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"metric": "pm25", "value": 9.676952237817188, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:amsterdam", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1427", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1427.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "d607d817f5ff022dddbf34d959b18fb55c169f6175be4891474f926dfbfc0731", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1427.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1427", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2017935.3929695138, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Amsterdam (1427)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1427", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Amsterdam (1427)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 1294, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1294, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 34, "total_known_modelled_population": 2017935.3929695138, "pm_covered_population": 2017935.3929695138, "weighted_concentration_sum": 19527464.416766845, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 9.681977780889788, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 9.644974946453443, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Amsterdam (source ID 1427). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-amsterdam", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1427.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-amsterdam", "observation_sha256": "86813f6deb6b14930f56f5f10e4303c95c237f5148d6e00a7b942fabd616e28e", "evidence_review_sha256": "ff3bcc1a540156b41a464e0ad5e71a5587f6afaf18ee05832a6985bcc4960757", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:amsterdam", "geography_sha256": "52ed64ed9a205fca3d4916ef83d3307a5ddb9049d924a854b269ef56654cabde", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1427", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "01685810c8e781f1f25634dfd3ed5ce8f847e1d1efdebb4179aaeaa5818308f0", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-1427", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1427.npz", "sha256": "d607d817f5ff022dddbf34d959b18fb55c169f6175be4891474f926dfbfc0731", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:amsterdam", "city_slug": "amsterdam", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1427", "source_name": "Amsterdam", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "amsterdam", "estimated_area_id": 1427, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "NL001F", "oecd_name": "Amsterdam", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 1294, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 3310.8075027969794, "intersection_km2": 1253.2326433673602, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9684950876100156, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.3785277888577411, "intersection_over_union": 0.37392351235760213, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 4.9041, "latitude": 52.3676, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "NLD", "source_country_iso3": "NLD", "source_country_name": "Netherlands" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1427", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1427; fid=6471", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 6471, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8c294b7b01269b6da88f4fb4b5abaff557d79e04246f5d3cb41b59f72abd83a6", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "15979d81cea94d8f180f779ddd052d8a52538c50568e01f81685cf0494ca3136", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1427, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "b3587e804b4fc034d9c41c2e43a9812d07d6214ff3dc7aa828101806fbdf0ab2", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "1823cfc14d78e78f5bb0fd7c0c8bbcb2f13344d6fed8e0ae706e52fe288017c5" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Amsterdam (1427)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:amsterdam", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "amsterdam", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:amsterdam", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1427", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1427.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "ac4051e198abebd88689a4ccce5446efb6f0bd2df924de32f4bb847c7809b7c7", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1427.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1427", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2017935.3929695138, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Amsterdam (1427)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1427", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Amsterdam (1427)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1294, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1294, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 34, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2017935.3929695138, "weather_covered_population": 2017935.3929695138, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 6, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Amsterdam (source ID 1427). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2017935.3929695138, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-amsterdam", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1427.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-amsterdam", "observation_sha256": "8420db6531b7cf74f0f3b9cc94656d8673385a4f2298fd0387e9cc497b91aab0", "evidence_review_sha256": "c29273919076f5e2cfdd1dcd25dea6f81c5b02dd7a065f7af83749c560a83ea1", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:amsterdam", "geography_sha256": "8c6523ed8ebe6609dd198a0cf70e60316a183bf0223fbc1b9ac68db4d2b1cebf", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1427", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "2cae128afb4341456bcc3807403154c020c21e838fd9807f0e42f1b21d3c3596", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1427", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1427.npz", "sha256": "ac4051e198abebd88689a4ccce5446efb6f0bd2df924de32f4bb847c7809b7c7", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:amsterdam", "city_slug": "amsterdam", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1427", "source_name": "Amsterdam", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "amsterdam", "estimated_area_id": 1427, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "NL001F", "oecd_name": "Amsterdam", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 1294, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 3310.8075027969794, "intersection_km2": 1253.2326433673602, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9684950876100156, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.3785277888577411, "intersection_over_union": 0.37392351235760213, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 4.9041, "latitude": 52.3676, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "NLD", "source_country_iso3": "NLD", "source_country_name": "Netherlands" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1427", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1427; fid=6471", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 6471, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8c294b7b01269b6da88f4fb4b5abaff557d79e04246f5d3cb41b59f72abd83a6", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "15979d81cea94d8f180f779ddd052d8a52538c50568e01f81685cf0494ca3136", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1427, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "b3587e804b4fc034d9c41c2e43a9812d07d6214ff3dc7aa828101806fbdf0ab2", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "1823cfc14d78e78f5bb0fd7c0c8bbcb2f13344d6fed8e0ae706e52fe288017c5" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Amsterdam (1427)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:amsterdam", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:amsterdam", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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"missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "amsterdam", "metric": "pm25", "value": 9.676952237817188, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:amsterdam", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1427", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1427.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "d607d817f5ff022dddbf34d959b18fb55c169f6175be4891474f926dfbfc0731", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1427.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1427", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2017935.3929695138, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Amsterdam (1427)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1427", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Amsterdam (1427)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). 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Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Amsterdam (source ID 1427). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "amsterdam", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:amsterdam", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1427", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1427.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "ac4051e198abebd88689a4ccce5446efb6f0bd2df924de32f4bb847c7809b7c7", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1427.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1427", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2017935.3929695138, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Amsterdam (1427)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1427", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Amsterdam (1427)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1294, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1294, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 34, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2017935.3929695138, "weather_covered_population": 2017935.3929695138, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 6, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Amsterdam (source ID 1427). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2017935.3929695138, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-amsterdam", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1427.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "amsterdam", "source_city_name": "Greater Amsterdam", "source_country_name": "Netherlands", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 greater-city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:amsterdam:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "amsterdam", "source_city_name": "Greater Amsterdam", "source_country_name": "Netherlands", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "Greater Amsterdam", "country": "Netherlands" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 greater-city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 8.696922302, "value_as_published": "8.696922302", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "996,915", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2019 for city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 462, "csv_line_end": 463, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "Greater Amsterdam", "Country": "Netherlands", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "8.696922302", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2019 for city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "996,915" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "amsterdam", "city_name": "Amsterdam", "destination_country_iso3": "NLD", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 4.9041, "latitude": 52.3676, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "NL001F", "country_iso3": "NLD", "source_name": "Amsterdam", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 44, "member_ids": [ "NLDGM0034", "NLDGM0317", "NLDGM0358", "NLDGM0362", "NLDGM0363", "NLDGM0375", "NLDGM0376", "NLDGM0377", "NLDGM0383", "NLDGM0384", "NLDGM0385", "NLDGM0388", "NLDGM0392", "NLDGM0394", "NLDGM0396", "NLDGM0397", "NLDGM0402", "NLDGM0405", "NLDGM0406", "NLDGM0415", "NLDGM0417", "NLDGM0420", "NLDGM0431", "NLDGM0432", "NLDGM0437", "NLDGM0439", "NLDGM0450", "NLDGM0451", "NLDGM0453", "NLDGM0473", "NLDGM0479", "NLDGM0498", "NLDGM0532", "NLDGM0534", "NLDGM0553", "NLDGM0569", "NLDGM0736", "NLDGM0852", "NLDGM0880", "NLDGM1598", "NLDGM1696", "NLDGM1884", "NLDGM1911", "NLDGM1942" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Gemeenten)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Gemeenten)": 44 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "2074bf4dc37f9055bb8ce6bea8f15e57b79785f303b5dcac6f76b91906153623", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1427, "eFUA_name": "Amsterdam", "Cntry_ISO": "NLD", "Cntry_name": "Netherlands", "UC_IDs": "2152;2155;2167;2176", "UC_num": 4, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8c294b7b01269b6da88f4fb4b5abaff557d79e04246f5d3cb41b59f72abd83a6", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "NL001F", "URAU_NAME": "Amsterdam", "CNTR_CODE": "NL" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:amsterdam", "city_slug": "amsterdam", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1427", "source_name": "Amsterdam", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "amsterdam", "estimated_area_id": 1427, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "NL001F", "oecd_name": "Amsterdam", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 1294, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 3310.8075027969794, "intersection_km2": 1253.2326433673602, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9684950876100156, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.3785277888577411, "intersection_over_union": 0.37392351235760213, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 4.9041, "latitude": 52.3676, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "NLD", "source_country_iso3": "NLD", "source_country_name": "Netherlands" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1427", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1427; fid=6471", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 6471, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8c294b7b01269b6da88f4fb4b5abaff557d79e04246f5d3cb41b59f72abd83a6", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "15979d81cea94d8f180f779ddd052d8a52538c50568e01f81685cf0494ca3136", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1427, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "b3587e804b4fc034d9c41c2e43a9812d07d6214ff3dc7aa828101806fbdf0ab2", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "1823cfc14d78e78f5bb0fd7c0c8bbcb2f13344d6fed8e0ae706e52fe288017c5" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Amsterdam (1427)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:amsterdam", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:amsterdam", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "amsterdam", "city_name": "Amsterdam", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1427", "source_area_id": "1427", "source_area_name": "Amsterdam", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:amsterdam", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-amsterdam", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Amsterdam (source ID 1427). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1294, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1294, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 34, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2017935.3929695138, "weather_covered_population": 2017935.3929695138, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 6, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2017935.3929695138, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1427.npz", "sha256": "ac4051e198abebd88689a4ccce5446efb6f0bd2df924de32f4bb847c7809b7c7" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "auckland", "name": "Auckland", "country": { "id": "country:NZL", "name": "New Zealand", "iso_2": "NZ", "iso_3": "NZL", "continent": "Oceania" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/auckland", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/auckland.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:auckland", "city_slug": "auckland", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "869", "source_name": "Auckland", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "auckland", "estimated_area_id": 869, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "NZL01F", "oecd_name": "Auckland", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2159, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 3365.701265508711, "intersection_km2": 1702.109357295613, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.7883785814245544, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.5057220540452055, "intersection_over_union": 0.4452762414001128, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 174.7633, "latitude": -36.8485, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "NZL", "source_country_iso3": "NZL", "source_country_name": "NewZealand" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:869", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=869; fid=6498", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 6498, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "6098c76b53643625b2b53cb2e3ae2a1a18494299bd6684f18cdfc3b0932204a1", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "1f5b956470e376166d0d69af6be24d3835a7599177952a1cdc35dbdf061e1d49", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 869, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "6098c76b53643625b2b53cb2e3ae2a1a18494299bd6684f18cdfc3b0932204a1", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "b0042dac292f2e2c9ad839110af6dd8464fe924ee815b8fdea4ec497ed6ee031" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Auckland (869)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:auckland", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "auckland", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:auckland", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-869", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-869.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "79cc55caa2e1c1f05d16236b2b0813243382d411d97bf2ef8aefa9a7d18bed3c", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-869.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 869", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 1731774.1333824566, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Auckland (869)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:869", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Auckland (869)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2159, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2159, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 304, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1731774.1333824566, "weather_covered_population": 1731774.1333824566, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 9, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Auckland (source ID 869). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1731774.1333824566, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-auckland", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-869.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-auckland", "observation_sha256": "c2ba0c1dd60b39e6e6196c4a53cbf194b27079436a253982789785a002822f97", "evidence_review_sha256": "356b0fd008d1bf39b7bb3a4496a81853e19e4bfc41af26d6186de88da6b787e4", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:auckland", "geography_sha256": "46e675b1d40266144785061b562587e863a5ac36d46250e180d0508faab4f756", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-869", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "c9b05f0a8fc9146fef8a087c276c0118f2974b821287b9b4d71c3c6e14ba4da2", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-869", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-869.npz", "sha256": "79cc55caa2e1c1f05d16236b2b0813243382d411d97bf2ef8aefa9a7d18bed3c", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:auckland", "city_slug": "auckland", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "869", "source_name": "Auckland", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "auckland", "metric": "pm25", "value": 5.79499486614101, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:auckland", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-869", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-869.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "418918b8614315f2eaefcdd7763f67a1d3f19716126ecb696b58c51eb696f338", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-869.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 869", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 1731774.1333824566, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Auckland (869)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:869", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Auckland (869)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2159, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2159, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 304, "total_known_modelled_population": 1731774.1333824566, "pm_covered_population": 1731774.1333824566, "weighted_concentration_sum": 10035622.212267132, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 5.790095736691827, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 5.870153842061059, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Auckland (source ID 869). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-auckland", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-869.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-d8c5c9ae67da129b408738ac164b91d3b329c8af99b4c7078042468ecc0dcd4d", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-auckland", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-d8c5c9ae67da129b408738ac164b91d3b329c8af99b4c7078042468ecc0dcd4d", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-auckland", "observation_sha256": "c2ba0c1dd60b39e6e6196c4a53cbf194b27079436a253982789785a002822f97", "evidence_review_sha256": "356b0fd008d1bf39b7bb3a4496a81853e19e4bfc41af26d6186de88da6b787e4", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:auckland", "geography_sha256": "46e675b1d40266144785061b562587e863a5ac36d46250e180d0508faab4f756", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-869", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "c9b05f0a8fc9146fef8a087c276c0118f2974b821287b9b4d71c3c6e14ba4da2", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-869", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-869.npz", "sha256": "79cc55caa2e1c1f05d16236b2b0813243382d411d97bf2ef8aefa9a7d18bed3c", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "auckland", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:auckland", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-869", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-869.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "79cc55caa2e1c1f05d16236b2b0813243382d411d97bf2ef8aefa9a7d18bed3c", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-869.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 869", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 1731774.1333824566, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Auckland (869)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:869", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Auckland (869)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2159, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2159, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 304, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1731774.1333824566, "weather_covered_population": 1731774.1333824566, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 9, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Auckland (source ID 869). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1731774.1333824566, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-auckland", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-869.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "auckland", "city_name": "Auckland", "destination_country_iso3": "NZL", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 174.7633, "latitude": -36.8485, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "NZL01F", "country_iso3": "NZL", "source_name": "Auckland", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 545, "member_ids": [ "NZL110800", "NZL111200", "NZL111600", "NZL112100", "NZL112200", "NZL112300", "NZL112400", "NZL112500", "NZL112600", "NZL112700", "NZL112800", "NZL112900", "NZL113000", "NZL113100", "NZL113200", "NZL113300", "NZL113400", "NZL113500", "NZL113600", "NZL113700", "NZL113800", "NZL113900", "NZL114000", "NZL114100", "NZL114200", "NZL114400", "NZL114500", "NZL114600", "NZL114700", "NZL114800", "NZL114900", "NZL115000", "NZL115100", "NZL115200", "NZL115300", "NZL115400", "NZL115500", "NZL115600", "NZL115700", "NZL115800", "NZL115900", "NZL116000", "NZL116100", "NZL116200", "NZL116300", "NZL116400", "NZL116500", "NZL116600", "NZL116700", "NZL116800", "NZL116900", "NZL117000", "NZL117100", "NZL117200", "NZL117300", "NZL117400", "NZL117500", "NZL117600", "NZL117700", "NZL117800", "NZL117900", "NZL118000", "NZL118100", "NZL118200", "NZL118300", "NZL118400", "NZL118500", "NZL118600", "NZL118700", "NZL118800", "NZL118900", "NZL119000", "NZL119100", "NZL119200", "NZL119400", "NZL119500", "NZL119600", "NZL119700", "NZL119800", "NZL119900", "NZL120000", "NZL120100", "NZL120200", "NZL120300", "NZL120400", "NZL120500", "NZL120600", "NZL120700", "NZL120800", "NZL120900", "NZL121000", "NZL121100", "NZL121200", "NZL121300", "NZL121400", "NZL121500", "NZL121600", "NZL121700", "NZL121800", "NZL121900", "NZL122000", "NZL122100", "NZL122200", "NZL122300", "NZL122400", "NZL122500", "NZL122600", "NZL122700", "NZL122800", "NZL122900", "NZL123000", "NZL123100", "NZL123200", "NZL123300", "NZL123400", "NZL123500", "NZL123600", "NZL123700", "NZL123800", "NZL123900", "NZL124000", "NZL124100", "NZL124200", "NZL124300", "NZL124400", "NZL124500", "NZL124600", "NZL124700", "NZL124800", "NZL124900", "NZL125000", "NZL125100", "NZL125200", "NZL125300", "NZL125400", "NZL125500", "NZL125600", "NZL125700", "NZL125800", "NZL125900", "NZL126000", "NZL126100", "NZL126200", "NZL126300", "NZL126400", "NZL126500", "NZL126600", "NZL126700", "NZL126800", "NZL126900", "NZL127000", "NZL127100", "NZL127200", "NZL127300", "NZL127400", "NZL127500", "NZL127600", "NZL127700", "NZL127800", "NZL127900", "NZL128000", "NZL128100", "NZL128200", "NZL128300", "NZL128400", "NZL128500", "NZL128600", "NZL128700", "NZL128800", "NZL128900", "NZL129000", "NZL129100", "NZL129200", "NZL129300", "NZL129400", "NZL129500", "NZL129600", "NZL129700", "NZL129800", "NZL129900", "NZL130000", "NZL130100", "NZL130200", "NZL130300", "NZL130400", "NZL130500", "NZL130600", "NZL130700", "NZL130800", "NZL130900", "NZL131000", "NZL131100", "NZL131200", "NZL131300", "NZL131400", "NZL131500", "NZL131600", "NZL131700", "NZL131800", "NZL131900", "NZL132000", "NZL132100", "NZL132200", "NZL132300", "NZL132400", "NZL132500", "NZL132600", "NZL132700", "NZL132800", "NZL132900", "NZL133000", "NZL133100", "NZL133200", "NZL133300", "NZL133400", "NZL133500", "NZL133600", "NZL133700", "NZL133800", "NZL133900", "NZL134000", "NZL134100", "NZL134200", "NZL134300", "NZL134400", "NZL134500", "NZL134600", "NZL134700", "NZL134800", "NZL134900", "NZL135000", "NZL135100", "NZL135200", "NZL135300", "NZL135400", "NZL135500", "NZL135600", "NZL135700", "NZL135800", "NZL135900", "NZL136000", "NZL136100", "NZL136200", "NZL136300", "NZL136400", "NZL136500", "NZL136600", "NZL136700", "NZL136800", "NZL136900", "NZL137000", "NZL137100", "NZL137200", "NZL137300", "NZL137400", "NZL137500", "NZL137600", "NZL137700", "NZL137800", "NZL137900", "NZL138000", "NZL138100", "NZL138200", "NZL138300", "NZL138400", "NZL138500", "NZL138600", "NZL138700", "NZL138800", "NZL138900", "NZL139000", "NZL139100", "NZL139200", "NZL139300", "NZL139400", "NZL139500", "NZL139600", "NZL139700", "NZL139800", "NZL139900", "NZL140000", "NZL140100", "NZL140200", "NZL140300", "NZL140400", "NZL140500", "NZL140600", "NZL140700", "NZL140800", "NZL140900", "NZL141000", "NZL141100", "NZL141200", "NZL141300", "NZL141500", "NZL141600", "NZL141700", "NZL141800", "NZL141900", "NZL142000", "NZL142100", "NZL142200", "NZL142300", "NZL142400", "NZL142500", "NZL142600", "NZL142700", "NZL142800", "NZL142900", "NZL143000", "NZL143100", "NZL143200", "NZL143300", "NZL143400", "NZL143500", "NZL143600", "NZL143700", "NZL143800", "NZL143900", "NZL144000", "NZL144100", "NZL144200", "NZL144300", "NZL144400", "NZL144500", "NZL144700", "NZL144800", "NZL144900", "NZL145000", "NZL145100", "NZL145200", "NZL145300", "NZL145400", "NZL145500", "NZL145600", "NZL145700", "NZL145800", "NZL145900", "NZL146000", "NZL146100", "NZL146200", "NZL146300", "NZL146400", "NZL146500", "NZL146600", "NZL146700", "NZL146800", "NZL147000", "NZL147100", "NZL147200", "NZL147400", "NZL147500", "NZL147700", "NZL147800", "NZL147900", "NZL148000", "NZL148100", "NZL148200", "NZL148300", "NZL148400", "NZL148500", "NZL148600", "NZL148800", "NZL148900", "NZL149000", "NZL149100", "NZL149200", "NZL149300", "NZL149400", "NZL149500", "NZL149600", "NZL149700", "NZL149800", "NZL150000", "NZL150100", "NZL150200", "NZL150300", "NZL150400", "NZL150500", "NZL150600", "NZL150700", "NZL150800", "NZL150900", "NZL151000", "NZL151200", "NZL151300", "NZL151400", "NZL151500", "NZL151600", "NZL151800", "NZL151900", "NZL152000", "NZL152100", "NZL152200", "NZL152300", "NZL152400", "NZL152500", "NZL152600", "NZL152700", "NZL152800", "NZL152900", "NZL153000", "NZL153100", "NZL153200", "NZL153300", "NZL153400", "NZL153500", "NZL153600", "NZL153700", "NZL153800", "NZL153900", "NZL154000", "NZL154100", "NZL154200", "NZL154300", "NZL154400", "NZL154500", "NZL154600", "NZL154700", "NZL154800", "NZL154900", "NZL155000", "NZL155100", "NZL155200", "NZL155300", "NZL155400", "NZL155500", "NZL155600", "NZL155700", "NZL155800", "NZL155900", "NZL156000", "NZL156100", "NZL156200", "NZL156300", "NZL156400", "NZL156500", "NZL156600", "NZL156700", "NZL156800", "NZL156900", "NZL157000", "NZL157100", "NZL157200", "NZL157300", "NZL157400", "NZL157500", "NZL157600", "NZL157700", "NZL157800", "NZL157900", "NZL158000", "NZL158100", "NZL158200", "NZL158300", "NZL158400", "NZL158500", "NZL158600", "NZL158700", "NZL158800", "NZL158900", "NZL159000", "NZL159100", "NZL159200", "NZL159300", "NZL159400", "NZL159500", "NZL159600", "NZL159700", "NZL159800", "NZL159900", "NZL160000", "NZL160100", "NZL160200", "NZL160300", "NZL160400", "NZL160500", "NZL160600", "NZL160700", "NZL160800", "NZL160900", "NZL161000", "NZL161100", "NZL161200", "NZL161300", "NZL161400", "NZL161500", "NZL161600", "NZL161700", "NZL161800", "NZL161900", "NZL162000", "NZL162100", "NZL162200", "NZL162300", "NZL162400", "NZL162500", "NZL162600", "NZL162700", "NZL162800", "NZL162900", "NZL163000", "NZL163100", "NZL163200", "NZL163300", "NZL163400", "NZL163500", "NZL163600", "NZL163700", "NZL163801", "NZL163802", "NZL163900", "NZL164000", "NZL164100", "NZL164200", "NZL164300", "NZL164400", "NZL164500", "NZL164600", "NZL164700", "NZL164800", "NZL164900", "NZL165000", "NZL165100", "NZL165200", "NZL165300", "NZL165400", "NZL165500", "NZL165600", "NZL165700", "NZL165800", "NZL165900", "NZL166000", "NZL166100", "NZL166200", "NZL166300", "NZL166400", "NZL169700", "NZL169900", "NZL170000", "NZL170100", "NZL170200", "NZL170300", "NZL170500", "NZL170600" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Statistical Area 2 (SA2)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Statistical Area 2 (SA2)": 545 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "c03dea3f743aa7e052bb31f9e6fdc1e9f04129169d27c7f1dc831d75e6cc5dd1", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 869, "eFUA_name": "Auckland", "Cntry_ISO": "NZL", "Cntry_name": "NewZealand", "UC_IDs": "13129;13130", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "6098c76b53643625b2b53cb2e3ae2a1a18494299bd6684f18cdfc3b0932204a1", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "auckland", "city_name": "Auckland", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:869", "source_area_id": "869", "source_area_name": "Auckland", "value": 5.79499486614101, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2159, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2159, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 304, "total_known_modelled_population": 1731774.1333824566, "pm_covered_population": 1731774.1333824566, "weighted_concentration_sum": 10035622.212267132, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 1731774.1333824566, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 5.790095736691827, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 5.870153842061059, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-869.npz", "sha256": "418918b8614315f2eaefcdd7763f67a1d3f19716126ecb696b58c51eb696f338" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:auckland", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-auckland", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Auckland (source ID 869). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2159, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2159, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 304, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1731774.1333824566, "weather_covered_population": 1731774.1333824566, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 9, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1731774.1333824566, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. 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These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. 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"metric": "pm25", "value": 34.75639316972735, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:bangalore", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-9099", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-9099.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "493f8a5f920083635ac74822e82f7e18dac1a81ce12aa11515806be27074c183", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-9099.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 9099", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 14253018.945094977, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:bangalore", "city_slug": "bangalore", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "9099", "source_name": "Bengaluru", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "bangalore", "estimated_area_id": 9099, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 77.5946, "latitude": 12.9716, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "IND", "source_country_iso3": "IND", "source_country_name": "India" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:9099", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=9099; fid=4539", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 4539, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "853760bf02920a8415d294490199577a516a647ab6cd892a039ecaa4846221e6", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "31779b5a72e53a4f29b6061c6569f70ae58ee7cbbcbc9561d4dc032adf0be589", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 9099, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "853760bf02920a8415d294490199577a516a647ab6cd892a039ecaa4846221e6", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "9f9c1db361ffb51bcfc7c9a5a79c2a8ac39db62dd4b912fe385d7274ef675df1" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bengaluru (9099)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:bangalore", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "bangalore", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 8.645702391190284, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:bangalore", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-9099", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-9099.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "8894787dfac610a1dc81f117197ba45ba4a1039f438001f7aa8726850874d01c", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-9099.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 9099", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 14253018.945094977, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bengaluru (9099)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:9099", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bengaluru (9099)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2054, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2054, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 5, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 14253018.945094977, "weather_covered_population": 14253018.945094977, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 123227359.97528806, "native_weather_points": 9, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Bengaluru (source ID 9099). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.1025382918349282, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 29967518.106310863 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.6841782436891406, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 52510662.30440806 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.8589858556662153, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 40749179.56456914 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 14253018.945094977, "strict_value": 8.645702391190284, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 123227359.97528806, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.1025382918349282, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 29967518.106310863, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.6841782436891406, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 52510662.30440806, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.8589858556662153, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 40749179.56456914, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-bangalore", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-9099.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-bangalore", "observation_sha256": "73702a6cf16ddf2c9912c4fd4323d499d744b95c735b4ebdf5352e65b71482fb", "evidence_review_sha256": "205cfc8855824068bf8cb23269df588f30d92d319de208e68a4a5aecd197bfaa", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:bangalore", "geography_sha256": "a82342d0a46587092edf22e4ee63905885615f52e6f45d803340f98aadd716c7", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-9099", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "823f42c8ea1f63d4a71d5db96b5757928e6b7fea3b084b53ee82791f7e235c58", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-9099", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-9099.npz", "sha256": "8894787dfac610a1dc81f117197ba45ba4a1039f438001f7aa8726850874d01c", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "bangalore", "metric": "pm25", "value": 34.75639316972735, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:bangalore", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-9099", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-9099.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "493f8a5f920083635ac74822e82f7e18dac1a81ce12aa11515806be27074c183", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-9099.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 9099", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 14253018.945094977, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bengaluru (9099)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:9099", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bengaluru (9099)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2054, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2054, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 5, "total_known_modelled_population": 14253018.945094977, "pm_covered_population": 14253018.945094977, "weighted_concentration_sum": 495383530.3112936, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 34.75374594215243, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 33.91666288023483, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Bengaluru (source ID 9099). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-bangalore", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-9099.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-08e5f7f4f0c3e1da123a6d828d6a0760c4a806d2459949ad1ca998e55a35f74b", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-bangalore", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-08e5f7f4f0c3e1da123a6d828d6a0760c4a806d2459949ad1ca998e55a35f74b", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-bangalore", "observation_sha256": "73702a6cf16ddf2c9912c4fd4323d499d744b95c735b4ebdf5352e65b71482fb", "evidence_review_sha256": "205cfc8855824068bf8cb23269df588f30d92d319de208e68a4a5aecd197bfaa", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:bangalore", "geography_sha256": "a82342d0a46587092edf22e4ee63905885615f52e6f45d803340f98aadd716c7", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-9099", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "823f42c8ea1f63d4a71d5db96b5757928e6b7fea3b084b53ee82791f7e235c58", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-9099", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-9099.npz", "sha256": "8894787dfac610a1dc81f117197ba45ba4a1039f438001f7aa8726850874d01c", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "bangalore", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 8.645702391190284, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:bangalore", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-9099", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-9099.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "8894787dfac610a1dc81f117197ba45ba4a1039f438001f7aa8726850874d01c", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-9099.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 9099", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 14253018.945094977, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bengaluru (9099)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:9099", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bengaluru (9099)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2054, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2054, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 5, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 14253018.945094977, "weather_covered_population": 14253018.945094977, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 123227359.97528806, "native_weather_points": 9, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Bengaluru (source ID 9099). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.1025382918349282, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 29967518.106310863 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.6841782436891406, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 52510662.30440806 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.8589858556662153, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 40749179.56456914 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 14253018.945094977, "strict_value": 8.645702391190284, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 123227359.97528806, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.1025382918349282, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 29967518.106310863, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.6841782436891406, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 52510662.30440806, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.8589858556662153, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 40749179.56456914, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-bangalore", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-9099.