,
          "us_population_cbsas": 925,
          "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10,
          "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico",
          "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed."
        },
        "method_qualification": {
          "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
          "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.",
          "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.",
          "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.",
          "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.",
          "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.",
          "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.",
          "manual_source_refs": [
            {
              "report_number": "813794",
              "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad",
              "pdf_pages": [
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                10
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813791",
              "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408",
              "pdf_pages": [
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              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813798",
              "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a",
              "pdf_pages": [
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              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            }
          ],
          "geographic_change_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json",
            "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3"
          },
          "rights_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-rights",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json",
            "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3"
          },
          "independent_audit": {
            "id": "road-2024-independent-proof",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json",
            "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb"
          },
          "initial_scope_decision": {
            "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json",
            "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc"
          }
        },
        "source_licences": {
          "fatalities": {
            "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
            "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
            "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
          },
          "population_and_membership": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          },
          "native_geometry": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          }
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "provisional-arf",
          "label": "Provisional ARF",
          "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization"
        },
        {
          "code": "territorial-source-count",
          "label": "Territorial, not resident risk",
          "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents."
        },
        {
          "code": "unknowns-retained",
          "label": "Source unknowns preserved",
          "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
        "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
        "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
      "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-new-york-city",
      "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-36f81ce7708a40a0",
        "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "new-york-city",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 7.283915422287797,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:new-york-city",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7244",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7244.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "20c517bf1a02cde82fae6983b27f0ec2ab3eee1485bba06fb4f2dd79b649e32f",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7244.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 7244",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 20106617.48806346,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New York (7244)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7244",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New York (7244)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9998856424037966,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 17489,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 17487,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 2,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 1788,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 20106617.48806346,
        "pm_covered_population": 20106617.48806346,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 146454901.21134695,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 7.289459431957163,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 7.405866663426639,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area New York (source ID 7244). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-new-york-city",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7244.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "new-york-city",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 5.028670483158895,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:new-york-city",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7244",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7244.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "286939e723c91a1d795019fa8cddae63ee85d5503f55d78181eeca2712592c4f",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7244.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 7244",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 20106617.48806346,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New York (7244)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7244",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New York (7244)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 17489,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 17487,
        "missing_cells": 2,
        "zero_cells": 1788,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9998856424037966,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 20106617.48806346,
        "weather_covered_population": 20106617.48806346,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 101109553.87839116,
        "native_weather_points": 54,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area New York (source ID 7244). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 2.133120060941611,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 42889829.12146759
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.860537445821072,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 57515732.23340634
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.03501297639621241,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 703992.5235172375
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 20106617.48806346,
        "strict_value": 5.028670483158895,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 101109553.87839116,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 2.133120060941611,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 42889829.12146759,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 2.860537445821072,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 57515732.23340634,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.03501297639621241,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 703992.5235172375,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-new-york-city",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7244.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
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        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "osaka",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 12.145098721578263,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:osaka",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3956",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "3c9d076c395a68f6d23f164071a1da8ea2daf97344d2f9fc4f8735e531b8e3d5",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3956",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 16866788.447898425,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3956",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9994053518334985,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 10090,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 10084,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 6,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 1186,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 16866788.447898425,
        "pm_covered_population": 16866788.447898425,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 204848810.81570217,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 12.14252967315906,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 12.133673607837919,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Osaka [Kyoto] (source ID 3956). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained. This physical area is shared with kyoto; destination bindings are not independent measurements.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-osaka",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
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        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "osaka",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 23.70942202698526,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:osaka",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3956",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3956.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "16c3200266ba58006eb040b1d1d554cc84c3a0c0dba329de0d026b0d8e321d91",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3956.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3956",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 16866788.447898425,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3956",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 10090,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 10084,
        "missing_cells": 6,
        "zero_cells": 1186,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9994053518334985,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 16866788.447898425,
        "weather_covered_population": 16866788.447898425,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 399901805.5511034,
        "native_weather_points": 32,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Osaka [Kyoto] (source ID 3956). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary. This physical area is shared with kyoto; destination bindings are not independent measurements.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.0003975620253270389,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6705.594576109201
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 10.5216686619858,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 177466759.44059697
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 11.292073412143205,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 190461013.38075796
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 1.8952823908309264,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 31967327.13517238
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 16866788.447898425,
        "strict_value": 23.70942202698526,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 399901805.5511034,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.0003975620253270389,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6705.594576109201,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 10.5216686619858,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 177466759.44059697,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 11.292073412143205,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 190461013.38075796,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 1.8952823908309264,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 31967327.13517238,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-osaka",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3956.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "oslo",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 7.4384399251166275,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:oslo",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-596",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-596.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "eeb273ae82dd8c726c5bcbe7f2e31165e5bb5f3e19aa1e4e1213c01350f90eca",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-596.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 596",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 1422223.145553412,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Oslo (596)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:596",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Oslo (596)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
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      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 4272,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 4272,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 1190,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1422223.145553412,
        "pm_covered_population": 1422223.145553412,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 10579121.428309456,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
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      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 7.431207892044955,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 7.271696943234316,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Oslo (source ID 596). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-oslo",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-596.npz",
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "oslo",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:oslo",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-596",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-596.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "f24791463696123a1a4bb6901282a4e34d2147befd3b1eaddcda3a94ce3a8440",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-596.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 596",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 1422223.145553412,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Oslo (596)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:596",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Oslo (596)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 4272,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 4272,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 1190,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1422223.145553412,
        "weather_covered_population": 1422223.145553412,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 22,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Oslo (source ID 596). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 1422223.145553412,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-oslo",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-596.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "paris",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 9.883460451268263,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:paris",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2702",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2702.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "4caff1fbd04395b6d21a5c2bef5a1f0b02339dd3f3667088919f6e01d2460d92",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2702.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2702",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 11249024.858068911,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Paris (2702)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2702",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Paris (2702)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 6778,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 6778,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 794,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 11249024.858068911,
        "pm_covered_population": 11249024.858068911,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 111179292.30005768,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 9.87735822098292,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 9.786180418796457,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Paris (source ID 2702). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-paris",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2702.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "paris",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 3.0320700922514696,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:paris",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2702",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2702.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "b72fa7f180bae263fdef756c62de0fbaee029fcfc2877ab912096c42920ad80d",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2702.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2702",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 11249024.858068911,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Paris (2702)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2702",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Paris (2702)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 6778,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 6778,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 794,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 11249024.858068911,
        "weather_covered_population": 11249024.858068911,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 34107831.83914408,
        "native_weather_points": 27,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Paris (source ID 2702). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.943813591963507,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 10616982.5573808
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.0572129939999733,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11892615.249779157
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.0310435062879892,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11598234.03198412
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 11249024.858068911,
        "strict_value": 3.0320700922514696,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 34107831.83914408,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.943813591963507,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 10616982.5573808,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.0572129939999733,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11892615.249779157,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.0310435062879892,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11598234.03198412,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-paris",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2702.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "perth",
      "metric": "life-expectancy",
      "value": 84.3,
      "unit": "years",
      "period_start": "2022-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:perth",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx",
      "source_frame_sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0",
      "source_record_ref": "Table 1!AC105; original Persons header AC8; period header AA6=2022–2024; geography A105=5GPER, B105=Greater Perth",
      "universe": "Both sexes combined, as the original ABS Persons category, for published three-year period life expectancy at birth within the exact reviewed official GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age treatment and overseas-resident death allocation are not separately documented and remain explicit limitations of the published-value path.",
      "denominator": null,
      "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics",
      "source_label": "Published Persons period life expectancy at birth, 2022–2024",
      "geography": "Greater Perth · GCCSA2021",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:5GPER",
      "boundary_label": "Greater Perth · GCCSA2021",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "calculation_method": "Use the exact original numeric ABS Persons life-expectancy-at-birth cell with its original one-decimal published precision. No arithmetic mean of male/female or subarea life expectancies; no reconstruction of an unpublished mortality denominator, radix, CI or standard error.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "standard_error": null,
        "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics",
          "title": "Life expectancy, 2022–2024 · Table 2, original Persons e0",
          "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics",
          "title": "ASGS Edition 3 · GCCSA2021 native GDA2020 boundaries",
          "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy",
        "sex": "Persons",
        "age_basis": "at-birth",
        "source_value_literal": "84.3",
        "display_precision_decimals": 1,
        "pooled_years": 3,
        "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell",
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "standard_error": null,
        "workbook": {
          "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx",
          "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0",
          "sheet": "Table 1",
          "persons_cell": "AC105",
          "geography_code_cell": "A105",
          "geography_name_cell": "B105",
          "sex_header": "AC8",
          "period_header": "AA6"
        },
        "geography": {
          "source_code": "5GPER",
          "source_name": "Greater Perth",
          "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:7844",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip",
          "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7",
          "native_shape_content_sha256": "a947058575f82e64d8987fa1e1c0c71de14b0e0741815effeaae2f75415f8bfd",
          "native_dbf_record_sha256": "d4b1c4303b4ae9be0fad06caef44fbf622bb2713f5f409faeb0a44f570823b86",
          "native_record_number": 17
        },
        "coordinate_adapter": {
          "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json",
          "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c",
          "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
          "target_crs": "EPSG:7844",
          "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)",
          "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg",
          "operation_accuracy_metres": 3,
          "input_wgs84": [
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          "output_gda2020": [
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          "source_coordinate_epoch": null,
          "required_clearance_metres": 100,
          "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 797.6800462154811
        },
        "method_qualification": {
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          "terminal_age": null,
          "overseas_death_rule": null,
          "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.",
          "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.",
          "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed."
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented",
          "label": "Published method detail limited",
          "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.",
        "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-perth",
      "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-9daf1db0d6677387",
        "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "perth",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 6.179239933712975,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:perth",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-360",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-360.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "76c337f5f96c63984f7230c9e0547a143168c963e8f82fc0a6e321c469c65d24",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-360.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 360",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 1772272.0295397,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Perth (360)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:360",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Perth (360)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2972,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2972,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 401,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1772272.0295397,
        "pm_covered_population": 1772272.0295397,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 10951294.098334255,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 6.182321265809422,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 6.1981710538372665,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Perth (source ID 360). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-perth",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-360.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "perth",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 20.250444352229373,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:perth",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-360",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-360.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "cf8cc0af01b2c1817c931fb9a264a6da275832442a00b3d1bf4da4bb6fc5e282",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-360.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 360",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 1772272.0295397001,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Perth (360)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:360",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Perth (360)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2972,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2972,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 401,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1772272.0295397001,
        "weather_covered_population": 1772272.0295397001,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 35889296.11120631,
        "native_weather_points": 11,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Perth (source ID 360). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 9.294394511117043,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 16472195.42356005
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 2.9638756797936385,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5252793.9663312305
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 4.999150392914377,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 8859854.412824553
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.9930237684043126,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5304452.308490473
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 1772272.0295397001,
        "strict_value": 20.250444352229373,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 35889296.11120631,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 9.294394511117043,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 16472195.42356005,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 2.9638756797936385,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5252793.9663312305,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 4.999150392914377,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 8859854.412824553,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 2.9930237684043126,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5304452.308490473,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-perth",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-360.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "prague",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 12.825750226807447,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:prague",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-535",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-535.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "0b32c56a2ba883461ab11238ff1a92b306280a37e721546f2fb219587270b91c",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-535.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 535",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 1977776.2386603754,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Prague (535)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:535",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Prague (535)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2897,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2897,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 268,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1977776.2386603754,
        "pm_covered_population": 1977776.2386603754,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 25366464.04157269,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 12.828233770525284,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 12.675873186720473,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Prague (source ID 535). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-prague",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-535.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "prague",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0.41193369499446075,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:prague",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-535",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-535.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "939f58c5020b651dfe12e8e074e283f398644fcf807fe32e4163b69615d318f5",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-535.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 535",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 1977776.2386603754,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Prague (535)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:535",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Prague (535)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2897,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2897,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 268,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1977776.2386603754,
        "weather_covered_population": 1977776.2386603754,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 814712.6738636149,
        "native_weather_points": 13,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Prague (source ID 535). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.0017687037240356948,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3498.1001986279152
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.41016499127042505,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 811214.573664987
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 1977776.2386603754,
        "strict_value": 0.41193369499446075,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 814712.6738636149,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.0017687037240356948,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3498.1001986279152,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.41016499127042505,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 811214.573664987,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-prague",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-535.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "rio-de-janeiro",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 16.954066127858244,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:rio-de-janeiro",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-6961",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6961.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "7d20d1577d726e840170a3079cac164e688e185d05288dbeb13af872e1461f1b",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-6961.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 6961",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 11068998.79218813,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rio de Janeiro (6961)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6961",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rio de Janeiro (6961)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 3598,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3598,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 601,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 11068998.79218813,
        "pm_covered_population": 11068998.79218813,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 187664537.4919406,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 16.950543474577323,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 16.83281927863571,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Rio de Janeiro (source ID 6961). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-rio-de-janeiro",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6961.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "rio-de-janeiro",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 60.74926863806754,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:rio-de-janeiro",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6961",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6961.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "c76bd24732a43834edead8efb1ca753e4848c3b41c86199d17b9b44c86322c2c",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6961.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 6961",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 11068998.792188132,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rio de Janeiro (6961)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6961",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rio de Janeiro (6961)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 3598,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3598,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 601,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 11068998.792188132,
        "weather_covered_population": 11068998.792188132,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 672433581.181082,
        "native_weather_points": 14,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Rio de Janeiro (source ID 6961). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 10.858000664449673,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 120187196.24037136
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 18.85663110093519,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 208724026.88098878
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 6.659377452498192,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 73712640.97842737
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 1.7249133597939192,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 19093063.896188065
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 2.2095335664835205,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 24457324.378705222
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 3.0532722775579413,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 33796667.15251036
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 3.3773351360253527,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 37383718.54147917
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 14.010205080323761,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 155078943.11241174
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 11068998.792188132,
        "strict_value": 60.74926863806754,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 672433581.181082,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 10.858000664449673,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 120187196.24037136,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 18.85663110093519,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 208724026.88098878,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 6.659377452498192,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 73712640.97842737,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 1.7249133597939192,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 19093063.896188065,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 2.2095335664835205,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 24457324.378705222,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 3.0532722775579413,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 33796667.15251036,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 3.3773351360253527,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 37383718.54147917,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 14.010205080323761,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 155078943.11241174,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-rio-de-janeiro",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6961.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "rome",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 13.395308567112478,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:rome",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3881",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3881.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "f685b09e8bc7ed184e9ba3a7a007af37ae46d7a203f1ac5d63188e5eaa1829d5",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3881.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3881",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 3684930.385352138,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rome (3881)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3881",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rome (3881)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2696,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2696,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 121,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 3684930.385352138,
        "pm_covered_population": 3684930.385352138,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 49360779.560120575,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 13.385445406329081,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 13.055083657543886,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Rome (source ID 3881). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-rome",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3881.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "rome",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 12.41680254453362,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:rome",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3881",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3881.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "592573315ed58d9d5d65a49b0d40a4628e9019f967ac82e727cdc4f49132f8be",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3881.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3881",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 3684930.3853521384,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rome (3881)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3881",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rome (3881)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2696,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2696,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 121,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 3684930.3853521384,
        "weather_covered_population": 3684930.3853521384,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 45755052.98526969,
        "native_weather_points": 12,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Rome (source ID 3881). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
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          "value": 3.825082905396483,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 14095164.22458654
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        {
          "month": "2025-07",
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          "value": 3.155231579228238,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11626808.719120746
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 5.436488059908901,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 20033080.041562404
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 3684930.3853521384,
        "strict_value": 12.41680254453362,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 45755052.98526969,
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        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
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            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
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          {
            "month": "2025-02",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 3.825082905396483,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 14095164.22458654,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 3.155231579228238,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11626808.719120746,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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          {
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            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 5.436488059908901,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 20033080.041562404,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
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            "strict_value": 0,
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          {
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        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-rome",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3881.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "san-francisco",
      "metric": "road-deaths",
      "value": 5.485657050489127,
      "unit": "per 100000",
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      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:san-francisco",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population.json",
      "source_frame_sha256": "5f1c8125cd93e38e1ddd28130e0fb40cb3db0e16c1bdfc597d97f6c8da375630",
      "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 41860 counties; original rows linked in derivation.",
      "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.",
      "denominator": 4648486,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau",
      "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents",
      "geography": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:41860",
      "boundary_label": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2024,
      "population_reference_year": 2024,
      "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
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        "confidence_interval": null,
        "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
      "source_attribution": [
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          "title": "2024 FARS ARF",
          "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
          "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
          "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024",
          "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries"
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        "population_estimate_vintage": 2024,
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          "field": "INJ_SEV",
          "equals": "4",
          "label": "Fatal Injury (K)"
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          "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public",
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          "unknown_injury_code": "9",
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          "independent_720h_verification": false,
          "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization",
          "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.",
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            "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.",
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            "sha256": "aabbfc5b855a3c1352e0ccb2877220f267ff29b0262873335d7fa5a60f111803"
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          "fatal_crashes": {
            "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-crashes",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-crashes.json",
            "sha256": "ec4abeadaa46c6dc8acfab53983023407599dcb7b54d0b454333453f2f83cae9"
          },
          "source_facts": {
            "id": "road-2024-source-facts",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json",
            "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39"
          }
        },
        "revision_sensitivity_only": {
          "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison",
          "population_estimate_vintage": 2025,
          "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
          "midyear_resident_population": 4623434,
          "value": 5.5153809917044345,
          "exact_rational": {
            "numerator": 25500000,
            "denominator": 4623434,
            "reduced_fraction": "12750000/2311717"
          },
          "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate."
        },
        "coverage": {
          "county_membership_complete": true,
          "population_components_reconcile": true,
          "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true,
          "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0,
          "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true,
          "source_person_rows_in_region": 545,
          "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 18,
          "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0,
          "fatal_person_death_year_counts": {
            "2024": 247,
            "9999": 8
          },
          "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0,
          "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0,
          "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true
        },
        "source_inventories": {
          "omb_county_relationships": 1915,
          "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935,
          "us_population_cbsas": 925,
          "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10,
          "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico",
          "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed."
        },
        "method_qualification": {
          "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
          "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.",
          "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.",
          "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.",
          "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.",
          "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.",
          "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.",
          "manual_source_refs": [
            {
              "report_number": "813794",
              "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad",
              "pdf_pages": [
                6,
                10
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813791",
              "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408",
              "pdf_pages": [
                14
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813798",
              "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a",
              "pdf_pages": [
                521
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            }
          ],
          "geographic_change_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json",
            "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3"
          },
          "rights_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-rights",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json",
            "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3"
          },
          "independent_audit": {
            "id": "road-2024-independent-proof",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json",
            "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb"
          },
          "initial_scope_decision": {
            "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json",
            "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc"
          }
        },
        "source_licences": {
          "fatalities": {
            "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
            "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
            "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
          },
          "population_and_membership": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          },
          "native_geometry": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          }
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "provisional-arf",
          "label": "Provisional ARF",
          "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization"
        },
        {
          "code": "territorial-source-count",
          "label": "Territorial, not resident risk",
          "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents."
        },
        {
          "code": "unknowns-retained",
          "label": "Source unknowns preserved",
          "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
        "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
        "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
      "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-san-francisco",
      "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population.json",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-36f81ce7708a40a0",
        "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "san-francisco",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 6.9864378470802,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:san-francisco",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1255",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1255.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "e9fbc0e3900dbd9a944a1a781f831cb4dee44ee97d0e7753355822ae1f03feac",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1255.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1255",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 5259987.4063209435,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: San Jose (1255)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1255",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: San Jose (1255)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 4038,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 4038,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 886,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 5259987.4063209435,
        "pm_covered_population": 5259987.4063209435,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 36748575.09068586,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 6.992108691879406,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 7.106184380456396,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area San Jose (source ID 1255). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-san-francisco",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1255.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "san-francisco",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0.4376705290771579,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:san-francisco",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1255",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1255.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "1c3f91fe44d6cdc124d12a031bd685f6a0efb85847a180f5281806132d0b5b61",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1255.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1255",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 5259987.4063209435,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: San Jose (1255)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1255",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: San Jose (1255)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 4038,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 4038,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 886,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 5259987.4063209435,
        "weather_covered_population": 5259987.4063209435,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2302141.471063675,
        "native_weather_points": 17,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area San Jose (source ID 1255). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.0025586123703909675,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 13458.268845913466
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.0012793061851954838,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6729.134422956733
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.14280722996614864,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 751164.2311535206
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.2910253805554228,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1530789.836641284
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 5259987.4063209435,
        "strict_value": 0.4376705290771579,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2302141.471063675,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.0025586123703909675,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 13458.268845913466,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.0012793061851954838,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6729.134422956733,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.14280722996614864,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 751164.2311535206,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.2910253805554228,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1530789.836641284,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-san-francisco",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1255.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "santiago",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 24.37080176119189,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:santiago",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2072",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2072.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "fdfef808feefe93e6a0f8d5e0092bf48c24d6b1b1453cf779f4a34c6f8644e86",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2072.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2072",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 7394880.052780694,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Santiago (2072)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2072",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Santiago (2072)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2923,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2923,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 553,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 7394880.052780694,
        "pm_covered_population": 7394880.052780694,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 180219155.81411052,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 24.353756286696356,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 23.234180177212103,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Santiago (source ID 2072). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-santiago",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2072.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "santiago",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0.05407275738730921,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:santiago",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2072",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2072.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "f6e90e29a5d8c29a720fd745cc6e658ac1587d62b21f4056cb52e0b1b4153a10",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2072.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2072",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 7394880.052780694,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Santiago (2072)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2072",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Santiago (2072)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2923,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2923,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 553,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 7394880.052780694,
        "weather_covered_population": 7394880.052780694,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 399861.5550022628,
        "native_weather_points": 13,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Santiago (source ID 2072). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0.05407275738730921,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 399861.5550022628
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 7394880.052780694,
        "strict_value": 0.05407275738730921,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 399861.5550022628,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0.05407275738730921,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 399861.5550022628,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-santiago",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2072.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "sao-paulo",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 18.345879486665147,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:sao-paulo",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-6567",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6567.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "8adaee75bf57b0334cb4e6374be59fabadeec3752d599be66f02906df8234e2d",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-6567.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 6567",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 21671856.66410414,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: São Paulo (6567)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6567",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: São Paulo (6567)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 6077,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 6077,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 378,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 21671856.66410414,
        "pm_covered_population": 21671856.66410414,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 397589270.61193556,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 18.34478470331252,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 18.35256109564962,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area São Paulo (source ID 6567). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-sao-paulo",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6567.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "sao-paulo",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 2.853240056641495,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:sao-paulo",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6567",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6567.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "a539162d1ac20b5b6b010e3aa5537d5011f57456aa40dc61c7a4ab06b13a521b",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6567.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 6567",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 21671856.66410414,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: São Paulo (6567)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6567",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: São Paulo (6567)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 6077,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 6077,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 378,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 21671856.66410414,
        "weather_covered_population": 21671856.66410414,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 61835009.53581487,
        "native_weather_points": 18,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area São Paulo (source ID 6567). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.0033138656149938337,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 71817.62061224968
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0.007599566816855324,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 164696.72276417076
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.004584084422927069,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 99345.62054982799
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.001021823403530299,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22144.810337335686
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.0010853516625349616,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 23521.58566060482
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.0022920422114635344,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 49672.810274913994
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.83334332250919,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 61403810.36561576
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 21671856.66410414,
        "strict_value": 2.853240056641495,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 61835009.53581487,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.0033138656149938337,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 71817.62061224968,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0.007599566816855324,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 164696.72276417076,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.004584084422927069,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 99345.62054982799,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.001021823403530299,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 22144.810337335686,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.0010853516625349616,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 23521.58566060482,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.0022920422114635344,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 49672.810274913994,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 2.83334332250919,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 61403810.36561576,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-sao-paulo",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6567.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "seattle",
      "metric": "road-deaths",
      "value": 7.670979622693942,
      "unit": "per 100000",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:seattle",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population.json",
      "source_frame_sha256": "a7f1ae06c9ab85f7312aa640fdd3491c011e02338609c8b42bc6c05562fe635f",
      "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 42660 counties; original rows linked in derivation.",
      "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.",
      "denominator": 4145494,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau",
      "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents",
      "geography": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:42660",
      "boundary_label": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2024,
      "population_reference_year": 2024,
      "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "NHTSA",
          "title": "2024 FARS ARF",
          "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
          "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
          "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024",
          "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries"
        }
      ],
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents",
        "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.",
        "scale": 100000,
        "numerator_person_fatalities": 318,
        "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 293,
        "midyear_resident_population": 4145494,
        "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
        "population_estimate_vintage": 2024,
        "calendar_period": {
          "year": 2024,
          "start": "2024-01-01",
          "end": "2024-12-31"
        },
        "exact_rational": {
          "numerator": 31800000,
          "denominator": 4145494,
          "reduced_fraction": "15900000/2072747"
        },
        "source_victim_selector": {
          "file": "person.csv",
          "field": "INJ_SEV",
          "equals": "4",
          "label": "Fatal Injury (K)"
        },
        "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership",
        "fatal_person_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE",
          "VEH_NO",
          "PER_NO"
        ],
        "crash_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE"
        ],
        "source_classification": {
          "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true,
          "death_followup_days": 30,
          "maximum_followup_hours": 720,
          "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public",
          "time_allocation": "crash-year",
          "fatal_injury_code": "4",
          "prior_death_code": "6",
          "unknown_injury_code": "9",
          "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false,
          "independent_720h_verification": false,
          "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization",
          "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.",
          "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed."