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "bangalore", "city_name": "Bangalore", "destination_country_iso3": "IND", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 77.5946, "latitude": 12.9716, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 9099, "eFUA_name": "Bengaluru", "Cntry_ISO": "IND", "Cntry_name": "India", "UC_IDs": "8050;8122;8153", "UC_num": 3, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "853760bf02920a8415d294490199577a516a647ab6cd892a039ecaa4846221e6", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "bangalore", "city_name": "Bangalore", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:9099", "source_area_id": "9099", "source_area_name": "Bengaluru", "value": 34.75639316972735, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2054, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2054, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 5, "total_known_modelled_population": 14253018.945094977, "pm_covered_population": 14253018.945094977, "weighted_concentration_sum": 495383530.3112936, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 14253018.945094977, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 34.75374594215243, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 33.91666288023483, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-9099.npz", "sha256": "493f8a5f920083635ac74822e82f7e18dac1a81ce12aa11515806be27074c183" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:bangalore", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-bangalore", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Bengaluru (source ID 9099). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:bangalore", "city_slug": "bangalore", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "9099", "source_name": "Bengaluru", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "bangalore", "estimated_area_id": 9099, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 77.5946, "latitude": 12.9716, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "IND", "source_country_iso3": "IND", "source_country_name": "India" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:9099", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=9099; fid=4539", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 4539, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "853760bf02920a8415d294490199577a516a647ab6cd892a039ecaa4846221e6", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "31779b5a72e53a4f29b6061c6569f70ae58ee7cbbcbc9561d4dc032adf0be589", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 9099, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "853760bf02920a8415d294490199577a516a647ab6cd892a039ecaa4846221e6", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "9f9c1db361ffb51bcfc7c9a5a79c2a8ac39db62dd4b912fe385d7274ef675df1" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bengaluru (9099)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:bangalore", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:bangalore", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "bangalore", "city_name": "Bangalore", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:9099", "source_area_id": "9099", "source_area_name": "Bengaluru", "value": 8.645702391190284, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:bangalore", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-bangalore", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Bengaluru (source ID 9099). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2054, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2054, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 5, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 14253018.945094977, "weather_covered_population": 14253018.945094977, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 123227359.97528806, "native_weather_points": 9, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.1025382918349282, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 29967518.106310863 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.6841782436891406, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 52510662.30440806 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.8589858556662153, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 40749179.56456914 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 14253018.945094977, "strict_value": 8.645702391190284, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 123227359.97528806, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.1025382918349282, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 29967518.106310863, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.6841782436891406, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 52510662.30440806, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.8589858556662153, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 40749179.56456914, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-9099.npz", "sha256": "8894787dfac610a1dc81f117197ba45ba4a1039f438001f7aa8726850874d01c" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "bangkok", "name": "Bangkok", "country": { "id": "country:THA", "name": "Thailand", "iso_2": "TH", "iso_3": "THA", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/bangkok", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/bangkok.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "bangkok", "id": "2315", "name": "Bangkok", "constituentNames": [ "Bangkok", "Nonthaburi", "Pak Kret", "Rangsit", "Samut Sakhon", "Om Noi", "Samut Prakan" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Thailand", "UN_WPP": "Thailand" }, "population2025": 19048031.94, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 2697, "densityPerKm2": 7062.674060066742, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 13.7634365, "longitude": 100.554627, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 13.7563, "longitude": 100.5018, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; 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The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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"metric": "pm25", "value": 24.55145547575428, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:bangkok", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1894", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1894.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "de4d843bd0719e3a1e35e60bc95472de5fb5601d0c493d3d52f3afeccb30d004", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1894.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1894", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 18601400.101104815, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and 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Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Bangkok (source ID 1894). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-bangkok", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1894.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-bangkok", "observation_sha256": "27d37186158c7f7e20208f2c5a59fd911ee5d82f3c638c32885da9f38d1d1456", "evidence_review_sha256": "d8d993424c56f8f01fc578b9faac928ba1cd317af68a012db85e2d8887a375f2", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:bangkok", "geography_sha256": "cac427623c912258333d93d6d98942a1b28e6a7436c85e0e8605749d53180725", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1894", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "7c8cbadf31477f6c8f6df89a5ffe50cfee6a6409281faee5ecb1362a3fa83ff1", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-1894", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1894.npz", "sha256": "de4d843bd0719e3a1e35e60bc95472de5fb5601d0c493d3d52f3afeccb30d004", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:bangkok", "city_slug": "bangkok", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1894", "source_name": "Bangkok", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "bangkok", "estimated_area_id": 1894, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 100.5018, "latitude": 13.7563, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "THA", "source_country_iso3": "THA", "source_country_name": "Thailand" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1894", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1894; fid=8088", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8088, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "ab97b6223c21d1748447aeb432f50b6890a1651723213c0b7391858b755ff797", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "87d9de9e1fc371eb633631358735279e669d64d3a2461d7c5776bbc39b79a45c", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1894, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "ab97b6223c21d1748447aeb432f50b6890a1651723213c0b7391858b755ff797", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "67203858757e4edb34afeede390893cc4020d1ada6ea99b83e2d352d24948c27" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bangkok (1894)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:bangkok", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "bangkok", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 138.84774915942904, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:bangkok", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1894", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1894.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "cd3bd5752573ab9bd341b4261e20df683052a5486e225293317f59d0aa1bfd3f", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1894.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1894", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 18601400.101104815, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bangkok (1894)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1894", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bangkok (1894)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5161, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5161, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 12, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 18601400.101104815, "weather_covered_population": 18601400.101104815, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2582762535.2523794, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Bangkok (source ID 1894). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.8908998191871388, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 16571983.986701904 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 14.193381005094878, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 264016758.863191 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 21.1037845973351, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 392559940.94256335 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 26.296650507849446, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 489154517.41542864 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 21.89058637105308, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 407195555.53575045 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 9.698181345182464, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 180399751.4548099 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 5.624830450495642, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 104629721.71054707 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 14.050975860109808, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 261367823.7848679 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 6.413035852197926, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 119291445.7494633 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 12.151093633528795, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 226027354.3432566 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.426339177300793, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 100937506.121272 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.1079905400939665, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 20610175.344527084 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 18601400.101104815, "strict_value": 138.84774915942904, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2582762535.2523794, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.8908998191871388, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 16571983.986701904, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 14.193381005094878, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 264016758.863191, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 21.1037845973351, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 392559940.94256335, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 26.296650507849446, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 489154517.41542864, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 21.89058637105308, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 407195555.53575045, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 9.698181345182464, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 180399751.4548099, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 5.624830450495642, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 104629721.71054707, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 14.050975860109808, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 261367823.7848679, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 6.413035852197926, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 119291445.7494633, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 12.151093633528795, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 226027354.3432566, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.426339177300793, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 100937506.121272, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.1079905400939665, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 20610175.344527084, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-bangkok", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1894.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-bangkok", "observation_sha256": "af142002a8396893d5ed1a41f655fe4b1e1ade25c924f402839729871f985448", "evidence_review_sha256": "b0d3b787cbe2330e7645f6d53ad71681979a31601be265bcd740db8e66de6e59", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:bangkok", "geography_sha256": "256045ed06b55a2f9f967bfb4b603a6cc44eb25b4468f347fb5a739cd1d52f20", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1894", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "b393218199e40f9d718bd94f67a5616432f1cf60ab4a6b9a2a345f279c5e5e05", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1894", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1894.npz", "sha256": "cd3bd5752573ab9bd341b4261e20df683052a5486e225293317f59d0aa1bfd3f", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "bangkok", "metric": "pm25", "value": 24.55145547575428, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:bangkok", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1894", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1894.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "de4d843bd0719e3a1e35e60bc95472de5fb5601d0c493d3d52f3afeccb30d004", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1894.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1894", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 18601400.101104815, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bangkok (1894)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1894", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bangkok (1894)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 5161, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5161, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 12, "total_known_modelled_population": 18601400.101104815, "pm_covered_population": 18601400.101104815, "weighted_concentration_sum": 456691446.36896604, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 24.54920631586285, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 24.587623381700823, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Bangkok (source ID 1894). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-bangkok", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1894.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-6868cb3fa3cefbd9597576882cd1e5c15a816a43025a30be4303378d3b7ecbdd", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-bangkok", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-6868cb3fa3cefbd9597576882cd1e5c15a816a43025a30be4303378d3b7ecbdd", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-bangkok", "observation_sha256": "af142002a8396893d5ed1a41f655fe4b1e1ade25c924f402839729871f985448", "evidence_review_sha256": "b0d3b787cbe2330e7645f6d53ad71681979a31601be265bcd740db8e66de6e59", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:bangkok", "geography_sha256": "256045ed06b55a2f9f967bfb4b603a6cc44eb25b4468f347fb5a739cd1d52f20", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1894", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "b393218199e40f9d718bd94f67a5616432f1cf60ab4a6b9a2a345f279c5e5e05", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1894", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1894.npz", "sha256": "cd3bd5752573ab9bd341b4261e20df683052a5486e225293317f59d0aa1bfd3f", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "bangkok", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 138.84774915942904, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:bangkok", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1894", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1894.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "cd3bd5752573ab9bd341b4261e20df683052a5486e225293317f59d0aa1bfd3f", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1894.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1894", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 18601400.101104815, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bangkok (1894)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1894", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bangkok (1894)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5161, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5161, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 12, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 18601400.101104815, "weather_covered_population": 18601400.101104815, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2582762535.2523794, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Bangkok (source ID 1894). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.8908998191871388, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 16571983.986701904 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 14.193381005094878, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 264016758.863191 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 21.1037845973351, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 392559940.94256335 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 26.296650507849446, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 489154517.41542864 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 21.89058637105308, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 407195555.53575045 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 9.698181345182464, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 180399751.4548099 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 5.624830450495642, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 104629721.71054707 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 14.050975860109808, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 261367823.7848679 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 6.413035852197926, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 119291445.7494633 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 12.151093633528795, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 226027354.3432566 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.426339177300793, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 100937506.121272 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.1079905400939665, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 20610175.344527084 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 18601400.101104815, "strict_value": 138.84774915942904, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2582762535.2523794, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.8908998191871388, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 16571983.986701904, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 14.193381005094878, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 264016758.863191, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 21.1037845973351, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 392559940.94256335, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 26.296650507849446, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 489154517.41542864, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 21.89058637105308, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 407195555.53575045, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 9.698181345182464, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 180399751.4548099, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 5.624830450495642, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 104629721.71054707, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 14.050975860109808, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 261367823.7848679, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 6.413035852197926, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 119291445.7494633, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 12.151093633528795, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 226027354.3432566, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.426339177300793, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 100937506.121272, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.1079905400939665, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 20610175.344527084, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-bangkok", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1894.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "bangkok", "city_name": "Bangkok", "destination_country_iso3": "THA", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 100.5018, "latitude": 13.7563, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1894, "eFUA_name": "Bangkok", "Cntry_ISO": "THA", "Cntry_name": "Thailand", "UC_IDs": "10715;10765;10788", "UC_num": 3, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "ab97b6223c21d1748447aeb432f50b6890a1651723213c0b7391858b755ff797", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:bangkok", "city_slug": "bangkok", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1894", "source_name": "Bangkok", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "bangkok", "estimated_area_id": 1894, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 100.5018, "latitude": 13.7563, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "THA", "source_country_iso3": "THA", "source_country_name": "Thailand" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1894", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1894; fid=8088", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8088, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "ab97b6223c21d1748447aeb432f50b6890a1651723213c0b7391858b755ff797", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "87d9de9e1fc371eb633631358735279e669d64d3a2461d7c5776bbc39b79a45c", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1894, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "ab97b6223c21d1748447aeb432f50b6890a1651723213c0b7391858b755ff797", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "67203858757e4edb34afeede390893cc4020d1ada6ea99b83e2d352d24948c27" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Bangkok (1894)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:bangkok", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "bangkok", "city_name": "Bangkok", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1894", "source_area_id": "1894", "source_area_name": "Bangkok", "value": 24.55145547575428, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 5161, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5161, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 12, "total_known_modelled_population": 18601400.101104815, "pm_covered_population": 18601400.101104815, "weighted_concentration_sum": 456691446.36896604, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 18601400.101104815, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 24.54920631586285, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 24.587623381700823, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1894.npz", "sha256": "de4d843bd0719e3a1e35e60bc95472de5fb5601d0c493d3d52f3afeccb30d004" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:bangkok", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-bangkok", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Bangkok (source ID 1894). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. The current engine state separately applies age and all other checks." }, "scoring_boundaries": [ { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:bangkok", "city_slug": "bangkok", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1894", "source_name": "Bangkok", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5161, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5161, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 12, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 18601400.101104815, "weather_covered_population": 18601400.101104815, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2582762535.2523794, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.8908998191871388, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 16571983.986701904 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 14.193381005094878, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 264016758.863191 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 21.1037845973351, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 392559940.94256335 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 26.296650507849446, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 489154517.41542864 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 21.89058637105308, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 407195555.53575045 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 9.698181345182464, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 180399751.4548099 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 5.624830450495642, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 104629721.71054707 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 14.050975860109808, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 261367823.7848679 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 6.413035852197926, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 119291445.7494633 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 12.151093633528795, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 226027354.3432566 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.426339177300793, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 100937506.121272 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.1079905400939665, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 20610175.344527084 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 18601400.101104815, "strict_value": 138.84774915942904, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2582762535.2523794, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.8908998191871388, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 16571983.986701904, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 14.193381005094878, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 264016758.863191, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 21.1037845973351, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 392559940.94256335, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 26.296650507849446, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 489154517.41542864, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 21.89058637105308, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 407195555.53575045, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 9.698181345182464, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 180399751.4548099, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 5.624830450495642, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 104629721.71054707, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 14.050975860109808, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 261367823.7848679, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 6.413035852197926, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 119291445.7494633, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 12.151093633528795, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 226027354.3432566, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.426339177300793, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 100937506.121272, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.1079905400939665, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 20610175.344527084, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1894.npz", "sha256": "cd3bd5752573ab9bd341b4261e20df683052a5486e225293317f59d0aa1bfd3f" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "barcelona", "name": "Barcelona", "country": { "id": "country:ESP", "name": "Spain", "iso_2": "ES", "iso_3": "ESP", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/barcelona", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/barcelona.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 1, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. 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"metric": "pm25", "value": 13.642424533498145, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:barcelona", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4523", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4523.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "94319e6898a260b8d07ba2c7500678d5b1efab76b46729e9106d532e3561e75e", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4523.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 4523", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 5345763.368185047, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:barcelona", "city_slug": "barcelona", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "4523", "source_name": "Barcelona", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "barcelona", "estimated_area_id": 4523, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "ES002F", "oecd_name": "Barcelona", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 1967, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 2617.465254572168, "intersection_km2": 1758.230186246856, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8938638465921993, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.6717300958152522, "intersection_over_union": 0.6221103849258711, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 2.1734, "latitude": 41.3851, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "ESP", "source_country_iso3": "ESP", "source_country_name": "Spain" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4523", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=4523; fid=7872", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7872, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "cf1a417cbc7d488b266460de5c3d385c19bd603c52ed2568138409dd706b9b0c", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "23c0b65df5d02144f9f8f3b38dec909abe9783d560637d432558caac5d7c0997", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 4523, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "cf1a417cbc7d488b266460de5c3d385c19bd603c52ed2568138409dd706b9b0c", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "ae4f98e9e8469e1490aa509c605ed676cdf87e3232e3b6be4178abceb1866fc4" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Barcelona (4523)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:barcelona", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "barcelona", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 1.5322321465820048, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:barcelona", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4523", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4523.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f852c1c71b5797e5f94c63033eb4e9432edbf8650078c9a0a52f410f40f3ee91", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4523.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 4523", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 5345763.368185047, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Barcelona (4523)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4523", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Barcelona (4523)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1967, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1967, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 121, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 5345763.368185047, "weather_covered_population": 5345763.368185047, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 8190950.480753623, "native_weather_points": 10, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Barcelona (source ID 4523). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.11564563626296052, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 618214.2060249867 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.024777370691105204, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 132453.96060045203 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.391809139627939, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 7440282.314128184 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 5345763.368185047, "strict_value": 1.5322321465820048, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 8190950.480753623, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.11564563626296052, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 618214.2060249867, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.024777370691105204, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 132453.96060045203, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.391809139627939, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 7440282.314128184, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-barcelona", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4523.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-barcelona", "observation_sha256": "52d575b0a0e76e6bec1483bfd26aaf3a74ab1686bac196fe4046b1dc7eff7ede", "evidence_review_sha256": "925e2f5e3ac702fcc1b571acf816a6b71e6008c6b77b650722ecd4bca90cab4d", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:barcelona", "geography_sha256": "3e728a7038031c069a7b4d17f7c566b357a004120408e6f134968a4bbc03bd38", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4523", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "efc8afdc261d1e83115682eea66691e31dab6b7f9d19c484335145b06ed431b5", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-4523", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4523.npz", "sha256": "f852c1c71b5797e5f94c63033eb4e9432edbf8650078c9a0a52f410f40f3ee91", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:barcelona", "city_slug": "barcelona", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "4523", "source_name": "Barcelona", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "barcelona", "metric": "pm25", "value": 13.642424533498145, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:barcelona", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4523", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4523.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "94319e6898a260b8d07ba2c7500678d5b1efab76b46729e9106d532e3561e75e", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4523.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 4523", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 5345763.368185047, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Barcelona (4523)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4523", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Barcelona (4523)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 1967, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1967, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 121, "total_known_modelled_population": 5345763.368185047, "pm_covered_population": 5345763.368185047, "weighted_concentration_sum": 72929173.32440336, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 13.64201355403992, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 12.73822056366853, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Barcelona (source ID 4523). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-barcelona", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4523.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-7eaf1ba1a026f265e8438025d6061059d4adade3333f1f3860d7dc3c882de497", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-barcelona", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-7eaf1ba1a026f265e8438025d6061059d4adade3333f1f3860d7dc3c882de497", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-barcelona", "observation_sha256": "52d575b0a0e76e6bec1483bfd26aaf3a74ab1686bac196fe4046b1dc7eff7ede", "evidence_review_sha256": "925e2f5e3ac702fcc1b571acf816a6b71e6008c6b77b650722ecd4bca90cab4d", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:barcelona", "geography_sha256": "3e728a7038031c069a7b4d17f7c566b357a004120408e6f134968a4bbc03bd38", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4523", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "efc8afdc261d1e83115682eea66691e31dab6b7f9d19c484335145b06ed431b5", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-4523", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4523.npz", "sha256": "f852c1c71b5797e5f94c63033eb4e9432edbf8650078c9a0a52f410f40f3ee91", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "barcelona", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 1.5322321465820048, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:barcelona", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4523", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4523.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f852c1c71b5797e5f94c63033eb4e9432edbf8650078c9a0a52f410f40f3ee91", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4523.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 4523", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 5345763.368185047, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Barcelona (4523)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4523", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Barcelona (4523)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1967, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1967, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 121, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 5345763.368185047, "weather_covered_population": 5345763.368185047, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 8190950.480753623, "native_weather_points": 10, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Barcelona (source ID 4523). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.11564563626296052, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 618214.2060249867 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.024777370691105204, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 132453.96060045203 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.391809139627939, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 7440282.314128184 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 5345763.368185047, "strict_value": 1.5322321465820048, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 8190950.480753623, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.11564563626296052, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 618214.2060249867, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.024777370691105204, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 132453.96060045203, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.391809139627939, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 7440282.314128184, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-barcelona", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4523.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "barcelona", "source_city_name": "Barcelona", "source_country_name": "Spain", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:barcelona:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "barcelona", "source_city_name": "Barcelona", "source_country_name": "Spain", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "Barcelona", "country": "Spain" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 11.166953087, "value_as_published": "11.166953087", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "1,664,182", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2020 for city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 734, "csv_line_end": 735, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "Barcelona", "Country": "Spain", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "11.166953087", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2020 for city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "1,664,182" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "barcelona", "city_name": "Barcelona", "destination_country_iso3": "ESP", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 2.1734, "latitude": 41.3851, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "ES002F", "country_iso3": "ESP", "source_name": "Barcelona", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 135, "member_ids": [ "ESP08001", "ESP08003", "ESP08005", "ESP08006", "ESP08007", "ESP08009", "ESP08015", "ESP08019", "ESP08020", "ESP08023", "ESP08025", "ESP08028", "ESP08029", "ESP08030", "ESP08032", "ESP08033", "ESP08035", "ESP08040", "ESP08041", "ESP08042", "ESP08043", "ESP08046", "ESP08051", "ESP08053", "ESP08054", "ESP08056", "ESP08061", "ESP08066", "ESP08068", "ESP08069", "ESP08072", "ESP08073", "ESP08074", "ESP08075", "ESP08076", "ESP08077", "ESP08086", "ESP08088", "ESP08089", "ESP08091", "ESP08096", "ESP08101", "ESP08105", "ESP08106", "ESP08107", "ESP08108", "ESP08114", "ESP08115", "ESP08118", "ESP08119", "ESP08120", "ESP08121", "ESP08122", "ESP08123", "ESP08124", "ESP08125", "ESP08126", "ESP08127", "ESP08135", "ESP08136", "ESP08146", "ESP08147", "ESP08148", "ESP08153", "ESP08156", "ESP08157", "ESP08158", "ESP08159", "ESP08161", "ESP08162", "ESP08167", "ESP08169", "ESP08172", "ESP08179", "ESP08180", "ESP08181", "ESP08184", "ESP08187", "ESP08193", "ESP08194", "ESP08196", "ESP08197", "ESP08198", "ESP08200", "ESP08203", "ESP08204", "ESP08205", "ESP08207", "ESP08208", "ESP08209", "ESP08210", "ESP08211", "ESP08214", "ESP08217", "ESP08219", "ESP08221", "ESP08222", "ESP08223", "ESP08230", "ESP08231", "ESP08234", "ESP08235", "ESP08236", "ESP08238", "ESP08242", "ESP08244", "ESP08245", "ESP08248", "ESP08252", "ESP08256", "ESP08260", "ESP08262", "ESP08263", "ESP08264", "ESP08266", "ESP08267", "ESP08270", "ESP08273", "ESP08279", "ESP08281", "ESP08282", "ESP08289", "ESP08290", "ESP08291", "ESP08294", "ESP08295", "ESP08296", "ESP08300", "ESP08301", "ESP08307", "ESP08902", "ESP08904", "ESP08905", "ESP43037", "ESP43051" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Municipios)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Municipios)": 135 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "68ada3c35e15e9f4b8a34644be96019acaa1082401f2a6ced1c0e53955b36a69", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 4523, "eFUA_name": "Barcelona", "Cntry_ISO": "ESP", "Cntry_name": "Spain", "UC_IDs": "2051;2066", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "cf1a417cbc7d488b266460de5c3d385c19bd603c52ed2568138409dd706b9b0c", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "ES002F", "URAU_NAME": "Barcelona", "CNTR_CODE": "ES" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:barcelona", "city_slug": "barcelona", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "4523", "source_name": "Barcelona", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "barcelona", "estimated_area_id": 4523, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "ES002F", "oecd_name": "Barcelona", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 1967, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 2617.465254572168, "intersection_km2": 1758.230186246856, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8938638465921993, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.6717300958152522, "intersection_over_union": 0.6221103849258711, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 2.1734, "latitude": 41.3851, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "ESP", "source_country_iso3": "ESP", "source_country_name": "Spain" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4523", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=4523; fid=7872", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7872, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "cf1a417cbc7d488b266460de5c3d385c19bd603c52ed2568138409dd706b9b0c", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "23c0b65df5d02144f9f8f3b38dec909abe9783d560637d432558caac5d7c0997", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 4523, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "cf1a417cbc7d488b266460de5c3d385c19bd603c52ed2568138409dd706b9b0c", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "ae4f98e9e8469e1490aa509c605ed676cdf87e3232e3b6be4178abceb1866fc4" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Barcelona (4523)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:barcelona", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:barcelona", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "barcelona", "city_name": "Barcelona", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4523", "source_area_id": "4523", "source_area_name": "Barcelona", "value": 1.5322321465820048, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:barcelona", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-barcelona", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Barcelona (source ID 4523). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1967, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1967, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 121, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 5345763.368185047, "weather_covered_population": 5345763.368185047, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 8190950.480753623, "native_weather_points": 10, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.11564563626296052, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 618214.2060249867 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.024777370691105204, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 132453.96060045203 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.391809139627939, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 7440282.314128184 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 5345763.368185047, "strict_value": 1.5322321465820048, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 8190950.480753623, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.11564563626296052, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 618214.2060249867, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.024777370691105204, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 132453.96060045203, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.391809139627939, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 7440282.314128184, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4523.npz", "sha256": "f852c1c71b5797e5f94c63033eb4e9432edbf8650078c9a0a52f410f40f3ee91" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "beijing", "name": "Beijing", "country": { "id": "country:CHN", "name": "China", "iso_2": "CN", "iso_3": "CHN", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/beijing", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/beijing.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "beijing", "id": "8745", "name": "Beijing", "constituentNames": [ "Beijing", "Shunyi", "Mentougou", "Dongcheng", "Chaoyang", "Haidian", "Xicheng", "Fengtai", "Shijingshan", "Daxing" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "China", "UN_WPP": "China" }, "population2025": 18150575.83, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 2179, "densityPerKm2": 8329.773212482789, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 39.938856, "longitude": 116.3811714, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 39.9042, "longitude": 116.4074, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; 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The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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"metric": "pm25", "value": 43.91105217600718, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:beijing", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7704", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7704.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "5b76f1a77bd86e6477fab4b3fa367b470b5d309f269c670e52bb41f21b3055c2", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7704.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 7704", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 20738737.867322102, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:beijing", "city_slug": "beijing", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "7704", "source_name": "Beijing", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "beijing", "estimated_area_id": 7704, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 116.4074, "latitude": 39.9042, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CHN", "source_country_iso3": "CHN", "source_country_name": "China" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7704", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=7704; fid=1342", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 1342, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "9465f56cf82e69cb2ecd6b2d85f3090b12e5d63a3eff40b3845514f2bac86feb", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "941274c657899d0821f5591337d20c3371bf6d1c88b6af7d44b32011cd85e797", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 7704, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "9465f56cf82e69cb2ecd6b2d85f3090b12e5d63a3eff40b3845514f2bac86feb", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "8971fc21ba6e9b0d161e7d60cc910a6dc70b613c8b357be31896630d576e089e" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Beijing (7704)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:beijing", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "beijing", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 22.782247502998995, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:beijing", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7704", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7704.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "e2922143187a8f71c9425be1bfaf435962295f4231d2c086b7330fff51c0299b", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7704.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 7704", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 20738737.867322102, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Beijing (7704)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7704", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Beijing (7704)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5536, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5536, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 93, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 20738737.867322102, "weather_covered_population": 20738737.867322102, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 472475058.9931497, "native_weather_points": 18, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Beijing (source ID 7704). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.1273511006277918, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2641101.0930347336 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 8.003450293208715, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 165981457.66499776 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.285059717501762, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 213299157.43102294 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 4.294304276324314, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 89058450.70921029 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.07208211533641375, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1494892.094883963 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 20738737.867322102, "strict_value": 22.782247502998995, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 472475058.9931497, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.1273511006277918, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2641101.0930347336, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 8.003450293208715, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 165981457.66499776, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.285059717501762, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 213299157.43102294, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 4.294304276324314, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 89058450.70921029, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.07208211533641375, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1494892.094883963, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-beijing", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7704.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-beijing", "observation_sha256": "04bc6dbf8200849d5337bb8dcd1a16efdd36a116728dd21fdf7239f0b27f2435", "evidence_review_sha256": "4b5feb78d8087662946e4f3f3a144453a9dd599e32b2e52e8b5253995ef88d27", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:beijing", "geography_sha256": "636e8580d2a4efa2fbb6c5087b6a1088f85294cb20341ee6ca99899c500b271d", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7704", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "f3fa8c93f25f66483bd99e1f0dcdb830113c8fed94e554ec4a5c510fc9ae7404", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-7704", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7704.npz", "sha256": "e2922143187a8f71c9425be1bfaf435962295f4231d2c086b7330fff51c0299b", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "beijing", "metric": "pm25", "value": 43.91105217600718, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:beijing", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7704", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7704.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "5b76f1a77bd86e6477fab4b3fa367b470b5d309f269c670e52bb41f21b3055c2", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7704.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 7704", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 20738737.867322102, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Beijing (7704)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7704", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Beijing (7704)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 5536, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5536, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 93, "total_known_modelled_population": 20738737.867322102, "pm_covered_population": 20738737.867322102, "weighted_concentration_sum": 910659800.5565168, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 43.89671229745463, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 43.667838851310194, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Beijing (source ID 7704). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-beijing", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7704.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-bfe155cae188b031faa73a0223cc74e22dd5f55238dfe202ec5db8f5aea2be18", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-beijing", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-bfe155cae188b031faa73a0223cc74e22dd5f55238dfe202ec5db8f5aea2be18", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-beijing", "observation_sha256": "04bc6dbf8200849d5337bb8dcd1a16efdd36a116728dd21fdf7239f0b27f2435", "evidence_review_sha256": "4b5feb78d8087662946e4f3f3a144453a9dd599e32b2e52e8b5253995ef88d27", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:beijing", "geography_sha256": "636e8580d2a4efa2fbb6c5087b6a1088f85294cb20341ee6ca99899c500b271d", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7704", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "f3fa8c93f25f66483bd99e1f0dcdb830113c8fed94e554ec4a5c510fc9ae7404", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-7704", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7704.npz", "sha256": "e2922143187a8f71c9425be1bfaf435962295f4231d2c086b7330fff51c0299b", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "beijing", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 22.782247502998995, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:beijing", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7704", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7704.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "e2922143187a8f71c9425be1bfaf435962295f4231d2c086b7330fff51c0299b", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7704.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 7704", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 20738737.867322102, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Beijing (7704)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7704", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Beijing (7704)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5536, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5536, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 93, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 20738737.867322102, "weather_covered_population": 20738737.867322102, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 472475058.9931497, "native_weather_points": 18, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Beijing (source ID 7704). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.1273511006277918, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2641101.0930347336 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 8.003450293208715, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 165981457.66499776 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.285059717501762, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 213299157.43102294 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 4.294304276324314, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 89058450.70921029 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.07208211533641375, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1494892.094883963 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 20738737.867322102, "strict_value": 22.782247502998995, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 472475058.9931497, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.1273511006277918, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2641101.0930347336, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 8.003450293208715, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 165981457.66499776, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.285059717501762, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 213299157.43102294, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 4.294304276324314, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 89058450.70921029, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.07208211533641375, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1494892.094883963, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-beijing", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7704.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "beijing", "city_name": "Beijing", "destination_country_iso3": "CHN", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 116.4074, "latitude": 39.9042, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 7704, "eFUA_name": "Beijing", "Cntry_ISO": "CHN", "Cntry_name": "China", "UC_IDs": "10675;10685;10687;10697;10738;10786", "UC_num": 6, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "9465f56cf82e69cb2ecd6b2d85f3090b12e5d63a3eff40b3845514f2bac86feb", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:beijing", "city_slug": "beijing", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "7704", "source_name": "Beijing", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "beijing", "estimated_area_id": 7704, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 116.4074, "latitude": 39.9042, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CHN", "source_country_iso3": "CHN", "source_country_name": "China" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7704", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=7704; fid=1342", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 1342, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "9465f56cf82e69cb2ecd6b2d85f3090b12e5d63a3eff40b3845514f2bac86feb", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "941274c657899d0821f5591337d20c3371bf6d1c88b6af7d44b32011cd85e797", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 7704, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "9465f56cf82e69cb2ecd6b2d85f3090b12e5d63a3eff40b3845514f2bac86feb", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "8971fc21ba6e9b0d161e7d60cc910a6dc70b613c8b357be31896630d576e089e" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Beijing (7704)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:beijing", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "beijing", "city_name": "Beijing", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7704", "source_area_id": "7704", "source_area_name": "Beijing", "value": 43.91105217600718, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 5536, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5536, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 93, "total_known_modelled_population": 20738737.867322102, "pm_covered_population": 20738737.867322102, "weighted_concentration_sum": 910659800.5565168, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 20738737.867322102, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 43.89671229745463, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 43.667838851310194, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7704.npz", "sha256": "5b76f1a77bd86e6477fab4b3fa367b470b5d309f269c670e52bb41f21b3055c2" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:beijing", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-beijing", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Beijing (source ID 7704). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "berlin", "name": "Berlin", "country": { "id": "country:DEU", "name": "Germany", "iso_2": "DE", "iso_3": "DEU", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/berlin", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/berlin.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 1, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:berlin", "city_slug": "berlin", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "4946", "source_name": "Berlin", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "berlin", "estimated_area_id": 4946, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "DE001F", "oecd_name": "Berlin", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 3572, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 9048.077924764108, "intersection_km2": 3567.9253496773813, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9988592804247989, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.394329644300715, "intersection_over_union": 0.39415214448516944, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 13.405, "latitude": 52.52, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "DEU", "source_country_iso3": "DEU", "source_country_name": "Germany" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4946", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=4946; fid=3278", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 3278, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "3451855a3fa0aeeb0b7ab3fe1843aececd57a7768f192e249970e1739cb70568", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "b3ccf2a86c868d733b24e3de032efc205740ccfc9e941213ada4de8a90d35349", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 4946, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "3451855a3fa0aeeb0b7ab3fe1843aececd57a7768f192e249970e1739cb70568", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "6051a1da34e5d8e30490fecb7bbd0c6533912ad3b2425f242d06e2b029adb7ae" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Berlin (4946)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:berlin", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "berlin", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 1.8966709034671059, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:berlin", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4946", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4946.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "2df5187cb1300229c5a5c4baf09df236780269f42e9c1cecbf0a981010bfb775", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4946.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 4946", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 4558042.61540937, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Berlin (4946)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4946", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Berlin (4946)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3572, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3572, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 443, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 4558042.61540937, "weather_covered_population": 4558042.61540937, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 8645106.80541006, "native_weather_points": 13, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Berlin (source ID 4946). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4558042.61540937 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.8966709034671059, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4087064.1900006896 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 4558042.61540937, "strict_value": 1.8966709034671059, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 8645106.80541006, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4558042.61540937, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.8966709034671059, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4087064.1900006896, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-berlin", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4946.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-berlin", "observation_sha256": "d4a6f9b9091743f7f0710effb0c3057ff2635bb56813f2c51f4f435f1ec55f9c", "evidence_review_sha256": "ec5ffae6d4efe9a11a2bfb2c9d2d912cd8b80ef570f8836b7a43feba7011feff", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:berlin", "geography_sha256": "055d9d4ba31f8e65fea7af0db57821a3c360ab8ae42c178165005f16a3f5d9f6", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4946", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "7d61d1d2317d75bcca0a7778072bafea689fa64cf9f0da129ed44becfa2a0eed", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-4946", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4946.npz", "sha256": "2df5187cb1300229c5a5c4baf09df236780269f42e9c1cecbf0a981010bfb775", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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"geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4946", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "1bb837ea6b62dc41e7b550d57aa8d624c7a26477da9f8400720b0d4698c7522b", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-4946", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4946.npz", "sha256": "0be031e77f9912f89416f0c162e368e46330dbcbb1d4eefc017968c9e5ec878b", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "berlin", "metric": "pm25", "value": 10.720344182093204, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:berlin", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4946", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4946.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "0be031e77f9912f89416f0c162e368e46330dbcbb1d4eefc017968c9e5ec878b", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4946.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 4946", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 4558042.61540937, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Berlin (4946)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4946", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Berlin (4946)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 3572, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3572, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 443, "total_known_modelled_population": 4558042.61540937, "pm_covered_population": 4558042.61540937, "weighted_concentration_sum": 48863785.633836724, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 10.720058378403708, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 10.632282684048253, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Berlin (source ID 4946). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-berlin", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4946.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-63c27f266d1c6bef4fd691a61195dd14ff132d5c29dc0ea37604e9422f3db69a", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-berlin", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-63c27f266d1c6bef4fd691a61195dd14ff132d5c29dc0ea37604e9422f3db69a", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-berlin", "observation_sha256": "d4a6f9b9091743f7f0710effb0c3057ff2635bb56813f2c51f4f435f1ec55f9c", "evidence_review_sha256": "ec5ffae6d4efe9a11a2bfb2c9d2d912cd8b80ef570f8836b7a43feba7011feff", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:berlin", "geography_sha256": "055d9d4ba31f8e65fea7af0db57821a3c360ab8ae42c178165005f16a3f5d9f6", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4946", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "7d61d1d2317d75bcca0a7778072bafea689fa64cf9f0da129ed44becfa2a0eed", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-4946", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4946.npz", "sha256": "2df5187cb1300229c5a5c4baf09df236780269f42e9c1cecbf0a981010bfb775", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "berlin", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 1.8966709034671059, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:berlin", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4946", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4946.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "2df5187cb1300229c5a5c4baf09df236780269f42e9c1cecbf0a981010bfb775", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4946.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 4946", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 4558042.61540937, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Berlin (4946)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4946", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Berlin (4946)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3572, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3572, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 443, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 4558042.61540937, "weather_covered_population": 4558042.61540937, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 8645106.80541006, "native_weather_points": 13, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Berlin (source ID 4946). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4558042.61540937 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.8966709034671059, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4087064.1900006896 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 4558042.61540937, "strict_value": 1.8966709034671059, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 8645106.80541006, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4558042.61540937, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.8966709034671059, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4087064.1900006896, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-berlin", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4946.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "berlin", "source_city_name": "Berlin", "source_country_name": "Germany", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:berlin:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "berlin", "source_city_name": "Berlin", "source_country_name": "Germany", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "Berlin", "country": "Germany" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 10.605043411, "value_as_published": "10.605043411", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "3,669,491", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2020 for city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 253, "csv_line_end": 254, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "Berlin", "Country": "Germany", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "10.605043411", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2020 for city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "3,669,491" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "berlin", "city_name": "Berlin", "destination_country_iso3": "DEU", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 13.405, "latitude": 52.52, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "DE001F", "country_iso3": "DEU", "source_name": "Berlin", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 118, "member_ids": [ "DEU11000000", "DEU12054000", "DEU12060005", "DEU12060020", "DEU12060024", "DEU12060034", "DEU12060154", "DEU12060161", "DEU12060181", "DEU12060192", "DEU12060198", "DEU12060250", "DEU12060269", "DEU12060280", "DEU12061020", "DEU12061112", "DEU12061192", "DEU12061216", "DEU12061217", "DEU12061260", "DEU12061328", "DEU12061332", "DEU12061344", "DEU12061405", "DEU12061433", "DEU12061444", "DEU12061448", "DEU12061492", "DEU12061540", "DEU12061572", "DEU12063036", "DEU12063056", "DEU12063080", "DEU12063088", "DEU12063142", "DEU12063148", "DEU12063186", "DEU12063202", "DEU12063208", "DEU12063228", "DEU12063240", "DEU12063256", "DEU12063273", "DEU12063357", "DEU12064029", "DEU12064053", "DEU12064084", "DEU12064136", "DEU12064153", "DEU12064205", "DEU12064222", "DEU12064227", "DEU12064303", "DEU12064317", "DEU12064336", "DEU12064370", "DEU12064380", "DEU12064393", "DEU12064408", "DEU12064428", "DEU12064472", "DEU12064484", "DEU12065036", "DEU12065096", "DEU12065100", "DEU12065136", "DEU12065144", "DEU12065165", "DEU12065180", "DEU12065193", "DEU12065198", "DEU12065225", "DEU12065251", "DEU12065256", "DEU12065332", "DEU12067024", "DEU12067040", "DEU12067124", "DEU12067144", "DEU12067173", "DEU12067201", "DEU12067288", "DEU12067408", "DEU12067440", "DEU12067469", "DEU12067544", "DEU12068372", "DEU12069017", "DEU12069020", "DEU12069052", "DEU12069056", "DEU12069076", "DEU12069249", "DEU12069304", "DEU12069306", "DEU12069345", "DEU12069397", "DEU12069402", "DEU12069448", "DEU12069454", "DEU12069460", "DEU12069470", "DEU12069474", "DEU12069590", "DEU12069596", "DEU12069604", "DEU12069616", "DEU12069632", "DEU12069656", "DEU12072002", "DEU12072017", "DEU12072120", "DEU12072232", "DEU12072240", "DEU12072312", "DEU12072340", "DEU12072426", "DEU12072477" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Gemeinden)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Gemeinden)": 118 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "34821fbbc7a63e08490ed46b2a9455f83fcf2f4910e27a7bc38a69affb58d745", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 4946, "eFUA_name": "Berlin", "Cntry_ISO": "DEU", "Cntry_name": "Germany", "UC_IDs": "2849;2851", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "3451855a3fa0aeeb0b7ab3fe1843aececd57a7768f192e249970e1739cb70568", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "DE001F", "URAU_NAME": "Berlin", "CNTR_CODE": "DE" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:berlin", "city_slug": "berlin", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "4946", "source_name": "Berlin", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "berlin", "estimated_area_id": 4946, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "DE001F", "oecd_name": "Berlin", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 3572, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 9048.077924764108, "intersection_km2": 3567.9253496773813, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9988592804247989, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.394329644300715, "intersection_over_union": 0.39415214448516944, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 13.405, "latitude": 52.52, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "DEU", "source_country_iso3": "DEU", "source_country_name": "Germany" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4946", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=4946; fid=3278", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 3278, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "3451855a3fa0aeeb0b7ab3fe1843aececd57a7768f192e249970e1739cb70568", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "b3ccf2a86c868d733b24e3de032efc205740ccfc9e941213ada4de8a90d35349", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 4946, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "3451855a3fa0aeeb0b7ab3fe1843aececd57a7768f192e249970e1739cb70568", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "6051a1da34e5d8e30490fecb7bbd0c6533912ad3b2425f242d06e2b029adb7ae" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Berlin (4946)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:berlin", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:berlin", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "berlin", "city_name": "Berlin", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4946", "source_area_id": "4946", "source_area_name": "Berlin", "value": 1.8966709034671059, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:berlin", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-berlin", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Berlin (source ID 4946). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3572, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3572, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 443, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 4558042.61540937, "weather_covered_population": 4558042.61540937, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 8645106.80541006, "native_weather_points": 13, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4558042.61540937 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.8966709034671059, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4087064.1900006896 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 4558042.61540937, "strict_value": 1.8966709034671059, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 8645106.80541006, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4558042.61540937, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.8966709034671059, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4087064.1900006896, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4946.npz", "sha256": "2df5187cb1300229c5a5c4baf09df236780269f42e9c1cecbf0a981010bfb775" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "boston", "name": "Boston", "country": { "id": "country:USA", "name": "United States", "iso_2": "US", "iso_3": "USA", "continent": "North America" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/boston", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/boston.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 3, "agency_measurements": 3, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 5, "air_monitor_records": 5, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "boston", "id": "8255", "name": "Boston", "constituentNames": [ "Boston", "Cambridge", "Quincy", "Newton", "Somerville", "Waltham", "Revere", "Chelsea" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "United States", "UN_WPP": "United States of America" }, "population2025": 1669310.016, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 508, "densityPerKm2": 3286.0433385826773, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 42.3519851, "longitude": -71.0927219, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 42.3601, "longitude": -71.0589, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M210.84,22.84L220.53,27.68L220.53,37.37L210.84,42.21L210.84,66.42L215.68,66.42L220.53,76.11L230.21,76.11L230.21,80.95L220.53,85.79L220.53,90.63L230.21,90.63L230.21,95.47L220.53,100.32L215.68,119.68L210.84,119.68L210.84,114.84L201.16,110.0L201.16,114.84L196.32,114.84L196.32,119.68L191.47,119.68L186.63,129.37L176.95,129.37L176.95,139.05L186.63,139.05L176.95,158.42L191.47,158.42L191.47,153.58L196.32,153.58L196.32,163.26L201.16,163.26L201.16,172.95L191.47,177.79L191.47,192.32L186.63,192.32L186.63,202.0L181.79,202.0L181.79,197.16L172.11,197.16L172.11,192.32L157.58,192.32L157.58,197.16L152.74,197.16L157.58,177.79L152.74,177.79L152.74,172.95L138.21,172.95L138.21,168.11L128.53,168.11L128.53,172.95L123.68,172.95L123.68,177.79L114.0,177.79L114.0,182.63L99.47,182.63L99.47,172.95L104.32,172.95L104.32,163.26L99.47,163.26L99.47,158.42L104.32,158.42L104.32,148.74L94.63,143.89L94.63,124.53L89.79,124.53L89.79,119.68L94.63,119.68L94.63,105.16L99.47,105.16L99.47,100.32L114.0,100.32L114.0,95.47L118.84,95.47L118.84,100.32L128.53,100.32L128.53,95.47L138.21,90.63L138.21,76.11L143.05,76.11L143.05,71.26L157.58,71.26L157.58,76.11L176.95,76.11L176.95,71.26L181.79,71.26L181.79,66.42L191.47,61.58L191.47,56.74L186.63,56.74L186.63,42.21L181.79,42.21L186.63,22.84L201.16,22.84L201.16,18.0L210.84,18.0L210.84,22.84ZM176.95,139.05L172.11,139.05L172.11,143.89L176.95,143.89L176.95,139.05Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 176.13, "y": 112.64 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 160.22, "y": 116.97 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.1, "accepted_metrics": 3, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0, "infrastructure": 0.16666666666666666, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "unit": "PPP international $ / person / year", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 40000 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "pillar": "means", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "price-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median home price / household income", "unit": "ratio", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 3, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "boston", "metric": "road-deaths", "value": 4.596542007518829, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:boston", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-boston-county-membership-population", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json", "source_frame_sha256": "33aebaf168d8ad0c8860c7de62dbdba0d51a5638e10287f1a4f21064ae354355", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 14460 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 5025517, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:14460", "boundary_label": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 231, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 220, "midyear_resident_population": 5025517, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 23100000, "denominator": 5025517, "reduced_fraction": "3300000/717931" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "14460", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US14460", "source_area_name": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 121, "county_count": 7, "county_fips": [ "25009", "25017", "25021", "25023", "25025", "33015", "33017" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -71.0589, 42.3601 ], "transformed_point": [ -71.0589, 42.3601 ], "native_matches": [ "14460" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 29639.109910421204, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 197, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "14460", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH", "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area", "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "4944732", "POPESTIMATE2020": "4930540", "POPESTIMATE2021": "4911669", "POPESTIMATE2022": "4931775", "POPESTIMATE2023": "4967266", "POPESTIMATE2024": "5025517", "NPOPCHG2020": "-14192", "NPOPCHG2021": "-18871", "NPOPCHG2022": "20106", "NPOPCHG2023": "35491", "NPOPCHG2024": "58251", "BIRTHS2020": "12280", "BIRTHS2021": "47883", "BIRTHS2022": "49549", "BIRTHS2023": "49313", "BIRTHS2024": "49256", "DEATHS2020": "14700", "DEATHS2021": "39727", "DEATHS2022": "41313", "DEATHS2023": "39702", "DEATHS2024": "39145", "NATURALCHG2020": "-2420", "NATURALCHG2021": "8156", "NATURALCHG2022": "8236", "NATURALCHG2023": "9611", "NATURALCHG2024": "10111", "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "727", "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "13219", "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "57776", "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "58359", "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "70731", "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-11763", "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-40321", "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-45605", "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-32377", "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-22736", "NETMIG2020": "-11036", "NETMIG2021": "-27102", "NETMIG2022": "12171", "NETMIG2023": "25982", "NETMIG2024": "47995", "RESIDUAL2020": "-736", "RESIDUAL2021": "75", "RESIDUAL2022": "-301", "RESIDUAL2023": "-102", "RESIDUAL2024": "145" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-boston-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "33aebaf168d8ad0c8860c7de62dbdba0d51a5638e10287f1a4f21064ae354355" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-boston-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "b0ecf7cf451ac1d8756462a1a517311e0b5c801b18cdf90bf558aaac20c9fde1" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-boston-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "d4c53fdd7d422b045351ea488e44a4303d8c02f1abfd37b3be9a6722ec71e11d" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-boston-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "499661b722a0a614ca6f2096b72bef6cde15abdc62f82dc17743100c22b5b6b1" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 5022230, "value": 4.5995503989263735, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 23100000, "denominator": 5022230, "reduced_fraction": "2310000/502223" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 488, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 3, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 230, "2025": 1 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-boston", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-boston", "observation_sha256": "0fa89e8fce902b42e3e9f90dc7b23b36d153b625cfb17209167db032046d90ac", "evidence_review_sha256": "fdb04470f04174515f7b89b485e4559db23b6456996bf1afdd97c4107969e46a", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "cada0ae696c1201d0333efdad9635dd78025c242ca7a692a246d32f283dfe604", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:boston", "geography_sha256": "fc8038ecd7bd533f643b00e069f35de7995ce45838b2fc5e8037735c692b7bb9", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-boston-county-membership-population", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "7e6145a2b4f804c68cd2376e05012cc5989c9a4f72098ea4a83bafee7f6feb6d", "source_frame": { "id": "road-2024-boston-county-membership-population", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "33aebaf168d8ad0c8860c7de62dbdba0d51a5638e10287f1a4f21064ae354355", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-boston-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "b0ecf7cf451ac1d8756462a1a517311e0b5c801b18cdf90bf558aaac20c9fde1", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:boston", "city_slug": "boston", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "14460", "source_name": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-boston-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "boston", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -71.0589, "latitude": 42.3601, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -71.0589, 42.3601 ], "transformed_point": [ -71.0589, 42.3601 ], "native_matches": [ "14460" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 29639.109910421204, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-boston-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "33aebaf168d8ad0c8860c7de62dbdba0d51a5638e10287f1a4f21064ae354355" }, "county_fips": [ "25009", "25017", "25021", "25023", "25025", "33015", "33017" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:14460", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA14460; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record121", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "b0ecf7cf451ac1d8756462a1a517311e0b5c801b18cdf90bf558aaac20c9fde1", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 121, "native_shp_record_number": 121, "native_cbsa_code": "14460", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US14460", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:boston", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-boston-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "b0ecf7cf451ac1d8756462a1a517311e0b5c801b18cdf90bf558aaac20c9fde1", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "boston", "metric": "pm25", "value": 6.125742905814816, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:boston", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7347", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7347.