        },
        "source_geography": {
          "native_cbsa_code": "42660",
          "native_geoidfq": "310M700US42660",
          "source_area_name": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA",
          "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards",
          "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024",
          "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:4269",
          "native_record_number": 251,
          "county_count": 3,
          "county_fips": [
            "53033",
            "53053",
            "53061"
          ],
          "point_adapter": {
            "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
            "target_crs": "EPSG:4269",
            "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)",
            "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80",
            "accuracy_m": 4,
            "is_ballpark": false,
            "coordinate_epoch": null,
            "input_point": [
              -122.3321,
              47.6062
            ],
            "transformed_point": [
              -122.3321,
              47.6062
            ],
            "native_matches": [
              "42660"
            ],
            "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 8629.426910953325,
            "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.",
            "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.",
            "proof": {
              "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof",
              "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json",
              "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6"
            }
          }
        },
        "original_population_record": {
          "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
          "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0",
          "csv_row_1based": 1349,
          "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024",
          "raw_source_record": {
            "CBSA": "42660",
            "MDIV": "",
            "STCOU": "",
            "NAME": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA",
            "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area",
            "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "4018783",
            "POPESTIMATE2020": "4027979",
            "POPESTIMATE2021": "4017215",
            "POPESTIMATE2022": "4040080",
            "POPESTIMATE2023": "4078828",
            "POPESTIMATE2024": "4145494",
            "NPOPCHG2020": "9196",
            "NPOPCHG2021": "-10764",
            "NPOPCHG2022": "22865",
            "NPOPCHG2023": "38748",
            "NPOPCHG2024": "66666",
            "BIRTHS2020": "11186",
            "BIRTHS2021": "43707",
            "BIRTHS2022": "44370",
            "BIRTHS2023": "43532",
            "BIRTHS2024": "43132",
            "DEATHS2020": "6872",
            "DEATHS2021": "28775",
            "DEATHS2022": "30716",
            "DEATHS2023": "30129",
            "DEATHS2024": "28960",
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          "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate."
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        "coverage": {
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          "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true,
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            "9999": 3
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        "source_inventories": {
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          "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico",
          "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed."
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          "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
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            "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
            "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
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            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
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            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
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        "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
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        "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
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      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
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        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
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      "source_attribution": [
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          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
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      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
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      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
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      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
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      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4510",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seattle (4510)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 8328,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 8328,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 1183,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 4209772.909507131,
        "weather_covered_population": 4209772.909507131,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 28,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Seattle (source ID 4510). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 4209772.909507131,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-seattle",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4510.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "seoul",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 24.528811714043485,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:seoul",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-94",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-94.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "49da26ac162999fc969b3c006fa048b4b54863999c6344c984088da33cfc3a45",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-94.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 94",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 25199125.371400096,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seoul (94)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:94",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seoul (94)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9997164327236637,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 7053,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 7051,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 2,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 357,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 25199125.371400096,
        "pm_covered_population": 25199125.371400096,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 618104601.593649,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 24.523095908554474,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 24.40026725497703,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Seoul (source ID 94). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-seoul",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-94.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "seoul",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 10.59215900495182,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:seoul",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-94",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-94.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "13e5decf5d5cf25eb02f3f431b488f628ee096932d3df6dfe0e1f8223ab10a7a",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-94.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 94",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 25199125.3714001,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seoul (94)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:94",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seoul (94)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 7053,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 7051,
        "missing_cells": 2,
        "zero_cells": 357,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9997164327236637,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 25199125.3714001,
        "weather_covered_population": 25199125.3714001,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 266913142.71958545,
        "native_weather_points": 23,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Seoul (source ID 94). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 9.307398839269972,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 234538310.23238778
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.2847601656818481,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 32374832.487197656
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 25199125.3714001,
        "strict_value": 10.59215900495182,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 266913142.71958545,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 9.307398839269972,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 234538310.23238778,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.2847601656818481,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 32374832.487197656,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-seoul",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-94.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "shanghai",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 34.64893217496383,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:shanghai",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-10097",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-10097.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "c51354e470e15a48cd123801eebcc370082a7417a36555305fa4fbc2472d5673",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-10097.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 10097",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 30504083.43388525,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Shanghai (10097)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:10097",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Shanghai (10097)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 5878,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 5878,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 154,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 30504083.43388525,
        "pm_covered_population": 30504083.43388525,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 1056933917.9601278,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 34.66134385462788,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 34.49393353636665,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Shanghai (source ID 10097). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-shanghai",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-10097.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "shanghai",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 32.15249567269988,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:shanghai",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-10097",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-10097.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "8ba0296407c3c6ca1c23063aead534f826ec40ffdbf67f054bd636dd657ff295",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-10097.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 10097",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 30504083.43388525,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Shanghai (10097)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:10097",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Shanghai (10097)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 5878,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 5878,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 154,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 30504083.43388525,
        "weather_covered_population": 30504083.43388525,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 980782410.6076716,
        "native_weather_points": 17,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Shanghai (source ID 10097). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 3.0700707909212333,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 93649695.55419537
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 3.2786191661080917,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 100011272.59089652
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 15.473066381605609,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 471991707.88254243
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 8.209152214145332,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 250412664.06175306
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.1215871199196146,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 64717070.51828424
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 30504083.43388525,
        "strict_value": 32.076935444299316,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 978477515.0962573,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0.07556022840056578,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 2304895.5114142844,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 3.0700707909212333,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 93649695.55419537,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 3.2786191661080917,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 100011272.59089652,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 15.473066381605609,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 471991707.88254243,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
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            "strict_value": 8.209152214145332,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 250412664.06175306,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 2.046026891519049,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 62412175.00686996,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0.07556022840056578,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 2304895.5114142844
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-shanghai",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-10097.npz",
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        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "singapore",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 13.416822778026273,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:singapore",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-154",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-154.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "7d690aec39ad1b4a8077f33f9c1e57a18900a392ddc7610a5a02a33803550f68",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-154.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 154",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 5908522.0477144765,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Singapore (154)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:154",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Singapore (154)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
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      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 637,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 637,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 178,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 5908522.0477144765,
        "pm_covered_population": 5908522.0477144765,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 79273593.19424602,
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      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 13.431894090910005,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 13.475740694521546,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Singapore (source ID 154). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-singapore",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-154.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "singapore",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 21.289742565556697,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:singapore",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-154",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-154.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "8fdf5c86b753e82b097a406fc0c40d259d5753a3cf927fc5e1f279e4bf0f5eeb",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-154.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 154",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 5908522.0477144765,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Singapore (154)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:154",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Singapore (154)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 637,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 637,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 178,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 5908522.0477144765,
        "weather_covered_population": 5908522.0477144765,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 125790913.3387571,
        "native_weather_points": 5,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Singapore (source ID 154). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 3.096689827717338,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 18296860.122001033
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 5.806293426970008,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 34306612.728751935
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 5.0321209700406735,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 29732397.698251676
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 1.1612586853940015,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 1.1612586853940015,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.935431142323336,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11435537.576250644
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 1.548344913858669,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.548344913858669,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 5908522.0477144765,
        "strict_value": 21.289742565556697,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 125790913.3387571,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 3.096689827717338,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 18296860.122001033,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 5.806293426970008,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 34306612.728751935,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 5.0321209700406735,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 29732397.698251676,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 1.1612586853940015,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 1.1612586853940015,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.935431142323336,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11435537.576250644,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 1.548344913858669,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.548344913858669,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-singapore",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-154.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "stockholm",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 5.962643953866693,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:stockholm",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1445",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1445.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "742d8face701c5beab900d859fc9a0b96ba80225bc59238649aa4603474d7332",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1445.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1445",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 2241651.3560709828,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Stockholm (1445)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1445",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Stockholm (1445)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2536,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2536,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 316,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2241651.3560709828,
        "pm_covered_population": 2241651.3560709828,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 13366168.904953718,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 5.954755871878652,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 5.890397786700122,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Stockholm (source ID 1445). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-stockholm",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1445.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "stockholm",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:stockholm",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1445",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1445.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "33b355c84f20124af86ec9ebb7f93470172548fae7347d7f821b1de4f4fd5ced",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1445.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1445",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 2241651.3560709828,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Stockholm (1445)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1445",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Stockholm (1445)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2536,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2536,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 316,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2241651.3560709828,
        "weather_covered_population": 2241651.3560709828,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 15,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Stockholm (source ID 1445). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 2241651.3560709828,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-stockholm",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1445.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "sydney",
      "metric": "life-expectancy",
      "value": 84.3,
      "unit": "years",
      "period_start": "2022-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:sydney",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx",
      "source_frame_sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0",
      "source_record_ref": "Table 1!AC27; original Persons header AC8; period header AA6=2022–2024; geography A27=1GSYD, B27=Greater Sydney",
      "universe": "Both sexes combined, as the original ABS Persons category, for published three-year period life expectancy at birth within the exact reviewed official GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age treatment and overseas-resident death allocation are not separately documented and remain explicit limitations of the published-value path.",
      "denominator": null,
      "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics",
      "source_label": "Published Persons period life expectancy at birth, 2022–2024",
      "geography": "Greater Sydney · GCCSA2021",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:1GSYD",
      "boundary_label": "Greater Sydney · GCCSA2021",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "calculation_method": "Use the exact original numeric ABS Persons life-expectancy-at-birth cell with its original one-decimal published precision. No arithmetic mean of male/female or subarea life expectancies; no reconstruction of an unpublished mortality denominator, radix, CI or standard error.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "standard_error": null,
        "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics",
          "title": "Life expectancy, 2022–2024 · Table 2, original Persons e0",
          "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics",
          "title": "ASGS Edition 3 · GCCSA2021 native GDA2020 boundaries",
          "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy",
        "sex": "Persons",
        "age_basis": "at-birth",
        "source_value_literal": "84.3",
        "display_precision_decimals": 1,
        "pooled_years": 3,
        "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell",
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "standard_error": null,
        "workbook": {
          "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx",
          "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0",
          "sheet": "Table 1",
          "persons_cell": "AC27",
          "geography_code_cell": "A27",
          "geography_name_cell": "B27",
          "sex_header": "AC8",
          "period_header": "AA6"
        },
        "geography": {
          "source_code": "1GSYD",
          "source_name": "Greater Sydney",
          "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:7844",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip",
          "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7",
          "native_shape_content_sha256": "fea204070fad9e82065f12d49c61b220821cadc61181c6beb036a4d261f8bf9e",
          "native_dbf_record_sha256": "f917f9674b4a753d3d777c1e2798c4aad9d15a4bee1f0ad725909f803cb09851",
          "native_record_number": 1
        },
        "coordinate_adapter": {
          "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json",
          "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c",
          "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
          "target_crs": "EPSG:7844",
          "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)",
          "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg",
          "operation_accuracy_metres": 3,
          "input_wgs84": [
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          "output_gda2020": [
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            -33.868787317733016
          ],
          "source_coordinate_epoch": null,
          "required_clearance_metres": 100,
          "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 585.8715606090714
        },
        "method_qualification": {
          "gccsa_algorithm": null,
          "terminal_age": null,
          "overseas_death_rule": null,
          "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.",
          "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.",
          "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed."
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented",
          "label": "Published method detail limited",
          "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.",
        "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-sydney",
      "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-9daf1db0d6677387",
        "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "sydney",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 5.743625709411895,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:sydney",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1830",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1830.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "47e40a9217d52d2a844c2c69902e71645c4f6643bd73f9a4f12087b86b949cdf",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1830.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1830",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 4784217.805250018,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Sydney (1830)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1830",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Sydney (1830)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 3881,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3881,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 693,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 4784217.805250018,
        "pm_covered_population": 4784217.805250018,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 27478756.385660153,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 5.747319395548073,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 5.783263563278759,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Sydney (source ID 1830). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-sydney",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1830.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "sydney",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 8.79453460083655,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:sydney",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1830",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1830.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "726c88021acb47669ad5233e254a286d3f31375ef5444fcd5c8cc0615d747270",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1830.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1830",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 4784217.805250018,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Sydney (1830)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1830",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Sydney (1830)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 3881,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3881,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 693,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 4784217.805250018,
        "weather_covered_population": 4784217.805250018,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 42074969.026209585,
        "native_weather_points": 16,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Sydney (source ID 1830). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.5599213109412626,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 12247221.115844157
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0.6256459741724335,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2993226.6094187493
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.6251531791299564,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2990868.970602191
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.2301410650588607,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5885262.786423822
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.6150705325294303,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2942631.393211911
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 3.138602539004608,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 15015758.15070876
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 4784217.805250018,
        "strict_value": 8.79453460083655,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 42074969.026209585,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 2.5599213109412626,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 12247221.115844157,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0.6256459741724335,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2993226.6094187493,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.6251531791299564,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2990868.970602191,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.2301410650588607,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5885262.786423822,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.6150705325294303,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2942631.393211911,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 3.138602539004608,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 15015758.15070876,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-sydney",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1830.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "taipei",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 14.864406405024601,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:taipei",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1141",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1141.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "5297d68d0a4c925f39b56f735d1700392f398418c449540c78f0313f95402263",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1141.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1141",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 10048037.07281363,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New Taipei [Taipei] (1141)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1141",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New Taipei [Taipei] (1141)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2463,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2463,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 112,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 10048037.07281363,
        "pm_covered_population": 10048037.07281363,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 149358106.62305558,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 14.852941764770524,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 14.609844284860856,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area New Taipei [Taipei] (source ID 1141). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-taipei",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1141.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "taipei",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 19.18442117386954,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:taipei",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1141",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1141.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "765d276d6de10467f241b2829fa53a00db2f7268dc2df8c6e57e1e28c2775822",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1141.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1141",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 10048037.072813628,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New Taipei [Taipei] (1141)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1141",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New Taipei [Taipei] (1141)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2463,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2463,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 112,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 10048037.072813628,
        "weather_covered_population": 10048037.072813628,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 192765775.1755119,
        "native_weather_points": 12,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area New Taipei [Taipei] (source ID 1141). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 3.124007342732472,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 31390141.59551787
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 3.3809220367169948,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 33971629.96522492
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 3.713405979991883,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 37312440.953366265
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 6.564317319419194,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 65958503.783236645
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.401768495008996,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 24133058.878166188
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 10048037.072813628,
        "strict_value": 19.18442117386954,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 192765775.1755119,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
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          {
            "month": "2025-03",
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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          {
            "month": "2025-04",
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            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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          {
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            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 3.124007342732472,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 31390141.59551787,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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          {
            "month": "2025-07",
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            "strict_value": 3.3809220367169948,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 33971629.96522492,
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          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 3.713405979991883,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 37312440.953366265,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 6.564317319419194,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 65958503.783236645,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 2.401768495008996,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 24133058.878166188,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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          {
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            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-taipei",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1141.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "tel-aviv",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 19.672686967683383,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:tel-aviv",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-419",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-419.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "fd36dab1046196d459fd470167a866d49c8b97530140b4f3201fd08dfeac7833",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-419.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 419",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 3174056.626333899,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tel Aviv (419)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:419",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tel Aviv (419)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 1102,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 1102,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 70,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 3174056.626333899,
        "pm_covered_population": 3174056.626333899,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 62442222.427567974,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 19.69151323546726,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 19.737466311190072,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Tel Aviv (source ID 419). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-tel-aviv",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-419.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "tel-aviv",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 6.939257389555657,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tel-aviv",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-419",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-419.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "a4976ff2ef452efce761492055cee80bb6c63b648fa66fceafbd51263fc9dd1f",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-419.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 419",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 3174056.626333899,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tel Aviv (419)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:419",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tel Aviv (419)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 1102,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 1102,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 70,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 3174056.626333899,
        "weather_covered_population": 3174056.626333899,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22025595.899155606,
        "native_weather_points": 6,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Tel Aviv (source ID 419). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
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          "month": "2025-01",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.17849976630985812,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 566568.3660548576
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.5737971004726137,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1821264.4889262775
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.015380944999498358,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 48819.99039493501
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.220928662415943,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3875296.7112223078
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 4.642219042122139,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 14734666.111541182
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.0215333229992977,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 68347.98655290902
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
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          "value": 0.28689855023630684,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 910632.2444631387
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 3174056.626333899,
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        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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          {
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            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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          {
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          {
            "month": "2025-06",
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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          {
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            "strict_value": 0.28689855023630684,
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          {
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          {
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            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-tel-aviv",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-419.npz",
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "tokyo",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 12.907995602808032,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:tokyo",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5129",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5129.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "4f0d6280620ab857695c96370145c4f70bc5241ae13c8c577326097db9f60083",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5129.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 5129",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 36697548.9260917,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tokyo (5129)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5129",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tokyo (5129)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
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      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9971598028569042,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 11971,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 11937,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 34,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 934,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 36697548.9260917,
        "pm_covered_population": 36697548.9260917,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 473691800.17182434,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 12.907096731928107,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 12.889587420219799,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Tokyo (source ID 5129). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-tokyo",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5129.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "tokyo",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 29.44000849449062,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tokyo",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5129",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5129.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "d64332f7607272912a095070a090e36047f1c95ce75a0af74d82d7d8db41d1d3",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5129.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 5129",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 36697548.9260917,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tokyo (5129)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5129",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tokyo (5129)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 11971,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 11937,
        "missing_cells": 34,
        "zero_cells": 934,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9971598028569042,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 36697548.9260917,
        "weather_covered_population": 36697548.9260917,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1080376152.1111248,
        "native_weather_points": 33,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Tokyo (source ID 5129). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.25519059874306943,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9364869.482852425
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 8.804585907445192,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 323106722.11244744
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 15.854601605423266,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 581825018.1187123
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 4.52563038287909,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 166079542.39711252
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 36697548.9260917,
        "strict_value": 29.44000849449062,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1080376152.1111248,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.25519059874306943,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9364869.482852425,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 8.804585907445192,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 323106722.11244744,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 15.854601605423266,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 581825018.1187123,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 4.52563038287909,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 166079542.39711252,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-tokyo",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5129.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "toronto",
      "metric": "rental-vacancy",
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "%",
      "period_start": "2025-10-01",
      "period_end": "2025-10-31",
      "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-toronto-2025-en.xlsx?rev=f107330e-4620-4462-9027-8c6ff1522f1a",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:toronto",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-toronto",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-toronto-99ad5966bead.xlsx",
      "source_frame_sha256": "99ad5966bead408ce75761a8a9540d2748cd28deb764a42d16ffde32facf9f6d",
      "source_record_ref": "Table 3.1.1 X54 (Oct-25, Total), Y54 (quality); Table 3.1.3 K54 (Oct-25, Total universe); Toronto CMA; 2021 census geographic definitions.",
      "universe": "Completed, privately initiated purpose-built long-term rental apartment and row/townhouse units in structures/projects with at least three rental units, on the market for at least three months; all bedroom types combined. Social/affordable housing, owner-occupied units and condominium/secondary rental stock are excluded. Vacant units are physically unoccupied and immediately rentable at the survey.",
      "denominator": 343539,
      "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation",
      "source_label": "Official combined private apartment-and-row rental vacancy",
      "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:535",
      "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "calculation_method": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published",
        "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "coefficient_of_variation": null
      },
      "scope_notice": "Official October 2025 weighted vacancy estimate for private apartment and row rental units combined in the exact 2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535). One-decimal published precision; not apartment-only, all-rental-stock, availability or a 2026 market reading. The exact survey day and vacant-unit numerator are unknown. This source-specific CMA2021 binding is separate from the PM2015 area; no CMHC/Statistics Canada endorsement.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation",
          "title": "Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025; combined private apartment and row units",
          "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-toronto-2025-en.xlsx?rev=f107330e-4620-4462-9027-8c6ff1522f1a",
          "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "Statistics Canada",
          "title": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files; original CMA2021 identities and polygons",
          "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6",
          "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence"
        }
      ],
      "temporal_basis": {
        "precision": "month",
        "source_period": "2025-10",
        "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.",
        "exact_reference_date": null,
        "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01",
        "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31",
        "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01",
        "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "published-survey-rate",
        "published_rate": 3,
        "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1,
        "reported_universe_units": 343539,
        "vacant_unit_estimate": null,
        "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.",
        "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe."
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "a",
          "label": "Excellent",
          "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data",
        "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
        "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data"
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-toronto",
      "source_ref": "source-98dd8b2c9fcc36a6",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-toronto-99ad5966bead.xlsx",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-98dd8b2c9fcc36a6",
        "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "toronto",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 7.436258516437588,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:toronto",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2626",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2626.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "01da7808702b23d88e0f9937906e04cb0a5eb4237d374b9b4ea8d5c5cd3cfd86",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2626.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2626",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 7480038.247888051,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Toronto (2626)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2626",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Toronto (2626)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 8223,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 8223,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 695,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 7480038.247888051,
        "pm_covered_population": 7480038.247888051,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 55623498.12413642,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 7.439659413893029,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 7.3685864451226815,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Toronto (source ID 2626). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-toronto",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2626.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "toronto",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0.5964887244391212,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:toronto",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2626",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2626.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "ff088c3583813b23d8668120018e958d9292783bc834e47b9ab224cc366c4fbb",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2626.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2626",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 7480038.24788805,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Toronto (2626)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2626",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Toronto (2626)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 8223,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 8223,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 695,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 7480038.24788805,
        "weather_covered_population": 7480038.24788805,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4461758.473238582,
        "native_weather_points": 28,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Toronto (source ID 2626). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.5323121656928872,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3981715.3591989176
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.06417655874623396,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 480043.11403966433
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 7480038.24788805,
        "strict_value": 0.5964887244391212,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4461758.473238582,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.5323121656928872,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3981715.3591989176,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.06417655874623396,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 480043.11403966433,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-toronto",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2626.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "toronto",
      "metric": "housing-supply",
      "value": 5.072955295029846,
      "unit": "per 1000",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:toronto",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-minimal",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json",
      "source_frame_sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f",
      "source_record_ref": "CMHC Table A6_1 K44 / Table F6-4 G43; Statistics Canada annual v42127965, monthly January–December 2025, population v1589887692 (July 1,2025); native Notes!A2 SGC2021 adapter.",
      "universe": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.",
      "denominator": 7108874,
      "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation / Statistics Canada",
      "source_label": "Gross dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 population estimate",
      "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:535",
      "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "population_reference_year": 2025,
      "calculation_method": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "numeric-uncertainty-not-published",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "coefficient_of_variation": null,
        "note": "Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Completion rows carry blank original quality/revision symbols; blank does not imply zero uncertainty or finality."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Official 2025 gross CMHC dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 residents in 2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535). Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption. Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation",
          "title": "Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025; all intended markets",
          "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx",
          "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "Statistics Canada",
          "title": "Table 17-10-0148-01, July 1,2025 population estimates; preliminary postcensal",
          "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip",
          "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "Statistics Canada",
          "title": "CMA2021 digital boundaries; original whole-CMA provincial-part identity proof",
          "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6",
          "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence"
        }
      ],
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "gross-completions-per-midyear-resident",
        "calculation": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.",
        "completion_count": 36063,
        "midyear_population": 7108874,
        "scale": 1000,
        "exact_rational": {
          "numerator": 36063000,
          "denominator": 7108874,
          "decimal_28_digit_context": "5.072955295029845795550744042",
          "expression": "1000 * 36063 / 7108874"
        },
        "calendar_period": {
          "start": "2025-01-01",
          "end": "2025-12-31",
          "year": 2025
        },
        "population_reference_date": "2025-07-01",
        "population_status": "preliminary-postcensal",
        "gross_or_net": "gross-new-build",
        "all_intended_markets": true,
        "completion_standard": "Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption.",
        "dwelling_definition": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.",
        "source_geography_adapter": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.",
        "source_cma_uid": "535",
        "source_cmap_uid": "35535",
        "source_provincial_part_dguid": "2021S050535535",
        "source_completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503535",
        "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503535",
        "completion_by_dwelling_type": {
          "Single-detached units": 4298,
          "Semi-detached units": 326,
          "Row units": 4448,
          "Apartment and other unit types": 26991
        },
        "completion_by_intended_market": {
          "homeownership": {
            "raw": "8244",
            "value": 8244,
            "source_cell": "C43"
          },
          "rental": {
            "raw": "3860",
            "value": 3860,
            "source_cell": "D43"
          },
          "condominium": {
            "raw": "23959",
            "value": 23959,
            "source_cell": "E43"
          },
          "cooperative": {
            "raw": "-",
            "value": 0,
            "source_cell": "F43"
          }
        },
        "original_source_records": {
          "annual": {
            "filename": "statcan-34100134-eng.zip",
            "sha256": "b72f17d6d9f419cd5881500e60e9f7399f1a50c06aa88ef3e629705ac2b8b95f",
            "member": "34100134.csv",
            "csv_data_row_1based": 30862,
            "csv_line_1based": 30863,
            "raw_source_record": {
              "REF_DATE": "2025",
              "GEO": "Toronto, Ontario",
              "DGUID": "2011S0503535",
              "Housing estimates": "Housing completions",
              "Type of unit": "Total units",
              "UOM": "Units",
              "UOM_ID": "300",
              "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
              "SCALAR_ID": "0",
              "VECTOR": "v42127965",
              "COORDINATE": "24.3.1",
              "VALUE": "36063",
              "STATUS": "",
              "SYMBOL": "",
              "TERMINATED": "",
              "DECIMALS": "0"
            }
          },
          "monthly": {
            "filename": "statcan-34100154-eng.zip",
            "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13",
            "member": "34100154.csv",
            "records": [
              {
                "csv_data_row_1based": 333101,
                "csv_line_1based": 333102,
                "raw_source_record": {
                  "REF_DATE": "2025-01",
                  "GEO": "Toronto, Ontario",
                  "DGUID": "2011S0503535",
                  "Housing estimates": "Housing completions",
                  "Type of unit": "Total units",
                  "UOM": "Units",
                  "UOM_ID": "300",
                  "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
                  "SCALAR_ID": "0",
                  "VECTOR": "v42127485",
                  "COORDINATE": "23.3.1",
                  "VALUE": "2467",
                  "STATUS": "",
                  "SYMBOL": "",
                  "TERMINATED": "",
                  "DECIMALS": "0"
                }
              },
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      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:vancouver",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-vancouver",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-vancouver-2fda7bea9ad4.xlsx",
      "source_frame_sha256": "2fda7bea9ad42787c1820dd4d60f11091ff2455c4eec1732b14acc97660c3258",
      "source_record_ref": "Table 3.1.1 X36 (Oct-25, Total), Y36 (quality); Table 3.1.3 K36 (Oct-25, Total universe); Vancouver CMA; 2021 census geographic definitions.",
      "universe": "Completed, privately initiated purpose-built long-term rental apartment and row/townhouse units in structures/projects with at least three rental units, on the market for at least three months; all bedroom types combined. Social/affordable housing, owner-occupied units and condominium/secondary rental stock are excluded. Vacant units are physically unoccupied and immediately rentable at the survey.",
      "denominator": 129351,
      "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation",
      "source_label": "Official combined private apartment-and-row rental vacancy",
      "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:933",
      "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "calculation_method": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published",
        "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "coefficient_of_variation": null
      },
      "scope_notice": "Official October 2025 weighted vacancy estimate for private apartment and row rental units combined in the exact 2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933). One-decimal published precision; not apartment-only, all-rental-stock, availability or a 2026 market reading. The exact survey day and vacant-unit numerator are unknown. This source-specific CMA2021 binding is separate from the PM2015 area; no CMHC/Statistics Canada endorsement.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation",
          "title": "Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025; combined private apartment and row units",
          "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-vancouver-2025-en.xlsx?rev=9c12f2db-c0c8-4d06-83e1-cc3e06da8d36",
          "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "Statistics Canada",
          "title": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files; original CMA2021 identities and polygons",
          "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6",
          "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence"
        }
      ],
      "temporal_basis": {
        "precision": "month",
        "source_period": "2025-10",
        "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.",
        "exact_reference_date": null,
        "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01",
        "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31",
        "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01",
        "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "published-survey-rate",
        "published_rate": 3.7,
        "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1,
        "reported_universe_units": 129351,
        "vacant_unit_estimate": null,
        "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.",
        "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe."
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "a",
          "label": "Excellent",
          "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data",
        "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
        "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data"
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-vancouver",
      "source_ref": "source-85a93333571949d9",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-vancouver-2fda7bea9ad4.xlsx",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-85a93333571949d9",
        "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "vancouver",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 5.393363920419621,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:vancouver",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-375",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-375.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "d0014739517b793332d827bf92a877613a377fad8070d18099b62c0403273b9f",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-375.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 375",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 2507138.354084499,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vancouver (375)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:375",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vancouver (375)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 1601,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 1601,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 212,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2507138.354084499,
        "pm_covered_population": 2507138.354084499,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 13521909.542419571,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 5.395355326842808,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 5.406431635670564,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Vancouver (source ID 375). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-vancouver",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-375.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "vancouver",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:vancouver",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-375",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-375.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "3cf200bf5e1bfe8bc0373dd8e6b4170150437c08e315b162a2fbebd2a4147e42",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-375.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 375",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 2507138.354084499,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vancouver (375)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:375",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vancouver (375)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 1601,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 1601,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 212,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2507138.354084499,
        "weather_covered_population": 2507138.354084499,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 11,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Vancouver (source ID 375). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 2507138.354084499,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-vancouver",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-375.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "vancouver",
      "metric": "housing-supply",
      "value": 9.991787660506548,
      "unit": "per 1000",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:vancouver",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-minimal",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json",
      "source_frame_sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f",
      "source_record_ref": "CMHC Table A6_1 K46 / Table F6-4 G45; Statistics Canada annual v42127995, monthly January–December 2025, population v1589917707 (July 1,2025); native Notes!A2 SGC2021 adapter.",
      "universe": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.",
      "denominator": 3088036,
      "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation / Statistics Canada",
      "source_label": "Gross dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 population estimate",
      "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:933",
      "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "population_reference_year": 2025,
      "calculation_method": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "numeric-uncertainty-not-published",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "coefficient_of_variation": null,
        "note": "Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Completion rows carry blank original quality/revision symbols; blank does not imply zero uncertainty or finality."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Official 2025 gross CMHC dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 residents in 2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933). Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption. Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.",
      "source_attribution": [
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          "title": "Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025; all intended markets",
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          "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data"
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        {
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          "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence"
        },
        {
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          "title": "CMA2021 digital boundaries; original whole-CMA provincial-part identity proof",
          "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6",
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      "derivation": {
        "kind": "gross-completions-per-midyear-resident",
        "calculation": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.",
        "completion_count": 30855,
        "midyear_population": 3088036,
        "scale": 1000,
        "exact_rational": {
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          "denominator": 3088036,
          "decimal_28_digit_context": "9.991787660506548498786931240",
          "expression": "1000 * 30855 / 3088036"
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        "calendar_period": {
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          "end": "2025-12-31",
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        "population_reference_date": "2025-07-01",
        "population_status": "preliminary-postcensal",
        "gross_or_net": "gross-new-build",
        "all_intended_markets": true,
        "completion_standard": "Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption.",
        "dwelling_definition": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.",
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        "source_completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503933",
        "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503933",
        "completion_by_dwelling_type": {
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          "Semi-detached units": 894,
          "Row units": 2007,
          "Apartment and other unit types": 25622
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        "completion_by_intended_market": {
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            "value": 2473,
            "source_cell": "C45"
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          "rental": {
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            "value": 11488,
            "source_cell": "D45"
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          "condominium": {
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            "value": 16894,
            "source_cell": "E45"
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          "cooperative": {
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            "value": 0,
            "source_cell": "F45"
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            "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence",
            "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence",
            "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.",
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          "population_unit": "Persons",
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          "note": "Integer source operands; derived rate has no independently measured decimal precision."
        },
        "revision_status": {
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          "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19",
          "population_table_release": "2026-01-14",
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          "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true,
          "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final",
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        },
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          "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
          "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
          "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
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        "population_licence": {
          "name": "Statistics Canada Open Licence",
          "url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence",
          "acknowledgement": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.",
          "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.",
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        "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
        "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
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    {
      "city_slug": "vienna",
      "metric": "pm25",
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      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
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      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
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      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
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      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vienna (790)",
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        "cell_count": 3104,
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        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
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      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Vienna (source ID 790). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
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          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
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          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
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          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
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      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
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      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
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      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
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        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
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      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
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        {
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        {
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        "primary_comparison": ">=",
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          {
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            "strict_value": 0.017616530118322652,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 45189.85856242664,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-vienna",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-790.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "warsaw",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 16.282900767429037,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:warsaw",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3222",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3222.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "104e6af0f513e229aede78ad404f2a0136ece2271391a6060b9ca27c2f3da994",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3222.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3222",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 2975931.9294594172,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Warsaw (3222)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3222",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Warsaw (3222)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 4181,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 4181,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 271,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2975931.9294594172,
        "pm_covered_population": 2975931.9294594172,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 48456804.29801132,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 16.28271826423839,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 16.18732896302871,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Warsaw (source ID 3222). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-warsaw",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3222.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "warsaw",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:warsaw",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3222",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3222.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "f5939c3255902522431b930cca0c9f72761259cde61d1b9fcac6cd71c11f98f1",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3222.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3222",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 2975931.9294594172,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Warsaw (3222)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3222",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Warsaw (3222)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 4181,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 4181,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 271,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2975931.9294594172,
        "weather_covered_population": 2975931.9294594172,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 18,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Warsaw (source ID 3222). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 2975931.9294594172,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-warsaw",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3222.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "washington-dc",
      "metric": "road-deaths",
      "value": 6.836025044088477,
      "unit": "per 100000",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:washington-dc",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population.json",
      "source_frame_sha256": "8fcbe9e141daab0dcd5891bf0b071e3389f75cf1d553e5099e63cfc438f9f173",
      "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 47900 counties; original rows linked in derivation.",
      "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.",
      "denominator": 6436489,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau",
      "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents",
      "geography": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:47900",
      "boundary_label": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2024,
      "population_reference_year": 2024,
      "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.",
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "NHTSA",
          "title": "2024 FARS ARF",
          "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
          "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
          "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024",
          "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries"
        }
      ],
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents",
        "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.",
        "scale": 100000,
        "numerator_person_fatalities": 440,
        "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 415,
        "midyear_resident_population": 6436489,
        "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
        "population_estimate_vintage": 2024,
        "calendar_period": {
          "year": 2024,
          "start": "2024-01-01",
          "end": "2024-12-31"
        },
        "exact_rational": {
          "numerator": 44000000,
          "denominator": 6436489,
          "reduced_fraction": "44000000/6436489"
        },
        "source_victim_selector": {
          "file": "person.csv",
          "field": "INJ_SEV",
          "equals": "4",
          "label": "Fatal Injury (K)"
        },
        "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership",
        "fatal_person_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE",
          "VEH_NO",
          "PER_NO"
        ],
        "crash_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE"
        ],
        "source_classification": {
          "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true,
          "death_followup_days": 30,
          "maximum_followup_hours": 720,
          "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public",
          "time_allocation": "crash-year",
          "fatal_injury_code": "4",
          "prior_death_code": "6",
          "unknown_injury_code": "9",
          "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false,
          "independent_720h_verification": false,
          "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization",
          "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.",
          "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed."
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          "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards",
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            "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.",
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              "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json",
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            "NETMIG2023": "24863",
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            "RESIDUAL2020": "-2966",
            "RESIDUAL2021": "-298",
            "RESIDUAL2022": "811",
            "RESIDUAL2023": "141",
            "RESIDUAL2024": "29"
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              "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json",
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            "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration",
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            "bytes": 32672161,
            "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f",
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                "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin",
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              "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json",
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            },
            "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
            "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "bytes": 34959504,
            "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e",
            "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression",
            "parts": [
              {
                "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin",
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          "membership": {
            "id": "road-2024-membership",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx",
            "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629"
          },
          "population": {
            "id": "road-2024-population",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0"
          },
          "population_revision": {
            "id": "road-2024-population-revision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852"
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        },
        "source_frames": {
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            "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population.json",
            "sha256": "8fcbe9e141daab0dcd5891bf0b071e3389f75cf1d553e5099e63cfc438f9f173"
          },
          "native_boundary": {
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary.json",
            "sha256": "a66806f4c4ab8dc539816f3649de4e274f625f82b30ade0f6c08f0ecfe3d5ccf"
          },
          "fatal_persons": {
            "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-persons",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-persons.json",
            "sha256": "2aba112a4c739abfe4607d22262188fc11f297babb9884c04b543683a9915cc6"
          },
          "fatal_crashes": {
            "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-crashes",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-crashes.json",
            "sha256": "e935e03049ce49fd4abe3f7ffa3ad19658a17a476727de4f9ec6208400fbdf5c"
          },
          "source_facts": {
            "id": "road-2024-source-facts",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json",
            "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39"
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        },
        "revision_sensitivity_only": {
          "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison",
          "population_estimate_vintage": 2025,
          "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
          "midyear_resident_population": 6415518,
          "value": 6.858370594549029,
          "exact_rational": {
            "numerator": 44000000,
            "denominator": 6415518,
            "reduced_fraction": "22000000/3207759"
          },
          "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate."
        },
        "coverage": {
          "county_membership_complete": true,
          "population_components_reconcile": true,
          "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true,
          "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0,
          "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true,
          "source_person_rows_in_region": 1017,
          "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 27,
          "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0,
          "fatal_person_death_year_counts": {
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            "9999": 1
          },
          "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 6,
          "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 6,
          "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true
        },
        "source_inventories": {
          "omb_county_relationships": 1915,
          "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935,
          "us_population_cbsas": 925,
          "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10,
          "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico",
          "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed."
        },
        "method_qualification": {
          "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
          "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.",
          "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.",
          "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.",
          "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.",
          "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.",
          "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.",
          "manual_source_refs": [
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              "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794",
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            },
            {
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              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
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            {
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              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
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            "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
            "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
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            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
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            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
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        },
        {
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          "label": "Source unknowns preserved",
          "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation."
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      "licence": {
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        "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
        "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
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      "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0",
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      "attribution_source_refs": [
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    {
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      "value": 7.024206774902888,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:washington-dc",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7068",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7068.npz",
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      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7068.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 7068",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 5991806.5196682345,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Washington D.C. (7068)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7068",
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      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
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      "source_model": {
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        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 7446,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 7446,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 341,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 5991806.5196682345,
        "pm_covered_population": 5991806.5196682345,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 42087687.94936091,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 7.017997089491702,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 6.974952201989161,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Washington D.C. (source ID 7068). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-washington-dc",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7068.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
        "source-e473b5267fc79730",
        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
        "source-ef5611a3b029db1b"
      ]
    },
    {
      "city_slug": "washington-dc",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 18.8951179654893,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:washington-dc",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7068",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7068.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "57f558c4796780e72f1678b7d2927a971fb8199f0f104fe399693e76892f7444",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7068.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 7068",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 5991806.5196682345,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Washington D.C. (7068)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7068",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Washington D.C. (7068)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 7446,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 7446,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 341,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 5991806.5196682345,
        "weather_covered_population": 5991806.5196682345,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 113215891.01551917,
        "native_weather_points": 24,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Washington D.C. (source ID 7068). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 6.393254620612407,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 38307144.717684485
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 10.939948014328397,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 65550051.83708445
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.561915330548495,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9358694.460750237
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 5991806.5196682345,
        "strict_value": 18.8951179654893,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 113215891.01551917,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 6.393254620612407,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 38307144.717684485,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 10.939948014328397,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 65550051.83708445,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.561915330548495,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9358694.460750237,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-washington-dc",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7068.npz",
      "attribution_source_refs": [
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        "source-f3189a9194a27e72",
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    },
    {
      "city_slug": "zurich",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "value": 9.384315653447127,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:zurich",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1479",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1479.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "19934cb164adcc82f52bec57c0e7ee2b7bd1fc4a530d56a6008b4ba099824e3f",
      "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1479.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1479",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.",
      "denominator": 2124245.7611781457,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Zurich (1479)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1479",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Zurich (1479)",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
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      "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2588,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2588,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 124,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2124245.7611781457,
        "pm_covered_population": 2124245.7611781457,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 19934592.74839278,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
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      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 9.377556393220683,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 9.199829018771133,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Zurich (source ID 1479). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM",
          "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.",
          "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "reviewed": true,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-zurich",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1479.npz",
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    {
      "city_slug": "zurich",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "value": 0.4857585144139428,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
      "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area",
      "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:zurich",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1479",
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1479.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "f18a4e94f2f4577af9ca56bff16652616138d28b9f15693dab1de8e61e58cbf5",
      "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1479.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1479",
      "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.",
      "denominator": 2124245.7611781457,
      "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC",
      "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input",
      "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Zurich (1479)",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1479",
      "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Zurich (1479)",
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      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.",
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2588,
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        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 124,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2124245.7611781457,
        "weather_covered_population": 2124245.7611781457,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1031870.4652000112,
        "native_weather_points": 12,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Zurich (source ID 1479). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.",
      "source_attribution": [
        {
          "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF",
          "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts",
          "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "attribution": {
            "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
            "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.",
            "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
            "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
            "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.",
            "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values."
          }
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre",
          "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD",
          "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015",
          "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95",
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
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          {
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          {
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          {
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          {
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          {
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        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
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        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
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        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
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      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1427.npz",
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        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
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        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
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        ],
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        "total_known_modelled_population": 4558042.61540937,
        "pm_covered_population": 4558042.61540937,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 48863785.633836724,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 10.720058378403708,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 10.632282684048253,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4946.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "0be031e77f9912f89416f0c162e368e46330dbcbb1d4eefc017968c9e5ec878b",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "berlin"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:berlin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-59b46137ff4985cdb7e7",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4946",
      "value": 1.8966709034671059,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 3572,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3572,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 443,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 4558042.61540937,
        "weather_covered_population": 4558042.61540937,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 8645106.80541006,
        "native_weather_points": 13,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4558042.61540937
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.8966709034671059,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4087064.1900006896
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 4558042.61540937,
        "strict_value": 1.8966709034671059,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 8645106.80541006,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4558042.61540937,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.8966709034671059,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4087064.1900006896,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4946.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "2df5187cb1300229c5a5c4baf09df236780269f42e9c1cecbf0a981010bfb775",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "berlin"
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      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:berlin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-3ff40c6e1a58c7a92408",
      "metric": "road-deaths",
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      "unit": "per 100000",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2024,
      "population_reference_year": 2024,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty."
      },
      "derivation": {
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        "scale": 100000,
        "numerator_person_fatalities": 231,
        "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 220,
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          "start": "2024-01-01",
          "end": "2024-12-31"
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        "exact_rational": {
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        "source_victim_selector": {
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          "equals": "4",
          "label": "Fatal Injury (K)"
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        "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership",
        "fatal_person_identity": [
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          "VEH_NO",
          "PER_NO"
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        "crash_identity": [
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        "source_classification": {
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          "death_followup_days": 30,
          "maximum_followup_hours": 720,
          "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public",
          "time_allocation": "crash-year",
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          "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization",
          "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.",
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            "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 29639.109910421204,
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            "parts": [
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            "sha256": "d4c53fdd7d422b045351ea488e44a4303d8c02f1abfd37b3be9a6722ec71e11d"
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-fatal-crashes.json",
            "sha256": "499661b722a0a614ca6f2096b72bef6cde15abdc62f82dc17743100c22b5b6b1"
          },
          "source_facts": {
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json",
            "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39"
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        },
        "revision_sensitivity_only": {
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          "population_estimate_vintage": 2025,
          "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
          "midyear_resident_population": 5022230,
          "value": 4.5995503989263735,
          "exact_rational": {
            "numerator": 23100000,
            "denominator": 5022230,
            "reduced_fraction": "2310000/502223"
          },
          "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate."
        },
        "coverage": {
          "county_membership_complete": true,
          "population_components_reconcile": true,
          "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true,
          "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0,
          "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true,
          "source_person_rows_in_region": 488,
          "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 3,
          "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0,
          "fatal_person_death_year_counts": {
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            "2025": 1
          },
          "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0,
          "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0,
          "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true
        },
        "source_inventories": {
          "omb_county_relationships": 1915,
          "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935,
          "us_population_cbsas": 925,
          "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10,
          "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico",
          "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed."
        },
        "method_qualification": {
          "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
          "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.",
          "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.",
          "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.",
          "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.",
          "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.",
          "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.",
          "manual_source_refs": [
            {
              "report_number": "813794",
              "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad",
              "pdf_pages": [
                6,
                10
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813791",
              "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408",
              "pdf_pages": [
                14
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813798",
              "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a",
              "pdf_pages": [
                521
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            }
          ],
          "geographic_change_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json",
            "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3"
          },
          "rights_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-rights",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json",
            "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3"
          },
          "independent_audit": {
            "id": "road-2024-independent-proof",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json",
            "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb"
          },
          "initial_scope_decision": {
            "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json",
            "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc"
          }
        },
        "source_licences": {
          "fatalities": {
            "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
            "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
            "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
          },
          "population_and_membership": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          },
          "native_geometry": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          }
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "provisional-arf",
          "label": "Provisional ARF",
          "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization"
        },
        {
          "code": "territorial-source-count",
          "label": "Territorial, not resident risk",
          "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents."
        },
        {
          "code": "unknowns-retained",
          "label": "Source unknowns preserved",
          "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
        "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
        "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json",
      "source_frame_sha256": "33aebaf168d8ad0c8860c7de62dbdba0d51a5638e10287f1a4f21064ae354355",
      "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0",
      "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.",
      "denominator": 5025517,
      "geography": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "boston"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:boston"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-7d7e1aba576c21f2319f",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7347",
      "value": 6.125742905814816,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2800,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2800,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 171,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2814805.310674146,
        "pm_covered_population": 2814805.310674146,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 17242773.66311202,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 6.120196536070688,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 6.163159711080538,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7347.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "bf5e91e52b8b6814cba75bbbcd8b08544be11097c19c4cc47d6f9f7e06598a15",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "boston"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:boston"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-86b3f10695a81b5f210e",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7347",
      "value": 3.311900902063051,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2800,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2800,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 171,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2814805.310674146,
        "weather_covered_population": 2814805.310674146,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9322356.24755357,
        "native_weather_points": 14,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 1.8818961510293903,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5297171.280054762
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.4257537984427509,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4013219.363570491
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.004250952590910104,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11965.603928317782
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 2814805.310674146,
        "strict_value": 3.311900902063051,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9322356.24755357,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 1.8818961510293903,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5297171.280054762,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.4257537984427509,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4013219.363570491,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.004250952590910104,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11965.603928317782,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7347.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "1dba6d464bb1fb3a365f520c0998c923bf18752b540746aca37768631ca48d0a",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "boston"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:boston"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-9f2a7cc2d4ed54e5e4e7",
      "metric": "life-expectancy",
      "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:3GBRI",
      "value": 83.1,
      "unit": "years",
      "period_start": "2022-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "standard_error": null,
        "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy",
        "sex": "Persons",
        "age_basis": "at-birth",
        "source_value_literal": "83.1",
        "display_precision_decimals": 1,
        "pooled_years": 3,
        "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell",
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "standard_error": null,
        "workbook": {
          "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx",
          "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0",
          "sheet": "Table 1",
          "persons_cell": "AC74",
          "geography_code_cell": "A74",
          "geography_name_cell": "B74",
          "sex_header": "AC8",
          "period_header": "AA6"
        },
        "geography": {
          "source_code": "3GBRI",
          "source_name": "Greater Brisbane",
          "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:7844",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip",
          "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7",
          "native_shape_content_sha256": "804a9010104cbc2e106349ee6eaafbe9e3e73539d946d938734c2a4c2d7c90b8",
          "native_dbf_record_sha256": "b6c05be6292258a49c62a1f05216177da6589cc88d8a20fdc80960539088e4ee",
          "native_record_number": 9
        },
        "coordinate_adapter": {
          "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json",
          "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c",
          "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
          "target_crs": "EPSG:7844",
          "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)",
          "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg",
          "operation_accuracy_metres": 3,
          "input_wgs84": [
            153.0251,
            -27.4698
          ],
          "output_gda2020": [
            153.02510603421356,
            -27.4697874457346
          ],
          "source_coordinate_epoch": null,
          "required_clearance_metres": 100,
          "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 315.8016311630985
        },
        "method_qualification": {
          "gccsa_algorithm": null,
          "terminal_age": null,
          "overseas_death_rule": null,
          "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.",
          "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.",
          "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed."
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented",
          "label": "Published method detail limited",
          "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.",
        "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx",
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      "destination_slugs": [
        "brisbane"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:brisbane"
      ]
    },
    {
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      "value": 5.1838401484037515,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
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      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
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      "coverage": {
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        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 3144,
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        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 228,
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        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
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      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2355.npz",
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      "destination_slugs": [
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      "geography_refs": [
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    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-841a605fc0b74d835715",
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      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2355",
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        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
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      "uncertainty": {
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      "monthly_exposure_days": [
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
          "month": "2025-10",
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          "value": 2.0658477556714137,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4854282.305393677
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        {
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          "value": 1.4768366482871118,
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          {
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          {
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          {
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          {
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        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
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      "destination_slugs": [
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      "geography_refs": [
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    {
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        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
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      "uncertainty": {
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        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
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        ],
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        "weighted_concentration_sum": 195233217.08894253,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 13.38413003638135,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 13.343413338040113,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4215.npz",
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      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "buenos-aires"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:buenos-aires"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-f378da9bc7704647b874",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4215",
      "value": 9.622675546402405,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
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      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 5376,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 5376,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 667,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 14590525.582297105,
        "weather_covered_population": 14590525.582297105,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 140399893.72992906,
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        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.4535424255543068,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 21207947.9450043
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        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 4.211262116694477,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 61444527.64738943
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        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.451827542475056,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 21182926.899565842
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.506043461678565,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 36564491.2379695
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 14590525.582297105,
        "strict_value": 9.622675546402405,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 140399893.72992906,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.4535424255543068,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 21207947.9450043,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 4.211262116694477,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 61444527.64738943,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.451827542475056,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 21182926.899565842,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 2.506043461678565,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 36564491.2379695,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4215.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "cb9741d67221c939c9cf6ac3ac3870d6a27c8f99f0905dc9c6641b2d14e8e532",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "buenos-aires"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:buenos-aires"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-8ac5e2345c4909b3fd59",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3981",
      "value": 45.16148308488991,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 4348,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 4348,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 102,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 27925433.20003526,
        "pm_covered_population": 27925433.20003526,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 1261153979.1016154,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 45.17631859745068,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 46.11869808034042,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3981.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "552b20838f0bc2c692c82f3546cfbd761412fa3d70aecd0e5760f3039c30f2e0",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "cairo"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:cairo"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-aca9e9842a2e256935f6",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3981",
      "value": 110.78374532344635,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 4348,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 4348,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 102,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 27925433.20003526,
        "weather_covered_population": 27925433.20003526,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3093684079.67962,
        "native_weather_points": 14,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.5764659291885272,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 44023493.99768573
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 3.604000560028306,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 100643276.89196013
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 9.507819550610993,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 265509979.73857656
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 21.50974509142742,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 600668949.7004427
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 30.735259582090364,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 858295438.3454081
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 30.18028282899338,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 842797472.0992258
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 11.202633384755128,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 312838390.2504642
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.4401234017435383,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 68141503.05523197
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.027414994608704783,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 765575.6006247122
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 27925433.20003526,
        "strict_value": 110.78374532344635,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3093684079.67962,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.5764659291885272,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 44023493.99768573,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 3.604000560028306,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 100643276.89196013,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 9.507819550610993,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 265509979.73857656,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 21.50974509142742,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 600668949.7004427,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 30.735259582090364,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 858295438.3454081,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 30.18028282899338,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 842797472.0992258,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 11.202633384755128,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 312838390.2504642,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 2.4401234017435383,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 68141503.05523197,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.027414994608704783,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 765575.6006247122,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3981.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "27df21184bca3079d43f7332a39c23904722645ec50c54adceb12cbc973eb143",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "cairo"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:cairo"
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    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-e590eaca003808ec9acd",
      "metric": "rental-vacancy",
      "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:825",
      "value": 4.9,
      "unit": "%",
      "period_start": "2025-10-01",
      "period_end": "2025-10-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published",
        "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "coefficient_of_variation": null
      },
      "temporal_basis": {
        "precision": "month",
        "source_period": "2025-10",
        "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.",
        "exact_reference_date": null,
        "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01",
        "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31",
        "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01",
        "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "published-survey-rate",
        "published_rate": 4.9,
        "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1,
        "reported_universe_units": 67980,
        "vacant_unit_estimate": null,
        "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.",
        "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe."