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "bf5e91e52b8b6814cba75bbbcd8b08544be11097c19c4cc47d6f9f7e06598a15", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7347.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 7347", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2814805.310674146, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Boston (7347)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7347", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Boston (7347)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2800, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2800, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 171, "total_known_modelled_population": 2814805.310674146, "pm_covered_population": 2814805.310674146, "weighted_concentration_sum": 17242773.66311202, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 6.120196536070688, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 6.163159711080538, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Boston (source ID 7347). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-boston", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7347.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-boston", "observation_sha256": "517829755e66418176cf5ca268c608de486616414282be59b23bd28576cb780c", "evidence_review_sha256": "a2575e56a559c2dda0545319d77479a6f2a5548dda25b75b04785246618a7ee4", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:boston", "geography_sha256": "5db6bf1e8ffef1eadd7b48ec34958c3f51b89e4cdbdf367bb4c5d5b47c97a7db", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7347", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "b4618453d02de2338163dc4d049a60a3e5ac4bfad30a5cacfc80c0fe9b726d3c", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-7347", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7347.npz", "sha256": "bf5e91e52b8b6814cba75bbbcd8b08544be11097c19c4cc47d6f9f7e06598a15", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:boston", "city_slug": "boston", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "7347", "source_name": "Boston", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "boston", "estimated_area_id": 7347, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "USA11F", "oecd_name": "Boston", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2800, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 6664.3397813610945, "intersection_km2": 2623.4811224017662, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9369575437149166, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.39365956846005207, "intersection_over_union": 0.3835017288313431, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -71.0589, "latitude": 42.3601, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_name": "UnitedStates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7347", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=7347; fid=8731", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8731, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "884d072a760b854477106515dc94a64c2ed0d9bed2177041935717e115aeb4db", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "e796b7d90ee37b2f1a558aec5ff25a8cba81fe69541ef0b6babad794cf1ca978", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 7347, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "884d072a760b854477106515dc94a64c2ed0d9bed2177041935717e115aeb4db", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "199d399c34a151109fcda1255c99468ade10297fff6d7c4de128357e98879619" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Boston (7347)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:boston", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "boston", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 3.311900902063051, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:boston", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7347", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7347.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "1dba6d464bb1fb3a365f520c0998c923bf18752b540746aca37768631ca48d0a", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7347.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 7347", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2814805.310674146, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Boston (7347)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7347", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Boston (7347)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2800, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2800, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 171, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2814805.310674146, "weather_covered_population": 2814805.310674146, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9322356.24755357, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Boston (source ID 7347). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.8818961510293903, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5297171.280054762 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.4257537984427509, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4013219.363570491 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.004250952590910104, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11965.603928317782 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2814805.310674146, "strict_value": 3.311900902063051, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9322356.24755357, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.8818961510293903, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5297171.280054762, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.4257537984427509, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4013219.363570491, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.004250952590910104, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11965.603928317782, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-boston", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7347.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-boston", "observation_sha256": "079d6c05bf8cbc675e7a1f150bd97601a94ad3b0fca9fb25bc2074f036e7e158", "evidence_review_sha256": "6245fcae927126be847946b2e47f90b282ef57d41c8e205e85338289aef25e60", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:boston", "geography_sha256": "024f20d1e894659c6b995e4f131c2ffbcbb417cec91d78076e6b07c02711a82a", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7347", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "8a819294619602cf2d1ce6c8624ff5d142747231cfbc2619c5e2817109fc90c4", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-7347", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7347.npz", "sha256": "1dba6d464bb1fb3a365f520c0998c923bf18752b540746aca37768631ca48d0a", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:boston", "city_slug": "boston", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "7347", "source_name": "Boston", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "boston", "estimated_area_id": 7347, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "USA11F", "oecd_name": "Boston", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2800, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 6664.3397813610945, "intersection_km2": 2623.4811224017662, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9369575437149166, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.39365956846005207, "intersection_over_union": 0.3835017288313431, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -71.0589, "latitude": 42.3601, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_name": "UnitedStates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7347", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=7347; fid=8731", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8731, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "884d072a760b854477106515dc94a64c2ed0d9bed2177041935717e115aeb4db", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "e796b7d90ee37b2f1a558aec5ff25a8cba81fe69541ef0b6babad794cf1ca978", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 7347, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "884d072a760b854477106515dc94a64c2ed0d9bed2177041935717e115aeb4db", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "199d399c34a151109fcda1255c99468ade10297fff6d7c4de128357e98879619" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Boston (7347)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:boston", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:boston", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:boston", "city_slug": "boston", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "14460", "source_name": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-boston-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "boston", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -71.0589, "latitude": 42.3601, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -71.0589, 42.3601 ], "transformed_point": [ -71.0589, 42.3601 ], "native_matches": [ "14460" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 29639.109910421204, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-boston-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "33aebaf168d8ad0c8860c7de62dbdba0d51a5638e10287f1a4f21064ae354355" }, "county_fips": [ "25009", "25017", "25021", "25023", "25025", "33015", "33017" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:14460", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA14460; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record121", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "b0ecf7cf451ac1d8756462a1a517311e0b5c801b18cdf90bf558aaac20c9fde1", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 121, "native_shp_record_number": 121, "native_cbsa_code": "14460", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US14460", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:boston", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-boston-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "b0ecf7cf451ac1d8756462a1a517311e0b5c801b18cdf90bf558aaac20c9fde1", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "boston", "name": "Boston", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-a710b6b313377421e97665ea6b615aabae7c1fdc0706c86042c6f9db1f42622d", "selected_evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-boston", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-a710b6b313377421e97665ea6b615aabae7c1fdc0706c86042c6f9db1f42622d", "identity": { "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-boston", "observation_sha256": "0fa89e8fce902b42e3e9f90dc7b23b36d153b625cfb17209167db032046d90ac", "evidence_review_sha256": "fdb04470f04174515f7b89b485e4559db23b6456996bf1afdd97c4107969e46a", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "cada0ae696c1201d0333efdad9635dd78025c242ca7a692a246d32f283dfe604", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:boston", "geography_sha256": "fc8038ecd7bd533f643b00e069f35de7995ce45838b2fc5e8037735c692b7bb9", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-boston-county-membership-population", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "7e6145a2b4f804c68cd2376e05012cc5989c9a4f72098ea4a83bafee7f6feb6d", "source_frame": { "id": "road-2024-boston-county-membership-population", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "33aebaf168d8ad0c8860c7de62dbdba0d51a5638e10287f1a4f21064ae354355", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-boston-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "b0ecf7cf451ac1d8756462a1a517311e0b5c801b18cdf90bf558aaac20c9fde1", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "boston", "metric": "road-deaths", "value": 4.596542007518829, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:boston", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-boston-county-membership-population", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json", "source_frame_sha256": "33aebaf168d8ad0c8860c7de62dbdba0d51a5638e10287f1a4f21064ae354355", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 14460 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 5025517, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:14460", "boundary_label": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 231, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 220, "midyear_resident_population": 5025517, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 23100000, "denominator": 5025517, "reduced_fraction": "3300000/717931" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "14460", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US14460", "source_area_name": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 121, "county_count": 7, "county_fips": [ "25009", "25017", "25021", "25023", "25025", "33015", "33017" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -71.0589, 42.3601 ], "transformed_point": [ -71.0589, 42.3601 ], "native_matches": [ "14460" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 29639.109910421204, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 197, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "14460", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH", "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area", "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "4944732", "POPESTIMATE2020": "4930540", "POPESTIMATE2021": "4911669", "POPESTIMATE2022": "4931775", "POPESTIMATE2023": "4967266", "POPESTIMATE2024": "5025517", "NPOPCHG2020": "-14192", "NPOPCHG2021": "-18871", "NPOPCHG2022": "20106", "NPOPCHG2023": "35491", "NPOPCHG2024": "58251", "BIRTHS2020": "12280", "BIRTHS2021": "47883", "BIRTHS2022": "49549", "BIRTHS2023": "49313", "BIRTHS2024": "49256", "DEATHS2020": "14700", "DEATHS2021": "39727", "DEATHS2022": "41313", "DEATHS2023": "39702", "DEATHS2024": "39145", "NATURALCHG2020": "-2420", "NATURALCHG2021": "8156", "NATURALCHG2022": "8236", "NATURALCHG2023": "9611", "NATURALCHG2024": "10111", "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "727", "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "13219", "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "57776", "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "58359", "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "70731", "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-11763", "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-40321", "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-45605", "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-32377", "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-22736", "NETMIG2020": "-11036", "NETMIG2021": "-27102", "NETMIG2022": "12171", "NETMIG2023": "25982", "NETMIG2024": "47995", "RESIDUAL2020": "-736", "RESIDUAL2021": "75", "RESIDUAL2022": "-301", "RESIDUAL2023": "-102", "RESIDUAL2024": "145" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-boston-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "33aebaf168d8ad0c8860c7de62dbdba0d51a5638e10287f1a4f21064ae354355" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-boston-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "b0ecf7cf451ac1d8756462a1a517311e0b5c801b18cdf90bf558aaac20c9fde1" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-boston-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "d4c53fdd7d422b045351ea488e44a4303d8c02f1abfd37b3be9a6722ec71e11d" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-boston-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "499661b722a0a614ca6f2096b72bef6cde15abdc62f82dc17743100c22b5b6b1" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 5022230, "value": 4.5995503989263735, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 23100000, "denominator": 5022230, "reduced_fraction": "2310000/502223" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 488, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 3, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 230, "2025": 1 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-boston", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-09d3de1d034c7efde0c1c9a96722a32b0839e83c02edeee96c26646022e8238c", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-boston", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-09d3de1d034c7efde0c1c9a96722a32b0839e83c02edeee96c26646022e8238c", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-boston", "observation_sha256": "517829755e66418176cf5ca268c608de486616414282be59b23bd28576cb780c", "evidence_review_sha256": "a2575e56a559c2dda0545319d77479a6f2a5548dda25b75b04785246618a7ee4", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:boston", "geography_sha256": "5db6bf1e8ffef1eadd7b48ec34958c3f51b89e4cdbdf367bb4c5d5b47c97a7db", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7347", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "b4618453d02de2338163dc4d049a60a3e5ac4bfad30a5cacfc80c0fe9b726d3c", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-7347", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7347.npz", "sha256": "bf5e91e52b8b6814cba75bbbcd8b08544be11097c19c4cc47d6f9f7e06598a15", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "boston", "metric": "pm25", "value": 6.125742905814816, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:boston", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7347", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7347.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "bf5e91e52b8b6814cba75bbbcd8b08544be11097c19c4cc47d6f9f7e06598a15", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7347.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 7347", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2814805.310674146, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Boston (7347)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7347", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Boston (7347)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2800, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2800, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 171, "total_known_modelled_population": 2814805.310674146, "pm_covered_population": 2814805.310674146, "weighted_concentration_sum": 17242773.66311202, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 6.120196536070688, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 6.163159711080538, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Boston (source ID 7347). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-boston", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7347.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-b6d1535f4cf57536b78f20f5902712f951bf1968f7cc43fc6ba7af5a2711bf24", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-boston", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-b6d1535f4cf57536b78f20f5902712f951bf1968f7cc43fc6ba7af5a2711bf24", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-boston", "observation_sha256": "079d6c05bf8cbc675e7a1f150bd97601a94ad3b0fca9fb25bc2074f036e7e158", "evidence_review_sha256": "6245fcae927126be847946b2e47f90b282ef57d41c8e205e85338289aef25e60", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:boston", "geography_sha256": "024f20d1e894659c6b995e4f131c2ffbcbb417cec91d78076e6b07c02711a82a", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7347", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "8a819294619602cf2d1ce6c8624ff5d142747231cfbc2619c5e2817109fc90c4", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-7347", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7347.npz", "sha256": "1dba6d464bb1fb3a365f520c0998c923bf18752b540746aca37768631ca48d0a", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "boston", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 3.311900902063051, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:boston", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7347", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7347.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "1dba6d464bb1fb3a365f520c0998c923bf18752b540746aca37768631ca48d0a", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7347.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 7347", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2814805.310674146, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Boston (7347)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7347", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Boston (7347)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2800, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2800, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 171, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2814805.310674146, "weather_covered_population": 2814805.310674146, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9322356.24755357, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Boston (source ID 7347). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.8818961510293903, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5297171.280054762 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.4257537984427509, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4013219.363570491 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.004250952590910104, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11965.603928317782 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2814805.310674146, "strict_value": 3.311900902063051, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9322356.24755357, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.8818961510293903, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5297171.280054762, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.4257537984427509, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4013219.363570491, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.004250952590910104, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11965.603928317782, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-boston", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7347.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 5, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "monitor-annual-summary" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "boston", "epa_city_name": "Boston", "epa_state_code": "25", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "selected_year": 2025, "selected_monitor_records": 5, "selected_unique_sites": 4, "annual_coverage": { "2024": 6, "2025": 5 }, "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary." } ], "records": [ { "id": "epa:2025:25-025-0002-88101-3:24-hr-blk-avg:no-events", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "city_slug": "boston", "source_city_name": "Boston", "source_state_name": "Massachusetts", "geography_type": "monitoring-site", "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary.", "site_id": "25-025-0002", "monitor_id": "25-025-0002-88101-3", "parameter_code": "88101", "parameter_name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "poc": "3", "site_name": "BOSTON KENMORE SQ", "address": "KENMORE SQ", "coordinates": { "latitude": 42.348873, "longitude": -71.097163, "datum": "WGS84" }, "cbsa_name_as_published": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH", "year": 2025, "metric": "annual-measured-pm25-monitor-context", "measurement_kind": "annual ground-monitor daily-mean summary", "annual_single_year": true, "population_weighted": false, "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "value": 6.402466, "value_as_published": "6.402466", "unit": "micrograms/m3 (local conditions)", "source_unit": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "sample_duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "metric_used": "Daily Mean", "pollutant_standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "method_name": "", "related_hourly_method_names": [ "Teledyne T640 at 5.0 LPM w/Network Data Alignment enabled - Broadband spectroscopy" ], "related_hourly_source_csv_rows": [ 29832 ], "event_type": "No Events", "observation_count": 365, "observation_percent": 100, "completeness_indicator": "Y", "valid_day_count": 365, "required_day_count": 365, "exceptional_data_count": 0, "null_data_count": 0, "certification_indicator": "Certified", "source_date_of_last_change": "2026-02-27", "quality_flags": [ "monitor-statistic-not-city-exposure", "no-population-weighting", "no-reviewed-harmonized-fua-boundary", "no-city-level-aggregation", "calculated-daily-record-method-name-blank" ], "limitations": [ "Site/instrument statistic, not a city average or population-weighted exposure.", "Multiple instruments at one site are retained separately and are not independent areas.", "Completeness and certification are distinct; inspect the original reported fields." ], "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Site measurement is not harmonized FUA population-weighted exposure." }, "source": { "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "dataset": "AirData annual concentration by monitor", "url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip", "sha256": "7af948b3dcaf2d214e7d8fdcfb8ab7b4b6dd9865a43ead6f1e21955bcc326cb8", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "csv_member": "annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.csv", "csv_sha256": "4ab9dc5135f81cf781f68837a0cf04d3e0223086d46a10eff550d85dcbb433d6", "csv_row_number": 29836, "documentation_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/FileFormats.html", "pm25_advisory_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/Data_Advisory_PM25_88101_Pregen_Files.pdf", "license_url": "https://edg.epa.gov/EPA_Data_License.htm", "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip" }, "raw_source_record": { "State Code": "25", "County Code": "025", "Site Num": "0002", "Parameter Code": "88101", "POC": "3", "Latitude": "42.348873", "Longitude": "-71.097163", "Datum": "WGS84", "Parameter Name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "Sample Duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "Pollutant Standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "Metric Used": "Daily Mean", "Method Name": "", "Year": "2025", "Units of Measure": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "Event Type": "No Events", "Observation Count": "365", "Observation Percent": "100", "Completeness Indicator": "Y", "Valid Day Count": "365", "Required Day Count": "365", "Exceptional Data Count": "0", "Null Data Count": "0", "Primary Exceedance Count": "0", "Secondary Exceedance Count": "0", "Certification Indicator": "Certified", "Num Obs Below MDL": "0", "Arithmetic Mean": "6.402466", "Arithmetic Standard Dev": "4.476553", "1st Max Value": "34.3", "1st Max DateTime": "2025-06-08 00:00", "2nd Max Value": "28.9", "2nd Max DateTime": "2025-07-26 00:00", "3rd Max Value": "28", "3rd Max DateTime": "2025-06-12 00:00", "4th Max Value": "26.5", "4th Max DateTime": "2025-08-04 00:00", "1st Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "1st NO Max DateTime": "", "2nd Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "2nd NO Max DateTime": "", "99th Percentile": "26.5", "98th Percentile": "22.5", "95th Percentile": "14.4", "90th Percentile": "11.7", "75th Percentile": "7.4", "50th Percentile": "5.1", "10th Percentile": "2.7", "Local Site Name": "BOSTON KENMORE SQ", "Address": "KENMORE SQ", "State Name": "Massachusetts", "County Name": "Suffolk", "City Name": "Boston", "CBSA Name": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH", "Date of Last Change": "2026-02-27" }, "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "source_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false }, { "id": "epa:2025:25-025-0042-88101-1:24-hour:no-events", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "city_slug": "boston", "source_city_name": "Boston", "source_state_name": "Massachusetts", "geography_type": "monitoring-site", "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary.", "site_id": "25-025-0042", "monitor_id": "25-025-0042-88101-1", "parameter_code": "88101", "parameter_name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "poc": "1", "site_name": "DUDLEY SQUARE ROXBURY", "address": "HARRISON AVE", "coordinates": { "latitude": 42.3295, "longitude": -71.0826, "datum": "WGS84" }, "cbsa_name_as_published": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH", "year": 2025, "metric": "annual-measured-pm25-monitor-context", "measurement_kind": "annual ground-monitor daily-mean summary", "annual_single_year": true, "population_weighted": false, "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "value": 5.738532, "value_as_published": "5.738532", "unit": "micrograms/m3 (local conditions)", "source_unit": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "sample_duration": "24 HOUR", "metric_used": "Daily Mean", "pollutant_standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "method_name": "R & P Model 2025 PM-2.5 Sequential Air Sampler w/VSCC - Gravimetric", "related_hourly_method_names": [], "related_hourly_source_csv_rows": [], "event_type": "No Events", "observation_count": 109, "observation_percent": 89, "completeness_indicator": "Y", "valid_day_count": 109, "required_day_count": 122, "exceptional_data_count": 0, "null_data_count": 13, "certification_indicator": "Certified", "source_date_of_last_change": "2026-02-27", "quality_flags": [ "monitor-statistic-not-city-exposure", "no-population-weighting", "no-reviewed-harmonized-fua-boundary", "no-city-level-aggregation" ], "limitations": [ "Site/instrument statistic, not a city average or population-weighted exposure.", "Multiple instruments at one site are retained separately and are not independent areas.", "Completeness and certification are distinct; 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this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary.", "site_id": "25-025-0045", "monitor_id": "25-025-0045-88101-3", "parameter_code": "88101", "parameter_name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "poc": "3", "site_name": "Chinatown", "address": "125 Kneeland St", "coordinates": { "latitude": 42.349954, "longitude": -71.059194, "datum": "WGS84" }, "cbsa_name_as_published": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH", "year": 2025, "metric": "annual-measured-pm25-monitor-context", "measurement_kind": "annual ground-monitor daily-mean summary", "annual_single_year": true, "population_weighted": false, "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "value": 6.714247, "value_as_published": "6.714247", "unit": "micrograms/m3 (local conditions)", "source_unit": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "sample_duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "metric_used": "Daily Mean", "pollutant_standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "method_name": "", "related_hourly_method_names": [ "Teledyne T640 at 5.0 LPM w/Network Data Alignment enabled - Broadband spectroscopy" ], "related_hourly_source_csv_rows": [ 30259 ], "event_type": "No Events", "observation_count": 365, "observation_percent": 100, "completeness_indicator": "Y", "valid_day_count": 365, "required_day_count": 365, "exceptional_data_count": 0, "null_data_count": 0, "certification_indicator": "Certified", "source_date_of_last_change": "2026-02-27", "quality_flags": [ "monitor-statistic-not-city-exposure", "no-population-weighting", "no-reviewed-harmonized-fua-boundary", "no-city-level-aggregation", "calculated-daily-record-method-name-blank" ], "limitations": [ "Site/instrument statistic, not a city average or population-weighted exposure.", "Multiple instruments at one site are retained separately and are not independent areas.", "Completeness and certification are distinct; inspect the original reported fields." ], "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Site measurement is not harmonized FUA population-weighted exposure." }, "source": { "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "dataset": "AirData annual concentration by monitor", "url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip", "sha256": "7af948b3dcaf2d214e7d8fdcfb8ab7b4b6dd9865a43ead6f1e21955bcc326cb8", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "csv_member": "annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.csv", "csv_sha256": "4ab9dc5135f81cf781f68837a0cf04d3e0223086d46a10eff550d85dcbb433d6", "csv_row_number": 30263, "documentation_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/FileFormats.html", "pm25_advisory_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/Data_Advisory_PM25_88101_Pregen_Files.pdf", "license_url": "https://edg.epa.gov/EPA_Data_License.htm", "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip" }, "raw_source_record": { "State Code": "25", "County Code": "025", "Site Num": "0045", "Parameter Code": "88101", "POC": "3", "Latitude": "42.349954", "Longitude": "-71.059194", "Datum": "WGS84", "Parameter Name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "Sample Duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "Pollutant Standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "Metric Used": "Daily Mean", "Method Name": "", "Year": "2025", "Units of Measure": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "Event Type": "No Events", "Observation Count": "365", "Observation Percent": "100", "Completeness Indicator": "Y", "Valid Day Count": "365", "Required Day Count": "365", "Exceptional Data Count": "0", "Null Data Count": "0", "Primary Exceedance Count": "0", "Secondary Exceedance Count": "0", "Certification Indicator": "Certified", "Num Obs Below MDL": "0", "Arithmetic Mean": "6.714247", "Arithmetic Standard Dev": "4.448918", "1st Max Value": "34.5", "1st Max DateTime": "2025-06-08 00:00", "2nd Max Value": "30.4", "2nd Max DateTime": "2025-07-26 00:00", "3rd Max Value": "28.3", "3rd Max DateTime": "2025-06-12 00:00", "4th Max Value": "26.9", "4th Max DateTime": "2025-08-04 00:00", "1st Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "1st NO Max DateTime": "", "2nd Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "2nd NO Max DateTime": "", "99th Percentile": "26.9", "98th Percentile": "22.9", "95th Percentile": "14.7", "90th Percentile": "11.9", "75th Percentile": "7.7", "50th Percentile": "5.3", "10th Percentile": "3.3", "Local Site Name": "Chinatown", "Address": "125 Kneeland St", "State Name": "Massachusetts", "County Name": "Suffolk", "City Name": "Boston", "CBSA Name": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH", "Date of Last Change": "2026-02-27" }, "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "source_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "boston", "city_name": "Boston", "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -71.0589, "latitude": 42.3601, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "USA11F", "country_iso3": "USA", "source_name": "Boston", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 499, "member_ids": [ "USA01431", "USA01432", "USA01450", "USA01460", "USA01463", "USA01464", "USA01469", "USA01474", 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"USA01984", "USA01985", "USA02019", "USA02021", "USA02025", "USA02026", "USA02030", "USA02032", "USA02035", "USA02038", "USA02043", "USA02045", "USA02047", "USA02050", "USA02052", "USA02053", "USA02054", "USA02056", "USA02061", "USA02062", "USA02066", "USA02067", "USA02071", "USA02072", "USA02081", "USA02090", "USA02093", "USA02108", "USA02109", "USA02110", "USA02111", "USA02113", "USA02114", "USA02115", "USA02116", "USA02118", "USA02119", "USA02120", "USA02121", "USA02122", "USA02124", "USA02125", "USA02126", "USA02127", "USA02128", "USA02129", "USA02130", "USA02131", "USA02132", "USA02133", "USA02134", "USA02135", "USA02136", "USA02138", "USA02139", "USA02140", "USA02141", "USA02142", "USA02143", "USA02144", "USA02145", "USA02148", "USA02149", "USA02150", "USA02151", "USA02152", "USA02155", "USA02163", "USA02169", "USA02170", "USA02171", "USA02176", "USA02180", "USA02184", "USA02186", "USA02188", "USA02189", "USA02190", "USA02191", "USA02199", "USA02203", "USA02205", "USA02210", 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"USA2502331645", "USA2502333220", "USA2502333920", "USA2502338540", "USA2502338855", "USA2502339450", "USA2502340850", "USA2502350145", "USA2502352630", "USA2502354310", "USA2502354415", "USA2502357600", "USA2502357775", "USA2502360330", "USA2502372985", "USA2502375260", "USA2502379530", "USA25025", "USA2502507000", "USA2502513205", "USA2502556585", "USA2502581005", "USA2503040", "USA2504965", "USA2505105", "USA2505595", "USA2507000", "USA2507385", "USA2507740", "USA2508130", "USA2509000", "USA2509210", "USA2509875", "USA2511000", "USA2511945", "USA2513205", "USA2514570", "USA2516285", "USA2516530", "USA2517370", "USA2517860", "USA2520310", "USA2521815", "USA2521990", "USA2524855", "USA2524960", "USA2525172", "USA2526150", "USA2527130", "USA2527445", "USA2528425", "USA2528460", "USA2529405", "USA2530175", "USA2530420", "USA2531050", "USA2531575", "USA2531680", "USA2532275", "USA2533185", "USA2534550", "USA2535250", "USA2536020", "USA2537000", "USA2537490", "USA2537595", "USA2537875", "USA2538435", "USA2538575", "USA2538715", "USA2538820", "USA2538960", "USA2539485", "USA2539660", "USA2539730", "USA2539835", "USA2540115", "USA2540710", "USA2540885", "USA2541532", "USA2541725", "USA2543615", "USA2544140", "USA2545245", "USA2545560", "USA2548220", "USA2548710", "USA2548780", "USA2549165", "USA2550285", "USA2550862", "USA2551160", "USA2552490", "USA2552770", "USA2553680", "USA2554275", "USA2555745", "USA2556000", "USA2556165", "USA2556585", "USA2557845", "USA2558370", "USA2559105", "USA2559210", "USA2560050", "USA2560295", "USA2560820", "USA2561555", "USA2562535", "USA2563690", "USA2567700", "USA2568680", "USA2569585", "USA2570115", "USA2570325", "USA2572250", "USA2572460", "USA2572600", "USA2573020", "USA2573440", "USA2574210", "USA2575680", "USA2578410", "USA2578850", "USA2578972", "USA2579390", "USA2580195", "USA2580545", "USA2581005", "USA2581035" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Counties", "Places", "Subcounties", "Zipcodes" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Counties": 5, "Places": 112, "Subcounties": 147, "Zipcodes": 235 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8e6b20b8cee990d03ae34b9f916348033ba96981f9acd8eb4b71db2b7b116d58", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 7347, "eFUA_name": "Boston", "Cntry_ISO": "USA", "Cntry_name": "UnitedStates", "UC_IDs": "1022", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "884d072a760b854477106515dc94a64c2ed0d9bed2177041935717e115aeb4db", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "US OMB/Census Metropolitan statistical area", "name": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH", "id": "14460", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city": { "name": "Boston", "state_fips": "25", "place_fips": "07000" }, "member_type": "County or county equivalent", "member_ids": [ "25009", "25017", "25021", "25023", "25025", "33015", "33017" ], "source_frame": "us-cbsa-2023", "member_count": 7, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_comparison_notice": "The OECD correspondence includes overlapping Counties, Places, Subcounties and Zipcodes; this national MSA is delineated by whole counties. Its county membership cannot be equated to the complete mixed-level OECD correspondence or to a city-proper ACS estimate." }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7347.npz", "sha256": "bf5e91e52b8b6814cba75bbbcd8b08544be11097c19c4cc47d6f9f7e06598a15" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:boston", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-boston", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Boston (source ID 7347). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "boston", "city_name": "Boston", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7347", "source_area_id": "7347", "source_area_name": "Boston", "value": 3.311900902063051, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:boston", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-boston", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Boston (source ID 7347). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2800, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2800, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 171, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2814805.310674146, "weather_covered_population": 2814805.310674146, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9322356.24755357, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.8818961510293903, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5297171.280054762 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.4257537984427509, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4013219.363570491 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.004250952590910104, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11965.603928317782 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2814805.310674146, "strict_value": 3.311900902063051, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9322356.24755357, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.8818961510293903, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5297171.280054762, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.4257537984427509, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4013219.363570491, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.004250952590910104, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11965.603928317782, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7347.npz", "sha256": "1dba6d464bb1fb3a365f520c0998c923bf18752b540746aca37768631ca48d0a" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": { "city_slug": "boston", "value": 4.596542007518829, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:boston", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 14460 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 5025517, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:14460", "boundary_label": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 231, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 220, "midyear_resident_population": 5025517, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 23100000, "denominator": 5025517, "reduced_fraction": "3300000/717931" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "14460", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US14460", "source_area_name": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 121, "county_count": 7, "county_fips": [ "25009", "25017", "25021", "25023", "25025", "33015", "33017" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -71.0589, 42.3601 ], "transformed_point": [ -71.0589, 42.3601 ], "native_matches": [ "14460" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 29639.109910421204, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 197, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "14460", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH", "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area", "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "4944732", "POPESTIMATE2020": "4930540", "POPESTIMATE2021": "4911669", "POPESTIMATE2022": "4931775", "POPESTIMATE2023": "4967266", "POPESTIMATE2024": "5025517", "NPOPCHG2020": "-14192", "NPOPCHG2021": "-18871", "NPOPCHG2022": "20106", "NPOPCHG2023": "35491", "NPOPCHG2024": "58251", "BIRTHS2020": "12280", "BIRTHS2021": "47883", "BIRTHS2022": "49549", "BIRTHS2023": "49313", "BIRTHS2024": "49256", "DEATHS2020": "14700", "DEATHS2021": "39727", "DEATHS2022": "41313", "DEATHS2023": "39702", "DEATHS2024": "39145", "NATURALCHG2020": "-2420", "NATURALCHG2021": "8156", "NATURALCHG2022": "8236", "NATURALCHG2023": "9611", "NATURALCHG2024": "10111", "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "727", "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "13219", "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "57776", "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "58359", "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "70731", "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-11763", "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-40321", "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-45605", "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-32377", "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-22736", "NETMIG2020": "-11036", "NETMIG2021": "-27102", "NETMIG2022": "12171", "NETMIG2023": "25982", "NETMIG2024": "47995", "RESIDUAL2020": "-736", "RESIDUAL2021": "75", "RESIDUAL2022": "-301", "RESIDUAL2023": "-102", "RESIDUAL2024": "145" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-boston-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "33aebaf168d8ad0c8860c7de62dbdba0d51a5638e10287f1a4f21064ae354355" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-boston-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "b0ecf7cf451ac1d8756462a1a517311e0b5c801b18cdf90bf558aaac20c9fde1" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-boston-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "d4c53fdd7d422b045351ea488e44a4303d8c02f1abfd37b3be9a6722ec71e11d" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-boston-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "499661b722a0a614ca6f2096b72bef6cde15abdc62f82dc17743100c22b5b6b1" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 5022230, "value": 4.5995503989263735, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 23100000, "denominator": 5022230, "reduced_fraction": "2310000/502223" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 488, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 3, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 230, "2025": 1 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-boston", "city_name": "Boston", "source_area_id": "14460", "source_area_name": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH", "review_status": "accepted", "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "33aebaf168d8ad0c8860c7de62dbdba0d51a5638e10287f1a4f21064ae354355" }, "numerator_person_fatalities": 231, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 220, "midyear_resident_population": 5025517, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_boundary": { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:boston", "city_slug": "boston", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "14460", "source_name": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-boston-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "boston", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -71.0589, "latitude": 42.3601, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -71.0589, 42.3601 ], "transformed_point": [ -71.0589, 42.3601 ], "native_matches": [ "14460" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 29639.109910421204, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-boston-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "33aebaf168d8ad0c8860c7de62dbdba0d51a5638e10287f1a4f21064ae354355" }, "county_fips": [ "25009", "25017", "25021", "25023", "25025", "33015", "33017" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:14460", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA14460; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record121", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "b0ecf7cf451ac1d8756462a1a517311e0b5c801b18cdf90bf558aaac20c9fde1", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 121, "native_shp_record_number": 121, "native_cbsa_code": "14460", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US14460", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:boston", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-boston-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "b0ecf7cf451ac1d8756462a1a517311e0b5c801b18cdf90bf558aaac20c9fde1", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-boston-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "licence_source_refs": [ "source-81cbb49139c6b6e8", "source-ca5172f562a17a92" ], "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ], "notice": "Territorial 2024 FARS motor-vehicle-involved traffic fatal-person counts per July 1, 2024 resident population, on complete OMB July 2023 metropolitan county sets. A motor vehicle in transport is required; eligible victims include occupants, pedestrians and cyclists, while nonmotor-only events are outside this initial global convention. The 2024 Annual Report File is provisional. The 30-day public-access trafficway classification is source-reported; unknown individual death timestamps are retained. Public access does not mean government road ownership or every publicly accessible parking area: qualifying parking lot ways are distinct from stalls and aisles. This is not resident lifetime risk, deaths per distance travelled, a municipal measure, a global comparison or an official quarterly result. Native NAD83 boundaries and the reviewed destination-point adapter are distinct from PM and heat geographies. Historical source review does not by itself establish current engine admission." } }, { "slug": "brisbane", "name": "Brisbane", "country": { "id": "country:AUS", "name": "Australia", "iso_2": "AU", "iso_3": "AUS", "continent": "Oceania" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/brisbane", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/brisbane.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "brisbane", "id": "2734", "name": "Brisbane", "constituentNames": [ "Brisbane", "Logan City" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Australia", "UN_WPP": "Australia" }, "population2025": 1359104.504, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 701, "densityPerKm2": 1938.8081369472181, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": -27.5044635, "longitude": 153.0405915, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": -27.4698, "longitude": 153.0251, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M220.0,22.0L224.0,22.0L224.0,42.0L220.0,42.0L220.0,58.0L212.0,58.0L212.0,62.0L208.0,62.0L208.0,70.0L212.0,70.0L212.0,74.0L236.0,74.0L240.0,90.0L236.0,90.0L232.0,98.0L220.0,98.0L216.0,106.0L196.0,106.0L196.0,110.0L188.0,114.0L188.0,122.0L180.0,122.0L180.0,126.0L176.0,126.0L176.0,134.0L168.0,138.0L168.0,150.0L172.0,150.0L172.0,158.0L164.0,162.0L164.0,174.0L168.0,174.0L168.0,190.0L160.0,190.0L156.0,182.0L144.0,182.0L144.0,186.0L140.0,186.0L140.0,198.0L136.0,198.0L136.0,202.0L132.0,202.0L132.0,198.0L124.0,198.0L124.0,202.0L116.0,202.0L116.0,198.0L96.0,198.0L96.0,194.0L104.0,190.0L104.0,182.0L100.0,182.0L96.0,174.0L80.0,170.0L80.0,162.0L84.0,162.0L84.0,158.0L88.0,158.0L88.0,154.0L92.0,154.0L92.0,150.0L100.0,146.0L100.0,138.0L96.0,138.0L96.0,134.0L100.0,134.0L100.0,130.0L108.0,130.0L108.0,126.0L116.0,122.0L116.0,110.0L128.0,110.0L128.0,106.0L140.0,106.0L140.0,102.0L148.0,102.0L148.0,98.0L152.0,98.0L152.0,90.0L156.0,90.0L156.0,82.0L160.0,82.0L160.0,70.0L152.0,66.0L152.0,58.0L160.0,58.0L160.0,54.0L172.0,54.0L172.0,50.0L176.0,50.0L176.0,38.0L180.0,38.0L180.0,30.0L188.0,30.0L192.0,38.0L200.0,38.0L200.0,34.0L204.0,34.0L204.0,30.0L212.0,26.0L212.0,18.0L220.0,18.0L220.0,22.0Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 168.67, "y": 95.17 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 163.3, "y": 111.55 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.1, "accepted_metrics": 3, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0, "infrastructure": 0, "trust": 0.16666666666666666, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "unit": "PPP international $ / person / year", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 40000 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "pillar": "means", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "price-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median home price / household income", "unit": "ratio", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 3, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "brisbane", "metric": "life-expectancy", "value": 83.1, "unit": "years", "period_start": "2022-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:brisbane", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "source_frame_sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "source_record_ref": "Table 1!AC74; original Persons header AC8; period header AA6=2022–2024; geography A74=3GBRI, B74=Greater Brisbane", "universe": "Both sexes combined, as the original ABS Persons category, for published three-year period life expectancy at birth within the exact reviewed official GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age treatment and overseas-resident death allocation are not separately documented and remain explicit limitations of the published-value path.", "denominator": null, "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_label": "Published Persons period life expectancy at birth, 2022–2024", "geography": "Greater Brisbane · GCCSA2021", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:3GBRI", "boundary_label": "Greater Brisbane · GCCSA2021", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the exact original numeric ABS Persons life-expectancy-at-birth cell with its original one-decimal published precision. No arithmetic mean of male/female or subarea life expectancies; no reconstruction of an unpublished mortality denominator, radix, CI or standard error.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported." }, "scope_notice": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "Life expectancy, 2022–2024 · Table 2, original Persons e0", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "ASGS Edition 3 · GCCSA2021 native GDA2020 boundaries", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy", "sex": "Persons", "age_basis": "at-birth", "source_value_literal": "83.1", "display_precision_decimals": 1, "pooled_years": 3, "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "workbook": { "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "sheet": "Table 1", "persons_cell": "AC74", "geography_code_cell": "A74", "geography_name_cell": "B74", "sex_header": "AC8", "period_header": "AA6" }, "geography": { "source_code": "3GBRI", "source_name": "Greater Brisbane", "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_shape_content_sha256": "804a9010104cbc2e106349ee6eaafbe9e3e73539d946d938734c2a4c2d7c90b8", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "b6c05be6292258a49c62a1f05216177da6589cc88d8a20fdc80960539088e4ee", "native_record_number": 9 }, "coordinate_adapter": { "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "input_wgs84": [ 153.0251, -27.4698 ], "output_gda2020": [ 153.02510603421356, -27.4697874457346 ], "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "required_clearance_metres": 100, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 315.8016311630985 }, "method_qualification": { "gccsa_algorithm": null, "terminal_age": null, "overseas_death_rule": null, "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.", "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.", "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed." } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented", "label": "Published method detail limited", "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance." } ], "licence": { "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-brisbane", "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-brisbane", "observation_sha256": "f610adbf92c56321f0479b420389598441d53800c0aae2236ad44b229d826b8a", "evidence_review_sha256": "aced765d7070b0a18fd88104dc5c5057c82c26f0b9d7c26b614c04b378880eca", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "772a09f7478e63c8cfde7faf1caf81804950d1f0c32b80378a356c567c64d7cb", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:brisbane", "geography_sha256": "151e2aeeecf5571a2cf9d3b09148b870a808db813405af9f0c3254ff62ff1b5d", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "eed29f124852fbd955dd801ee7778e492d23cc74ae7a963fb8ee21c6c477be9f", "source_frame": { "id": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:12:17.472201+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:brisbane", "city_slug": "brisbane", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-functional-capital-city-region", "authority": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_geography_id": "3GBRI", "source_name": "Greater Brisbane", "boundary_vintage": "2021", "geography_edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "version": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "crosswalk_method": "Original published GCCSA code/name joined to exact native GCCSA2021 DBF/SHP record. Canonical WGS84 destination point uses the archived named non-ballpark EPSG:4326 to EPSG:7844 adapter; original 3 m operation accuracy, unknown coordinate epoch and conservative 100 m native boundary-clearance guard are preserved.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "brisbane", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "input_wgs84": [ 153.0251, -27.4698 ], "output_gda2020": [ 153.02510603421356, -27.4697874457346 ], "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "allow_ballpark": false, "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "epoch_notice": "The city reference points do not supply a coordinate epoch or WGS84 realization. This is a documented destination-binding adapter with a conservative boundary-clearance guard, not a survey transformation or a relabelling of the native geometry.", "native_point_inside": true, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 315.8016311630985, "required_clearance_metres": 100 }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.life2022-2024.gccsa-source-review-v1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:3GBRI", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GCCSA_2021_AUST_GDA2020.shp record 9; DBF GCC_CODE21=3GBRI", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Greater Brisbane · GCCSA2021", "review_scope": "Life-expectancy published-value protocol only. Does not extend or replace PM/heat geography permissions.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "native_record_number": 9, "native_shape_content_sha256": "804a9010104cbc2e106349ee6eaafbe9e3e73539d946d938734c2a4c2d7c90b8", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "b6c05be6292258a49c62a1f05216177da6589cc88d8a20fdc80960539088e4ee", "native_member_proofs": { "dbf": { "sha256": "7b2aa6cf304e6907353f8418b502e993939522692c1849b2551afc08441a960b", "bytes": 16349 }, "shp": { "sha256": "53f4e0e9295414eb65a6b9c92988b23eab0d411247349eea61f33c1ed9a0c810", "bytes": 30778808 }, "shx": { "sha256": "78b8457acf9598656910f8a3735ab6b08a2936668395de145a6454eeb5e44777", "bytes": 380 }, "prj": { "sha256": "394fe7500c52df3a75d6832b9c61aae1b4391b34dbc71293674dd2219912321f", "bytes": 160 }, "xml": { "sha256": "c9a7b21d4c968a0d5d46b8807d397ea0886ab6d675bed35463c56b4524be1685", "bytes": 26094 } }, "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "interpretation": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:brisbane", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" } ] } }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "brisbane", "metric": "pm25", "value": 5.1838401484037515, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:brisbane", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2355", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2355.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "1b7a9e4ef6c147e04e41878399b2776b1a8eb9bd0d7b3c8b288338b0fdd6f158", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2355.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2355", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2349777.369637776, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brisbane (2355)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2355", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brisbane (2355)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 3144, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3144, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 228, "total_known_modelled_population": 2349777.369637776, "pm_covered_population": 2349777.369637776, "weighted_concentration_sum": 12180870.268538866, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 5.1824440994786105, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 5.161206539441812, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Brisbane (source ID 2355). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-brisbane", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2355.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-brisbane", "observation_sha256": "c1b9152ce550ff7fc44cb4a8840518d563458aee5f123d11065894ec73af3bce", "evidence_review_sha256": "388a84ff0af554562a8cfac6d40cfbde3a29f4ebc00a2e61d8232e0ded7d7546", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:brisbane", "geography_sha256": "250afc9ccbe67184df65ce6b5c5859dbd7cb2c51639c4173c2c7ddac4912384d", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2355", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "cf9c9f20781153ac010f946c66caa231081e3a106449bafbbb9f32ae3d67d524", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-2355", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2355.npz", "sha256": "1b7a9e4ef6c147e04e41878399b2776b1a8eb9bd0d7b3c8b288338b0fdd6f158", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:brisbane", "city_slug": "brisbane", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2355", "source_name": "Brisbane", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "brisbane", "estimated_area_id": 2355, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "AUS03F", "oecd_name": "Greater Brisbane", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 3144, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 15887.299059404213, "intersection_km2": 2888.609562233706, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9187689447308225, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.1818187944617209, "intersection_over_union": 0.17894227369856935, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 153.0251, "latitude": -27.4698, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_name": "Australia" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2355", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=2355; fid=251", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 251, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "194bc01e142741656fd092bbb1a1f749724b0037e588d2fecaab10897533346c", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "71242b876af00d2fdf1e2d263d5e12a1e78ef348888555b159b705dce5c48b60", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 2355, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "03fe88b72d9f4d2643e8e2f71b21855976d9f9537a7f6a27f45bbf6a8cae6550", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "43d24b392d222aea0a7eccfed6a31608727508addec9dd49c2aab3e75f9548d1" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brisbane (2355)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:brisbane", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "brisbane", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 9.625936192260596, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brisbane", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2355", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2355.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "19c0d308043bcfacde21bb0953bb37ae8c32897b916989918680a91ed16bbe12", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2355.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2355", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2349777.3696377757, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brisbane (2355)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2355", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brisbane (2355)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3144, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3144, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 228, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2349777.3696377757, "weather_covered_population": 2349777.3696377757, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22618807.02615117, "native_weather_points": 12, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Brisbane (source ID 2355). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.3033564497873917, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 7762152.229557399 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.02293997873255837, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 53903.842885737526 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.0658477556714137, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4854282.305393677 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.4768366482871118, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3470237.3347967584 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.7569553597821206, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6478231.313517599 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2349777.3696377757, "strict_value": 9.625936192260596, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 22618807.02615117, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.3033564497873917, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 7762152.229557399, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.02293997873255837, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 53903.842885737526, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.0658477556714137, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4854282.305393677, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.4768366482871118, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3470237.3347967584, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.7569553597821206, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6478231.313517599, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-brisbane", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2355.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-brisbane", "observation_sha256": "68347036079091b535ea58fee5e37c720f3240f773a8821ca01584c702ff8e24", "evidence_review_sha256": "0de1e3328a6325a44344cebbe226abd5db87455a0b89bb462554b4963e44b461", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brisbane", "geography_sha256": "91433f85c1ab33b052689d58d50dc17344d74e9bcfb14d718ddecdcf69dcd483", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2355", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "613922e941ebd3388d6903bb46711770e8e4ccee723406584c6950df9ca34afd", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-2355", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2355.npz", "sha256": "19c0d308043bcfacde21bb0953bb37ae8c32897b916989918680a91ed16bbe12", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brisbane", "city_slug": "brisbane", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2355", "source_name": "Brisbane", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "brisbane", "estimated_area_id": 2355, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "AUS03F", "oecd_name": "Greater Brisbane", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 3144, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 15887.299059404213, "intersection_km2": 2888.609562233706, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9187689447308225, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.1818187944617209, "intersection_over_union": 0.17894227369856935, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 153.0251, "latitude": -27.4698, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_name": "Australia" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2355", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=2355; fid=251", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 251, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "194bc01e142741656fd092bbb1a1f749724b0037e588d2fecaab10897533346c", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "71242b876af00d2fdf1e2d263d5e12a1e78ef348888555b159b705dce5c48b60", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 2355, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "03fe88b72d9f4d2643e8e2f71b21855976d9f9537a7f6a27f45bbf6a8cae6550", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "43d24b392d222aea0a7eccfed6a31608727508addec9dd49c2aab3e75f9548d1" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brisbane", "city_slug": "brisbane", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2355", "source_name": "Brisbane", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "brisbane", "estimated_area_id": 2355, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "AUS03F", "oecd_name": "Greater Brisbane", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 3144, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 15887.299059404213, "intersection_km2": 2888.609562233706, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9187689447308225, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.1818187944617209, "intersection_over_union": 0.17894227369856935, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 153.0251, "latitude": -27.4698, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_name": "Australia" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2355", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=2355; fid=251", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 251, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "194bc01e142741656fd092bbb1a1f749724b0037e588d2fecaab10897533346c", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "71242b876af00d2fdf1e2d263d5e12a1e78ef348888555b159b705dce5c48b60", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 2355, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "03fe88b72d9f4d2643e8e2f71b21855976d9f9537a7f6a27f45bbf6a8cae6550", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "43d24b392d222aea0a7eccfed6a31608727508addec9dd49c2aab3e75f9548d1" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brisbane (2355)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:brisbane", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brisbane", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:brisbane", "city_slug": "brisbane", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-functional-capital-city-region", "authority": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_geography_id": "3GBRI", "source_name": "Greater Brisbane", "boundary_vintage": "2021", "geography_edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "version": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "crosswalk_method": "Original published GCCSA code/name joined to exact native GCCSA2021 DBF/SHP record. Canonical WGS84 destination point uses the archived named non-ballpark EPSG:4326 to EPSG:7844 adapter; original 3 m operation accuracy, unknown coordinate epoch and conservative 100 m native boundary-clearance guard are preserved.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "brisbane", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "input_wgs84": [ 153.0251, -27.4698 ], "output_gda2020": [ 153.02510603421356, -27.4697874457346 ], "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "allow_ballpark": false, "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "epoch_notice": "The city reference points do not supply a coordinate epoch or WGS84 realization. This is a documented destination-binding adapter with a conservative boundary-clearance guard, not a survey transformation or a relabelling of the native geometry.", "native_point_inside": true, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 315.8016311630985, "required_clearance_metres": 100 }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.life2022-2024.gccsa-source-review-v1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:3GBRI", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GCCSA_2021_AUST_GDA2020.shp record 9; DBF GCC_CODE21=3GBRI", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Greater Brisbane · GCCSA2021", "review_scope": "Life-expectancy published-value protocol only. Does not extend or replace PM/heat geography permissions.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "native_record_number": 9, "native_shape_content_sha256": "804a9010104cbc2e106349ee6eaafbe9e3e73539d946d938734c2a4c2d7c90b8", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "b6c05be6292258a49c62a1f05216177da6589cc88d8a20fdc80960539088e4ee", "native_member_proofs": { "dbf": { "sha256": "7b2aa6cf304e6907353f8418b502e993939522692c1849b2551afc08441a960b", "bytes": 16349 }, "shp": { "sha256": "53f4e0e9295414eb65a6b9c92988b23eab0d411247349eea61f33c1ed9a0c810", "bytes": 30778808 }, "shx": { "sha256": "78b8457acf9598656910f8a3735ab6b08a2936668395de145a6454eeb5e44777", "bytes": 380 }, "prj": { "sha256": "394fe7500c52df3a75d6832b9c61aae1b4391b34dbc71293674dd2219912321f", "bytes": 160 }, "xml": { "sha256": "c9a7b21d4c968a0d5d46b8807d397ea0886ab6d675bed35463c56b4524be1685", "bytes": 26094 } }, "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "interpretation": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:brisbane", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "brisbane", "name": "Brisbane", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-1249231f79fe320fca388198a9b59f12e1503ed6fe227cc5dd61e328290bba7a", "selected_evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-brisbane", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-1249231f79fe320fca388198a9b59f12e1503ed6fe227cc5dd61e328290bba7a", "identity": { "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-brisbane", "observation_sha256": "f610adbf92c56321f0479b420389598441d53800c0aae2236ad44b229d826b8a", "evidence_review_sha256": "aced765d7070b0a18fd88104dc5c5057c82c26f0b9d7c26b614c04b378880eca", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "772a09f7478e63c8cfde7faf1caf81804950d1f0c32b80378a356c567c64d7cb", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:brisbane", "geography_sha256": "151e2aeeecf5571a2cf9d3b09148b870a808db813405af9f0c3254ff62ff1b5d", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "eed29f124852fbd955dd801ee7778e492d23cc74ae7a963fb8ee21c6c477be9f", "source_frame": { "id": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:12:17.472201+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "brisbane", "metric": "life-expectancy", "value": 83.1, "unit": "years", "period_start": "2022-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:brisbane", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "source_frame_sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "source_record_ref": "Table 1!AC74; original Persons header AC8; period header AA6=2022–2024; geography A74=3GBRI, B74=Greater Brisbane", "universe": "Both sexes combined, as the original ABS Persons category, for published three-year period life expectancy at birth within the exact reviewed official GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age treatment and overseas-resident death allocation are not separately documented and remain explicit limitations of the published-value path.", "denominator": null, "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_label": "Published Persons period life expectancy at birth, 2022–2024", "geography": "Greater Brisbane · GCCSA2021", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:3GBRI", "boundary_label": "Greater Brisbane · GCCSA2021", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the exact original numeric ABS Persons life-expectancy-at-birth cell with its original one-decimal published precision. No arithmetic mean of male/female or subarea life expectancies; no reconstruction of an unpublished mortality denominator, radix, CI or standard error.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported." }, "scope_notice": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "Life expectancy, 2022–2024 · Table 2, original Persons e0", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "ASGS Edition 3 · GCCSA2021 native GDA2020 boundaries", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy", "sex": "Persons", "age_basis": "at-birth", "source_value_literal": "83.1", "display_precision_decimals": 1, "pooled_years": 3, "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "workbook": { "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "sheet": "Table 1", "persons_cell": "AC74", "geography_code_cell": "A74", "geography_name_cell": "B74", "sex_header": "AC8", "period_header": "AA6" }, "geography": { "source_code": "3GBRI", "source_name": "Greater Brisbane", "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_shape_content_sha256": "804a9010104cbc2e106349ee6eaafbe9e3e73539d946d938734c2a4c2d7c90b8", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "b6c05be6292258a49c62a1f05216177da6589cc88d8a20fdc80960539088e4ee", "native_record_number": 9 }, "coordinate_adapter": { "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "input_wgs84": [ 153.0251, -27.4698 ], "output_gda2020": [ 153.02510603421356, -27.4697874457346 ], "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "required_clearance_metres": 100, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 315.8016311630985 }, "method_qualification": { "gccsa_algorithm": null, "terminal_age": null, "overseas_death_rule": null, "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.", "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.", "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed." } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented", "label": "Published method detail limited", "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance." } ], "licence": { "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-brisbane", "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 1095, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-ad9fc533f2181fd18c652c1228f054a84d7d67ef87a712e022d16f890e1e9f07", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-brisbane", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-ad9fc533f2181fd18c652c1228f054a84d7d67ef87a712e022d16f890e1e9f07", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-brisbane", "observation_sha256": "c1b9152ce550ff7fc44cb4a8840518d563458aee5f123d11065894ec73af3bce", "evidence_review_sha256": "388a84ff0af554562a8cfac6d40cfbde3a29f4ebc00a2e61d8232e0ded7d7546", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:brisbane", "geography_sha256": "250afc9ccbe67184df65ce6b5c5859dbd7cb2c51639c4173c2c7ddac4912384d", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2355", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "cf9c9f20781153ac010f946c66caa231081e3a106449bafbbb9f32ae3d67d524", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-2355", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2355.npz", "sha256": "1b7a9e4ef6c147e04e41878399b2776b1a8eb9bd0d7b3c8b288338b0fdd6f158", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "brisbane", "metric": "pm25", "value": 5.1838401484037515, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:brisbane", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2355", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2355.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "1b7a9e4ef6c147e04e41878399b2776b1a8eb9bd0d7b3c8b288338b0fdd6f158", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2355.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2355", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2349777.369637776, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brisbane (2355)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2355", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brisbane (2355)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 3144, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3144, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 228, "total_known_modelled_population": 2349777.369637776, "pm_covered_population": 2349777.369637776, "weighted_concentration_sum": 12180870.268538866, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 5.1824440994786105, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 5.161206539441812, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Brisbane (source ID 2355). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-brisbane", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2355.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-5c48c389662fe11658d6ab3b0da547c3032ca92a209e6299b69ea2a39bd50611", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-brisbane", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-5c48c389662fe11658d6ab3b0da547c3032ca92a209e6299b69ea2a39bd50611", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-brisbane", "observation_sha256": "68347036079091b535ea58fee5e37c720f3240f773a8821ca01584c702ff8e24", "evidence_review_sha256": "0de1e3328a6325a44344cebbe226abd5db87455a0b89bb462554b4963e44b461", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brisbane", "geography_sha256": "91433f85c1ab33b052689d58d50dc17344d74e9bcfb14d718ddecdcf69dcd483", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2355", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "613922e941ebd3388d6903bb46711770e8e4ccee723406584c6950df9ca34afd", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-2355", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2355.npz", "sha256": "19c0d308043bcfacde21bb0953bb37ae8c32897b916989918680a91ed16bbe12", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "brisbane", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 9.625936192260596, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brisbane", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2355", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2355.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "19c0d308043bcfacde21bb0953bb37ae8c32897b916989918680a91ed16bbe12", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2355.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2355", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2349777.3696377757, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brisbane (2355)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2355", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brisbane (2355)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3144, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3144, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 228, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2349777.3696377757, "weather_covered_population": 2349777.3696377757, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22618807.02615117, "native_weather_points": 12, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Brisbane (source ID 2355). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.3033564497873917, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 7762152.229557399 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.02293997873255837, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 53903.842885737526 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.0658477556714137, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4854282.305393677 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.4768366482871118, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3470237.3347967584 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.7569553597821206, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6478231.313517599 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2349777.3696377757, "strict_value": 9.625936192260596, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 22618807.02615117, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.3033564497873917, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 7762152.229557399, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.02293997873255837, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 53903.842885737526, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.0658477556714137, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4854282.305393677, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.4768366482871118, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3470237.3347967584, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.7569553597821206, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6478231.313517599, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-brisbane", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2355.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "brisbane", "city_name": "Brisbane", "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 153.0251, "latitude": -27.4698, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "AUS03F", "country_iso3": "AUS", "source_name": "Greater Brisbane", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 246, "member_ids": [ "AUS301011001", "AUS301011002", "AUS301011003", "AUS301011004", "AUS301011005", 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(SA2)": 246 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "37e6eb65dbc3e9572e8f66752acdb44b554925deccde7db5ae22133c03f5a608", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 2355, "eFUA_name": "Brisbane", "Cntry_ISO": "AUS", "Cntry_name": "Australia", "UC_IDs": "13074;13076;13078;13079;13082", "UC_num": 5, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "194bc01e142741656fd092bbb1a1f749724b0037e588d2fecaab10897533346c", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:brisbane", "city_slug": "brisbane", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2355", "source_name": "Brisbane", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "brisbane", "estimated_area_id": 2355, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "AUS03F", "oecd_name": "Greater Brisbane", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 3144, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 15887.299059404213, "intersection_km2": 2888.609562233706, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9187689447308225, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.1818187944617209, "intersection_over_union": 0.17894227369856935, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 153.0251, "latitude": -27.4698, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_name": "Australia" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2355", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=2355; fid=251", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 251, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "194bc01e142741656fd092bbb1a1f749724b0037e588d2fecaab10897533346c", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "71242b876af00d2fdf1e2d263d5e12a1e78ef348888555b159b705dce5c48b60", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 2355, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "03fe88b72d9f4d2643e8e2f71b21855976d9f9537a7f6a27f45bbf6a8cae6550", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "43d24b392d222aea0a7eccfed6a31608727508addec9dd49c2aab3e75f9548d1" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brisbane (2355)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:brisbane", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "brisbane", "city_name": "Brisbane", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2355", "source_area_id": "2355", "source_area_name": "Brisbane", "value": 5.1838401484037515, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 3144, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3144, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 228, "total_known_modelled_population": 2349777.369637776, "pm_covered_population": 2349777.369637776, "weighted_concentration_sum": 12180870.268538866, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 2349777.369637776, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 5.1824440994786105, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 5.161206539441812, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2355.npz", "sha256": "1b7a9e4ef6c147e04e41878399b2776b1a8eb9bd0d7b3c8b288338b0fdd6f158" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:brisbane", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-brisbane", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Brisbane (source ID 2355). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brisbane", "city_slug": "brisbane", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2355", "source_name": "Brisbane", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:brisbane", "city_slug": "brisbane", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-functional-capital-city-region", "authority": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_geography_id": "3GBRI", "source_name": "Greater Brisbane", "boundary_vintage": "2021", "geography_edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "version": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "crosswalk_method": "Original published GCCSA code/name joined to exact native GCCSA2021 DBF/SHP record. 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Does not extend or replace PM/heat geography permissions.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "native_record_number": 9, "native_shape_content_sha256": "804a9010104cbc2e106349ee6eaafbe9e3e73539d946d938734c2a4c2d7c90b8", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "b6c05be6292258a49c62a1f05216177da6589cc88d8a20fdc80960539088e4ee", "native_member_proofs": { "dbf": { "sha256": "7b2aa6cf304e6907353f8418b502e993939522692c1849b2551afc08441a960b", "bytes": 16349 }, "shp": { "sha256": "53f4e0e9295414eb65a6b9c92988b23eab0d411247349eea61f33c1ed9a0c810", "bytes": 30778808 }, "shx": { "sha256": "78b8457acf9598656910f8a3735ab6b08a2936668395de145a6454eeb5e44777", "bytes": 380 }, "prj": { "sha256": "394fe7500c52df3a75d6832b9c61aae1b4391b34dbc71293674dd2219912321f", "bytes": 160 }, "xml": { "sha256": "c9a7b21d4c968a0d5d46b8807d397ea0886ab6d675bed35463c56b4524be1685", "bytes": 26094 } }, "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "interpretation": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:brisbane", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "brisbane", "city_name": "Brisbane", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2355", "source_area_id": "2355", "source_area_name": "Brisbane", "value": 9.625936192260596, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brisbane", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-brisbane", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Brisbane (source ID 2355). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3144, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3144, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 228, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2349777.3696377757, "weather_covered_population": 2349777.3696377757, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22618807.02615117, "native_weather_points": 12, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.3033564497873917, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 7762152.229557399 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.02293997873255837, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 53903.842885737526 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.0658477556714137, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4854282.305393677 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.4768366482871118, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3470237.3347967584 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.7569553597821206, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6478231.313517599 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2349777.3696377757, "strict_value": 9.625936192260596, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 22618807.02615117, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.3033564497873917, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 7762152.229557399, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.02293997873255837, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 53903.842885737526, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.0658477556714137, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4854282.305393677, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.4768366482871118, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3470237.3347967584, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.7569553597821206, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6478231.313517599, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2355.npz", "sha256": "19c0d308043bcfacde21bb0953bb37ae8c32897b916989918680a91ed16bbe12" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": { "city_slug": "brisbane", "value": 83.1, "unit": "years", "period_start": "2022-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:brisbane", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_record_ref": "Table 1!AC74; original Persons header AC8; period header AA6=2022–2024; geography A74=3GBRI, B74=Greater Brisbane", "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_label": "Published Persons period life expectancy at birth, 2022–2024", "geography": "Greater Brisbane · GCCSA2021", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:3GBRI", "boundary_label": "Greater Brisbane · GCCSA2021", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the exact original numeric ABS Persons life-expectancy-at-birth cell with its original one-decimal published precision. No arithmetic mean of male/female or subarea life expectancies; no reconstruction of an unpublished mortality denominator, radix, CI or standard error.", "scope_notice": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "derivation": { "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy", "sex": "Persons", "age_basis": "at-birth", "source_value_literal": "83.1", "display_precision_decimals": 1, "pooled_years": 3, "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "workbook": { "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "sheet": "Table 1", "persons_cell": "AC74", "geography_code_cell": "A74", "geography_name_cell": "B74", "sex_header": "AC8", "period_header": "AA6" }, "geography": { "source_code": "3GBRI", "source_name": "Greater Brisbane", "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_shape_content_sha256": "804a9010104cbc2e106349ee6eaafbe9e3e73539d946d938734c2a4c2d7c90b8", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "b6c05be6292258a49c62a1f05216177da6589cc88d8a20fdc80960539088e4ee", "native_record_number": 9 }, "coordinate_adapter": { "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "input_wgs84": [ 153.0251, -27.4698 ], "output_gda2020": [ 153.02510603421356, -27.4697874457346 ], "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "required_clearance_metres": 100, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 315.8016311630985 }, "method_qualification": { "gccsa_algorithm": null, "terminal_age": null, "overseas_death_rule": null, "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.", "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.", "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed." } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented", "label": "Published method detail limited", "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance." } ], "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported." }, "licence": { "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "Life expectancy, 2022–2024 · Table 2, original Persons e0", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "ASGS Edition 3 · GCCSA2021 native GDA2020 boundaries", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-brisbane", "city_name": "Brisbane", "source_area_id": "3GBRI", "source_area_name": "Greater Brisbane", "review_status": "accepted", "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "licence_source_refs": [ "source-54895d592300bdd2" ], "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" ], "notice": "Historical ABS Persons life expectancy at birth for the pooled 2022–2024 period, published to one decimal. It is not a forecast or a three-year average of sex/subarea estimates. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal age and overseas-resident death treatment remain explicitly undocumented; confidence intervals and standard errors are not supplied. Native GCCSA2021 geometry and the documented destination-point coordinate adapter are separate from PM/heat areas. Research-input review does not establish current engine admission, cross-country comparability or an official quarterly result." }, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "brussels", "name": "Brussels", "country": { "id": "country:BEL", "name": "Belgium", "iso_2": "BE", "iso_3": "BEL", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/brussels", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/brussels.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 1, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "brussels", "id": "1290", "name": "Brussels", "constituentNames": [ "Brussels" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Belgium", "UN_WPP": "Belgium" }, "population2025": 1468753.608, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 235, "densityPerKm2": 6250.015353191489, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 50.8485405, "longitude": 4.3626383, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 50.8503, "longitude": 4.3517, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M193.89,27.68L213.26,37.37L213.26,56.74L222.95,56.74L222.95,66.42L242.32,66.42L242.32,76.11L232.63,76.11L232.63,114.84L252.0,124.53L252.0,143.89L261.68,143.89L261.68,153.58L222.95,143.89L222.95,153.58L213.26,153.58L213.26,163.26L203.58,163.26L193.89,182.63L174.53,182.63L164.84,202.0L116.42,202.0L106.74,182.63L87.37,182.63L87.37,192.32L77.68,192.32L77.68,163.26L68.0,163.26L68.0,153.58L77.68,153.58L77.68,134.21L68.0,134.21L58.32,95.47L68.0,95.47L68.0,85.79L77.68,85.79L77.68,76.11L87.37,76.11L97.05,56.74L106.74,56.74L106.74,66.42L126.11,66.42L126.11,56.74L164.84,56.74L164.84,47.05L174.53,47.05L174.53,18.0L193.89,18.0L193.89,27.68Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 138.44, "y": 122.36 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 146.49, "y": 124.13 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.06666666666666667, "accepted_metrics": 2, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0, "infrastructure": 0, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "unit": "PPP international $ / person / year", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 40000 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "pillar": "means", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "price-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median home price / household income", "unit": "ratio", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 3, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "brussels", "metric": "pm25", "value": 9.480405520377232, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:brussels", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1269", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1269.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "8a51c65b07280273da9522696743efa9f4b1554f8c8704d782541e7b042442ee", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1269.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1269", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2338156.6941405023, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brussels (1269)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1269", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brussels (1269)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 1851, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1851, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 22, "total_known_modelled_population": 2338156.6941405023, "pm_covered_population": 2338156.6941405023, "weighted_concentration_sum": 22166673.6306366, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 9.472366827018789, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 9.44240782817612, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Brussels (source ID 1269). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-brussels", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1269.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-brussels", "observation_sha256": "e7995abc548721e9a61a1e67e6918489e652cd1cd36f201239433f3cd67e7746", "evidence_review_sha256": "04b001b8f3e73803c1e17bd2483eebb202e62ab5027f8322f5887880200e874f", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:brussels", "geography_sha256": "31ee71b64fcc23a2e92222e70ee3d4e3414148b9bf2ab993d30f6b6552ad1d24", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1269", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "3b869073618eaf7a88c34e8327f01d952873fdef300bdc871b75b7c4c799dd49", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-1269", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1269.npz", "sha256": "8a51c65b07280273da9522696743efa9f4b1554f8c8704d782541e7b042442ee", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:brussels", "city_slug": "brussels", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1269", "source_name": "Brussels", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "brussels", "estimated_area_id": 1269, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "BE001F", "oecd_name": "Bruxelles/Brussel/Leuven", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 1851, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 4818.219503670342, "intersection_km2": 1848.6966907445142, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9987556405967122, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.38368876497557763, "intersection_over_union": 0.383505433432944, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 4.3517, "latitude": 50.8503, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "BEL", "source_country_iso3": "BEL", "source_country_name": "Belgium" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1269", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1269; fid=361", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 361, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "83073ae05ab2090c190eee1b89e53edc540b23eda2af75cbbde4b265265de487", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "c627b9a52a107ba1e56afff61697de29c09b52a60311ccc9712317f024351e41", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1269, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "83073ae05ab2090c190eee1b89e53edc540b23eda2af75cbbde4b265265de487", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "6228fd7216dbe551b28a546f4a68c8273ef385faeef37be817f6ab54c675dc35" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brussels (1269)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:brussels", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "brussels", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0.8049109911595546, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brussels", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1269", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1269.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "6116f5b748ecd6a5678f9399d9dbd4da75fe0f0a21ab6499409ccd07ed5a5bf3", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1269.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1269", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2338156.6941405023, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brussels (1269)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1269", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brussels (1269)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1851, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1851, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 22, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2338156.6941405023, "weather_covered_population": 2338156.6941405023, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1882008.022166979, "native_weather_points": 9, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Brussels (source ID 1269). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.8049109911595546, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1882008.022166979 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2338156.6941405023, "strict_value": 0.8049109911595546, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1882008.022166979, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.8049109911595546, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1882008.022166979, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-brussels", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1269.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-brussels", "observation_sha256": "f1f5ca2c93172a2c34bb1cf2126893e2a8601d9db2907ddd542961bbd88259e2", "evidence_review_sha256": "0a0a7d23179f75ac2a0052bad68037da7736bc5fc24655c45a0afc09cf0ce749", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brussels", "geography_sha256": "0b96ae36b6fa93a80e0ab261721f4f6f3c7feb164afe2942b128428d4016f294", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1269", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "e253728eacf785910464db2b59f9fb87aaa964cec398d8507085ec0a013bc622", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1269", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1269.npz", "sha256": "6116f5b748ecd6a5678f9399d9dbd4da75fe0f0a21ab6499409ccd07ed5a5bf3", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brussels", "city_slug": "brussels", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1269", "source_name": "Brussels", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "brussels", "metric": "pm25", "value": 9.480405520377232, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:brussels", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1269", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1269.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "8a51c65b07280273da9522696743efa9f4b1554f8c8704d782541e7b042442ee", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1269.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1269", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2338156.6941405023, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brussels (1269)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1269", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brussels (1269)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 1851, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1851, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 22, "total_known_modelled_population": 2338156.6941405023, "pm_covered_population": 2338156.6941405023, "weighted_concentration_sum": 22166673.6306366, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 9.472366827018789, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 9.44240782817612, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Brussels (source ID 1269). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-brussels", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1269.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-dca8ce85fd4bd1e2ce326e0bbbdab82b4e7b462e558e2d2be58a27df405b4990", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-brussels", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-dca8ce85fd4bd1e2ce326e0bbbdab82b4e7b462e558e2d2be58a27df405b4990", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-brussels", "observation_sha256": "f1f5ca2c93172a2c34bb1cf2126893e2a8601d9db2907ddd542961bbd88259e2", "evidence_review_sha256": "0a0a7d23179f75ac2a0052bad68037da7736bc5fc24655c45a0afc09cf0ce749", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brussels", "geography_sha256": "0b96ae36b6fa93a80e0ab261721f4f6f3c7feb164afe2942b128428d4016f294", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1269", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "e253728eacf785910464db2b59f9fb87aaa964cec398d8507085ec0a013bc622", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1269", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1269.npz", "sha256": "6116f5b748ecd6a5678f9399d9dbd4da75fe0f0a21ab6499409ccd07ed5a5bf3", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "brussels", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0.8049109911595546, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brussels", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1269", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1269.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "6116f5b748ecd6a5678f9399d9dbd4da75fe0f0a21ab6499409ccd07ed5a5bf3", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1269.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1269", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2338156.6941405023, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brussels (1269)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1269", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Brussels (1269)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1851, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1851, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 22, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2338156.6941405023, "weather_covered_population": 2338156.6941405023, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1882008.022166979, "native_weather_points": 9, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Brussels (source ID 1269). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.8049109911595546, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1882008.022166979 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2338156.6941405023, "strict_value": 0.8049109911595546, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1882008.022166979, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.8049109911595546, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1882008.022166979, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-brussels", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1269.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "brussels", "source_city_name": "Bruxelles / Brussel", "source_country_name": "Belgium", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:brussels:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "brussels", "source_city_name": "Bruxelles / Brussel", "source_country_name": "Belgium", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "Bruxelles / Brussel", "country": "Belgium" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 8.65918541, "value_as_published": "8.659185410", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "1,223,364", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2020 for city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 19, "csv_line_end": 20, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "Bruxelles / Brussel", "Country": "Belgium", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "8.659185410", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2020 for city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "1,223,364" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "brussels", "city_name": "Brussels", "destination_country_iso3": "BEL", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 4.3517, "latitude": 50.8503, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "BE001F", "country_iso3": "BEL", "source_name": "Bruxelles/Brussel/Leuven", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 137, "member_ids": [ "BEL21001", "BEL21002", "BEL21003", "BEL21004", "BEL21005", "BEL21006", "BEL21007", "BEL21008", "BEL21009", "BEL21010", "BEL21011", "BEL21012", "BEL21013", "BEL21014", "BEL21015", "BEL21016", "BEL21017", "BEL21018", "BEL21019", "BEL23002", "BEL23003", "BEL23009", "BEL23016", "BEL23023", "BEL23024", "BEL23025", "BEL23027", "BEL23032", "BEL23033", "BEL23038", "BEL23039", "BEL23044", "BEL23045", "BEL23047", "BEL23050", "BEL23052", "BEL23060", "BEL23062", "BEL23064", "BEL23077", "BEL23081", "BEL23086", "BEL23088", "BEL23094", "BEL23096", "BEL23097", "BEL23098", "BEL23099", "BEL23100", "BEL23101", "BEL23102", "BEL23103", "BEL23104", "BEL23105", "BEL24001", "BEL24007", "BEL24008", "BEL24009", "BEL24011", "BEL24014", "BEL24016", "BEL24020", "BEL24033", "BEL24038", "BEL24041", "BEL24043", "BEL24045", "BEL24048", "BEL24054", "BEL24055", "BEL24059", "BEL24062", "BEL24066", "BEL24086", "BEL24094", "BEL24104", "BEL24107", "BEL24109", "BEL24130", "BEL24133", "BEL24134", "BEL24135", "BEL24137", "BEL25005", "BEL25014", "BEL25015", "BEL25018", "BEL25023", "BEL25031", "BEL25037", "BEL25043", "BEL25044", "BEL25048", "BEL25050", "BEL25068", "BEL25072", "BEL25084", "BEL25091", "BEL25105", "BEL25107", "BEL25110", "BEL25112", "BEL25117", "BEL25118", "BEL25119", "BEL25120", "BEL25121", "BEL25122", "BEL25123", "BEL25124", "BEL41002", "BEL41011", "BEL41018", "BEL41024", "BEL41027", "BEL41034", "BEL41048", "BEL41081", "BEL41082", "BEL42004", "BEL42011", "BEL45063", "BEL51004", "BEL51012", "BEL51014", "BEL51019", "BEL51067", "BEL51068", "BEL51069", "BEL55004", "BEL55040", "BEL55050", "BEL55085", "BEL64034", "BEL64047", "BEL71017", "BEL92142" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Communes/Gemeenten/Gemeinden)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Communes/Gemeenten/Gemeinden)": 137 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "ab27c6819979b5aa433eb82e55d99d7af26af91e3e382c602cb0dcd46c632947", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1269, "eFUA_name": "Brussels", "Cntry_ISO": "BEL", "Cntry_name": "Belgium", "UC_IDs": "2135", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "83073ae05ab2090c190eee1b89e53edc540b23eda2af75cbbde4b265265de487", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "BE001F", "URAU_NAME": "Bruxelles", "CNTR_CODE": "BE" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brussels", "city_slug": "brussels", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1269", "source_name": "Brussels", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "brussels", "estimated_area_id": 1269, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "BE001F", "oecd_name": "Bruxelles/Brussel/Leuven", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 1851, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 4818.219503670342, "intersection_km2": 1848.6966907445142, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9987556405967122, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.38368876497557763, "intersection_over_union": 0.383505433432944, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 4.3517, "latitude": 50.8503, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "BEL", "source_country_iso3": "BEL", "source_country_name": "Belgium" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1269", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1269; fid=361", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 361, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "83073ae05ab2090c190eee1b89e53edc540b23eda2af75cbbde4b265265de487", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "c627b9a52a107ba1e56afff61697de29c09b52a60311ccc9712317f024351e41", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1269, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "83073ae05ab2090c190eee1b89e53edc540b23eda2af75cbbde4b265265de487", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "6228fd7216dbe551b28a546f4a68c8273ef385faeef37be817f6ab54c675dc35" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "brussels", "city_name": "Brussels", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1269", "source_area_id": "1269", "source_area_name": "Brussels", "value": 0.8049109911595546, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:brussels", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-brussels", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Brussels (source ID 1269). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1851, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1851, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 22, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2338156.6941405023, "weather_covered_population": 2338156.6941405023, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1882008.022166979, "native_weather_points": 9, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.8049109911595546, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1882008.022166979 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2338156.6941405023, "strict_value": 0.8049109911595546, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1882008.022166979, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.8049109911595546, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1882008.022166979, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1269.npz", "sha256": "6116f5b748ecd6a5678f9399d9dbd4da75fe0f0a21ab6499409ccd07ed5a5bf3" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "buenos-aires", "name": "Buenos Aires", "country": { "id": "country:ARG", "name": "Argentina", "iso_2": "AR", "iso_3": "ARG", "continent": "South America" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/buenos-aires", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/buenos-aires.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "buenos-aires", "id": "4443", "name": "Buenos Aires", "constituentNames": [ "Buenos Aires", "Lanús", "Avellaneda", "Vicente López", "Gregorio de Laferrere", "Merlo", "José C. 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The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 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"metric": "pm25", "value": 13.380821409601708, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:buenos-aires", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4215", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4215.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "5b527b5c64478f59e110a42a1b3b1fb2aa265a8caa188af6ef6726bf4548aca1", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4215.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 4215", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 14590525.582297105, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Buenos Aires (4215)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4215", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Buenos Aires (4215)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). 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Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Buenos Aires (source ID 4215). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-buenos-aires", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4215.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-buenos-aires", "observation_sha256": "2468d77c2cb91688cb88ca00a04dc9dcb18e71136f5d63a2b9e51d433833038f", "evidence_review_sha256": "86809fd8c71ba991226f6dcaa1bb131efebe52634bf4a5822b64dfd0d1e13ce7", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:buenos-aires", "geography_sha256": "7013ec12871248534bcf040667860c99f7ddb85e25ea636b1ef56467b4283018", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4215", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "f13e5d31b4c5327d62abd4f08cf0fadd3f4c852a27484504239939045ae6bf48", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-4215", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4215.npz", "sha256": "5b527b5c64478f59e110a42a1b3b1fb2aa265a8caa188af6ef6726bf4548aca1", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:buenos-aires", "city_slug": "buenos-aires", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "4215", "source_name": "Buenos Aires", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "buenos-aires", "estimated_area_id": 4215, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": -58.396, "latitude": -34.6118, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "ARG", "source_country_iso3": "ARG", "source_country_name": "Argentina" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4215", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=4215; fid=219", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 219, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "c558be958ba28702614d2efa035b59770efb1a8d3ee5a3ae32c963444391c069", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "4d1bb2b27db7c06a9923d2d3fda5a20504de10734b285ee257e9c2444a1d2517", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 4215, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "c558be958ba28702614d2efa035b59770efb1a8d3ee5a3ae32c963444391c069", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "5126b736f9c37ea8cf597f86a23ff6d5ff21f9b012a4e86be54cf83245a8db01" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Buenos Aires (4215)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:buenos-aires", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "buenos-aires", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 9.622675546402405, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:buenos-aires", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4215", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4215.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "cb9741d67221c939c9cf6ac3ac3870d6a27c8f99f0905dc9c6641b2d14e8e532", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4215.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 4215", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 14590525.582297105, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Buenos Aires (4215)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4215", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Buenos Aires (4215)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5376, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5376, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 667, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 14590525.582297105, "weather_covered_population": 14590525.582297105, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 140399893.72992906, "native_weather_points": 17, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Buenos Aires (source ID 4215). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.4535424255543068, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 21207947.9450043 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 4.211262116694477, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 61444527.64738943 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.451827542475056, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 21182926.899565842 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.506043461678565, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 36564491.2379695 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 14590525.582297105, "strict_value": 9.622675546402405, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 140399893.72992906, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.4535424255543068, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 21207947.9450043, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 4.211262116694477, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 61444527.64738943, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.451827542475056, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 21182926.899565842, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.506043461678565, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 36564491.2379695, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-buenos-aires", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4215.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-buenos-aires", "observation_sha256": "ab7e8f8488bd2ab74c18b272e7986eec9ce8698116d26e16e87d67112af6cb56", "evidence_review_sha256": "f190fb1ea48a1b599251c8776c321e4938e9c56f831d8c9db33e24c5624f8d03", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:buenos-aires", "geography_sha256": "9cd10c25ddfd1f540ea57e0988feb23798b30d502918eea95d4429d850bf20cc", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4215", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "072931e1c5bbebc3cc84474e877d85a06ba9b62c9ce26c3eca71dd5743228abf", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-4215", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4215.npz", "sha256": "cb9741d67221c939c9cf6ac3ac3870d6a27c8f99f0905dc9c6641b2d14e8e532", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "buenos-aires", "metric": "pm25", "value": 13.380821409601708, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:buenos-aires", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4215", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4215.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "5b527b5c64478f59e110a42a1b3b1fb2aa265a8caa188af6ef6726bf4548aca1", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4215.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 4215", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 14590525.582297105, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Buenos Aires (4215)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4215", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Buenos Aires (4215)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 5376, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5376, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 667, "total_known_modelled_population": 14590525.582297105, "pm_covered_population": 14590525.582297105, "weighted_concentration_sum": 195233217.08894253, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 13.38413003638135, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 13.343413338040113, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Buenos Aires (source ID 4215). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-buenos-aires", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4215.