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "a",
          "label": "Excellent",
          "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data",
        "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
        "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data"
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-calgary-4e6e333ed15f.xlsx",
      "source_frame_sha256": "4e6e333ed15ffd1ef63c0903a6f4868ed6a3762319d7afdcd55a1dfc44fff9ac",
      "source_ref": "source-516b264cc88e3866",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "calgary"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:calgary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-cdfbd43b7c86e76fd59d",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1276",
      "value": 9.126862318413096,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2051,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2051,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 346,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1598499.7845190063,
        "pm_covered_population": 1598499.7845190063,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 14589287.449317973,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 9.127534347445783,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 8.857442978924364,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1276.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "f921d111a5498d23f11859c7cbc0527ccd56c1b20ab628a82b630aa11da5537c",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "calgary"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:calgary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-66e6bcd654225d182c62",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1276",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2051,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2051,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 346,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1598499.784519006,
        "weather_covered_population": 1598499.784519006,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 10,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 1598499.784519006,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1276.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "1f47e60811819c9014909780f557100d6cb6a442625349cfd61d1f7fd8793b92",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "calgary"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:calgary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-d0f0326c995b54f85b41",
      "metric": "housing-supply",
      "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:825",
      "value": 13.527144702757933,
      "unit": "per 1000",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "population_reference_year": 2025,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "numeric-uncertainty-not-published",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "coefficient_of_variation": null,
        "note": "Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Completion rows carry blank original quality/revision symbols; blank does not imply zero uncertainty or finality."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "gross-completions-per-midyear-resident",
        "calculation": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.",
        "completion_count": 24836,
        "midyear_population": 1836012,
        "scale": 1000,
        "exact_rational": {
          "numerator": 24836000,
          "denominator": 1836012,
          "decimal_28_digit_context": "13.52714470275793404400406969",
          "expression": "1000 * 24836 / 1836012"
        },
        "calendar_period": {
          "start": "2025-01-01",
          "end": "2025-12-31",
          "year": 2025
        },
        "population_reference_date": "2025-07-01",
        "population_status": "preliminary-postcensal",
        "gross_or_net": "gross-new-build",
        "all_intended_markets": true,
        "completion_standard": "Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption.",
        "dwelling_definition": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.",
        "source_geography_adapter": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.",
        "source_cma_uid": "825",
        "source_cmap_uid": "48825",
        "source_provincial_part_dguid": "2021S050548825",
        "source_completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503825",
        "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503825",
        "completion_by_dwelling_type": {
          "Single-detached units": 7503,
          "Semi-detached units": 2412,
          "Row units": 3325,
          "Apartment and other unit types": 11596
        },
        "completion_by_intended_market": {
          "homeownership": {
            "raw": "10868",
            "value": 10868,
            "source_cell": "C10"
          },
          "rental": {
            "raw": "9527",
            "value": 9527,
            "source_cell": "D10"
          },
          "condominium": {
            "raw": "4441",
            "value": 4441,
            "source_cell": "E10"
          },
          "cooperative": {
            "raw": "-",
            "value": 0,
            "source_cell": "F10"
          }
        },
        "original_source_records": {
          "annual": {
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            "sha256": "b72f17d6d9f419cd5881500e60e9f7399f1a50c06aa88ef3e629705ac2b8b95f",
            "member": "34100134.csv",
            "csv_data_row_1based": 30472,
            "csv_line_1based": 30473,
            "raw_source_record": {
              "REF_DATE": "2025",
              "GEO": "Calgary, Alberta",
              "DGUID": "2011S0503825",
              "Housing estimates": "Housing completions",
              "Type of unit": "Total units",
              "UOM": "Units",
              "UOM_ID": "300",
              "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
              "SCALAR_ID": "0",
              "VECTOR": "v42127890",
              "COORDINATE": "2.3.1",
              "VALUE": "24836",
              "STATUS": "",
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              "TERMINATED": "",
              "DECIMALS": "0"
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          },
          "monthly": {
            "filename": "statcan-34100154-eng.zip",
            "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13",
            "member": "34100154.csv",
            "records": [
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                  "UOM": "Units",
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                  "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
                  "SCALAR_ID": "0",
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                "raw_source_record": {
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                  "UOM_ID": "300",
                  "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
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                "csv_data_row_1based": 337571,
                "csv_line_1based": 337572,
                "raw_source_record": {
                  "REF_DATE": "2025-10",
                  "GEO": "Calgary, Alberta",
                  "DGUID": "2011S0503825",
                  "Housing estimates": "Housing completions",
                  "Type of unit": "Total units",
                  "UOM": "Units",
                  "UOM_ID": "300",
                  "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
                  "SCALAR_ID": "0",
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                  "COORDINATE": "2.3.1",
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                "csv_data_row_1based": 338111,
                "csv_line_1based": 338112,
                "raw_source_record": {
                  "REF_DATE": "2025-11",
                  "GEO": "Calgary, Alberta",
                  "DGUID": "2011S0503825",
                  "Housing estimates": "Housing completions",
                  "Type of unit": "Total units",
                  "UOM": "Units",
                  "UOM_ID": "300",
                  "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
                  "SCALAR_ID": "0",
                  "VECTOR": "v42127425",
                  "COORDINATE": "2.3.1",
                  "VALUE": "2988",
                  "STATUS": "",
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                  "TERMINATED": "",
                  "DECIMALS": "0"
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              },
              {
                "csv_data_row_1based": 338651,
                "csv_line_1based": 338652,
                "raw_source_record": {
                  "REF_DATE": "2025-12",
                  "GEO": "Calgary, Alberta",
                  "DGUID": "2011S0503825",
                  "Housing estimates": "Housing completions",
                  "Type of unit": "Total units",
                  "UOM": "Units",
                  "UOM_ID": "300",
                  "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
                  "SCALAR_ID": "0",
                  "VECTOR": "v42127425",
                  "COORDINATE": "2.3.1",
                  "VALUE": "1006",
                  "STATUS": "",
                  "SYMBOL": "",
                  "TERMINATED": "",
                  "DECIMALS": "0"
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            ]
          },
          "population": {
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            "csv_data_row_1based": 1759501,
            "csv_line_1based": 1759502,
            "raw_source_record": {
              "REF_DATE": "2025",
              "GEO": "Calgary (CMA), Alberta",
              "DGUID": "2021S0503825",
              "Gender": "Total - gender",
              "Age group": "All ages",
              "UOM": "Persons",
              "UOM_ID": "249",
              "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.975574655458458,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4275984.942332158,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-189.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "48d1aa51c82a221b0db077a3ac2cc63e5b50a1fe16868dcc9b6c9fa4fb3c0c05",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "cape-town"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:cape-town"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-936bf2e91776c67e1c46",
      "metric": "road-deaths",
      "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:16980",
      "value": 7.344363270275969,
      "unit": "per 100000",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2024,
      "population_reference_year": 2024,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents",
        "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.",
        "scale": 100000,
        "numerator_person_fatalities": 691,
        "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 645,
        "midyear_resident_population": 9408576,
        "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
        "population_estimate_vintage": 2024,
        "calendar_period": {
          "year": 2024,
          "start": "2024-01-01",
          "end": "2024-12-31"
        },
        "exact_rational": {
          "numerator": 69100000,
          "denominator": 9408576,
          "reduced_fraction": "2159375/294018"
        },
        "source_victim_selector": {
          "file": "person.csv",
          "field": "INJ_SEV",
          "equals": "4",
          "label": "Fatal Injury (K)"
        },
        "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership",
        "fatal_person_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE",
          "VEH_NO",
          "PER_NO"
        ],
        "crash_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE"
        ],
        "source_classification": {
          "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true,
          "death_followup_days": 30,
          "maximum_followup_hours": 720,
          "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public",
          "time_allocation": "crash-year",
          "fatal_injury_code": "4",
          "prior_death_code": "6",
          "unknown_injury_code": "9",
          "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false,
          "independent_720h_verification": false,
          "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization",
          "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.",
          "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed."
        },
        "source_geography": {
          "native_cbsa_code": "16980",
          "native_geoidfq": "310M700US16980",
          "source_area_name": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN",
          "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards",
          "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024",
          "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:4269",
          "native_record_number": 203,
          "county_count": 13,
          "county_fips": [
            "17031",
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            "17043",
            "17063",
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            "17097",
            "17111",
            "17197",
            "18073",
            "18089",
            "18111",
            "18127"
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          "point_adapter": {
            "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
            "target_crs": "EPSG:4269",
            "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)",
            "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80",
            "accuracy_m": 4,
            "is_ballpark": false,
            "coordinate_epoch": null,
            "input_point": [
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            "transformed_point": [
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            "native_matches": [
              "16980"
            ],
            "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 36587.43253205496,
            "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.",
            "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.",
            "proof": {
              "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof",
              "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json",
              "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6"
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        },
        "original_population_record": {
          "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
          "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0",
          "csv_row_1based": 295,
          "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024",
          "raw_source_record": {
            "CBSA": "16980",
            "MDIV": "",
            "STCOU": "",
            "NAME": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN",
            "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area",
            "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "9454363",
            "POPESTIMATE2020": "9439531",
            "POPESTIMATE2021": "9362043",
            "POPESTIMATE2022": "9310017",
            "POPESTIMATE2023": "9337814",
            "POPESTIMATE2024": "9408576",
            "NPOPCHG2020": "-14832",
            "NPOPCHG2021": "-77488",
            "NPOPCHG2022": "-52026",
            "NPOPCHG2023": "27797",
            "NPOPCHG2024": "70762",
            "BIRTHS2020": "24801",
            "BIRTHS2021": "96895",
            "BIRTHS2022": "95836",
            "BIRTHS2023": "94391",
            "BIRTHS2024": "93836",
            "DEATHS2020": "25559",
            "DEATHS2021": "83708",
            "DEATHS2022": "83247",
            "DEATHS2023": "76800",
            "DEATHS2024": "74448",
            "NATURALCHG2020": "-758",
            "NATURALCHG2021": "13187",
            "NATURALCHG2022": "12589",
            "NATURALCHG2023": "17591",
            "NATURALCHG2024": "19388",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "474",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "9457",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "52551",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "79160",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "96448",
            "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-15628",
            "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-99524",
            "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-118416",
            "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-68681",
            "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-45217",
            "NETMIG2020": "-15154",
            "NETMIG2021": "-90067",
            "NETMIG2022": "-65865",
            "NETMIG2023": "10479",
            "NETMIG2024": "51231",
            "RESIDUAL2020": "1080",
            "RESIDUAL2021": "-608",
            "RESIDUAL2022": "1250",
            "RESIDUAL2023": "-273",
            "RESIDUAL2024": "143"
          }
        },
        "original_source_archives": {
          "fars": {
            "manifest": {
              "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest",
              "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json",
              "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d"
            },
            "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration",
            "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "bytes": 32672161,
            "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f",
            "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression",
            "parts": [
              {
                "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin",
                "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033",
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                "offset": 0,
                "bytes": 20000000,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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                "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin",
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                "bytes": 12672161,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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            ]
          },
          "native_geometry": {
            "manifest": {
              "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest",
              "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json",
              "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0"
            },
            "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
            "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "bytes": 34959504,
            "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e",
            "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression",
            "parts": [
              {
                "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin",
                "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b",
                "order": 1,
                "offset": 0,
                "bytes": 20000000,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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              {
                "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin",
                "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1",
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                "offset": 20000000,
                "bytes": 14959504,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
              }
            ]
          },
          "membership": {
            "id": "road-2024-membership",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx",
            "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629"
          },
          "population": {
            "id": "road-2024-population",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0"
          },
          "population_revision": {
            "id": "road-2024-population-revision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852"
          }
        },
        "source_frames": {
          "county_membership_population": {
            "id": "road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json",
            "sha256": "58a92371278879ecc4d9e62f96829826d0877cdb31e79b7d16db6b872380a00d"
          },
          "native_boundary": {
            "id": "road-2024-chicago-native-boundary",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json",
            "sha256": "ea466f700acde81a0566a608512ce81c610db5ad7e24e667f0c29191a6b68235"
          },
          "fatal_persons": {
            "id": "road-2024-chicago-fatal-persons",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-fatal-persons.json",
            "sha256": "569d431d6dbca94eee80da5c6885defa182ab342db9906110d581e041bc37901"
          },
          "fatal_crashes": {
            "id": "road-2024-chicago-fatal-crashes",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-fatal-crashes.json",
            "sha256": "fe8f56c6e1b705c3f9b15625dd6a10d881cbb4f3a54856cff3ea7d44df2eb301"
          },
          "source_facts": {
            "id": "road-2024-source-facts",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json",
            "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39"
          }
        },
        "revision_sensitivity_only": {
          "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison",
          "population_estimate_vintage": 2025,
          "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
          "midyear_resident_population": 9411198,
          "value": 7.34231709926834,
          "exact_rational": {
            "numerator": 69100000,
            "denominator": 9411198,
            "reduced_fraction": "34550000/4705599"
          },
          "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate."
        },
        "coverage": {
          "county_membership_complete": true,
          "population_components_reconcile": true,
          "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true,
          "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0,
          "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true,
          "source_person_rows_in_region": 1723,
          "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 4,
          "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0,
          "fatal_person_death_year_counts": {
            "2024": 691
          },
          "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0,
          "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0,
          "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true
        },
        "source_inventories": {
          "omb_county_relationships": 1915,
          "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935,
          "us_population_cbsas": 925,
          "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10,
          "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico",
          "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed."
        },
        "method_qualification": {
          "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
          "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.",
          "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.",
          "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.",
          "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.",
          "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.",
          "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.",
          "manual_source_refs": [
            {
              "report_number": "813794",
              "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad",
              "pdf_pages": [
                6,
                10
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813791",
              "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408",
              "pdf_pages": [
                14
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813798",
              "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a",
              "pdf_pages": [
                521
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            }
          ],
          "geographic_change_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json",
            "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3"
          },
          "rights_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-rights",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json",
            "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3"
          },
          "independent_audit": {
            "id": "road-2024-independent-proof",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json",
            "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb"
          },
          "initial_scope_decision": {
            "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json",
            "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc"
          }
        },
        "source_licences": {
          "fatalities": {
            "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
            "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
            "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
          },
          "population_and_membership": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          },
          "native_geometry": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          }
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "provisional-arf",
          "label": "Provisional ARF",
          "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization"
        },
        {
          "code": "territorial-source-count",
          "label": "Territorial, not resident risk",
          "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents."
        },
        {
          "code": "unknowns-retained",
          "label": "Source unknowns preserved",
          "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
        "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
        "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json",
      "source_frame_sha256": "58a92371278879ecc4d9e62f96829826d0877cdb31e79b7d16db6b872380a00d",
      "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0",
      "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.",
      "denominator": 9408576,
      "geography": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "chicago"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:chicago"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-b6864f516e0ed234c66f",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6654",
      "value": 7.983246186547001,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
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      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 13185,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 13185,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 1711,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 9031457.985048497,
        "pm_covered_population": 9031457.985048497,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 72100352.51809788,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
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      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 7.987727653074161,
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        "coarse_estimate": 7.962949167638284,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6654.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "6f1856eb0ff07b2e0d7deb4e14aa6fbdc50bec515ebe289a6b5dfcc66f9c902c",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "chicago"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:chicago"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-93852f17f5d8f4b04731",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6654",
      "value": 2.6937646903574755,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
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      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
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      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
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        "expected_days": 365
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      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
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          "value": 0,
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
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          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
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          "value": 0.5750019819764352,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5193106.2415397875
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        {
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          "value": 1.4332442471836833,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 12944285.200751899
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        {
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          "value": 0.685518461197357,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6191231.180279029
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          "month": "2025-09",
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          "value": 0,
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
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        {
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      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
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        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
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        "monthly_exposure_days": [
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          {
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
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          {
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          },
          {
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            "strict_value": 0.5750019819764352,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5193106.2415397875,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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            "strict_value": 0.685518461197357,
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          },
          {
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
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        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6654.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "6df4ce3982a36e159980093bf0ced3d0c7b688868103ad5c44a79812cba491d1",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "chicago"
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      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:chicago"
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    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-998cd0e3ff035b852f1a",
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        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
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      "coverage": {
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        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 3406,
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        "total_known_modelled_population": 2088197.4410470906,
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      "sensitivity": {
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        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
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      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-537.npz",
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      },
      "uncertainty": {
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        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
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        {
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        "monthly_exposure_days": [
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          {
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          {
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          {
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        ],
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    },
    {
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        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
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        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5288.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "48696bca6a1ccbbff78f75b3ec3ecbf60f5ac206b4ae99937550c1785679dc46",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "london"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:london"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-9344a9cc642310b40473",
      "metric": "road-deaths",
      "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:31080",
      "value": 7.557465747352914,
      "unit": "per 100000",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2024,
      "population_reference_year": 2024,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents",
        "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.",
        "scale": 100000,
        "numerator_person_fatalities": 977,
        "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 920,
        "midyear_resident_population": 12927614,
        "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
        "population_estimate_vintage": 2024,
        "calendar_period": {
          "year": 2024,
          "start": "2024-01-01",
          "end": "2024-12-31"
        },
        "exact_rational": {
          "numerator": 97700000,
          "denominator": 12927614,
          "reduced_fraction": "48850000/6463807"
        },
        "source_victim_selector": {
          "file": "person.csv",
          "field": "INJ_SEV",
          "equals": "4",
          "label": "Fatal Injury (K)"
        },
        "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership",
        "fatal_person_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE",
          "VEH_NO",
          "PER_NO"
        ],
        "crash_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE"
        ],
        "source_classification": {
          "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true,
          "death_followup_days": 30,
          "maximum_followup_hours": 720,
          "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public",
          "time_allocation": "crash-year",
          "fatal_injury_code": "4",
          "prior_death_code": "6",
          "unknown_injury_code": "9",
          "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false,
          "independent_720h_verification": false,
          "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization",
          "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.",
          "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed."
        },
        "source_geography": {
          "native_cbsa_code": "31080",
          "native_geoidfq": "310M700US31080",
          "source_area_name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA",
          "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards",
          "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024",
          "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:4269",
          "native_record_number": 732,
          "county_count": 2,
          "county_fips": [
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          "point_adapter": {
            "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
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            "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)",
            "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80",
            "accuracy_m": 4,
            "is_ballpark": false,
            "coordinate_epoch": null,
            "input_point": [
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            "transformed_point": [
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            "native_matches": [
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            ],
            "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 27733.135975618974,
            "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.",
            "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.",
            "proof": {
              "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof",
              "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json",
              "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6"
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          }
        },
        "original_population_record": {
          "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
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          "csv_row_1based": 862,
          "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024",
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            "STCOU": "",
            "NAME": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA",
            "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area",
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            "POPESTIMATE2020": "13182895",
            "POPESTIMATE2021": "12968590",
            "POPESTIMATE2022": "12906936",
            "POPESTIMATE2023": "12886400",
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            "NPOPCHG2020": "-21762",
            "NPOPCHG2021": "-214305",
            "NPOPCHG2022": "-61654",
            "NPOPCHG2023": "-20536",
            "NPOPCHG2024": "41214",
            "BIRTHS2020": "31399",
            "BIRTHS2021": "124588",
            "BIRTHS2022": "127597",
            "BIRTHS2023": "125847",
            "BIRTHS2024": "124244",
            "DEATHS2020": "25220",
            "DEATHS2021": "115341",
            "DEATHS2022": "98870",
            "DEATHS2023": "95838",
            "DEATHS2024": "90857",
            "NATURALCHG2020": "6179",
            "NATURALCHG2021": "9247",
            "NATURALCHG2022": "28727",
            "NATURALCHG2023": "30009",
            "NATURALCHG2024": "33387",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "233",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "15944",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "83694",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "105058",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "130009",
            "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-29264",
            "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-232171",
            "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-173616",
            "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-156690",
            "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-122349",
            "NETMIG2020": "-29031",
            "NETMIG2021": "-216227",
            "NETMIG2022": "-89922",
            "NETMIG2023": "-51632",
            "NETMIG2024": "7660",
            "RESIDUAL2020": "1090",
            "RESIDUAL2021": "-7325",
            "RESIDUAL2022": "-459",
            "RESIDUAL2023": "1087",
            "RESIDUAL2024": "167"
          }
        },
        "original_source_archives": {
          "fars": {
            "manifest": {
              "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest",
              "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json",
              "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d"
            },
            "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration",
            "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "bytes": 32672161,
            "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f",
            "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression",
            "parts": [
              {
                "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin",
                "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033",
                "order": 1,
                "offset": 0,
                "bytes": 20000000,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
              },
              {
                "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin",
                "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73",
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                "bytes": 12672161,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
              }
            ]
          },
          "native_geometry": {
            "manifest": {
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              "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json",
              "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0"
            },
            "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
            "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "bytes": 34959504,
            "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e",
            "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression",
            "parts": [
              {
                "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin",
                "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b",
                "order": 1,
                "offset": 0,
                "bytes": 20000000,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
              },
              {
                "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin",
                "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1",
                "order": 2,
                "offset": 20000000,
                "bytes": 14959504,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
              }
            ]
          },
          "membership": {
            "id": "road-2024-membership",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx",
            "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629"
          },
          "population": {
            "id": "road-2024-population",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0"
          },
          "population_revision": {
            "id": "road-2024-population-revision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852"
          }
        },
        "source_frames": {
          "county_membership_population": {
            "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json",
            "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853"
          },
          "native_boundary": {
            "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json",
            "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef"
          },
          "fatal_persons": {
            "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons.json",
            "sha256": "ca063264289074e73e4ff8c3a151512b152dabb7d92d83f16699ba946449350b"
          },
          "fatal_crashes": {
            "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes.json",
            "sha256": "bec2d9d7e20272bdd828cec8290f5d2c3088adc0f45e5b53da067f32991893b6"
          },
          "source_facts": {
            "id": "road-2024-source-facts",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json",
            "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39"
          }
        },
        "revision_sensitivity_only": {
          "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison",
          "population_estimate_vintage": 2025,
          "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
          "midyear_resident_population": 12906895,
          "value": 7.569597490333655,
          "exact_rational": {
            "numerator": 97700000,
            "denominator": 12906895,
            "reduced_fraction": "19540000/2581379"
          },
          "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate."
        },
        "coverage": {
          "county_membership_complete": true,
          "population_components_reconcile": true,
          "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true,
          "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0,
          "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true,
          "source_person_rows_in_region": 2391,
          "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 88,
          "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0,
          "fatal_person_death_year_counts": {
            "2024": 958,
            "2025": 1,
            "9999": 18
          },
          "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1,
          "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1,
          "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true
        },
        "source_inventories": {
          "omb_county_relationships": 1915,
          "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935,
          "us_population_cbsas": 925,
          "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10,
          "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico",
          "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed."
        },
        "method_qualification": {
          "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
          "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.",
          "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.",
          "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.",
          "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.",
          "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.",
          "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.",
          "manual_source_refs": [
            {
              "report_number": "813794",
              "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad",
              "pdf_pages": [
                6,
                10
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813791",
              "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408",
              "pdf_pages": [
                14
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813798",
              "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a",
              "pdf_pages": [
                521
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            }
          ],
          "geographic_change_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json",
            "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3"
          },
          "rights_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-rights",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json",
            "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3"
          },
          "independent_audit": {
            "id": "road-2024-independent-proof",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json",
            "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb"
          },
          "initial_scope_decision": {
            "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json",
            "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc"
          }
        },
        "source_licences": {
          "fatalities": {
            "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
            "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
            "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
          },
          "population_and_membership": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          },
          "native_geometry": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          }
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
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          "label": "Provisional ARF",
          "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization"
        },
        {
          "code": "territorial-source-count",
          "label": "Territorial, not resident risk",
          "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents."
        },
        {
          "code": "unknowns-retained",
          "label": "Source unknowns preserved",
          "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
        "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
        "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json",
      "source_frame_sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853",
      "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0",
      "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.",
      "denominator": 12927614,
      "geography": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "los-angeles"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-9809ebdc67155cc519f2",
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      "source_model": {
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        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
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      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 10407,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 10407,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 1881,
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      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 12.529604693343646,
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        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz",
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      "destination_slugs": [
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      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-883f7d76aa8722fd96ed",
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      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642",
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        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
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        "total_known_modelled_population": 16206528.530156042,
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        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
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      "monthly_exposure_days": [
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        {
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        {
          "month": "2025-05",
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          "value": 1.986498081371653,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 32194237.830849934
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          "value": 0.3123107007517128,
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        {
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          "value": 6.048713809517851,
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        {
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          "value": 2.702612638963969,
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        {
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        {
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          {
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        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
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      "destination_slugs": [
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        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
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        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
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        "coarse_estimate": 24.16191818368233,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2845.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "f08f3da2ef7de5e0624166f24bc0e47db6f8f519ef0ec1e3f41ae666f7b54193",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "manila"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:manila"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-69039c08707e711a14a6",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2845",
      "value": 58.80904774244292,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 4873,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 4873,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 416,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 27327889.076457683,
        "weather_covered_population": 27327889.076457683,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1607127133.3975842,
        "native_weather_points": 19,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
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          "value": 0.00019638551201301384,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5366.80148851499
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        {
          "month": "2025-02",
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          "value": 0.08884956606473096,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2428071.0859083664
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        {
          "month": "2025-03",
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          "value": 3.3764093351855853,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 92270139.7886679
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        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 19.64193608224971,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 536772650.5025919
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        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 16.711382409329776,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 456686804.7964303
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        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 4.418362789747078,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 120744528.21775626
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        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.21838944721253517,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5968122.588893072
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        {
          "month": "2025-08",
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          "value": 3.844169473897591,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 105053036.97377805
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        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 1.9353960564429469,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 52890288.74948648
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        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 5.9127965343581845,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 161584247.82260388
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        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 2.0975761843844842,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 57322329.29627853
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.5635834780582802,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 15401546.773700906
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      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 27327889.076457683,
        "strict_value": 58.80904774244292,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1607127133.3975842,
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        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
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            "strict_value": 0.00019638551201301384,
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          {
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          {
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            "strict_value": 3.3764093351855853,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 92270139.7886679,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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          {
            "month": "2025-04",
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            "strict_value": 19.64193608224971,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 536772650.5025919,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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          {
            "month": "2025-05",
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            "strict_value": 16.711382409329776,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 456686804.7964303,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 4.418362789747078,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 120744528.21775626,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.21838944721253517,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5968122.588893072,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 3.844169473897591,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 105053036.97377805,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 1.9353960564429469,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 52890288.74948648,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 5.9127965343581845,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 161584247.82260388,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 2.0975761843844842,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 57322329.29627853,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.5635834780582802,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 15401546.773700906,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2845.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "eae354e0a2342bde2d61429ce80a86a279a75f6deb0ac6a310af14c7d7fe7fef",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "manila"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:manila"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-dee795d0dc1581e23936",
      "metric": "life-expectancy",
      "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:2GMEL",
      "value": 84.2,
      "unit": "years",
      "period_start": "2022-01-01",
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      "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0",
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      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "standard_error": null,
        "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy",
        "sex": "Persons",
        "age_basis": "at-birth",
        "source_value_literal": "84.2",
        "display_precision_decimals": 1,
        "pooled_years": 3,
        "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell",
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "standard_error": null,
        "workbook": {
          "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx",
          "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0",
          "sheet": "Table 1",
          "persons_cell": "AC53",
          "geography_code_cell": "A53",
          "geography_name_cell": "B53",
          "sex_header": "AC8",
          "period_header": "AA6"
        },
        "geography": {
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          "source_name": "Greater Melbourne",
          "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:7844",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip",
          "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7",
          "native_shape_content_sha256": "73622e3831faca1884cde26e54f04d91a8fd2a51093ff98b9f56966e692abf21",
          "native_dbf_record_sha256": "f54ef86fecb5e312ea3dd764d5be974cd189c6eb534e79ba04864c4f60febe51",
          "native_record_number": 5
        },
        "coordinate_adapter": {
          "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json",
          "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c",
          "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
          "target_crs": "EPSG:7844",
          "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)",
          "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg",
          "operation_accuracy_metres": 3,
          "input_wgs84": [
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          ],
          "output_gda2020": [
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          "source_coordinate_epoch": null,
          "required_clearance_metres": 100,
          "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 2961.524221400355
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          "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.",
          "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.",
          "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed."
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented",
          "label": "Published method detail limited",
          "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.",
        "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx",
      "source_frame_sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0",
      "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "melbourne"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:melbourne"
      ]
    },
    {
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      "metric": "pm25",
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      "value": 5.63064447742122,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
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      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
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      "coverage": {
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        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 8348,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 8348,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 1073,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 5177020.587336659,
        "pm_covered_population": 5177020.587336659,
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      "sensitivity": {
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        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1266.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "4adda9b672c602a4abe660dbe2712777119636d080659b7cbc781e40ebdf1c2c",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "melbourne"
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      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:melbourne"
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    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-7a0ed7977892285b296e",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1266",
      "value": 7.144354865777786,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
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      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
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        "zero_cells": 1073,
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        "total_known_modelled_population": 5177020.58733666,
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        "expected_days": 365
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      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
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          "value": 2.176854847753599,
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        {
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          "value": 3.007644547197697,
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        {
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          "value": 0.9360924998685797,
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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          "value": 1.0237629709579115,
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      ],
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        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
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        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 5177020.58733666,
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        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 36986472.22337044,
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        "monthly_exposure_days": [
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            "strict_value": 2.176854847753599,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11269622.362463992,
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          {
            "month": "2025-02",
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          {
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          {
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          {
            "month": "2025-05",
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          {
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          {
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          {
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            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.0237629709579115,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5300041.977202051,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1266.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "eeaef6bedab7c979ee541d636dba2cfc072e3bf6d7a227a0d1a4d1955dcddcc3",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "melbourne"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:melbourne"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-6df055253405338d5f4f",
      "metric": "rental-vacancy",
      "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:462",
      "value": 2.9,
      "unit": "%",
      "period_start": "2025-10-01",
      "period_end": "2025-10-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published",
        "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "coefficient_of_variation": null
      },
      "temporal_basis": {
        "precision": "month",
        "source_period": "2025-10",
        "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.",
        "exact_reference_date": null,
        "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01",
        "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31",
        "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01",
        "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "published-survey-rate",
        "published_rate": 2.9,
        "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1,
        "reported_universe_units": 668834,
        "vacant_unit_estimate": null,
        "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.",
        "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe."
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "a",
          "label": "Excellent",
          "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data",
        "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
        "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data"
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-montreal-ebd37ffbcea9.xlsx",
      "source_frame_sha256": "ebd37ffbcea94c2432683224f3f1cab0a36456d3fe7fd8501c6f5882b2998d8d",
      "source_ref": "source-5b1de44ca8207bb2",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "montreal"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:montreal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-5751da5a3bcaf1a9e33e",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3485",
      "value": 8.236004807242018,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 5027,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 5027,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 740,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 4184064.7379515534,
        "pm_covered_population": 4184064.7379515534,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 34459977.29558081,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 8.231804578582484,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 8.085414587564337,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3485.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "0723d4a7a188777ff3399b26c6c37876297ebff0ac3ce597c5532355472d684a",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "montreal"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:montreal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-3aee73ffdb5d070a9044",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3485",
      "value": 0.8378985668699251,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 5027,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 5027,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 740,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 4184064.7379515534,
        "weather_covered_population": 4184064.7379515534,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957,
        "native_weather_points": 20,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.8378985668699251,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 4184064.7379515534,
        "strict_value": 0.8378985668699251,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.8378985668699251,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3485.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "1deadefaad1c1f1af1bc4bc162ecdccfb5963ed900373edb361369ba6f4b1cdc",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "montreal"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:montreal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-cab77999e244c418b3e1",
      "metric": "housing-supply",
      "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:462",
      "value": 4.695686254210404,
      "unit": "per 1000",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "population_reference_year": 2025,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "numeric-uncertainty-not-published",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "coefficient_of_variation": null,
        "note": "Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Completion rows carry blank original quality/revision symbols; blank does not imply zero uncertainty or finality."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "gross-completions-per-midyear-resident",
        "calculation": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.",
        "completion_count": 21590,
        "midyear_population": 4597837,
        "scale": 1000,
        "exact_rational": {
          "numerator": 21590000,
          "denominator": 4597837,
          "decimal_28_digit_context": "4.695686254210403718096139554",
          "expression": "1000 * 21590 / 4597837"
        },
        "calendar_period": {
          "start": "2025-01-01",
          "end": "2025-12-31",
          "year": 2025
        },
        "population_reference_date": "2025-07-01",
        "population_status": "preliminary-postcensal",
        "gross_or_net": "gross-new-build",
        "all_intended_markets": true,
        "completion_standard": "Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption.",
        "dwelling_definition": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.",
        "source_geography_adapter": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.",
        "source_cma_uid": "462",
        "source_cmap_uid": "24462",
        "source_provincial_part_dguid": "2021S050524462",
        "source_completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503462",
        "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503462",
        "completion_by_dwelling_type": {
          "Single-detached units": 1255,
          "Semi-detached units": 331,
          "Row units": 700,
          "Apartment and other unit types": 19304
        },
        "completion_by_intended_market": {
          "homeownership": {
            "raw": "2265",
            "value": 2265,
            "source_cell": "C26"
          },
          "rental": {
            "raw": "16436",
            "value": 16436,
            "source_cell": "D26"
          },
          "condominium": {
            "raw": "2778",
            "value": 2778,
            "source_cell": "E26"
          },
          "cooperative": {
            "raw": "111",
            "value": 111,
            "source_cell": "F26"
          }
        },
        "original_source_records": {
          "annual": {
            "filename": "statcan-34100134-eng.zip",
            "sha256": "b72f17d6d9f419cd5881500e60e9f7399f1a50c06aa88ef3e629705ac2b8b95f",
            "member": "34100134.csv",
            "csv_data_row_1based": 30637,
            "csv_line_1based": 30638,
            "raw_source_record": {
              "REF_DATE": "2025",
              "GEO": "Montréal, Quebec",
              "DGUID": "2011S0503462",
              "Housing estimates": "Housing completions",
              "Type of unit": "Total units",
              "UOM": "Units",
              "UOM_ID": "300",
              "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
              "SCALAR_ID": "0",
              "VECTOR": "v42128175",
              "COORDINATE": "9.3.1",
              "VALUE": "21590",
              "STATUS": "",
              "SYMBOL": "",
              "TERMINATED": "",
              "DECIMALS": "0"
            }
          },
          "monthly": {
            "filename": "statcan-34100154-eng.zip",
            "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13",
            "member": "34100154.csv",
            "records": [
              {
                "csv_data_row_1based": 332876,
                "csv_line_1based": 332877,
                "raw_source_record": {
                  "REF_DATE": "2025-01",
                  "GEO": "Montréal, Quebec",
                  "DGUID": "2011S0503462",
                  "Housing estimates": "Housing completions",
                  "Type of unit": "Total units",
                  "UOM": "Units",
                  "UOM_ID": "300",
                  "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
                  "SCALAR_ID": "0",
                  "VECTOR": "v42127575",
                  "COORDINATE": "29.3.1",
                  "VALUE": "1450",
                  "STATUS": "",
                  "SYMBOL": "",
                  "TERMINATED": "",
                  "DECIMALS": "0"
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              },
              {
                "csv_data_row_1based": 333416,
                "csv_line_1based": 333417,
                "raw_source_record": {
                  "REF_DATE": "2025-02",
                  "GEO": "Montréal, Quebec",
                  "DGUID": "2011S0503462",
                  "Housing estimates": "Housing completions",
                  "Type of unit": "Total units",
                  "UOM": "Units",
                  "UOM_ID": "300",
                  "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
                  "SCALAR_ID": "0",
                  "VECTOR": "v42127575",
                  "COORDINATE": "29.3.1",
                  "VALUE": "934",
                  "STATUS": "",
                  "SYMBOL": "",
                  "TERMINATED": "",
                  "DECIMALS": "0"
                }
              },
              {
                "csv_data_row_1based": 333956,
                "csv_line_1based": 333957,
                "raw_source_record": {
                  "REF_DATE": "2025-03",
                  "GEO": "Montréal, Quebec",
                  "DGUID": "2011S0503462",
                  "Housing estimates": "Housing completions",
                  "Type of unit": "Total units",
                  "UOM": "Units",
                  "UOM_ID": "300",
                  "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
                  "SCALAR_ID": "0",
                  "VECTOR": "v42127575",
                  "COORDINATE": "29.3.1",
                  "VALUE": "1224",
                  "STATUS": "",
                  "SYMBOL": "",
                  "TERMINATED": "",
                  "DECIMALS": "0"
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              },
              {
                "csv_data_row_1based": 334496,
                "csv_line_1based": 334497,
                "raw_source_record": {
                  "REF_DATE": "2025-04",
                  "GEO": "Montréal, Quebec",
                  "DGUID": "2011S0503462",
                  "Housing estimates": "Housing completions",
                  "Type of unit": "Total units",
                  "UOM": "Units",
                  "UOM_ID": "300",
                  "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
                  "SCALAR_ID": "0",
                  "VECTOR": "v42127575",
                  "COORDINATE": "29.3.1",
                  "VALUE": "1697",
                  "STATUS": "",
                  "SYMBOL": "",
                  "TERMINATED": "",
                  "DECIMALS": "0"
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              },
              {
                "csv_data_row_1based": 335036,
                "csv_line_1based": 335037,
                "raw_source_record": {
                  "REF_DATE": "2025-05",
                  "GEO": "Montréal, Quebec",
                  "DGUID": "2011S0503462",
                  "Housing estimates": "Housing completions",
                  "Type of unit": "Total units",
                  "UOM": "Units",
                  "UOM_ID": "300",
                  "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units",
                  "SCALAR_ID": "0",
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        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2367,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2367,
        "missing_cells": 0,
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        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
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        "weather_covered_population": 23435141.114052795,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
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        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
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        {
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          "value": 2.7920736646282127,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 65432640.33139268
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        {
          "month": "2025-03",
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          "value": 3.6453390490642765,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 85429035.02338834
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
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          "value": 5.247366246849204,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 122972768.47202867
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
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          "value": 3.2765819383692625,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 76787160.0974403
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        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.9253393588488881,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 21685458.45301083
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
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          "value": 3.762777604162125,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 88181224.13433689
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.964408333044347,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22601045.376462698
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.5725176662195856,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 13417032.298144165
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 23435141.114052795,
        "strict_value": 23.060149369606805,
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        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
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            "strict_value": 1.8737455084209031,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 43911490.40166646,
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
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            "strict_value": 3.6453390490642765,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 85429035.02338834,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 5.247366246849204,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 122972768.47202867,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 3.2765819383692625,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 76787160.0974403,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.9253393588488881,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 21685458.45301083,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 3.762777604162125,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 88181224.13433689,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.964408333044347,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 22601045.376462698,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.5725176662195856,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 13417032.298144165,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7163.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "5bac83aeb1e515c673a7e70c15552c309812e6bdb5fc9eece05d31b514e857f7",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "mumbai"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:mumbai"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-33ed5c7ec61f54f0776d",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4736",
      "value": 9.34161689853942,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
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      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2638,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2638,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 299,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2618481.6694096336,
        "pm_covered_population": 2618481.6694096336,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 24460852.61147275,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 9.330219401543223,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 9.220838405687873,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4736.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "f88f99279225ef35a1f986360fe4c7d336a448b2859347063a07689024ca38ba",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "munich"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:munich"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-983ecb6c0f320a28908a",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4736",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
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      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
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      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 2638,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2638,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 299,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2618481.6694096336,
        "weather_covered_population": 2618481.6694096336,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
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        "native_weather_points": 13,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
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          "value": 0,
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
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      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 2618481.6694096336,
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        "monthly_exposure_days": [
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
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          {
            "month": "2025-02",
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          {
            "month": "2025-03",
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            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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          {
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            "strict_value": 0,
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
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            "strict_value": 0,
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          {
            "month": "2025-07",
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            "strict_value": 0,
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
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            "strict_value": 0,
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
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            "strict_value": 0,
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4736.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "a87c3871dfccaf28362cf6aa1223aee1452adf07864bac5cde6373414da57a1f",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "munich"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:munich"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-b7a5a3411fd40a53a7c3",
      "metric": "road-deaths",
      "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:35620",
      "value": 4.458313862688145,
      "unit": "per 100000",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2024,
      "population_reference_year": 2024,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "standard_error": null,
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        "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents",
        "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.",
        "scale": 100000,
        "numerator_person_fatalities": 889,
        "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 839,
        "midyear_resident_population": 19940274,
        "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
        "population_estimate_vintage": 2024,
        "calendar_period": {
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          "start": "2024-01-01",
          "end": "2024-12-31"
        },
        "exact_rational": {
          "numerator": 88900000,
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          "reduced_fraction": "44450000/9970137"
        },
        "source_victim_selector": {
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          "field": "INJ_SEV",
          "equals": "4",
          "label": "Fatal Injury (K)"
        },
        "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership",
        "fatal_person_identity": [
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          "ST_CASE",
          "VEH_NO",
          "PER_NO"
        ],
        "crash_identity": [
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          "ST_CASE"
        ],
        "source_classification": {
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          "death_followup_days": 30,
          "maximum_followup_hours": 720,
          "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public",
          "time_allocation": "crash-year",
          "fatal_injury_code": "4",
          "prior_death_code": "6",
          "unknown_injury_code": "9",
          "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false,
          "independent_720h_verification": false,
          "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization",
          "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.",
          "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed."
        },
        "source_geography": {
          "native_cbsa_code": "35620",
          "native_geoidfq": "310M700US35620",
          "source_area_name": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ",
          "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards",
          "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024",
          "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:4269",
          "native_record_number": 843,
          "county_count": 22,
          "county_fips": [
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            "34017",
            "34019",
            "34023",
            "34025",
            "34027",
            "34029",
            "34031",
            "34035",
            "34037",
            "34039",
            "36005",
            "36047",
            "36059",
            "36061",
            "36079",
            "36081",
            "36085",
            "36087",
            "36103",
            "36119"
          ],
          "point_adapter": {
            "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
            "target_crs": "EPSG:4269",
            "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)",
            "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80",
            "accuracy_m": 4,
            "is_ballpark": false,
            "coordinate_epoch": null,
            "input_point": [
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              40.7128
            ],
            "transformed_point": [
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              40.7128
            ],
            "native_matches": [
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            ],
            "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 25820.106382993992,
            "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.",
            "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.",
            "proof": {
              "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof",
              "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json",
              "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6"
            }
          }
        },
        "original_population_record": {
          "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
          "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0",
          "csv_row_1based": 1032,
          "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024",
          "raw_source_record": {
            "CBSA": "35620",
            "MDIV": "",
            "STCOU": "",
            "NAME": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ",
            "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area",
            "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "20083412",
            "POPESTIMATE2020": "19991108",
            "POPESTIMATE2021": "19714596",
            "POPESTIMATE2022": "19619844",
            "POPESTIMATE2023": "19726871",
            "POPESTIMATE2024": "19940274",
            "NPOPCHG2020": "-92304",
            "NPOPCHG2021": "-276512",
            "NPOPCHG2022": "-94752",
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            "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
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            "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852"
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json",
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-persons.json",
            "sha256": "6c94c54ed2f1eb80b8a752b4fd1f6ef04d42354b51e42433fb0284e67393df0f"
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-crashes.json",
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json",
            "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39"
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        },
        "revision_sensitivity_only": {
          "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison",
          "population_estimate_vintage": 2025,
          "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
          "midyear_resident_population": 20080087,
          "value": 4.427271654749305,
          "exact_rational": {
            "numerator": 88900000,
            "denominator": 20080087,
            "reduced_fraction": "88900000/20080087"
          },
          "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate."
        },
        "coverage": {
          "county_membership_complete": true,
          "population_components_reconcile": true,
          "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true,
          "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0,
          "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true,
          "source_person_rows_in_region": 2095,
          "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 52,
          "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0,
          "fatal_person_death_year_counts": {
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            "2025": 3
          },
          "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 25,
          "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 26,
          "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true
        },
        "source_inventories": {
          "omb_county_relationships": 1915,
          "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935,
          "us_population_cbsas": 925,
          "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10,
          "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico",
          "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed."
        },
        "method_qualification": {
          "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
          "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.",
          "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.",
          "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.",
          "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.",
          "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.",
          "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.",
          "manual_source_refs": [
            {
              "report_number": "813794",
              "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794",
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            {
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              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791",
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            {
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              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
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          ],
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        "source_licences": {
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            "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
            "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
            "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
          },
          "population_and_membership": {
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            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
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            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
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        },
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          "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation."
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        "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
        "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
        "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
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      "destination_slugs": [
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      "geography_refs": [
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        "coarse_estimate": 7.405866663426639,
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        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
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      "uncertainty": {
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        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
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      "source_frame_sha256": "20c517bf1a02cde82fae6983b27f0ec2ab3eee1485bba06fb4f2dd79b649e32f",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
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      "geography_refs": [
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    },
    {
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      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7244",
      "value": 5.028670483158895,
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      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
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        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
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        "missing_cells": 2,
        "zero_cells": 1788,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9998856424037966,
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        "weather_covered_population": 20106617.48806346,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 101109553.87839116,
        "native_weather_points": 54,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
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          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
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        {
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
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        {
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          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2702.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "b72fa7f180bae263fdef756c62de0fbaee029fcfc2877ab912096c42920ad80d",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "paris"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:paris"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-78f4385a7d030ed9ac9b",
      "metric": "life-expectancy",
      "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:5GPER",
      "value": 84.3,
      "unit": "years",
      "period_start": "2022-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "standard_error": null,
        "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy",
        "sex": "Persons",
        "age_basis": "at-birth",
        "source_value_literal": "84.3",
        "display_precision_decimals": 1,
        "pooled_years": 3,
        "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell",
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "standard_error": null,
        "workbook": {
          "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx",
          "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0",
          "sheet": "Table 1",
          "persons_cell": "AC105",
          "geography_code_cell": "A105",
          "geography_name_cell": "B105",
          "sex_header": "AC8",
          "period_header": "AA6"
        },
        "geography": {
          "source_code": "5GPER",
          "source_name": "Greater Perth",
          "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:7844",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip",
          "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7",
          "native_shape_content_sha256": "a947058575f82e64d8987fa1e1c0c71de14b0e0741815effeaae2f75415f8bfd",
          "native_dbf_record_sha256": "d4b1c4303b4ae9be0fad06caef44fbf622bb2713f5f409faeb0a44f570823b86",
          "native_record_number": 17
        },
        "coordinate_adapter": {
          "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json",
          "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c",
          "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
          "target_crs": "EPSG:7844",
          "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)",
          "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg",
          "operation_accuracy_metres": 3,
          "input_wgs84": [
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            -31.9505
          ],
          "output_gda2020": [
            115.86051070536215,
            -31.950486607635455
          ],
          "source_coordinate_epoch": null,
          "required_clearance_metres": 100,
          "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 797.6800462154811
        },
        "method_qualification": {
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          "terminal_age": null,
          "overseas_death_rule": null,
          "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.",
          "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.",
          "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed."
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented",
          "label": "Published method detail limited",
          "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.",
        "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx",
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      "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "perth"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:perth"
      ]
    },
    {
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      "metric": "pm25",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:360",
      "value": 6.179239933712975,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
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      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
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      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2972,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2972,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 401,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1772272.0295397,
        "pm_covered_population": 1772272.0295397,
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        "coarse_estimate": 6.1981710538372665,
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        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-360.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "76c337f5f96c63984f7230c9e0547a143168c963e8f82fc0a6e321c469c65d24",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "perth"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:perth"
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    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-78aa657894788e596d8e",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
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      "value": 20.250444352229373,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
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      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
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        "zero_cells": 401,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 1772272.0295397001,
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        "expected_days": 365
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      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
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          "value": 9.294394511117043,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 16472195.42356005
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        {
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          "value": 2.9638756797936385,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5252793.9663312305
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        {
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          "value": 4.999150392914377,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 8859854.412824553
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        {
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          "value": 0,
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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          "value": 0,
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        {
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          "value": 2.9930237684043126,
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      ],
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        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 1772272.0295397001,
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        "monthly_exposure_days": [
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            "strict_value": 9.294394511117043,
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          {
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            "strict_value": 2.9638756797936385,
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            "strict_value": 4.999150392914377,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 8859854.412824553,
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          {
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            "strict_value": 0,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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          {
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          {
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          {
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          {
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            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
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            "strict_value": 2.9930237684043126,
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        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-360.npz",
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      "destination_slugs": [
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      "geography_refs": [
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    },
    {
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      "metric": "pm25",
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        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
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        "cell_count": 2897,
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        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
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      "uncertainty": {
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    {
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        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
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      "uncertainty": {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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      ],
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        "primary_comparison": ">=",
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            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3881.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "592573315ed58d9d5d65a49b0d40a4628e9019f967ac82e727cdc4f49132f8be",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "rome"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:rome"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-d0579a1063848247df00",
      "metric": "road-deaths",
      "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:41860",
      "value": 5.485657050489127,
      "unit": "per 100000",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2024,
      "population_reference_year": 2024,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents",
        "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.",
        "scale": 100000,
        "numerator_person_fatalities": 255,
        "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 237,
        "midyear_resident_population": 4648486,
        "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
        "population_estimate_vintage": 2024,
        "calendar_period": {
          "year": 2024,
          "start": "2024-01-01",
          "end": "2024-12-31"
        },
        "exact_rational": {
          "numerator": 25500000,
          "denominator": 4648486,
          "reduced_fraction": "12750000/2324243"
        },
        "source_victim_selector": {
          "file": "person.csv",
          "field": "INJ_SEV",
          "equals": "4",
          "label": "Fatal Injury (K)"
        },
        "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership",
        "fatal_person_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE",
          "VEH_NO",
          "PER_NO"
        ],
        "crash_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE"
        ],
        "source_classification": {
          "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true,
          "death_followup_days": 30,
          "maximum_followup_hours": 720,
          "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public",
          "time_allocation": "crash-year",
          "fatal_injury_code": "4",
          "prior_death_code": "6",
          "unknown_injury_code": "9",
          "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false,
          "independent_720h_verification": false,
          "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization",
          "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.",
          "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed."