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-daf5db64e87847fc27a52d20adc57d4b97207d325fac29c8ae5df736c39f86e7", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-buenos-aires", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-daf5db64e87847fc27a52d20adc57d4b97207d325fac29c8ae5df736c39f86e7", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-buenos-aires", "observation_sha256": "ab7e8f8488bd2ab74c18b272e7986eec9ce8698116d26e16e87d67112af6cb56", "evidence_review_sha256": "f190fb1ea48a1b599251c8776c321e4938e9c56f831d8c9db33e24c5624f8d03", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:buenos-aires", "geography_sha256": "9cd10c25ddfd1f540ea57e0988feb23798b30d502918eea95d4429d850bf20cc", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4215", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "072931e1c5bbebc3cc84474e877d85a06ba9b62c9ce26c3eca71dd5743228abf", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-4215", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4215.npz", "sha256": "cb9741d67221c939c9cf6ac3ac3870d6a27c8f99f0905dc9c6641b2d14e8e532", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "buenos-aires", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 9.622675546402405, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:buenos-aires", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4215", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4215.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "cb9741d67221c939c9cf6ac3ac3870d6a27c8f99f0905dc9c6641b2d14e8e532", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4215.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 4215", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 14590525.582297105, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Buenos Aires (4215)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4215", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Buenos Aires (4215)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5376, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5376, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 667, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 14590525.582297105, "weather_covered_population": 14590525.582297105, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 140399893.72992906, "native_weather_points": 17, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Buenos Aires (source ID 4215). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.4535424255543068, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 21207947.9450043 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 4.211262116694477, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 61444527.64738943 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.451827542475056, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 21182926.899565842 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.506043461678565, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 36564491.2379695 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 14590525.582297105, "strict_value": 9.622675546402405, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 140399893.72992906, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.4535424255543068, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 21207947.9450043, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 4.211262116694477, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 61444527.64738943, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.451827542475056, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 21182926.899565842, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.506043461678565, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 36564491.2379695, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-buenos-aires", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4215.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "buenos-aires", "city_name": "Buenos Aires", "destination_country_iso3": "ARG", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -58.396, "latitude": -34.6118, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 4215, "eFUA_name": "Buenos Aires", "Cntry_ISO": "ARG", "Cntry_name": "Argentina", "UC_IDs": "1101;1102;1103;1105;1109", "UC_num": 5, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "c558be958ba28702614d2efa035b59770efb1a8d3ee5a3ae32c963444391c069", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:buenos-aires", "city_slug": "buenos-aires", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "4215", "source_name": "Buenos Aires", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "buenos-aires", "estimated_area_id": 4215, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": -58.396, "latitude": -34.6118, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "ARG", "source_country_iso3": "ARG", "source_country_name": "Argentina" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4215", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=4215; fid=219", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 219, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "c558be958ba28702614d2efa035b59770efb1a8d3ee5a3ae32c963444391c069", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "4d1bb2b27db7c06a9923d2d3fda5a20504de10734b285ee257e9c2444a1d2517", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 4215, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "c558be958ba28702614d2efa035b59770efb1a8d3ee5a3ae32c963444391c069", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "5126b736f9c37ea8cf597f86a23ff6d5ff21f9b012a4e86be54cf83245a8db01" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Buenos Aires (4215)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:buenos-aires", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "buenos-aires", "city_name": "Buenos Aires", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4215", "source_area_id": "4215", "source_area_name": "Buenos Aires", "value": 13.380821409601708, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 5376, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5376, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 667, "total_known_modelled_population": 14590525.582297105, "pm_covered_population": 14590525.582297105, "weighted_concentration_sum": 195233217.08894253, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 14590525.582297105, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 13.38413003638135, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 13.343413338040113, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4215.npz", "sha256": "5b527b5c64478f59e110a42a1b3b1fb2aa265a8caa188af6ef6726bf4548aca1" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:buenos-aires", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-buenos-aires", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Buenos Aires (source ID 4215). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5376, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5376, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 667, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 14590525.582297105, "weather_covered_population": 14590525.582297105, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 140399893.72992906, "native_weather_points": 17, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.4535424255543068, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 21207947.9450043 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 4.211262116694477, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 61444527.64738943 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.451827542475056, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 21182926.899565842 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.506043461678565, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 36564491.2379695 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 14590525.582297105, "strict_value": 9.622675546402405, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 140399893.72992906, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.4535424255543068, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 21207947.9450043, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 4.211262116694477, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 61444527.64738943, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.451827542475056, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 21182926.899565842, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.506043461678565, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 36564491.2379695, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. 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These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "cairo", "name": "Cairo", "country": { "id": "country:EGY", "name": "Egypt", "iso_2": "EG", "iso_3": "EGY", "continent": "Africa" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/cairo", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/cairo.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:cairo", "city_slug": "cairo", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "3981", "source_name": "Cairo", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "cairo", "estimated_area_id": 3981, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 31.2357, "latitude": 30.0444, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "EGY", "source_country_iso3": "EGY", "source_country_name": "Egypt" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3981", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=3981; fid=2827", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 2827, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "679158d79c662c12d3a124f048ea98a7de74bc652f1d0a5d599afa6e03537e04", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "36f8225c466a7b4930c7544ad8d9b080c4aa92048dc13d444948ae840e912434", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 3981, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "6888f6271d9e579c47cd81c8daf35399ec5c667773b1a0c9bdc9cea1db58b4fa", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "d4cc524d22bd78c1a93e984b6ecd6215a56c417c9c630f16dba4f4a04a8a1ce9" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cairo (3981)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:cairo", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "cairo", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 110.78374532344635, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:cairo", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3981", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3981.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "27df21184bca3079d43f7332a39c23904722645ec50c54adceb12cbc973eb143", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3981.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3981", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 27925433.20003526, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cairo (3981)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3981", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cairo (3981)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 4348, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4348, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 102, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 27925433.20003526, "weather_covered_population": 27925433.20003526, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3093684079.67962, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Cairo (source ID 3981). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.5764659291885272, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 44023493.99768573 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.604000560028306, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 100643276.89196013 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 9.507819550610993, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 265509979.73857656 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 21.50974509142742, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 600668949.7004427 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 30.735259582090364, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 858295438.3454081 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 30.18028282899338, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 842797472.0992258 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 11.202633384755128, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 312838390.2504642 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.4401234017435383, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 68141503.05523197 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.027414994608704783, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 765575.6006247122 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 27925433.20003526, "strict_value": 110.78374532344635, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3093684079.67962, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.5764659291885272, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 44023493.99768573, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.604000560028306, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 100643276.89196013, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 9.507819550610993, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 265509979.73857656, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 21.50974509142742, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 600668949.7004427, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 30.735259582090364, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 858295438.3454081, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 30.18028282899338, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 842797472.0992258, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 11.202633384755128, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 312838390.2504642, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.4401234017435383, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 68141503.05523197, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.027414994608704783, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 765575.6006247122, 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"geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3981", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "c5d323c4784b2678417c6e5655c8ea75ef484c14b280173e98bcc629f1b40276", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-3981", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3981.npz", "sha256": "552b20838f0bc2c692c82f3546cfbd761412fa3d70aecd0e5760f3039c30f2e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "cairo", "metric": "pm25", "value": 45.16148308488991, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:cairo", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3981", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3981.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "552b20838f0bc2c692c82f3546cfbd761412fa3d70aecd0e5760f3039c30f2e0", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3981.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3981", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 27925433.20003526, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cairo (3981)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3981", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cairo (3981)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 4348, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4348, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 102, "total_known_modelled_population": 27925433.20003526, "pm_covered_population": 27925433.20003526, "weighted_concentration_sum": 1261153979.1016154, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 45.17631859745068, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 46.11869808034042, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Cairo (source ID 3981). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-cairo", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3981.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-74ff320e836cc2ed9292ffb2a794946aa49cffc88b958e1f59f6be9380655d7b", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-cairo", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-74ff320e836cc2ed9292ffb2a794946aa49cffc88b958e1f59f6be9380655d7b", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-cairo", "observation_sha256": "85d653bb72e3792fcd63b53210d7f07a5dd21de83bfb31061f66f1e9d49e446c", "evidence_review_sha256": "eb57e520ac98a4fa15999bfa7a7a20a185da9cbcf7943dc34aa34b616fbde637", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:cairo", "geography_sha256": "059aad09046ec294933cb5b08daf1fbfc60a13c0c1b6eaffa5bd155ab9cfa3bb", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3981", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "76ce06e2f3d1fdf0469fd2ae70f657c4314eada28bb7a902cc00557bf82efc44", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-3981", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3981.npz", "sha256": "27df21184bca3079d43f7332a39c23904722645ec50c54adceb12cbc973eb143", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "cairo", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 110.78374532344635, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:cairo", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3981", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3981.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "27df21184bca3079d43f7332a39c23904722645ec50c54adceb12cbc973eb143", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3981.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3981", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 27925433.20003526, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cairo (3981)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3981", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cairo (3981)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 4348, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4348, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 102, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 27925433.20003526, "weather_covered_population": 27925433.20003526, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3093684079.67962, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Cairo (source ID 3981). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.5764659291885272, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 44023493.99768573 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.604000560028306, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 100643276.89196013 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 9.507819550610993, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 265509979.73857656 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 21.50974509142742, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 600668949.7004427 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 30.735259582090364, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 858295438.3454081 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 30.18028282899338, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 842797472.0992258 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 11.202633384755128, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 312838390.2504642 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.4401234017435383, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 68141503.05523197 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.027414994608704783, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 765575.6006247122 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 27925433.20003526, "strict_value": 110.78374532344635, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3093684079.67962, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.5764659291885272, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 44023493.99768573, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.604000560028306, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 100643276.89196013, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 9.507819550610993, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 265509979.73857656, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 21.50974509142742, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 600668949.7004427, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 30.735259582090364, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 858295438.3454081, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 30.18028282899338, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 842797472.0992258, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 11.202633384755128, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 312838390.2504642, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.4401234017435383, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 68141503.05523197, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.027414994608704783, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 765575.6006247122, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-cairo", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3981.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "cairo", "city_name": "Cairo", "destination_country_iso3": "EGY", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 31.2357, "latitude": 30.0444, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 3981, "eFUA_name": "Cairo", "Cntry_ISO": "EGY", "Cntry_name": "Egypt", "UC_IDs": "3878;3901;3904;3902;3917;3921;3943;3947;3960;3964;3972;3974;3975;3981;3983;3989;3996", "UC_num": 17, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "679158d79c662c12d3a124f048ea98a7de74bc652f1d0a5d599afa6e03537e04", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:cairo", "city_slug": "cairo", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "3981", "source_name": "Cairo", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "cairo", "estimated_area_id": 3981, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 31.2357, "latitude": 30.0444, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "EGY", "source_country_iso3": "EGY", "source_country_name": "Egypt" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3981", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=3981; fid=2827", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 2827, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "679158d79c662c12d3a124f048ea98a7de74bc652f1d0a5d599afa6e03537e04", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "36f8225c466a7b4930c7544ad8d9b080c4aa92048dc13d444948ae840e912434", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 3981, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "6888f6271d9e579c47cd81c8daf35399ec5c667773b1a0c9bdc9cea1db58b4fa", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "d4cc524d22bd78c1a93e984b6ecd6215a56c417c9c630f16dba4f4a04a8a1ce9" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cairo (3981)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:cairo", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "cairo", "city_name": "Cairo", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3981", "source_area_id": "3981", "source_area_name": "Cairo", "value": 45.16148308488991, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 4348, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4348, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 102, "total_known_modelled_population": 27925433.20003526, "pm_covered_population": 27925433.20003526, "weighted_concentration_sum": 1261153979.1016154, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 27925433.20003526, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 45.17631859745068, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 46.11869808034042, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3981.npz", "sha256": "552b20838f0bc2c692c82f3546cfbd761412fa3d70aecd0e5760f3039c30f2e0" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:cairo", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-cairo", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Cairo (source ID 3981). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. 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This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 4348, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4348, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 102, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 27925433.20003526, "weather_covered_population": 27925433.20003526, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3093684079.67962, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.5764659291885272, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 44023493.99768573 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.604000560028306, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 100643276.89196013 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 9.507819550610993, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 265509979.73857656 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 21.50974509142742, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 600668949.7004427 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 30.735259582090364, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 858295438.3454081 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 30.18028282899338, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 842797472.0992258 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 11.202633384755128, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 312838390.2504642 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.4401234017435383, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 68141503.05523197 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.027414994608704783, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 765575.6006247122 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 27925433.20003526, "strict_value": 110.78374532344635, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3093684079.67962, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.5764659291885272, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 44023493.99768573, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.604000560028306, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 100643276.89196013, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 9.507819550610993, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 265509979.73857656, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 21.50974509142742, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 600668949.7004427, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 30.735259582090364, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 858295438.3454081, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 30.18028282899338, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 842797472.0992258, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 11.202633384755128, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 312838390.2504642, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.4401234017435383, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 68141503.05523197, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.027414994608704783, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 765575.6006247122, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. 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Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3981.npz", "sha256": "27df21184bca3079d43f7332a39c23904722645ec50c54adceb12cbc973eb143" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "calgary", "name": "Calgary", "country": { "id": "country:CAN", "name": "Canada", "iso_2": "CA", "iso_3": "CAN", "continent": "North America" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/calgary", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/calgary.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-19", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 15, "agency_measurements": 10, "derived_agency_changes": 5, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "calgary", "id": "1262", "name": "Calgary", "constituentNames": [ "Calgary" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Canada", "UN_WPP": "Canada" }, "population2025": 1524648.523, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 533, "densityPerKm2": 2860.503795497186, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 51.0411181, "longitude": -114.0729715, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 51.0447, "longitude": -114.0719, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M257.75,23.75L252.0,23.75L246.25,35.25L234.75,35.25L234.75,41.0L223.25,46.75L223.25,58.25L229.0,58.25L229.0,64.0L240.5,64.0L240.5,58.25L246.25,58.25L252.0,46.75L263.5,46.75L263.5,41.0L275.0,41.0L275.0,35.25L280.75,35.25L280.75,46.75L275.0,46.75L275.0,52.5L269.25,52.5L269.25,58.25L263.5,58.25L263.5,64.0L257.75,64.0L257.75,69.75L252.0,69.75L252.0,75.5L246.25,75.5L246.25,81.25L240.5,81.25L234.75,92.75L223.25,92.75L217.5,104.25L194.5,104.25L194.5,110.0L183.0,115.75L183.0,127.25L177.25,127.25L171.5,138.75L160.0,138.75L154.25,150.25L142.75,150.25L142.75,156.0L137.0,156.0L137.0,167.5L142.75,167.5L142.75,173.25L137.0,173.25L131.25,184.75L114.0,184.75L114.0,190.5L102.5,190.5L102.5,196.25L91.0,196.25L91.0,202.0L85.25,202.0L85.25,196.25L39.25,196.25L39.25,179.0L45.0,179.0L45.0,173.25L56.5,167.5L56.5,156.0L62.25,156.0L68.0,144.5L79.5,144.5L79.5,138.75L91.0,138.75L91.0,133.0L96.75,133.0L96.75,121.5L91.0,121.5L91.0,115.75L73.75,115.75L73.75,110.0L79.5,110.0L79.5,104.25L85.25,104.25L91.0,92.75L102.5,92.75L102.5,87.0L108.25,87.0L108.25,75.5L125.5,75.5L125.5,69.75L131.25,69.75L131.25,58.25L125.5,58.25L125.5,52.5L131.25,52.5L131.25,46.75L137.0,46.75L137.0,41.0L142.75,41.0L148.5,29.5L200.25,29.5L200.25,23.75L223.25,23.75L223.25,18.0L257.75,18.0L257.75,23.75Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 158.49, "y": 96.02 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 155.62, "y": 98.16 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.13333333333333333, "accepted_metrics": 4, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0.16666666666666666, "infrastructure": 0, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0.16666666666666666 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "unit": "PPP international $ / person / year", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 40000 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "pillar": "means", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "calgary", "metric": "rental-vacancy", "value": 4.9, "unit": "%", "period_start": "2025-10-01", "period_end": "2025-10-31", "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-calgary-2025-en.xlsx?rev=195b9176-4327-4831-ae13-62fdc4f7bca7", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:calgary", "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-calgary", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-calgary-4e6e333ed15f.xlsx", "source_frame_sha256": "4e6e333ed15ffd1ef63c0903a6f4868ed6a3762319d7afdcd55a1dfc44fff9ac", "source_record_ref": "Table 3.1.1 X19 (Oct-25, Total), Y19 (quality); Table 3.1.3 K19 (Oct-25, Total universe); Calgary CMA; 2021 census geographic definitions.", "universe": "Completed, privately initiated purpose-built long-term rental apartment and row/townhouse units in structures/projects with at least three rental units, on the market for at least three months; all bedroom types combined. Social/affordable housing, owner-occupied units and condominium/secondary rental stock are excluded. Vacant units are physically unoccupied and immediately rentable at the survey.", "denominator": 67980, "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "source_label": "Official combined private apartment-and-row rental vacancy", "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:825", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe.", "uncertainty": { "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null }, "scope_notice": "Official October 2025 weighted vacancy estimate for private apartment and row rental units combined in the exact 2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825). One-decimal published precision; not apartment-only, all-rental-stock, availability or a 2026 market reading. The exact survey day and vacant-unit numerator are unknown. This source-specific CMA2021 binding is separate from the PM2015 area; no CMHC/Statistics Canada endorsement.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025; combined private apartment and row units", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-calgary-2025-en.xlsx?rev=195b9176-4327-4831-ae13-62fdc4f7bca7", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files; original CMA2021 identities and polygons", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "temporal_basis": { "precision": "month", "source_period": "2025-10", "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.", "exact_reference_date": null, "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01", "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31", "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01", "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date." }, "derivation": { "kind": "published-survey-rate", "published_rate": 4.9, "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1, "reported_universe_units": 67980, "vacant_unit_estimate": null, "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.", "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe." }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "a", "label": "Excellent", "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval." } ], "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-calgary", "source_ref": "source-516b264cc88e3866", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-calgary-4e6e333ed15f.xlsx", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-516b264cc88e3866", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-calgary", "observation_sha256": "5a16519aa16532dee3b564b58e83ed57f523c761c11793e72014f29fca7baa90", "evidence_review_sha256": "ba733f34d4fe1a136a41f04a6d68944b3c50efeb47efb297952dbc7d058a82ee", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "09c03b5e31b033cee3906e246b5f7d901152dd1468f429343b3b41915e96fb83", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:calgary", "geography_sha256": "e895dbaefbaa2929e1fdebeb74c45d2044be7e201bd4d92ed3cc09f7493ce2cb", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-calgary", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "2cfd180404048308b0760baa9023379bcac45bd6259039c480f5d8ce2cfe78bf", "source_frame": { "id": "cmhc-rms-2025-calgary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-calgary-4e6e333ed15f.xlsx", "sha256": "4e6e333ed15ffd1ef63c0903a6f4868ed6a3762319d7afdcd55a1dfc44fff9ac", "source_urls": [ "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-calgary-2025-en.xlsx?rev=195b9176-4327-4831-ae13-62fdc4f7bca7", "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/market-reports/rental-market-reports-major-centres", "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-research/surveys/methods/methodology-rental-market-survey" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:27:12.480177+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-native-6d894f766159.json", "sha256": "6d894f766159518a8f57124ed958fdacd51575b1d84a14c5c4a5c4abe61a5965", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:30:40.123088+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement." }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "sha256": "8c140b61d3cd381b150011a013bf660cde9968be1455db16e718f80ba7daf051", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:00.291733+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:calgary", "city_slug": "calgary", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "825", "source_name": "Calgary", "source_cmap_uid": "48825", "source_dguid": "2021S050548825", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050548825", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-825-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Exact source CMA name and 2021-definition note in the original CMHC tables, original CMAUID/CMAPUID/DGUID, complete 156-part layer and independent strict destination-point intersection with original agency WGS84 geometry.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "calgary", "source_cma_uid": "825", "source_cmap_uid": "48825", "source_dguid": "2021S050548825", "reference_point": { "latitude": 51.0447, "longitude": -114.0719, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b" } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:825", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-rental-vacancy-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct publisher-reported CMA2021 rental aggregate, reviewed only for this rental protocol. Separate from PM2015; no OECD geometric equivalence, source-point proxy or CSD aggregation is claimed.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:calgary", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-native-6d894f766159.json", "sha256": "6d894f766159518a8f57124ed958fdacd51575b1d84a14c5c4a5c4abe61a5965", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:30:40.123088+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-native-6d894f766159.json", "source_ref": "source-3a46f73ef21aa31d" }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "sha256": "8c140b61d3cd381b150011a013bf660cde9968be1455db16e718f80ba7daf051", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:00.291733+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "source_ref": "source-df8338ac5c5ea2fd" } ] } }, { "id": "price-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median home price / household income", "unit": "ratio", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 3, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "calgary", "metric": "pm25", "value": 9.126862318413096, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:calgary", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1276", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1276.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f921d111a5498d23f11859c7cbc0527ccd56c1b20ab628a82b630aa11da5537c", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1276.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1276", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 1598499.7845190063, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1276", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2051, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2051, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 346, "total_known_modelled_population": 1598499.7845190063, "pm_covered_population": 1598499.7845190063, "weighted_concentration_sum": 14589287.449317973, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 9.127534347445783, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 8.857442978924364, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Calgary (source ID 1276). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-calgary", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1276.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-calgary", "observation_sha256": "3ea734c6a33db2636e3981038c16923c7e9f03850b6d2eb9c2be026342dd79fa", "evidence_review_sha256": "a0dd494ac6cb20ba8ebcbd14b64908044df9703143fe9e854be94c92a6f365b9", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:calgary", "geography_sha256": "66dab14b6efce6cd79fd6ac52baff0dfc425eef4afbbeaf3a08da62297001471", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1276", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "b974cc15e860b788ea4703e216f1e392f882ceef9ba0c578b115a5436d12ed12", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-1276", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1276.npz", "sha256": "f921d111a5498d23f11859c7cbc0527ccd56c1b20ab628a82b630aa11da5537c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:calgary", "city_slug": "calgary", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1276", "source_name": "Calgary", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "calgary", "estimated_area_id": 1276, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CAN05F", "oecd_name": "Calgary", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2051, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 17534.2139771914, "intersection_km2": 2048.9376002648487, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9989944418648702, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.11685368975935377, "intersection_over_union": 0.11683994687496767, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -114.0719, "latitude": 51.0447, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_name": "Canada" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1276", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1276; fid=826", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 826, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f73f3900b5e035534c0ea1075e2f432734ea827a49338c93575d7e6eaf18a62c", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "de20f545f212058dff81c9ef0b530e00613a2e4d1434cd3ed6b8d1051144ca91", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1276, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "f73f3900b5e035534c0ea1075e2f432734ea827a49338c93575d7e6eaf18a62c", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "25fc4cdd41c072b853fe0089e9be7b6e86cca190ca75139a3cd8690c48bd273e" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:calgary", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "calgary", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:calgary", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1276", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1276.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "1f47e60811819c9014909780f557100d6cb6a442625349cfd61d1f7fd8793b92", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1276.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1276", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 1598499.784519006, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1276", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2051, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2051, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 346, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1598499.784519006, "weather_covered_population": 1598499.784519006, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 10, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Calgary (source ID 1276). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1598499.784519006, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-calgary", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1276.