        },
        "source_geography": {
          "native_cbsa_code": "41860",
          "native_geoidfq": "310M700US41860",
          "source_area_name": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA",
          "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards",
          "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024",
          "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:4269",
          "native_record_number": 235,
          "county_count": 5,
          "county_fips": [
            "06001",
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            "06041",
            "06075",
            "06081"
          ],
          "point_adapter": {
            "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
            "target_crs": "EPSG:4269",
            "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)",
            "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80",
            "accuracy_m": 4,
            "is_ballpark": false,
            "coordinate_epoch": null,
            "input_point": [
              -122.4194,
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            "transformed_point": [
              -122.4194,
              37.7749
            ],
            "native_matches": [
              "41860"
            ],
            "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 14220.719993068731,
            "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.",
            "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.",
            "proof": {
              "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof",
              "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json",
              "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6"
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          }
        },
        "original_population_record": {
          "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
          "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0",
          "csv_row_1based": 1319,
          "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024",
          "raw_source_record": {
            "CBSA": "41860",
            "MDIV": "",
            "STCOU": "",
            "NAME": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA",
            "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area",
            "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "4753655",
            "POPESTIMATE2020": "4745673",
            "POPESTIMATE2021": "4621751",
            "POPESTIMATE2022": "4599793",
            "POPESTIMATE2023": "4609445",
            "POPESTIMATE2024": "4648486",
            "NPOPCHG2020": "-7982",
            "NPOPCHG2021": "-123922",
            "NPOPCHG2022": "-21958",
            "NPOPCHG2023": "9652",
            "NPOPCHG2024": "39041",
            "BIRTHS2020": "11802",
            "BIRTHS2021": "45657",
            "BIRTHS2022": "46095",
            "BIRTHS2023": "44037",
            "BIRTHS2024": "43208",
            "DEATHS2020": "8352",
            "DEATHS2021": "35445",
            "DEATHS2022": "33691",
            "DEATHS2023": "33179",
            "DEATHS2024": "32039",
            "NATURALCHG2020": "3450",
            "NATURALCHG2021": "10212",
            "NATURALCHG2022": "12404",
            "NATURALCHG2023": "10858",
            "NATURALCHG2024": "11169",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "478",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "10054",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "45782",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "55387",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "67708",
            "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-11891",
            "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-136463",
            "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-81403",
            "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-56942",
            "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-39938",
            "NETMIG2020": "-11413",
            "NETMIG2021": "-126409",
            "NETMIG2022": "-35621",
            "NETMIG2023": "-1555",
            "NETMIG2024": "27770",
            "RESIDUAL2020": "-19",
            "RESIDUAL2021": "-7725",
            "RESIDUAL2022": "1259",
            "RESIDUAL2023": "349",
            "RESIDUAL2024": "102"
          }
        },
        "original_source_archives": {
          "fars": {
            "manifest": {
              "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest",
              "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json",
              "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d"
            },
            "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration",
            "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "bytes": 32672161,
            "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f",
            "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression",
            "parts": [
              {
                "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin",
                "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033",
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                "offset": 0,
                "bytes": 20000000,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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                "bytes": 12672161,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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            ]
          },
          "native_geometry": {
            "manifest": {
              "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest",
              "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json",
              "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0"
            },
            "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
            "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "bytes": 34959504,
            "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e",
            "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression",
            "parts": [
              {
                "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin",
                "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b",
                "order": 1,
                "offset": 0,
                "bytes": 20000000,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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              {
                "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin",
                "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1",
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                "offset": 20000000,
                "bytes": 14959504,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
              }
            ]
          },
          "membership": {
            "id": "road-2024-membership",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx",
            "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629"
          },
          "population": {
            "id": "road-2024-population",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0"
          },
          "population_revision": {
            "id": "road-2024-population-revision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852"
          }
        },
        "source_frames": {
          "county_membership_population": {
            "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population.json",
            "sha256": "5f1c8125cd93e38e1ddd28130e0fb40cb3db0e16c1bdfc597d97f6c8da375630"
          },
          "native_boundary": {
            "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary.json",
            "sha256": "8df2af4146e0f820b57ce300d2678ac82f90eb3da8342dcd721768b8d378d7b6"
          },
          "fatal_persons": {
            "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-persons",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-persons.json",
            "sha256": "aabbfc5b855a3c1352e0ccb2877220f267ff29b0262873335d7fa5a60f111803"
          },
          "fatal_crashes": {
            "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-crashes",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-crashes.json",
            "sha256": "ec4abeadaa46c6dc8acfab53983023407599dcb7b54d0b454333453f2f83cae9"
          },
          "source_facts": {
            "id": "road-2024-source-facts",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json",
            "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39"
          }
        },
        "revision_sensitivity_only": {
          "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison",
          "population_estimate_vintage": 2025,
          "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
          "midyear_resident_population": 4623434,
          "value": 5.5153809917044345,
          "exact_rational": {
            "numerator": 25500000,
            "denominator": 4623434,
            "reduced_fraction": "12750000/2311717"
          },
          "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate."
        },
        "coverage": {
          "county_membership_complete": true,
          "population_components_reconcile": true,
          "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true,
          "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0,
          "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true,
          "source_person_rows_in_region": 545,
          "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 18,
          "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0,
          "fatal_person_death_year_counts": {
            "2024": 247,
            "9999": 8
          },
          "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0,
          "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0,
          "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true
        },
        "source_inventories": {
          "omb_county_relationships": 1915,
          "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935,
          "us_population_cbsas": 925,
          "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10,
          "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico",
          "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed."
        },
        "method_qualification": {
          "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
          "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.",
          "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.",
          "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.",
          "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.",
          "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.",
          "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.",
          "manual_source_refs": [
            {
              "report_number": "813794",
              "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad",
              "pdf_pages": [
                6,
                10
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813791",
              "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408",
              "pdf_pages": [
                14
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813798",
              "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a",
              "pdf_pages": [
                521
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            }
          ],
          "geographic_change_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json",
            "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3"
          },
          "rights_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-rights",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json",
            "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3"
          },
          "independent_audit": {
            "id": "road-2024-independent-proof",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json",
            "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb"
          },
          "initial_scope_decision": {
            "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json",
            "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc"
          }
        },
        "source_licences": {
          "fatalities": {
            "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
            "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
            "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
          },
          "population_and_membership": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          },
          "native_geometry": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          }
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "provisional-arf",
          "label": "Provisional ARF",
          "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization"
        },
        {
          "code": "territorial-source-count",
          "label": "Territorial, not resident risk",
          "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents."
        },
        {
          "code": "unknowns-retained",
          "label": "Source unknowns preserved",
          "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
        "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
        "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
      },
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      "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.",
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      "destination_slugs": [
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      ],
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        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
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      "uncertainty": {
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        ],
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        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6567.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "8adaee75bf57b0334cb4e6374be59fabadeec3752d599be66f02906df8234e2d",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "sao-paulo"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:sao-paulo"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-d9b02f320f92167ab090",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6567",
      "value": 2.853240056641495,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 6077,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 6077,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 378,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 21671856.66410414,
        "weather_covered_population": 21671856.66410414,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 61835009.53581487,
        "native_weather_points": 18,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.0033138656149938337,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 71817.62061224968
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        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0.007599566816855324,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 164696.72276417076
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.004584084422927069,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 99345.62054982799
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.001021823403530299,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22144.810337335686
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.0010853516625349616,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 23521.58566060482
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.0022920422114635344,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 49672.810274913994
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 2.83334332250919,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 61403810.36561576
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      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 21671856.66410414,
        "strict_value": 2.853240056641495,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 61835009.53581487,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
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            "strict_value": 0.0033138656149938337,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 71817.62061224968,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
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            "strict_value": 0.007599566816855324,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 164696.72276417076,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
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            "strict_value": 0.004584084422927069,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 99345.62054982799,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.001021823403530299,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 22144.810337335686,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.0010853516625349616,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 23521.58566060482,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.0022920422114635344,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 49672.810274913994,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
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            "strict_value": 2.83334332250919,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 61403810.36561576,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6567.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "a539162d1ac20b5b6b010e3aa5537d5011f57456aa40dc61c7a4ab06b13a521b",
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      "destination_slugs": [
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      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:sao-paulo"
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    },
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      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
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      "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0",
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      "population_reference_year": 2024,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
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        "scale": 100000,
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        "source_victim_selector": {
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        "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership",
        "fatal_person_identity": [
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        "crash_identity": [
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          "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public",
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            "reduced_fraction": "6360000/823763"
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          "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate."
        },
        "coverage": {
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          "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 35,
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            "9999": 3
          },
          "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1,
          "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1,
          "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true
        },
        "source_inventories": {
          "omb_county_relationships": 1915,
          "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935,
          "us_population_cbsas": 925,
          "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10,
          "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico",
          "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed."
        },
        "method_qualification": {
          "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
          "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.",
          "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.",
          "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.",
          "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.",
          "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.",
          "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.",
          "manual_source_refs": [
            {
              "report_number": "813794",
              "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad",
              "pdf_pages": [
                6,
                10
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813791",
              "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408",
              "pdf_pages": [
                14
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813798",
              "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a",
              "pdf_pages": [
                521
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            }
          ],
          "geographic_change_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json",
            "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3"
          },
          "rights_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-rights",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json",
            "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3"
          },
          "independent_audit": {
            "id": "road-2024-independent-proof",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json",
            "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb"
          },
          "initial_scope_decision": {
            "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json",
            "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc"
          }
        },
        "source_licences": {
          "fatalities": {
            "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
            "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
            "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
          },
          "population_and_membership": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          },
          "native_geometry": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          }
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "provisional-arf",
          "label": "Provisional ARF",
          "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization"
        },
        {
          "code": "territorial-source-count",
          "label": "Territorial, not resident risk",
          "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents."
        },
        {
          "code": "unknowns-retained",
          "label": "Source unknowns preserved",
          "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
        "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
        "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population.json",
      "source_frame_sha256": "a7f1ae06c9ab85f7312aa640fdd3491c011e02338609c8b42bc6c05562fe635f",
      "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0",
      "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.",
      "denominator": 4145494,
      "geography": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "seattle"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:seattle"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-d5d82e996b830b624aa1",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4510",
      "value": 4.916366356001811,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 8328,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 8328,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 1183,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 4209772.909507131,
        "pm_covered_population": 4209772.909507131,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 20696785.898708716,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 4.914310171073327,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 4.94325083883346,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4510.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "97ad0dd9a87f8df64a85cea9adc323f29cd1ba5bfbae22b10e8227e8b144faa4",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "seattle"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:seattle"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-e71a2b3a0da1c8b43f33",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4510",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 8328,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 8328,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 1183,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 4209772.909507131,
        "weather_covered_population": 4209772.909507131,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 28,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 4209772.909507131,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4510.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "df825bf64476f8452cc4de544a74c0b37ccf4b0673b9e4c8349546c5f2bf15c0",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "seattle"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:seattle"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-08ae019771b739e8313e",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:94",
      "value": 24.528811714043485,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9997164327236637,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 7053,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 7051,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 2,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 357,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 25199125.371400096,
        "pm_covered_population": 25199125.371400096,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 618104601.593649,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 24.523095908554474,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 24.40026725497703,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-94.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "49da26ac162999fc969b3c006fa048b4b54863999c6344c984088da33cfc3a45",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "seoul"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:seoul"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-9abdf825512320454308",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:94",
      "value": 10.59215900495182,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 7053,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 7051,
        "missing_cells": 2,
        "zero_cells": 357,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9997164327236637,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 25199125.3714001,
        "weather_covered_population": 25199125.3714001,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 266913142.71958545,
        "native_weather_points": 23,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
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            "month": "2025-05",
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            "strict_value": 5.0321209700406735,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 29732397.698251676,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 1.1612586853940015,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 1.1612586853940015,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.935431142323336,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11435537.576250644,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 1.548344913858669,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.548344913858669,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-154.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "8fdf5c86b753e82b097a406fc0c40d259d5753a3cf927fc5e1f279e4bf0f5eeb",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "singapore"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:singapore"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-fdef2380061910c88983",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1445",
      "value": 5.962643953866693,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
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      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2536,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2536,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 316,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2241651.3560709828,
        "pm_covered_population": 2241651.3560709828,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 13366168.904953718,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 5.954755871878652,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 5.890397786700122,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1445.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "742d8face701c5beab900d859fc9a0b96ba80225bc59238649aa4603474d7332",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "stockholm"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:stockholm"
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    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-27fa0a141247cace8979",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1445",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
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      "coverage": {
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        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2536,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 316,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2241651.3560709828,
        "weather_covered_population": 2241651.3560709828,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
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        "native_weather_points": 15,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
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          "value": 0,
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
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        {
          "month": "2025-03",
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
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        {
          "month": "2025-08",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
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        {
          "month": "2025-11",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
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        {
          "month": "2025-12",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
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      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
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        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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          {
            "month": "2025-02",
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          {
            "month": "2025-03",
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          {
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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          {
            "month": "2025-05",
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1445.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "33b355c84f20124af86ec9ebb7f93470172548fae7347d7f821b1de4f4fd5ced",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "stockholm"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:stockholm"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-8695d27df17aac2b9c62",
      "metric": "life-expectancy",
      "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:1GSYD",
      "value": 84.3,
      "unit": "years",
      "period_start": "2022-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "standard_error": null,
        "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy",
        "sex": "Persons",
        "age_basis": "at-birth",
        "source_value_literal": "84.3",
        "display_precision_decimals": 1,
        "pooled_years": 3,
        "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell",
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "standard_error": null,
        "workbook": {
          "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx",
          "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0",
          "sheet": "Table 1",
          "persons_cell": "AC27",
          "geography_code_cell": "A27",
          "geography_name_cell": "B27",
          "sex_header": "AC8",
          "period_header": "AA6"
        },
        "geography": {
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          "source_name": "Greater Sydney",
          "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:7844",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip",
          "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7",
          "native_shape_content_sha256": "fea204070fad9e82065f12d49c61b220821cadc61181c6beb036a4d261f8bf9e",
          "native_dbf_record_sha256": "f917f9674b4a753d3d777c1e2798c4aad9d15a4bee1f0ad725909f803cb09851",
          "native_record_number": 1
        },
        "coordinate_adapter": {
          "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json",
          "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c",
          "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
          "target_crs": "EPSG:7844",
          "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)",
          "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg",
          "operation_accuracy_metres": 3,
          "input_wgs84": [
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            -33.8688
          ],
          "output_gda2020": [
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            -33.868787317733016
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          "source_coordinate_epoch": null,
          "required_clearance_metres": 100,
          "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 585.8715606090714
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        "method_qualification": {
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          "terminal_age": null,
          "overseas_death_rule": null,
          "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.",
          "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.",
          "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed."
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented",
          "label": "Published method detail limited",
          "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.",
        "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx",
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      "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "sydney"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:sydney"
      ]
    },
    {
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      "metric": "pm25",
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      "source_model": {
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        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
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      "coverage": {
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        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 3881,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 3881,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 693,
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        "coarse_estimate": 5.783263563278759,
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        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1830.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "47e40a9217d52d2a844c2c69902e71645c4f6643bd73f9a4f12087b86b949cdf",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "sydney"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:sydney"
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    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-a6f9f7616b63fa8aa447",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1830",
      "value": 8.79453460083655,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
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      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
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      "coverage": {
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        "zero_cells": 693,
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        "total_known_modelled_population": 4784217.805250018,
        "weather_covered_population": 4784217.805250018,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 42074969.026209585,
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        "expected_days": 365
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      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
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          "value": 2.5599213109412626,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 12247221.115844157
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        {
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          "value": 0.6256459741724335,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2993226.6094187493
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        {
          "month": "2025-03",
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          "value": 0.6251531791299564,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2990868.970602191
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.220928662415943,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3875296.7112223078,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 4.642219042122139,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 14734666.111541182,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.0215333229992977,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 68347.98655290902,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.28689855023630684,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 910632.2444631387,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-419.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "a4976ff2ef452efce761492055cee80bb6c63b648fa66fceafbd51263fc9dd1f",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "tel-aviv"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tel-aviv"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-7e1bccb72d80c8980cf7",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5129",
      "value": 12.907995602808032,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9971598028569042,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 11971,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 11937,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 34,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 934,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 36697548.9260917,
        "pm_covered_population": 36697548.9260917,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 473691800.17182434,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 12.907096731928107,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 12.889587420219799,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5129.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "4f0d6280620ab857695c96370145c4f70bc5241ae13c8c577326097db9f60083",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "tokyo"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:tokyo"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-0bcc9f53899334675205",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5129",
      "value": 29.44000849449062,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 11971,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 11937,
        "missing_cells": 34,
        "zero_cells": 934,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9971598028569042,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 36697548.9260917,
        "weather_covered_population": 36697548.9260917,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1080376152.1111248,
        "native_weather_points": 33,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.25519059874306943,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9364869.482852425
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 8.804585907445192,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 323106722.11244744
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 15.854601605423266,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 581825018.1187123
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 4.52563038287909,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 166079542.39711252
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 36697548.9260917,
        "strict_value": 29.44000849449062,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1080376152.1111248,
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        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.25519059874306943,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9364869.482852425,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 8.804585907445192,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 323106722.11244744,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 15.854601605423266,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 581825018.1187123,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 4.52563038287909,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 166079542.39711252,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5129.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "d64332f7607272912a095070a090e36047f1c95ce75a0af74d82d7d8db41d1d3",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "tokyo"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tokyo"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-b7b3dfe2e6b73cacba97",
      "metric": "rental-vacancy",
      "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:535",
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "%",
      "period_start": "2025-10-01",
      "period_end": "2025-10-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published",
        "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "coefficient_of_variation": null
      },
      "temporal_basis": {
        "precision": "month",
        "source_period": "2025-10",
        "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.",
        "exact_reference_date": null,
        "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01",
        "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31",
        "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01",
        "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "published-survey-rate",
        "published_rate": 3,
        "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1,
        "reported_universe_units": 343539,
        "vacant_unit_estimate": null,
        "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.",
        "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe."
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "a",
          "label": "Excellent",
          "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data",
        "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
        "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data"
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-toronto-99ad5966bead.xlsx",
      "source_frame_sha256": "99ad5966bead408ce75761a8a9540d2748cd28deb764a42d16ffde32facf9f6d",
      "source_ref": "source-98dd8b2c9fcc36a6",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "toronto"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:toronto"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-71d5ba14cc3e15301698",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2626",
      "value": 7.436258516437588,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
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      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 8223,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 8223,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 695,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 7480038.247888051,
        "pm_covered_population": 7480038.247888051,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 55623498.12413642,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 7.439659413893029,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 7.3685864451226815,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2626.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "01da7808702b23d88e0f9937906e04cb0a5eb4237d374b9b4ea8d5c5cd3cfd86",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "toronto"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:toronto"
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    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-56f7b6dae5c197248b7f",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2626",
      "value": 0.5964887244391212,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
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      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
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      "coverage": {
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        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 695,
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        "total_known_modelled_population": 7480038.24788805,
        "weather_covered_population": 7480038.24788805,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4461758.473238582,
        "native_weather_points": 28,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
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          "value": 0,
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
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          "value": 0,
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
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          "value": 0,
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        {
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          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
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        {
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          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0.5323121656928872,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3981715.3591989176
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        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0.06417655874623396,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 480043.11403966433
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        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 7480038.24788805,
        "strict_value": 0.5964887244391212,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4461758.473238582,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
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            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0.5323121656928872,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3981715.3591989176,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0.06417655874623396,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 480043.11403966433,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
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        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2626.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "ff088c3583813b23d8668120018e958d9292783bc834e47b9ab224cc366c4fbb",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "toronto"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:toronto"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-af3a201f0ecb32fcea8c",
      "metric": "housing-supply",
      "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:535",
      "value": 5.072955295029846,
      "unit": "per 1000",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "population_reference_year": 2025,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "numeric-uncertainty-not-published",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "coefficient_of_variation": null,
        "note": "Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Completion rows carry blank original quality/revision symbols; blank does not imply zero uncertainty or finality."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "gross-completions-per-midyear-resident",
        "calculation": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.",
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        "midyear_population": 7108874,
        "scale": 1000,
        "exact_rational": {
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          "denominator": 7108874,
          "decimal_28_digit_context": "5.072955295029845795550744042",
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        "calendar_period": {
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          "end": "2025-12-31",
          "year": 2025
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        "population_reference_date": "2025-07-01",
        "population_status": "preliminary-postcensal",
        "gross_or_net": "gross-new-build",
        "all_intended_markets": true,
        "completion_standard": "Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption.",
        "dwelling_definition": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.",
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        "source_completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503535",
        "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503535",
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          "Semi-detached units": 326,
          "Row units": 4448,
          "Apartment and other unit types": 26991
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        "completion_by_intended_market": {
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            "source_cell": "D43"
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          "condominium": {
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            "source_cell": "E43"
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          "cooperative": {
            "raw": "-",
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            "source_cell": "F43"
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              "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:08 GMT",
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          },
          "monthly": {
            "id": "housing-2025-monthly",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-monthly-0b6bfd429925.zip",
            "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13",
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            ],
            "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data",
            "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
            "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
            "original_retrieval_receipt": {
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              "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip",
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          },
          "population": {
            "id": "housing-2025-population",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-population-7b007a0ff50b.zip",
            "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5",
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            ],
            "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence",
            "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence",
            "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence",
            "original_retrieval_receipt": {
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              "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip",
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            }
          }
        },
        "original_source_precision": {
          "completion_published_decimals": 0,
          "population_published_decimals": 0,
          "completion_unit": "Units",
          "population_unit": "Persons",
          "scalar_factor": "units",
          "note": "Integer source operands; derived rate has no independently measured decimal precision."
        },
        "revision_status": {
          "annual_table_release": "2026-01-21",
          "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19",
          "population_table_release": "2026-01-14",
          "completion_observation_flags": "Blank original STATUS/SYMBOL; no finality assertion",
          "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true,
          "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final",
          "xlsx_http_last_modified": "Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:09:06 GMT",
          "xlsx_internal_modified": "2026-01-16T17:28:52Z",
          "xlsx_internal_modified_notice": "Document metadata timestamp, not the observation period, retrieval date or independently verified publication date"
        },
        "licence": {
          "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data",
          "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
          "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
          "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data"
        },
        "population_licence": {
          "name": "Statistics Canada Open Licence",
          "url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence",
          "acknowledgement": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.",
          "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence"
        },
        "native_scope_note": {
          "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx",
          "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171",
          "sheet": "Notes",
          "cell": "A2"
        }
      },
      "quality_flags": [],
      "licence": {
        "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data",
        "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
        "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data"
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json",
      "source_frame_sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f",
      "source_ref": "source-60dc249871b8d194",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "toronto"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:toronto"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-8beffe4578e53f8ea76b",
      "metric": "rental-vacancy",
      "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:933",
      "value": 3.7,
      "unit": "%",
      "period_start": "2025-10-01",
      "period_end": "2025-10-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published",
        "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "coefficient_of_variation": null
      },
      "temporal_basis": {
        "precision": "month",
        "source_period": "2025-10",
        "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.",
        "exact_reference_date": null,
        "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01",
        "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31",
        "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01",
        "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "published-survey-rate",
        "published_rate": 3.7,
        "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1,
        "reported_universe_units": 129351,
        "vacant_unit_estimate": null,
        "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.",
        "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe."
      },
      "quality_flags": [
        {
          "code": "a",
          "label": "Excellent",
          "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data",
        "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
        "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data"
      },
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      "source_frame_sha256": "2fda7bea9ad42787c1820dd4d60f11091ff2455c4eec1732b14acc97660c3258",
      "source_ref": "source-85a93333571949d9",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "vancouver"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:vancouver"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-b1a5ab477316b44f3f4a",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:375",
      "value": 5.393363920419621,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
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        "cell_count": 1601,
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        "weighted_concentration_sum": 13521909.542419571,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 5.395355326842808,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 5.406431635670564,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-375.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "d0014739517b793332d827bf92a877613a377fad8070d18099b62c0403273b9f",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "vancouver"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:vancouver"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-7e5e3eeb1901dd976150",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:375",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 1601,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 1601,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 212,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2507138.354084499,
        "weather_covered_population": 2507138.354084499,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "native_weather_points": 11,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
          "calendar_days": 28,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
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          "value": 0,
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
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        },
        {
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          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 2507138.354084499,
        "strict_value": 0,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
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            "strict_value": 0,
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          },
          {
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            "strict_value": 0,
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          {
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          {
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            "strict_value": 0,
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          },
          {
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            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
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          },
          {
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            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-375.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "3cf200bf5e1bfe8bc0373dd8e6b4170150437c08e315b162a2fbebd2a4147e42",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
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      ],
      "geography_refs": [
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    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-cfcdb8121a76b1ecc885",
      "metric": "housing-supply",
      "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:933",
      "value": 9.991787660506548,
      "unit": "per 1000",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2021,
      "population_reference_year": 2025,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "numeric-uncertainty-not-published",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "coefficient_of_variation": null,
        "note": "Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Completion rows carry blank original quality/revision symbols; blank does not imply zero uncertainty or finality."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "gross-completions-per-midyear-resident",
        "calculation": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.",
        "completion_count": 30855,
        "midyear_population": 3088036,
        "scale": 1000,
        "exact_rational": {
          "numerator": 30855000,
          "denominator": 3088036,
          "decimal_28_digit_context": "9.991787660506548498786931240",
          "expression": "1000 * 30855 / 3088036"
        },
        "calendar_period": {
          "start": "2025-01-01",
          "end": "2025-12-31",
          "year": 2025
        },
        "population_reference_date": "2025-07-01",
        "population_status": "preliminary-postcensal",
        "gross_or_net": "gross-new-build",
        "all_intended_markets": true,
        "completion_standard": "Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption.",
        "dwelling_definition": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.",
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        "revision_status": {
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          "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19",
          "population_table_release": "2026-01-14",
          "completion_observation_flags": "Blank original STATUS/SYMBOL; no finality assertion",
          "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true,
          "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final",
          "xlsx_http_last_modified": "Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:09:06 GMT",
          "xlsx_internal_modified": "2026-01-16T17:28:52Z",
          "xlsx_internal_modified_notice": "Document metadata timestamp, not the observation period, retrieval date or independently verified publication date"
        },
        "licence": {
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          "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
          "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
          "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
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          "acknowledgement": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.",
          "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.",
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        "native_scope_note": {
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        "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
        "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
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      "value": 6.836025044088477,
      "unit": "per 100000",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2024,
      "population_reference_year": 2024,
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-provided",
        "standard_error": null,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty."
      },
      "derivation": {
        "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents",
        "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.",
        "scale": 100000,
        "numerator_person_fatalities": 440,
        "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 415,
        "midyear_resident_population": 6436489,
        "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
        "population_estimate_vintage": 2024,
        "calendar_period": {
          "year": 2024,
          "start": "2024-01-01",
          "end": "2024-12-31"
        },
        "exact_rational": {
          "numerator": 44000000,
          "denominator": 6436489,
          "reduced_fraction": "44000000/6436489"
        },
        "source_victim_selector": {
          "file": "person.csv",
          "field": "INJ_SEV",
          "equals": "4",
          "label": "Fatal Injury (K)"
        },
        "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership",
        "fatal_person_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE",
          "VEH_NO",
          "PER_NO"
        ],
        "crash_identity": [
          "STATE",
          "ST_CASE"
        ],
        "source_classification": {
          "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true,
          "death_followup_days": 30,
          "maximum_followup_hours": 720,
          "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public",
          "time_allocation": "crash-year",
          "fatal_injury_code": "4",
          "prior_death_code": "6",
          "unknown_injury_code": "9",
          "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false,
          "independent_720h_verification": false,
          "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization",
          "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.",
          "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed."
        },
        "source_geography": {
          "native_cbsa_code": "47900",
          "native_geoidfq": "310M700US47900",
          "source_area_name": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV",
          "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards",
          "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024",
          "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01",
          "native_crs": "EPSG:4269",
          "native_record_number": 485,
          "county_count": 23,
          "county_fips": [
            "11001",
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            "24021",
            "24031",
            "24033",
            "51013",
            "51043",
            "51047",
            "51059",
            "51061",
            "51107",
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            "51157",
            "51177",
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            "51187",
            "51510",
            "51600",
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          "point_adapter": {
            "source_crs": "EPSG:4326",
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            "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)",
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            "is_ballpark": false,
            "coordinate_epoch": null,
            "input_point": [
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            "transformed_point": [
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            "native_matches": [
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            ],
            "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 24947.798351437592,
            "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.",
            "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.",
            "proof": {
              "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof",
              "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json",
              "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6"
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        "original_population_record": {
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          "csv_row_1based": 1523,
          "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024",
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            "STCOU": "",
            "NAME": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV",
            "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area",
            "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "6278595",
            "POPESTIMATE2020": "6260475",
            "POPESTIMATE2021": "6259238",
            "POPESTIMATE2022": "6289810",
            "POPESTIMATE2023": "6345881",
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            "NPOPCHG2020": "-18120",
            "NPOPCHG2021": "-1237",
            "NPOPCHG2022": "30572",
            "NPOPCHG2023": "56071",
            "NPOPCHG2024": "90608",
            "BIRTHS2020": "18183",
            "BIRTHS2021": "71296",
            "BIRTHS2022": "72694",
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            "BIRTHS2024": "68895",
            "DEATHS2020": "13235",
            "DEATHS2021": "42106",
            "DEATHS2022": "42544",
            "DEATHS2023": "39812",
            "DEATHS2024": "39376",
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            "NATURALCHG2021": "29190",
            "NATURALCHG2022": "30150",
            "NATURALCHG2023": "31067",
            "NATURALCHG2024": "29519",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "1056",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "16934",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "69186",
            "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "69032",
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            "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-21158",
            "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-47063",
            "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-69575",
            "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-44169",
            "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-22784",
            "NETMIG2020": "-20102",
            "NETMIG2021": "-30129",
            "NETMIG2022": "-389",
            "NETMIG2023": "24863",
            "NETMIG2024": "61060",
            "RESIDUAL2020": "-2966",
            "RESIDUAL2021": "-298",
            "RESIDUAL2022": "811",
            "RESIDUAL2023": "141",
            "RESIDUAL2024": "29"
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        },
        "original_source_archives": {
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            "manifest": {
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              "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json",
              "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d"
            },
            "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration",
            "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "bytes": 32672161,
            "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f",
            "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression",
            "parts": [
              {
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                "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin",
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                "bytes": 20000000,
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          "native_geometry": {
            "manifest": {
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              "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json",
              "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0"
            },
            "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
            "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "bytes": 34959504,
            "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e",
            "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression",
            "parts": [
              {
                "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001",
                "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin",
                "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b",
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                "bytes": 20000000,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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                "bytes": 14959504,
                "content_type": "application/octet-stream",
                "standalone_zip": false
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          },
          "membership": {
            "id": "road-2024-membership",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx",
            "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629"
          },
          "population": {
            "id": "road-2024-population",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0"
          },
          "population_revision": {
            "id": "road-2024-population-revision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv",
            "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852"
          }
        },
        "source_frames": {
          "county_membership_population": {
            "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population.json",
            "sha256": "8fcbe9e141daab0dcd5891bf0b071e3389f75cf1d553e5099e63cfc438f9f173"
          },
          "native_boundary": {
            "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary.json",
            "sha256": "a66806f4c4ab8dc539816f3649de4e274f625f82b30ade0f6c08f0ecfe3d5ccf"
          },
          "fatal_persons": {
            "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-persons",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-persons.json",
            "sha256": "2aba112a4c739abfe4607d22262188fc11f297babb9884c04b543683a9915cc6"
          },
          "fatal_crashes": {
            "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-crashes",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-crashes.json",
            "sha256": "e935e03049ce49fd4abe3f7ffa3ad19658a17a476727de4f9ec6208400fbdf5c"
          },
          "source_facts": {
            "id": "road-2024-source-facts",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json",
            "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39"
          }
        },
        "revision_sensitivity_only": {
          "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison",
          "population_estimate_vintage": 2025,
          "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01",
          "midyear_resident_population": 6415518,
          "value": 6.858370594549029,
          "exact_rational": {
            "numerator": 44000000,
            "denominator": 6415518,
            "reduced_fraction": "22000000/3207759"
          },
          "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate."
        },
        "coverage": {
          "county_membership_complete": true,
          "population_components_reconcile": true,
          "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true,
          "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0,
          "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true,
          "source_person_rows_in_region": 1017,
          "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 27,
          "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0,
          "fatal_person_death_year_counts": {
            "2024": 439,
            "9999": 1
          },
          "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 6,
          "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 6,
          "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true
        },
        "source_inventories": {
          "omb_county_relationships": 1915,
          "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935,
          "us_population_cbsas": 925,
          "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10,
          "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico",
          "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed."
        },
        "method_qualification": {
          "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.",
          "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.",
          "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.",
          "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.",
          "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.",
          "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.",
          "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.",
          "manual_source_refs": [
            {
              "report_number": "813794",
              "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad",
              "pdf_pages": [
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                10
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813791",
              "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408",
              "pdf_pages": [
                14
              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null
            },
            {
              "report_number": "813798",
              "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual",
              "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798",
              "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a",
              "pdf_pages": [
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              ],
              "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed",
              "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false
            }
          ],
          "geographic_change_review": {
            "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json",
            "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3"
          },
          "rights_review": {
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            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json",
            "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3"
          },
          "independent_audit": {
            "id": "road-2024-independent-proof",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json",
            "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb"
          },
          "initial_scope_decision": {
            "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision",
            "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json",
            "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc"
          }
        },
        "source_licences": {
          "fatalities": {
            "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
            "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
            "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
          },
          "population_and_membership": {
            "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          },
          "native_geometry": {
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            "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
            "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
            "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
            "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
          }
        }
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      "quality_flags": [
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          "label": "Provisional ARF",
          "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization"
        },
        {
          "code": "territorial-source-count",
          "label": "Territorial, not resident risk",
          "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents."
        },
        {
          "code": "unknowns-retained",
          "label": "Source unknowns preserved",
          "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation."
        }
      ],
      "licence": {
        "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted",
        "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use",
        "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
        "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.",
        "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use"
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population.json",
      "source_frame_sha256": "8fcbe9e141daab0dcd5891bf0b071e3389f75cf1d553e5099e63cfc438f9f173",
      "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0",
      "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.",
      "denominator": 6436489,
      "geography": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries",
      "definition_version": "1.0.0",
      "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "washington-dc"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:washington-dc"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-a031618808094eb40713",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7068",
      "value": 7.024206774902888,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
      "period_end": "2024-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 7446,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 7446,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 341,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 5991806.5196682345,
        "pm_covered_population": 5991806.5196682345,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 42087687.94936091,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 7.017997089491702,
        "bilinear_population_coverage": 1,
        "coarse_estimate": 6.974952201989161,
        "coarse_population_coverage": 1,
        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7068.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "a8ce05dee873150270db7495faec44def70ecc354a6bcfbc91fcda45a0176579",
      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "washington-dc"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:washington-dc"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-7f24dfd7638a1f124536",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7068",
      "value": 18.8951179654893,
      "unit": "person-days/person",
      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
      "period_end": "2025-12-31",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
      "boundary_reference_year": 2015,
      "population_reference_year": 2020,
      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
      },
      "coverage": {
        "cell_count": 7446,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 7446,
        "missing_cells": 0,
        "zero_cells": 341,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 5991806.5196682345,
        "weather_covered_population": 5991806.5196682345,
        "weather_population_coverage": 1,
        "weighted_exposed_person_days": 113215891.01551917,
        "native_weather_points": 24,
        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
        {
          "month": "2025-01",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 6.393254620612407,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 38307144.717684485
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 10.939948014328397,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 65550051.83708445
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-08",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 1.561915330548495,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9358694.460750237
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-09",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
          "calendar_days": 30,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
          "calendar_days": 31,
          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        }
      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 5991806.5196682345,
        "strict_value": 18.8951179654893,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 113215891.01551917,
        "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
        "equality_weighted_person_days": 0,
        "monthly_exposure_days": [
          {
            "month": "2025-01",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
            "calendar_days": 28,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-03",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-04",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-05",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-06",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 6.393254620612407,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 38307144.717684485,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-07",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 10.939948014328397,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 65550051.83708445,
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            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-08",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 1.561915330548495,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9358694.460750237,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-09",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-10",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-11",
            "calendar_days": 30,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          },
          {
            "month": "2025-12",
            "calendar_days": 31,
            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
            "equality_weighted_person_days": 0
          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7068.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "57f558c4796780e72f1678b7d2927a971fb8199f0f104fe399693e76892f7444",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
        "washington-dc"
      ],
      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:washington-dc"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-29b378c30a8e898f76b6",
      "metric": "pm25",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1479",
      "value": 9.384315653447127,
      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "period_start": "2024-01-01",
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      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0",
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      "concentration_year": 2024,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "SatPM CNNPM25",
        "version": "V6.GL.03",
        "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
        "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928"
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      "coverage": {
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "pm_population_coverage": 1,
        "cell_count": 2588,
        "population_grid_valid_cells": 2588,
        "population_grid_missing_cells": 0,
        "population_grid_zero_cells": 124,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2124245.7611781457,
        "pm_covered_population": 2124245.7611781457,
        "weighted_concentration_sum": 19934592.74839278,
        "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0
      },
      "sensitivity": {
        "bilinear_estimate": 9.377556393220683,
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        "coarse_estimate": 9.199829018771133,
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        "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values."
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1479.npz",
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      "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730",
      "destination_slugs": [
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      "geography_refs": [
        "efua-2015-v1-0:zurich"
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    },
    {
      "id": "index-measurement-9fb4ea7c5137ebbc629d",
      "metric": "heat-exposure",
      "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1479",
      "value": 0.4857585144139428,
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      "period_start": "2025-01-01",
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      "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0",
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      "weather_reference_year": 2025,
      "source_model": {
        "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)",
        "version": null,
        "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview",
        "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0"
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        "zero_cells": 124,
        "population_grid_area_coverage": 1,
        "total_known_modelled_population": 2124245.7611781457,
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        "expected_days": 365
      },
      "uncertainty": {
        "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area",
        "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure."
      },
      "monthly_exposure_days": [
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          "value": 0,
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-02",
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          "value": 0,
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-03",
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-04",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-05",
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          "value": 0,
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-06",
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          "value": 0,
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-07",
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          "value": 0.1290140799089244,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 274057.61237883125
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        {
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          "value": 0.35674443450501836,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 757812.8528211799
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        {
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-10",
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          "value": 0,
          "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0
        },
        {
          "month": "2025-11",
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          "value": 0,
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        },
        {
          "month": "2025-12",
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          "value": 0,
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      ],
      "definition_sensitivity": {
        "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity",
        "threshold_c": 38,
        "primary_comparison": ">=",
        "reference_comparison": ">",
        "denominator": 2124245.7611781457,
        "strict_value": 0.4857585144139428,
        "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1031870.4652000112,
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        "monthly_exposure_days": [
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
            "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0,
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          },
          {
            "month": "2025-02",
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          },
          {
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          {
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          {
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          {
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          {
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            "strict_value": 0.1290140799089244,
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          {
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            "strict_value": 0.35674443450501836,
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          {
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          {
            "month": "2025-10",
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            "strict_value": 0,
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          {
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          {
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            "strict_value": 0,
            "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0,
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          }
        ],
        "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established."
      },
      "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1479.npz",
      "source_frame_sha256": "f18a4e94f2f4577af9ca56bff16652616138d28b9f15693dab1de8e61e58cbf5",
      "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb",
      "destination_slugs": [
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      "geography_refs": [
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  "historical_review": {
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    "status": "reviewed-research-inputs",
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    "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
    "metric": {
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      "unit": "micrograms/m3",
      "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0"
    },
    "concentration": {
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      "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03",
      "archive_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc",
      "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928",
      "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
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    "population": {
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      "model": "GHS-POP R2023A",
      "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe",
      "manifest_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-pop-2020-pm25-input-manifest.json"
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      "edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0",
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      "destination_bindings": 63,
      "original_source_archive": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip",
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    },
    "methodology": {
      "sampling": "Nearest actual native coordinate-vector PM cell at population-cell centre; no neighbour substitution for missing values.",
      "calculation": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.",
      "edge_allocation": "Exact whole 1 km source-cell union; source boundaries/population grid alignment independently verified.",
      "minimum_population_grid_area_coverage": 0.99,
      "minimum_pm_population_coverage": 0.99
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      "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-independent-source-audit.json",
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    "notice": "This is the dated historical evidence review. Current admission is determined separately by the engine at evaluated_at; a previously approved 2024 input can become stale without its review or observation dates changing."
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          "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.",
          "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.",
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        "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date.",
        "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation",
        "source_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/market-reports/rental-market-reports-major-centres",
        "licence": {
          "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data",
          "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
          "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
          "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data"
        }
      },
      "methodology": {
        "universe": "Completed, privately initiated purpose-built long-term rental apartment and row/townhouse units in structures/projects with at least three rental units, on the market for at least three months; all bedroom types combined. Social/affordable housing, owner-occupied units and condominium/secondary rental stock are excluded. Vacant units are physically unoccupied and immediately rentable at the survey.",
        "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe.",
        "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1,
        "same_source_cohort": true,
        "seasonal_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported."
      },
      "geography": {
        "kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area",
        "edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition",
        "reference_date": "2021-01-01",
        "notice": "Four direct official CMA2021 source aggregates; original provincial-part DGUIDs retained and complete-layer one-part proof checked. Separate from PM2015; no OECD equivalence or municipal aggregation."
      },
      "audit": {
        "url": "/data/source-frames/rental-vacancy-2025-independent-audit.json",
        "sha256": "8614f120e17f6bbb9601b8f8c380df549af8886e7f5d2aa77db58e9603ca7a2a"
      },
      "destination_bindings": 4,
      "url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/rental-vacancy-evidence.json",
      "notice": "A scoped Canadian CMHC survey cohort, not a global vacancy ranking or a measure of all rental housing. Rates describe the combined private apartment and row structures covered by the survey. Preserve the seasonal month, original CMA2021 identifiers, source quality and one-decimal precision. No exact fieldwork day, vacant-unit numerator or numeric confidence interval is invented. Historical review and current engine admission are separate; CMHC conditional data reuse terms apply."
    },
    "housing_supply": {
      "schema_version": "1.0.0",
      "status": "reviewed-research-inputs",
      "official_results_released": false,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "metric": {
        "id": "housing-supply",
        "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents",
        "unit": "per 1000",
        "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0"
      },
      "period": {
        "label": "Calendar 2025",
        "start": "2025-01-01",
        "end": "2025-12-31",
        "population_reference_date": "2025-07-01"
      },
      "methodology": {
        "universe": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.",
        "calculation": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.",
        "completion_standard": "Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption.",
        "gross_or_net": "gross-new-build",
        "all_intended_markets": true,
        "population_status": "preliminary-postcensal",
        "initial_convention_resolution": "The unfrozen draft phrase ready for occupation is resolved explicitly to the official CMHC structural completion milestone, including up to 10% remaining work under some circumstances; legal occupancy certification/actual occupation is never claimed. Gross new build, all intended markets and exact midyear population remain; fixed label/unit/math/anchors/weight/age/gates are unchanged."
      },
      "geography": {
        "kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area",
        "edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition",
        "reference_date": "2021-01-01",
        "notice": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed."
      },
      "audit": {
        "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-independent-audit.json",
        "sha256": "b20c1901e23e0515d8040363cbba42733cef11395ffcf0d052af4aac96ef4153"
      },
      "source_archives": [
        {
          "id": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx",
          "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx"
          ],
          "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data",
          "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
          "attribution": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
          "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:08:21.849656+00:00",
          "reuse_conditions": "CMHC accurate data reproduction/adaptation with prescribed notices, downstream conditional terms, no logo/endorsement; distinct Statistics Canada terms remain attached to population and geometry."
        },
        {
          "id": "housing-2025-cmhc-markets",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-markets-6d5fbb63d6ec.xlsx",
          "sha256": "6d5fbb63d6ec879c42b42ae41d3fe3e7ed262aeae989b8a449a69262ef7c2fc0",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/starts-completions--intended-market-cma-ca-12-25-en.xlsx"
          ],
          "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data",
          "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
          "attribution": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
          "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:09:39.297281+00:00",
          "reuse_conditions": "CMHC accurate data reproduction/adaptation with prescribed notices, downstream conditional terms, no logo/endorsement; distinct Statistics Canada terms remain attached to population and geometry."
        },
        {
          "id": "housing-2025-annual",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-annual-b72f17d6d9f4.zip",
          "sha256": "b72f17d6d9f419cd5881500e60e9f7399f1a50c06aa88ef3e629705ac2b8b95f",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100134-eng.zip"
          ],
          "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data",
          "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
          "attribution": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
          "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:11.913110+00:00",
          "reuse_conditions": "CMHC accurate data reproduction/adaptation with prescribed notices, downstream conditional terms, no logo/endorsement; distinct Statistics Canada terms remain attached to population and geometry."
        },
        {
          "id": "housing-2025-monthly",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-monthly-0b6bfd429925.zip",
          "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip"
          ],
          "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data",
          "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
          "attribution": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.",
          "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:13.410900+00:00",
          "reuse_conditions": "CMHC accurate data reproduction/adaptation with prescribed notices, downstream conditional terms, no logo/endorsement; distinct Statistics Canada terms remain attached to population and geometry."
        },
        {
          "id": "housing-2025-population",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-population-7b007a0ff50b.zip",
          "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip"
          ],
          "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence",
          "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
          "attribution": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.",
          "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:15.274494+00:00"
        }
      ],
      "availability": [
        {
          "city_slug": "new-york-city",
          "city_name": "New York City",
          "country": "United States",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "san-francisco",
          "city_name": "San Francisco",
          "country": "United States",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "london",
          "city_name": "London",
          "country": "United Kingdom",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "toronto",
          "city_name": "Toronto",
          "country": "Canada",
          "source_pair_available": true,
          "status": "reviewed-source-pair",
          "reason": "Original2025 completions and July1 population acquired; holds retained.",
          "source_cma_uid": "535",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "berlin",
          "city_name": "Berlin",
          "country": "Germany",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "tokyo",
          "city_name": "Tokyo",
          "country": "Japan",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "sydney",
          "city_name": "Sydney",
          "country": "Australia",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "singapore",
          "city_name": "Singapore",
          "country": "Singapore",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "calgary",
          "city_name": "Calgary",
          "country": "Canada",
          "source_pair_available": true,
          "status": "reviewed-source-pair",
          "reason": "Original2025 completions and July1 population acquired; holds retained.",
          "source_cma_uid": "825",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "los-angeles",
          "city_name": "Los Angeles",
          "country": "United States",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "chicago",
          "city_name": "Chicago",
          "country": "United States",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "vancouver",
          "city_name": "Vancouver",
          "country": "Canada",
          "source_pair_available": true,
          "status": "reviewed-source-pair",
          "reason": "Original2025 completions and July1 population acquired; holds retained.",
          "source_cma_uid": "933",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "boston",
          "city_name": "Boston",
          "country": "United States",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "washington-dc",
          "city_name": "Washington DC",
          "country": "United States",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "seattle",
          "city_name": "Seattle",
          "country": "United States",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "montreal",
          "city_name": "Montreal",
          "country": "Canada",
          "source_pair_available": true,
          "status": "reviewed-source-pair",
          "reason": "Original2025 completions and July1 population acquired; holds retained.",
          "source_cma_uid": "462",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "paris",
          "city_name": "Paris",
          "country": "France",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "madrid",
          "city_name": "Madrid",
          "country": "Spain",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "rome",
          "city_name": "Rome",
          "country": "Italy",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "amsterdam",
          "city_name": "Amsterdam",
          "country": "Netherlands",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "barcelona",
          "city_name": "Barcelona",
          "country": "Spain",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "vienna",
          "city_name": "Vienna",
          "country": "Austria",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "munich",
          "city_name": "Munich",
          "country": "Germany",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "stockholm",
          "city_name": "Stockholm",
          "country": "Sweden",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "hong-kong",
          "city_name": "Hong Kong",
          "country": "China",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "seoul",
          "city_name": "Seoul",
          "country": "South Korea",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "shanghai",
          "city_name": "Shanghai",
          "country": "China",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "beijing",
          "city_name": "Beijing",
          "country": "China",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "bangkok",
          "city_name": "Bangkok",
          "country": "Thailand",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "osaka",
          "city_name": "Osaka",
          "country": "Japan",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "kuala-lumpur",
          "city_name": "Kuala Lumpur",
          "country": "Malaysia",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "mumbai",
          "city_name": "Mumbai",
          "country": "India",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "melbourne",
          "city_name": "Melbourne",
          "country": "Australia",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "brisbane",
          "city_name": "Brisbane",
          "country": "Australia",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "perth",
          "city_name": "Perth",
          "country": "Australia",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "auckland",
          "city_name": "Auckland",
          "country": "New Zealand",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "sao-paulo",
          "city_name": "São Paulo",
          "country": "Brazil",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "buenos-aires",
          "city_name": "Buenos Aires",
          "country": "Argentina",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "rio-de-janeiro",
          "city_name": "Rio de Janeiro",
          "country": "Brazil",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "lima",
          "city_name": "Lima",
          "country": "Peru",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "santiago",
          "city_name": "Santiago",
          "country": "Chile",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "dubai",
          "city_name": "Dubai",
          "country": "United Arab Emirates",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "tel-aviv",
          "city_name": "Tel Aviv",
          "country": "Israel",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "istanbul",
          "city_name": "Istanbul",
          "country": "Türkiye",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "cape-town",
          "city_name": "Cape Town",
          "country": "South Africa",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "cairo",
          "city_name": "Cairo",
          "country": "Egypt",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "zurich",
          "city_name": "Zurich",
          "country": "Switzerland",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "copenhagen",
          "city_name": "Copenhagen",
          "country": "Denmark",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "helsinki",
          "city_name": "Helsinki",
          "country": "Finland",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "oslo",
          "city_name": "Oslo",
          "country": "Norway",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "dublin",
          "city_name": "Dublin",
          "country": "Ireland",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "edinburgh",
          "city_name": "Edinburgh",
          "country": "United Kingdom",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "prague",
          "city_name": "Prague",
          "country": "Czechia",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "brussels",
          "city_name": "Brussels",
          "country": "Belgium",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "lisbon",
          "city_name": "Lisbon",
          "country": "Portugal",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "warsaw",
          "city_name": "Warsaw",
          "country": "Poland",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "taipei",
          "city_name": "Taipei",
          "country": "Taiwan",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "manila",
          "city_name": "Manila",
          "country": "Philippines",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "jakarta",
          "city_name": "Jakarta",
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "ho-chi-minh-city",
          "city_name": "Ho Chi Minh City",
          "country": "Vietnam",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "delhi",
          "city_name": "Delhi",
          "country": "India",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "bangalore",
          "city_name": "Bangalore",
          "country": "India",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "kyoto",
          "city_name": "Kyoto",
          "country": "Japan",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "status": "outside-reviewed-canadian-source-cohort",
          "reason": "These CMHC/StatCan tables cover Canada. No matching local gross-completion/midyear-population pair was acquired or reviewed for this destination in this bounded intake. This is not a claim that data does not exist.",
          "source_cma_uid": null,
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical evidence review; current engine admission remains separately checked."
        }
      ],
      "destination_bindings": 4,
      "url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/housing-supply-evidence.json",
      "notice": "Reviewed historical gross new-build construction completions per 1,000 preliminary July 1 residents. CMHC uses a structural milestone that can allow up to 10% unfinished work. Original completion, population and geometry identifiers have different source roles and are preserved. Current engine admission, source review and an official quarterly result are separate."
    },
    "life_expectancy": {
      "schema_version": "1.0.0",
      "status": "reviewed-research-inputs",
      "official_results_released": false,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
      "metric": {
        "id": "life-expectancy",
        "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth",
        "unit": "years",
        "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0"
      },
      "period": {
        "label": "2022–2024",
        "start": "2022-01-01",
        "end": "2024-12-31",
        "pool_years": 3
      },
      "methodology": {
        "universe": "Both sexes combined, as the original ABS Persons category, for published three-year period life expectancy at birth within the exact reviewed official GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age treatment and overseas-resident death allocation are not separately documented and remain explicit limitations of the published-value path.",
        "calculation": "Use the exact original numeric ABS Persons life-expectancy-at-birth cell with its original one-decimal published precision. No arithmetic mean of male/female or subarea life expectancies; no reconstruction of an unpublished mortality denominator, radix, CI or standard error.",
        "method_qualification": {
          "gccsa_algorithm": null,
          "terminal_age": null,
          "overseas_death_rule": null,
          "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.",
          "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.",
          "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed."
        },
        "published_precision_decimals": 1,
        "confidence_interval": null,
        "standard_error": null,
        "quarterly_comparability_cleared": false
      },
      "geography": {
        "kind": "official-functional-capital-city-region",
        "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021",
        "native_crs": "EPSG:7844",
        "notice": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter."
      },
      "audit": {
        "url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-independent-proof.json",
        "sha256": "d503793b209226a5e15760b64bc8ab4be7fcc71d958d70f568700aaa73a6c8e2"
      },
      "source_archives": [
        {
          "id": "life-2022-2024-workbook",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx",
          "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx"
          ],
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
          "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.",
          "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:12:17.472201+00:00"
        },
        {
          "id": "life-gccsa2021-native",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip",
          "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip",
            "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas"
          ],
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
          "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.",
          "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00"
        },
        {
          "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json",
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          "source_urls": [
            "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip",
            "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas"
          ],
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
          "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.",
          "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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        {
          "id": "life-2022-2024-source-facts",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-source-facts.json",
          "sha256": "407ee237556fd8d9f69f1f8e64cd0f2fb16143d93f57045372969e1e50f9fec1",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx",
            "https://www.abs.gov.au/methodologies/life-expectancy-methodology/2022-2024",
            "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas"
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          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
          "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.",
          "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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          "id": "life-2022-2024-independent-proof",
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          "source_urls": [
            "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx",
            "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip"
          ],
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
          "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.",
          "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
        },
        {
          "id": "life-2022-2024-rights",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-source-rights.json",
          "sha256": "e754eb5b68fe7b0b005e6f6a62d8c5c2ca27292bfc2a6a0aaeb254ef2bf87cf5",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://www.abs.gov.au/website-privacy-copyright-and-disclaimer",
            "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip",
            "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
          ],
          "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26",
          "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.",
          "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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      ],
      "availability": [
        {
          "city_slug": "amsterdam",
          "city_name": "Amsterdam",
          "country": "Netherlands",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "held-insufficient-age-operand-schedule",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "auckland",
          "city_name": "Auckland",
          "country": "New Zealand",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "bangalore",
          "city_name": "Bangalore",
          "country": "India",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "bangkok",
          "city_name": "Bangkok",
          "country": "Thailand",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "barcelona",
          "city_name": "Barcelona",
          "country": "Spain",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "held-insufficient-age-operand-schedule",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "beijing",
          "city_name": "Beijing",
          "country": "China",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "berlin",
          "city_name": "Berlin",
          "country": "Germany",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "held-insufficient-age-operand-schedule",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "boston",
          "city_name": "Boston",
          "country": "United States",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "brisbane",
          "city_name": "Brisbane",
          "country": "Australia",
          "source_cell_available": true,
          "status": "reviewed-source-cell",
          "reason": "Original Persons e0 for 2022–2024, exact 2021 GCCSA code and native geometry acquired. Initial protocol, scoped geography and substantive evidence review are still required; GCCSA-specific derivation documentation is limited.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "brussels",
          "city_name": "Brussels",
          "country": "Belgium",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "held-insufficient-age-operand-schedule",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "buenos-aires",
          "city_name": "Buenos Aires",
          "country": "Argentina",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "cairo",
          "city_name": "Cairo",
          "country": "Egypt",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "calgary",
          "city_name": "Calgary",
          "country": "Canada",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "held-stale-geography-or-incompatible-operands",
          "reason": "Published health-region e0 ends in 2017 and does not match CMA; current CMA death components use beginning-of-period age, not age at death. No exact current CD/CMA life-table equivalence established.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "cape-town",
          "city_name": "Cape Town",
          "country": "South Africa",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "chicago",
          "city_name": "Chicago",
          "country": "United States",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "copenhagen",
          "city_name": "Copenhagen",
          "country": "Denmark",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-cell-in-acquired-fua-extract",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "delhi",
          "city_name": "Delhi",
          "country": "India",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "dubai",
          "city_name": "Dubai",
          "country": "United Arab Emirates",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "dublin",
          "city_name": "Dublin",
          "country": "Ireland",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-cell-in-acquired-fua-extract",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "edinburgh",
          "city_name": "Edinburgh",
          "country": "United Kingdom",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-cell-in-acquired-fua-extract",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "helsinki",
          "city_name": "Helsinki",
          "country": "Finland",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "held-insufficient-age-operand-schedule",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "ho-chi-minh-city",
          "city_name": "Ho Chi Minh City",
          "country": "Vietnam",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "hong-kong",
          "city_name": "Hong Kong",
          "country": "China",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "istanbul",
          "city_name": "Istanbul",
          "country": "Türkiye",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-cell-in-acquired-fua-extract",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "jakarta",
          "city_name": "Jakarta",
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "kuala-lumpur",
          "city_name": "Kuala Lumpur",
          "country": "Malaysia",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "kyoto",
          "city_name": "Kyoto",
          "country": "Japan",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "lima",
          "city_name": "Lima",
          "country": "Peru",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "lisbon",
          "city_name": "Lisbon",
          "country": "Portugal",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "held-insufficient-age-operand-schedule",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "london",
          "city_name": "London",
          "country": "United Kingdom",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-cell-in-acquired-fua-extract",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "los-angeles",
          "city_name": "Los Angeles",
          "country": "United States",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "madrid",
          "city_name": "Madrid",
          "country": "Spain",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "held-insufficient-age-operand-schedule",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "manila",
          "city_name": "Manila",
          "country": "Philippines",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "melbourne",
          "city_name": "Melbourne",
          "country": "Australia",
          "source_cell_available": true,
          "status": "reviewed-source-cell",
          "reason": "Original Persons e0 for 2022–2024, exact 2021 GCCSA code and native geometry acquired. Initial protocol, scoped geography and substantive evidence review are still required; GCCSA-specific derivation documentation is limited.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "montreal",
          "city_name": "Montreal",
          "country": "Canada",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "held-stale-geography-or-incompatible-operands",
          "reason": "Published health-region e0 ends in 2017 and does not match CMA; current CMA death components use beginning-of-period age, not age at death. No exact current CD/CMA life-table equivalence established.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "mumbai",
          "city_name": "Mumbai",
          "country": "India",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "munich",
          "city_name": "Munich",
          "country": "Germany",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "held-insufficient-age-operand-schedule",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "new-york-city",
          "city_name": "New York City",
          "country": "United States",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "osaka",
          "city_name": "Osaka",
          "country": "Japan",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "oslo",
          "city_name": "Oslo",
          "country": "Norway",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-cell-in-acquired-fua-extract",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "paris",
          "city_name": "Paris",
          "country": "France",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "held-insufficient-age-operand-schedule",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "perth",
          "city_name": "Perth",
          "country": "Australia",
          "source_cell_available": true,
          "status": "reviewed-source-cell",
          "reason": "Original Persons e0 for 2022–2024, exact 2021 GCCSA code and native geometry acquired. Initial protocol, scoped geography and substantive evidence review are still required; GCCSA-specific derivation documentation is limited.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "prague",
          "city_name": "Prague",
          "country": "Czechia",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-cell-in-acquired-fua-extract",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "rio-de-janeiro",
          "city_name": "Rio de Janeiro",
          "country": "Brazil",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "rome",
          "city_name": "Rome",
          "country": "Italy",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "held-insufficient-age-operand-schedule",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "san-francisco",
          "city_name": "San Francisco",
          "country": "United States",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "santiago",
          "city_name": "Santiago",
          "country": "Chile",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "seattle",
          "city_name": "Seattle",
          "country": "United States",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "seoul",
          "city_name": "Seoul",
          "country": "South Korea",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "shanghai",
          "city_name": "Shanghai",
          "country": "China",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "singapore",
          "city_name": "Singapore",
          "country": "Singapore",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "stockholm",
          "city_name": "Stockholm",
          "country": "Sweden",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-cell-in-acquired-fua-extract",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "sydney",
          "city_name": "Sydney",
          "country": "Australia",
          "source_cell_available": true,
          "status": "reviewed-source-cell",
          "reason": "Original Persons e0 for 2022–2024, exact 2021 GCCSA code and native geometry acquired. Initial protocol, scoped geography and substantive evidence review are still required; GCCSA-specific derivation documentation is limited.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "sao-paulo",
          "city_name": "São Paulo",
          "country": "Brazil",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "taipei",
          "city_name": "Taipei",
          "country": "Taiwan",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "tel-aviv",
          "city_name": "Tel Aviv",
          "country": "Israel",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "tokyo",
          "city_name": "Tokyo",
          "country": "Japan",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "toronto",
          "city_name": "Toronto",
          "country": "Canada",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "held-stale-geography-or-incompatible-operands",
          "reason": "Published health-region e0 ends in 2017 and does not match CMA; current CMA death components use beginning-of-period age, not age at death. No exact current CD/CMA life-table equivalence established.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "vancouver",
          "city_name": "Vancouver",
          "country": "Canada",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "held-stale-geography-or-incompatible-operands",
          "reason": "Published health-region e0 ends in 2017 and does not match CMA; current CMA death components use beginning-of-period age, not age at death. No exact current CD/CMA life-table equivalence established.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "vienna",
          "city_name": "Vienna",
          "country": "Austria",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-cell-in-acquired-fua-extract",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "warsaw",
          "city_name": "Warsaw",
          "country": "Poland",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "held-insufficient-age-operand-schedule",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "washington-dc",
          "city_name": "Washington DC",
          "country": "United States",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "no-compatible-observation-acquired",
          "reason": "Outside the bounded primary-source acquisitions. This is an investigation gap, not a claim that official data do not exist.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "zurich",
          "city_name": "Zurich",
          "country": "Switzerland",
          "source_cell_available": false,
          "status": "held-insufficient-age-operand-schedule",
          "reason": "Current filtered FUA dataset has no e0/full age-death schedule; all-age/under-65/infant counts are insufficient. No cell for a city is not proof of absence in other datasets or periods.",
          "current_admission_notice": "Historical source review only; current engine admission, expiry and replacements are separately checked."
        }
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      "url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/life-expectancy-evidence.json",
      "notice": "Historical ABS Persons life expectancy at birth for the pooled 2022–2024 period, published to one decimal. It is not a forecast or a three-year average of sex/subarea estimates. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal age and overseas-resident death treatment remain explicitly undocumented; confidence intervals and standard errors are not supplied. Native GCCSA2021 geometry and the documented destination-point coordinate adapter are separate from PM/heat areas. Research-input review does not establish current engine admission, cross-country comparability or an official quarterly result."
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      "status": "reviewed-research-inputs",
      "official_results_released": false,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
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        "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents",
        "unit": "per 100000",
        "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0"
      },
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        "end": "2024-12-31",
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        "calculation": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.",
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        "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards",
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        "native_crs": "EPSG:4269",
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        "us_population_cbsas": 925,
        "notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents."
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          "attribution": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.",
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          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
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          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00"
        },
        {
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          "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:13:09.301670+00:00"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-population",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv",
          "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:18:00.601312+00:00"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-population-revision",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv",
          "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2025/metro/totals/cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:13:09.598790+00:00"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-county-change-2024",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-national_gcn_2024.txt",
          "sha256": "4a72e252bae706f1abaf927dcad334a4c127a4e85d6e01f327f7be3c200c6fb3",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/reference/bndrychange/national_gcn_2024.txt"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:23:20.672483+00:00"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-county-change-2025",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-national_gcn_2025.txt",
          "sha256": "886c1061707f53b9e4f8a9cecae72dec0d3da4ccc16f53ff5bc71b156eb0189f",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/reference/bndrychange/national_gcn_2025.txt"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:23:20.865246+00:00"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof",
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          "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json",
          "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-independent-proof",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json",
          "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-rights",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json",
          "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json",
          "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-source-facts",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json",
          "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json",
          "sha256": "31633b1f32e0c3c3e6d205574b0e3cde9ee99ab9786f575a1c5088111386e5f2",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json",
          "sha256": "59cb0ca28ee2f9ad542725ef808790b89558f5d5b88ef9babdf49f6c9d65c1b0",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
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          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-persons",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-persons.json",
          "sha256": "6c94c54ed2f1eb80b8a752b4fd1f6ef04d42354b51e42433fb0284e67393df0f",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
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          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-crashes",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-crashes.json",
          "sha256": "7f1705fd6268820cfd927f5f9e7bf17970efa7c8233030188c110b0d9c710e3d",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population.json",
          "sha256": "5f1c8125cd93e38e1ddd28130e0fb40cb3db0e16c1bdfc597d97f6c8da375630",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary.json",
          "sha256": "8df2af4146e0f820b57ce300d2678ac82f90eb3da8342dcd721768b8d378d7b6",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-persons",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-persons.json",
          "sha256": "aabbfc5b855a3c1352e0ccb2877220f267ff29b0262873335d7fa5a60f111803",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-crashes",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-crashes.json",
          "sha256": "ec4abeadaa46c6dc8acfab53983023407599dcb7b54d0b454333453f2f83cae9",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json",
          "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
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          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json",
          "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons.json",
          "sha256": "ca063264289074e73e4ff8c3a151512b152dabb7d92d83f16699ba946449350b",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes.json",
          "sha256": "bec2d9d7e20272bdd828cec8290f5d2c3088adc0f45e5b53da067f32991893b6",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json",
          "sha256": "58a92371278879ecc4d9e62f96829826d0877cdb31e79b7d16db6b872380a00d",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-chicago-native-boundary",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json",
          "sha256": "ea466f700acde81a0566a608512ce81c610db5ad7e24e667f0c29191a6b68235",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-chicago-fatal-persons",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-fatal-persons.json",
          "sha256": "569d431d6dbca94eee80da5c6885defa182ab342db9906110d581e041bc37901",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-chicago-fatal-crashes",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-fatal-crashes.json",
          "sha256": "fe8f56c6e1b705c3f9b15625dd6a10d881cbb4f3a54856cff3ea7d44df2eb301",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-boston-county-membership-population",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json",
          "sha256": "33aebaf168d8ad0c8860c7de62dbdba0d51a5638e10287f1a4f21064ae354355",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-boston-native-boundary",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-native-boundary.json",
          "sha256": "b0ecf7cf451ac1d8756462a1a517311e0b5c801b18cdf90bf558aaac20c9fde1",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-boston-fatal-persons",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-fatal-persons.json",
          "sha256": "d4c53fdd7d422b045351ea488e44a4303d8c02f1abfd37b3be9a6722ec71e11d",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-boston-fatal-crashes",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-fatal-crashes.json",
          "sha256": "499661b722a0a614ca6f2096b72bef6cde15abdc62f82dc17743100c22b5b6b1",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population.json",
          "sha256": "8fcbe9e141daab0dcd5891bf0b071e3389f75cf1d553e5099e63cfc438f9f173",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary.json",
          "sha256": "a66806f4c4ab8dc539816f3649de4e274f625f82b30ade0f6c08f0ecfe3d5ccf",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-persons",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-persons.json",
          "sha256": "2aba112a4c739abfe4607d22262188fc11f297babb9884c04b543683a9915cc6",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-crashes",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-crashes.json",
          "sha256": "e935e03049ce49fd4abe3f7ffa3ad19658a17a476727de4f9ec6208400fbdf5c",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population.json",
          "sha256": "a7f1ae06c9ab85f7312aa640fdd3491c011e02338609c8b42bc6c05562fe635f",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-seattle-native-boundary",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-native-boundary.json",
          "sha256": "6e7e869b9885e9abcea50ea117e34dbab98c1dd7b67a251310a0abe4f916138a",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-seattle-fatal-persons",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-fatal-persons.json",
          "sha256": "74ec72d077d6e3ea66cdb96b1fb321e69e598b220187b191b4224427fea8fc5c",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        },
        {
          "id": "road-2024-seattle-fatal-crashes",
          "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-fatal-crashes.json",
          "sha256": "e22a813b67c16a8d6f15fc7d021a851319c4d666af75adbaf13e28c21f96f335",
          "source_urls": [
            "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx",
            "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv"
          ],
          "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries",
          "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm",
          "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution",
          "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27",
          "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.",
          "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.",
          "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html"
        }
      ],
      "availability": [
        {
          "city_slug": "new-york-city",
          "city_name": "New York City",
          "source_pair_available": true,
          "source_area_id": "35620",
          "status": "reviewed-source-pair",
          "reason": "Complete source county numerator and primary same-region residents reviewed; current admission remains separate."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "san-francisco",
          "city_name": "San Francisco",
          "source_pair_available": true,
          "source_area_id": "41860",
          "status": "reviewed-source-pair",
          "reason": "Complete source county numerator and primary same-region residents reviewed; current admission remains separate."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "london",
          "city_name": "London",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "toronto",
          "city_name": "Toronto",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "berlin",
          "city_name": "Berlin",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "tokyo",
          "city_name": "Tokyo",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "sydney",
          "city_name": "Sydney",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "singapore",
          "city_name": "Singapore",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "calgary",
          "city_name": "Calgary",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "los-angeles",
          "city_name": "Los Angeles",
          "source_pair_available": true,
          "source_area_id": "31080",
          "status": "reviewed-source-pair",
          "reason": "Complete source county numerator and primary same-region residents reviewed; current admission remains separate."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "chicago",
          "city_name": "Chicago",
          "source_pair_available": true,
          "source_area_id": "16980",
          "status": "reviewed-source-pair",
          "reason": "Complete source county numerator and primary same-region residents reviewed; current admission remains separate."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "vancouver",
          "city_name": "Vancouver",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "boston",
          "city_name": "Boston",
          "source_pair_available": true,
          "source_area_id": "14460",
          "status": "reviewed-source-pair",
          "reason": "Complete source county numerator and primary same-region residents reviewed; current admission remains separate."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "washington-dc",
          "city_name": "Washington DC",
          "source_pair_available": true,
          "source_area_id": "47900",
          "status": "reviewed-source-pair",
          "reason": "Complete source county numerator and primary same-region residents reviewed; current admission remains separate."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "seattle",
          "city_name": "Seattle",
          "source_pair_available": true,
          "source_area_id": "42660",
          "status": "reviewed-source-pair",
          "reason": "Complete source county numerator and primary same-region residents reviewed; current admission remains separate."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "montreal",
          "city_name": "Montreal",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "paris",
          "city_name": "Paris",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "madrid",
          "city_name": "Madrid",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "rome",
          "city_name": "Rome",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "amsterdam",
          "city_name": "Amsterdam",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "barcelona",
          "city_name": "Barcelona",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "vienna",
          "city_name": "Vienna",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "munich",
          "city_name": "Munich",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "stockholm",
          "city_name": "Stockholm",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "hong-kong",
          "city_name": "Hong Kong",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "seoul",
          "city_name": "Seoul",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "shanghai",
          "city_name": "Shanghai",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "beijing",
          "city_name": "Beijing",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "bangkok",
          "city_name": "Bangkok",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "osaka",
          "city_name": "Osaka",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "kuala-lumpur",
          "city_name": "Kuala Lumpur",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "mumbai",
          "city_name": "Mumbai",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "melbourne",
          "city_name": "Melbourne",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "brisbane",
          "city_name": "Brisbane",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "perth",
          "city_name": "Perth",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "auckland",
          "city_name": "Auckland",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "sao-paulo",
          "city_name": "São Paulo",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "buenos-aires",
          "city_name": "Buenos Aires",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "rio-de-janeiro",
          "city_name": "Rio de Janeiro",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "lima",
          "city_name": "Lima",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "santiago",
          "city_name": "Santiago",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "dubai",
          "city_name": "Dubai",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "tel-aviv",
          "city_name": "Tel Aviv",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "istanbul",
          "city_name": "Istanbul",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "cape-town",
          "city_name": "Cape Town",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "cairo",
          "city_name": "Cairo",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "zurich",
          "city_name": "Zurich",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "copenhagen",
          "city_name": "Copenhagen",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "helsinki",
          "city_name": "Helsinki",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "oslo",
          "city_name": "Oslo",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "dublin",
          "city_name": "Dublin",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "edinburgh",
          "city_name": "Edinburgh",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "prague",
          "city_name": "Prague",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "brussels",
          "city_name": "Brussels",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "lisbon",
          "city_name": "Lisbon",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "warsaw",
          "city_name": "Warsaw",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "taipei",
          "city_name": "Taipei",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "manila",
          "city_name": "Manila",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "jakarta",
          "city_name": "Jakarta",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "ho-chi-minh-city",
          "city_name": "Ho Chi Minh City",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "delhi",
          "city_name": "Delhi",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "bangalore",
          "city_name": "Bangalore",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        },
        {
          "city_slug": "kyoto",
          "city_name": "Kyoto",
          "source_pair_available": false,
          "source_area_id": null,
          "status": "outside-us-fars-source-universe",
          "reason": "US FARS does not measure this non-US destination. No national proxy, zero, name match, or unreviewed nearby geography substituted."
        }
      ],
      "destination_bindings": 7,
      "url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/road-deaths-evidence.json",
      "notice": "Territorial 2024 FARS motor-vehicle-involved traffic fatal-person counts per July 1, 2024 resident population, on complete OMB July 2023 metropolitan county sets. A motor vehicle in transport is required; eligible victims include occupants, pedestrians and cyclists, while nonmotor-only events are outside this initial global convention. The 2024 Annual Report File is provisional. The 30-day public-access trafficway classification is source-reported; unknown individual death timestamps are retained. Public access does not mean government road ownership or every publicly accessible parking area: qualifying parking lot ways are distinct from stalls and aisles. This is not resident lifetime risk, deaths per distance travelled, a municipal measure, a global comparison or an official quarterly result. Native NAD83 boundaries and the reviewed destination-point adapter are distinct from PM and heat geographies. Historical source review does not by itself establish current engine admission."
    }
  },
  "scope_notice": "Only current engine cells with status accepted appear in records. Destination bindings can share one physical measurement; Osaka and Kyoto are not independent area estimates. Indicator admission is not a composite score or official ranking. Contextual monitor/EEA/urban-centre observations are separate.",
  "links": {
    "history": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/index-history.json",
    "evidence": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/index-evidence.json",
    "geographies": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json",
    "protocols": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/index-protocols.json",
    "historical_pm25": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/pm25-evidence.json",
    "review": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/pm25-review.json"
  }
}