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-calgary", "observation_sha256": "335246f33e488552be7214e690fe37a6f09f4e8bbbd036f162a3e5419cebae20", "evidence_review_sha256": "c3400ee8835256f8b492ba81194fbd4055c1162c58df17abf00d4437be17d9de", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:calgary", "geography_sha256": "0fe6e401e9481ccdb31d78a690ff83238b93c12b8c1b914613387959eaf470f5", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1276", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "16db22498d2305c7d1a7b1a66839ec1d4f0b6dbef7494f939b5cda12ce9bc7ac", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1276", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1276.npz", "sha256": "1f47e60811819c9014909780f557100d6cb6a442625349cfd61d1f7fd8793b92", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:calgary", "city_slug": "calgary", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1276", "source_name": "Calgary", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "calgary", "estimated_area_id": 1276, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CAN05F", "oecd_name": "Calgary", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2051, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 17534.2139771914, "intersection_km2": 2048.9376002648487, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9989944418648702, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.11685368975935377, "intersection_over_union": 0.11683994687496767, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -114.0719, "latitude": 51.0447, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_name": "Canada" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1276", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1276; fid=826", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 826, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f73f3900b5e035534c0ea1075e2f432734ea827a49338c93575d7e6eaf18a62c", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "de20f545f212058dff81c9ef0b530e00613a2e4d1434cd3ed6b8d1051144ca91", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1276, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "f73f3900b5e035534c0ea1075e2f432734ea827a49338c93575d7e6eaf18a62c", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "25fc4cdd41c072b853fe0089e9be7b6e86cca190ca75139a3cd8690c48bd273e" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:calgary", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:calgary", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 30 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "unit": "hours", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 500, 5000 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "emissions", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "unit": "tonnes CO2e/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 1, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "employment", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 45, 85 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "job-growth", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ -3, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "skills", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 70 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "business-formation", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "unit": "per 1000", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "culture-access", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "housing-supply", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "unit": "per 1000", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "calgary", "metric": "housing-supply", "value": 13.527144702757933, "unit": "per 1000", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:calgary", "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-minimal", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json", "source_frame_sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f", "source_record_ref": "CMHC Table A6_1 K11 / Table F6-4 G10; Statistics Canada annual v42127890, monthly January–December 2025, population v1589908737 (July 1,2025); native Notes!A2 SGC2021 adapter.", "universe": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.", "denominator": 1836012, "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation / Statistics Canada", "source_label": "Gross dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 population estimate", "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:825", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "population_reference_year": 2025, "calculation_method": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.", "uncertainty": { "status": "numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null, "note": "Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Completion rows carry blank original quality/revision symbols; blank does not imply zero uncertainty or finality." }, "scope_notice": "Official 2025 gross CMHC dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 residents in 2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825). Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption. Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025; all intended markets", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "Table 17-10-0148-01, July 1,2025 population estimates; preliminary postcensal", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "CMA2021 digital boundaries; original whole-CMA provincial-part identity proof", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "gross-completions-per-midyear-resident", "calculation": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.", "completion_count": 24836, "midyear_population": 1836012, "scale": 1000, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 24836000, "denominator": 1836012, "decimal_28_digit_context": "13.52714470275793404400406969", "expression": "1000 * 24836 / 1836012" }, "calendar_period": { "start": "2025-01-01", "end": "2025-12-31", "year": 2025 }, "population_reference_date": "2025-07-01", "population_status": "preliminary-postcensal", "gross_or_net": "gross-new-build", "all_intended_markets": true, "completion_standard": "Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption.", "dwelling_definition": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.", "source_geography_adapter": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "source_cma_uid": "825", "source_cmap_uid": "48825", "source_provincial_part_dguid": "2021S050548825", "source_completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503825", "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503825", "completion_by_dwelling_type": { "Single-detached units": 7503, "Semi-detached units": 2412, "Row units": 3325, "Apartment and other unit types": 11596 }, "completion_by_intended_market": { "homeownership": { "raw": "10868", "value": 10868, "source_cell": "C10" }, "rental": { "raw": "9527", "value": 9527, "source_cell": "D10" }, "condominium": { "raw": "4441", "value": 4441, "source_cell": "E10" }, "cooperative": { "raw": "-", "value": 0, "source_cell": "F10" } }, "original_source_records": { "annual": { "filename": "statcan-34100134-eng.zip", "sha256": "b72f17d6d9f419cd5881500e60e9f7399f1a50c06aa88ef3e629705ac2b8b95f", "member": "34100134.csv", "csv_data_row_1based": 30472, "csv_line_1based": 30473, "raw_source_record": { "REF_DATE": "2025", "GEO": "Calgary, Alberta", "DGUID": "2011S0503825", "Housing estimates": "Housing completions", "Type of unit": "Total units", "UOM": "Units", "UOM_ID": "300", "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units", "SCALAR_ID": "0", "VECTOR": "v42127890", "COORDINATE": "2.3.1", "VALUE": "24836", "STATUS": "", "SYMBOL": "", "TERMINATED": "", "DECIMALS": "0" } }, "monthly": { "filename": "statcan-34100154-eng.zip", "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "member": "34100154.csv", "records": [ { "csv_data_row_1based": 332711, "csv_line_1based": 332712, "raw_source_record": { "REF_DATE": "2025-01", "GEO": "Calgary, Alberta", "DGUID": "2011S0503825", "Housing estimates": "Housing completions", "Type of unit": "Total units", "UOM": "Units", "UOM_ID": "300", "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units", "SCALAR_ID": "0", "VECTOR": "v42127425", "COORDINATE": "2.3.1", "VALUE": "1962", "STATUS": "", "SYMBOL": "", "TERMINATED": "", "DECIMALS": "0" } }, { "csv_data_row_1based": 333251, "csv_line_1based": 333252, "raw_source_record": { "REF_DATE": "2025-02", "GEO": "Calgary, Alberta", "DGUID": "2011S0503825", "Housing estimates": "Housing completions", "Type of unit": "Total units", "UOM": "Units", "UOM_ID": "300", "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units", "SCALAR_ID": "0", "VECTOR": "v42127425", "COORDINATE": "2.3.1", "VALUE": "1822", "STATUS": "", "SYMBOL": "", "TERMINATED": "", "DECIMALS": "0" } }, { "csv_data_row_1based": 333791, "csv_line_1based": 333792, "raw_source_record": { "REF_DATE": "2025-03", "GEO": "Calgary, Alberta", "DGUID": "2011S0503825", "Housing estimates": "Housing completions", "Type of unit": "Total units", "UOM": "Units", "UOM_ID": "300", "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units", "SCALAR_ID": "0", "VECTOR": "v42127425", "COORDINATE": "2.3.1", "VALUE": "1740", "STATUS": "", "SYMBOL": "", "TERMINATED": "", "DECIMALS": "0" } }, { "csv_data_row_1based": 334331, "csv_line_1based": 334332, "raw_source_record": { "REF_DATE": "2025-04", "GEO": "Calgary, Alberta", "DGUID": 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No endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:calgary", "city_slug": "calgary", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "825", "source_name": "Calgary", "source_cmap_uid": "48825", "source_dguid": "2021S050548825", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050548825", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-825-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "calgary", "source_cma_uid": "825", "source_cmap_uid": "48825", "source_dguid": "2021S050548825", "reference_point": { "latitude": 51.0447, "longitude": -114.0719, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b", "inventory_scope": "Complete original 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory; 42 type B CMA, 105 type D CA, 9 type K tracted CA features.", "selected_cma_type": "B" }, "housing_source_adapter": { "cmhc_notes": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" }, "completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503825", "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503825", "notice": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed." } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:825", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-housing-supply-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct official calendar 2025 CMHC gross completions and July 1 population in publisher CMA2021 geography, approved only for the housing-supply protocol. No estimated-FUA2015 or OECD geometric equivalence.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:calgary", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-native-6d894f766159.json", "sha256": "6d894f766159518a8f57124ed958fdacd51575b1d84a14c5c4a5c4abe61a5965", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:30:40.123088+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-native-6d894f766159.json", "source_ref": "source-3a46f73ef21aa31d" }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "sha256": "8c140b61d3cd381b150011a013bf660cde9968be1455db16e718f80ba7daf051", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:00.291733+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "source_ref": "source-df8338ac5c5ea2fd" } ] } } ], "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:calgary", "city_slug": "calgary", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1276", "source_name": "Calgary", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "calgary", "estimated_area_id": 1276, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CAN05F", "oecd_name": "Calgary", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2051, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 17534.2139771914, "intersection_km2": 2048.9376002648487, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9989944418648702, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.11685368975935377, "intersection_over_union": 0.11683994687496767, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -114.0719, "latitude": 51.0447, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_name": "Canada" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1276", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1276; fid=826", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 826, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f73f3900b5e035534c0ea1075e2f432734ea827a49338c93575d7e6eaf18a62c", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "de20f545f212058dff81c9ef0b530e00613a2e4d1434cd3ed6b8d1051144ca91", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1276, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "f73f3900b5e035534c0ea1075e2f432734ea827a49338c93575d7e6eaf18a62c", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "25fc4cdd41c072b853fe0089e9be7b6e86cca190ca75139a3cd8690c48bd273e" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:calgary", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "scoring_boundaries": [ { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:calgary", "city_slug": "calgary", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1276", "source_name": "Calgary", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "calgary", "estimated_area_id": 1276, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CAN05F", "oecd_name": "Calgary", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2051, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 17534.2139771914, "intersection_km2": 2048.9376002648487, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9989944418648702, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.11685368975935377, "intersection_over_union": 0.11683994687496767, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -114.0719, "latitude": 51.0447, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_name": "Canada" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1276", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1276; fid=826", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 826, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f73f3900b5e035534c0ea1075e2f432734ea827a49338c93575d7e6eaf18a62c", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "de20f545f212058dff81c9ef0b530e00613a2e4d1434cd3ed6b8d1051144ca91", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1276, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "f73f3900b5e035534c0ea1075e2f432734ea827a49338c93575d7e6eaf18a62c", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "25fc4cdd41c072b853fe0089e9be7b6e86cca190ca75139a3cd8690c48bd273e" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:calgary", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:calgary", "city_slug": "calgary", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "825", "source_name": "Calgary", "source_cmap_uid": "48825", "source_dguid": "2021S050548825", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050548825", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-825-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Exact source CMA name and 2021-definition note in the original CMHC tables, original CMAUID/CMAPUID/DGUID, complete 156-part layer and independent strict destination-point intersection with original agency WGS84 geometry.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "calgary", "source_cma_uid": "825", "source_cmap_uid": "48825", "source_dguid": "2021S050548825", "reference_point": { "latitude": 51.0447, "longitude": -114.0719, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b" } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:825", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-rental-vacancy-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct publisher-reported CMA2021 rental aggregate, reviewed only for this rental protocol. Separate from PM2015; no OECD geometric equivalence, source-point proxy or CSD aggregation is claimed.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:calgary", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-native-6d894f766159.json", "sha256": "6d894f766159518a8f57124ed958fdacd51575b1d84a14c5c4a5c4abe61a5965", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:30:40.123088+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-native-6d894f766159.json", "source_ref": "source-3a46f73ef21aa31d" }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "sha256": "8c140b61d3cd381b150011a013bf660cde9968be1455db16e718f80ba7daf051", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:00.291733+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "source_ref": "source-df8338ac5c5ea2fd" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:calgary", "city_slug": "calgary", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1276", "source_name": "Calgary", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "calgary", "estimated_area_id": 1276, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CAN05F", "oecd_name": "Calgary", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2051, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 17534.2139771914, "intersection_km2": 2048.9376002648487, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9989944418648702, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.11685368975935377, "intersection_over_union": 0.11683994687496767, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -114.0719, "latitude": 51.0447, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_name": "Canada" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1276", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1276; fid=826", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 826, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f73f3900b5e035534c0ea1075e2f432734ea827a49338c93575d7e6eaf18a62c", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "de20f545f212058dff81c9ef0b530e00613a2e4d1434cd3ed6b8d1051144ca91", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1276, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "f73f3900b5e035534c0ea1075e2f432734ea827a49338c93575d7e6eaf18a62c", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "25fc4cdd41c072b853fe0089e9be7b6e86cca190ca75139a3cd8690c48bd273e" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:calgary", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:calgary", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:calgary", "city_slug": "calgary", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "825", "source_name": "Calgary", "source_cmap_uid": "48825", "source_dguid": "2021S050548825", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050548825", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-825-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "calgary", "source_cma_uid": "825", "source_cmap_uid": "48825", "source_dguid": "2021S050548825", "reference_point": { "latitude": 51.0447, "longitude": -114.0719, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b", "inventory_scope": "Complete original 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory; 42 type B CMA, 105 type D CA, 9 type K tracted CA features.", "selected_cma_type": "B" }, "housing_source_adapter": { "cmhc_notes": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" }, "completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503825", "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503825", "notice": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed." } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:825", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-housing-supply-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct official calendar 2025 CMHC gross completions and July 1 population in publisher CMA2021 geography, approved only for the housing-supply protocol. No estimated-FUA2015 or OECD geometric equivalence.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:calgary", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:00.291733+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "source_ref": "source-df8338ac5c5ea2fd" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "calgary", "name": "Calgary", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-3bfc535fff26cbf327cf7ef9c3e69b00c54be94f89a83e07d24fb23c35417fa9", "selected_evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-calgary", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-3bfc535fff26cbf327cf7ef9c3e69b00c54be94f89a83e07d24fb23c35417fa9", "identity": { "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-calgary", "observation_sha256": "5a16519aa16532dee3b564b58e83ed57f523c761c11793e72014f29fca7baa90", "evidence_review_sha256": "ba733f34d4fe1a136a41f04a6d68944b3c50efeb47efb297952dbc7d058a82ee", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "09c03b5e31b033cee3906e246b5f7d901152dd1468f429343b3b41915e96fb83", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:calgary", "geography_sha256": "e895dbaefbaa2929e1fdebeb74c45d2044be7e201bd4d92ed3cc09f7493ce2cb", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-calgary", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "2cfd180404048308b0760baa9023379bcac45bd6259039c480f5d8ce2cfe78bf", "source_frame": { "id": "cmhc-rms-2025-calgary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-calgary-4e6e333ed15f.xlsx", "sha256": "4e6e333ed15ffd1ef63c0903a6f4868ed6a3762319d7afdcd55a1dfc44fff9ac", "source_urls": [ "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-calgary-2025-en.xlsx?rev=195b9176-4327-4831-ae13-62fdc4f7bca7", "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/market-reports/rental-market-reports-major-centres", "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-research/surveys/methods/methodology-rental-market-survey" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:27:12.480177+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-native-6d894f766159.json", "sha256": "6d894f766159518a8f57124ed958fdacd51575b1d84a14c5c4a5c4abe61a5965", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:30:40.123088+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement." }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "sha256": "8c140b61d3cd381b150011a013bf660cde9968be1455db16e718f80ba7daf051", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:00.291733+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "calgary", "metric": "rental-vacancy", "value": 4.9, "unit": "%", "period_start": "2025-10-01", "period_end": "2025-10-31", "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-calgary-2025-en.xlsx?rev=195b9176-4327-4831-ae13-62fdc4f7bca7", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:calgary", "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-calgary", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-calgary-4e6e333ed15f.xlsx", "source_frame_sha256": "4e6e333ed15ffd1ef63c0903a6f4868ed6a3762319d7afdcd55a1dfc44fff9ac", "source_record_ref": "Table 3.1.1 X19 (Oct-25, Total), Y19 (quality); Table 3.1.3 K19 (Oct-25, Total universe); Calgary CMA; 2021 census geographic definitions.", "universe": "Completed, privately initiated purpose-built long-term rental apartment and row/townhouse units in structures/projects with at least three rental units, on the market for at least three months; all bedroom types combined. Social/affordable housing, owner-occupied units and condominium/secondary rental stock are excluded. Vacant units are physically unoccupied and immediately rentable at the survey.", "denominator": 67980, "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "source_label": "Official combined private apartment-and-row rental vacancy", "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:825", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe.", "uncertainty": { "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null }, "scope_notice": "Official October 2025 weighted vacancy estimate for private apartment and row rental units combined in the exact 2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825). One-decimal published precision; not apartment-only, all-rental-stock, availability or a 2026 market reading. The exact survey day and vacant-unit numerator are unknown. This source-specific CMA2021 binding is separate from the PM2015 area; no CMHC/Statistics Canada endorsement.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025; combined private apartment and row units", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-calgary-2025-en.xlsx?rev=195b9176-4327-4831-ae13-62fdc4f7bca7", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files; original CMA2021 identities and polygons", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "temporal_basis": { "precision": "month", "source_period": "2025-10", "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.", "exact_reference_date": null, "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01", "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31", "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01", "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date." }, "derivation": { "kind": "published-survey-rate", "published_rate": 4.9, "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1, "reported_universe_units": 67980, "vacant_unit_estimate": null, "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.", "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe." }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "a", "label": "Excellent", "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval." } ], "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-calgary", "source_ref": "source-516b264cc88e3866", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-calgary-4e6e333ed15f.xlsx", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-516b264cc88e3866", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-10-01", "reference_kind": "earliest-day-of-source-month", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 391, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-10-01", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-10-02", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "calgary", "metric": "pm25", "value": 9.126862318413096, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:calgary", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1276", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1276.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f921d111a5498d23f11859c7cbc0527ccd56c1b20ab628a82b630aa11da5537c", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1276.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1276", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 1598499.7845190063, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1276", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2051, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2051, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 346, "total_known_modelled_population": 1598499.7845190063, "pm_covered_population": 1598499.7845190063, "weighted_concentration_sum": 14589287.449317973, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 9.127534347445783, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 8.857442978924364, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Calgary (source ID 1276). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-calgary", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1276.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-93d64206d3f949d998232907723e2f44ec33a9d369e9011d03d406e2a40b0005", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-calgary", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-93d64206d3f949d998232907723e2f44ec33a9d369e9011d03d406e2a40b0005", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-calgary", "observation_sha256": "335246f33e488552be7214e690fe37a6f09f4e8bbbd036f162a3e5419cebae20", "evidence_review_sha256": "c3400ee8835256f8b492ba81194fbd4055c1162c58df17abf00d4437be17d9de", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:calgary", "geography_sha256": "0fe6e401e9481ccdb31d78a690ff83238b93c12b8c1b914613387959eaf470f5", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1276", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "16db22498d2305c7d1a7b1a66839ec1d4f0b6dbef7494f939b5cda12ce9bc7ac", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1276", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1276.npz", "sha256": "1f47e60811819c9014909780f557100d6cb6a442625349cfd61d1f7fd8793b92", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "calgary", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:calgary", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1276", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1276.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "1f47e60811819c9014909780f557100d6cb6a442625349cfd61d1f7fd8793b92", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1276.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1276", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 1598499.784519006, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1276", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2051, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2051, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 346, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1598499.784519006, "weather_covered_population": 1598499.784519006, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 10, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Calgary (source ID 1276). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1598499.784519006, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-calgary", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1276.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": 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"records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-b802aa9eb803b6ab141c20a0748f368a857f02530953736a4b941f310f1e3b13", "selected_evidence_id": "housing-supply-2025-cma2021-calgary", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-b802aa9eb803b6ab141c20a0748f368a857f02530953736a4b941f310f1e3b13", "identity": { "evidence_id": "housing-supply-2025-cma2021-calgary", "observation_sha256": "707df4e9ccf2941da619e6dc704c8bcb6e4666f01bc7854a5965d18b3e6b2a78", "evidence_review_sha256": "ccde754a976591ebc19f74bd3ba8446434c3851614fa923586cfa1f9037f3054", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "c2038a7688c7a4db3b5747086f2a677d4f37ef7b077a052384cee52b03782d6d", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:calgary", 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"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100134-eng.zip", "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data and Statistics Canada Open Licence, source-specific", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-native-6d894f766159.json", "sha256": "6d894f766159518a8f57124ed958fdacd51575b1d84a14c5c4a5c4abe61a5965", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:30:40.123088+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement." }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "sha256": "8c140b61d3cd381b150011a013bf660cde9968be1455db16e718f80ba7daf051", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:00.291733+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "calgary", "metric": "housing-supply", "value": 13.527144702757933, "unit": "per 1000", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:calgary", "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-minimal", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json", "source_frame_sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f", "source_record_ref": "CMHC Table A6_1 K11 / Table F6-4 G10; Statistics Canada annual v42127890, monthly January–December 2025, population v1589908737 (July 1,2025); native Notes!A2 SGC2021 adapter.", "universe": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.", "denominator": 1836012, "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation / Statistics Canada", "source_label": "Gross dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 population estimate", "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:825", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "population_reference_year": 2025, "calculation_method": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.", "uncertainty": { "status": "numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null, "note": "Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Completion rows carry blank original quality/revision symbols; blank does not imply zero uncertainty or finality." }, "scope_notice": "Official 2025 gross CMHC dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 residents in 2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825). Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption. Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025; all intended markets", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "Table 17-10-0148-01, July 1,2025 population estimates; preliminary postcensal", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "CMA2021 digital boundaries; original whole-CMA provincial-part identity proof", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "gross-completions-per-midyear-resident", "calculation": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.", "completion_count": 24836, "midyear_population": 1836012, "scale": 1000, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 24836000, "denominator": 1836012, "decimal_28_digit_context": "13.52714470275793404400406969", "expression": "1000 * 24836 / 1836012" }, "calendar_period": { "start": "2025-01-01", "end": "2025-12-31", "year": 2025 }, "population_reference_date": "2025-07-01", "population_status": "preliminary-postcensal", "gross_or_net": "gross-new-build", "all_intended_markets": true, "completion_standard": "Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption.", "dwelling_definition": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.", "source_geography_adapter": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "source_cma_uid": "825", "source_cmap_uid": "48825", "source_provincial_part_dguid": "2021S050548825", "source_completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503825", "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503825", "completion_by_dwelling_type": { "Single-detached units": 7503, "Semi-detached units": 2412, "Row units": 3325, "Apartment and other unit types": 11596 }, "completion_by_intended_market": { "homeownership": { "raw": "10868", "value": 10868, "source_cell": "C10" }, "rental": { "raw": "9527", "value": 9527, "source_cell": "D10" }, "condominium": { "raw": "4441", "value": 4441, "source_cell": "E10" }, "cooperative": { "raw": "-", "value": 0, "source_cell": "F10" } }, "original_source_records": { "annual": { "filename": "statcan-34100134-eng.zip", "sha256": "b72f17d6d9f419cd5881500e60e9f7399f1a50c06aa88ef3e629705ac2b8b95f", "member": "34100134.csv", "csv_data_row_1based": 30472, "csv_line_1based": 30473, "raw_source_record": { "REF_DATE": "2025", "GEO": "Calgary, Alberta", "DGUID": "2011S0503825", "Housing estimates": "Housing completions", "Type of unit": "Total units", "UOM": "Units", "UOM_ID": "300", "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units", "SCALAR_ID": "0", "VECTOR": "v42127890", "COORDINATE": "2.3.1", "VALUE": "24836", "STATUS": "", "SYMBOL": "", "TERMINATED": "", "DECIMALS": "0" } }, "monthly": { "filename": "statcan-34100154-eng.zip", "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "member": "34100154.csv", "records": [ { "csv_data_row_1based": 332711, "csv_line_1based": 332712, "raw_source_record": { "REF_DATE": "2025-01", "GEO": "Calgary, Alberta", "DGUID": "2011S0503825", "Housing estimates": "Housing completions", "Type of unit": "Total units", "UOM": "Units", "UOM_ID": "300", "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units", "SCALAR_ID": "0", "VECTOR": "v42127425", "COORDINATE": "2.3.1", "VALUE": "1962", "STATUS": "", "SYMBOL": "", "TERMINATED": "", "DECIMALS": "0" } }, { "csv_data_row_1based": 333251, "csv_line_1based": 333252, "raw_source_record": { "REF_DATE": "2025-02", "GEO": "Calgary, Alberta", "DGUID": "2011S0503825", "Housing estimates": "Housing completions", "Type of unit": "Total units", "UOM": "Units", "UOM_ID": "300", "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units", "SCALAR_ID": "0", "VECTOR": "v42127425", "COORDINATE": "2.3.1", "VALUE": "1822", "STATUS": "", "SYMBOL": "", "TERMINATED": "", "DECIMALS": "0" } }, { "csv_data_row_1based": 333791, "csv_line_1based": 333792, "raw_source_record": { "REF_DATE": "2025-03", "GEO": "Calgary, Alberta", "DGUID": "2011S0503825", "Housing estimates": "Housing completions", "Type of unit": "Total units", "UOM": "Units", "UOM_ID": "300", "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units", "SCALAR_ID": "0", "VECTOR": "v42127425", "COORDINATE": "2.3.1", "VALUE": "1740", "STATUS": "", "SYMBOL": "", "TERMINATED": "", "DECIMALS": "0" } }, { "csv_data_row_1based": 334331, "csv_line_1based": 334332, "raw_source_record": { "REF_DATE": "2025-04", "GEO": "Calgary, Alberta", "DGUID": 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This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-34100134-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100134-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100134-eng.zip", "bytes": 407521, "sha256": "b72f17d6d9f419cd5881500e60e9f7399f1a50c06aa88ef3e629705ac2b8b95f", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:11.913110+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:08 GMT", "last_modified": "Wed, 21 Jan 2026 15:53:22 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } }, "monthly": { "id": "housing-2025-monthly", "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-monthly-0b6bfd429925.zip", "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "source_urls": [ "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-34100154-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "bytes": 4276016, "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:13.410900+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:09 GMT", "last_modified": "Mon, 19 Oct 2026 12:30:46 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } }, "population": { "id": "housing-2025-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-population-7b007a0ff50b.zip", "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "source_urls": [ "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-17100148-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "bytes": 22688780, "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:15.274494+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:11 GMT", "last_modified": "Wed, 14 Jan 2026 13:30:47 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } } }, "original_source_precision": { "completion_published_decimals": 0, "population_published_decimals": 0, "completion_unit": "Units", "population_unit": "Persons", "scalar_factor": "units", "note": "Integer source operands; derived rate has no independently measured decimal precision." }, "revision_status": { "annual_table_release": "2026-01-21", "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19", "population_table_release": "2026-01-14", "completion_observation_flags": "Blank original STATUS/SYMBOL; no finality assertion", "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true, "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final", "xlsx_http_last_modified": "Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:09:06 GMT", "xlsx_internal_modified": "2026-01-16T17:28:52Z", "xlsx_internal_modified_notice": "Document metadata timestamp, not the observation period, retrieval date or independently verified publication date" }, "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1276.npz", "sha256": "f921d111a5498d23f11859c7cbc0527ccd56c1b20ab628a82b630aa11da5537c" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:calgary", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-calgary", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Calgary (source ID 1276). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:calgary", "city_slug": "calgary", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "825", "source_name": "Calgary", "source_cmap_uid": "48825", "source_dguid": "2021S050548825", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050548825", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-825-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Exact source CMA name and 2021-definition note in the original CMHC tables, original CMAUID/CMAPUID/DGUID, complete 156-part layer and independent strict destination-point intersection with original agency WGS84 geometry.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "calgary", "source_cma_uid": "825", "source_cmap_uid": "48825", "source_dguid": "2021S050548825", "reference_point": { "latitude": 51.0447, "longitude": -114.0719, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b" } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:825", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-rental-vacancy-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct publisher-reported CMA2021 rental aggregate, reviewed only for this rental protocol. Separate from PM2015; no OECD geometric equivalence, source-point proxy or CSD aggregation is claimed.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:calgary", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-native-6d894f766159.json", "sha256": "6d894f766159518a8f57124ed958fdacd51575b1d84a14c5c4a5c4abe61a5965", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:30:40.123088+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-native-6d894f766159.json", "source_ref": "source-3a46f73ef21aa31d" }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "sha256": "8c140b61d3cd381b150011a013bf660cde9968be1455db16e718f80ba7daf051", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:00.291733+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "source_ref": "source-df8338ac5c5ea2fd" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:calgary", "city_slug": "calgary", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1276", "source_name": "Calgary", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "calgary", "estimated_area_id": 1276, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CAN05F", "oecd_name": "Calgary", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2051, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 17534.2139771914, "intersection_km2": 2048.9376002648487, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9989944418648702, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.11685368975935377, "intersection_over_union": 0.11683994687496767, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -114.0719, "latitude": 51.0447, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_name": "Canada" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1276", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1276; fid=826", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 826, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f73f3900b5e035534c0ea1075e2f432734ea827a49338c93575d7e6eaf18a62c", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "de20f545f212058dff81c9ef0b530e00613a2e4d1434cd3ed6b8d1051144ca91", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1276, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "f73f3900b5e035534c0ea1075e2f432734ea827a49338c93575d7e6eaf18a62c", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "25fc4cdd41c072b853fe0089e9be7b6e86cca190ca75139a3cd8690c48bd273e" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Calgary (1276)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:calgary", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:calgary", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:calgary", "city_slug": "calgary", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "825", "source_name": "Calgary", "source_cmap_uid": "48825", "source_dguid": "2021S050548825", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050548825", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-825-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "calgary", "source_cma_uid": "825", "source_cmap_uid": "48825", "source_dguid": "2021S050548825", "reference_point": { "latitude": 51.0447, "longitude": -114.0719, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b", "inventory_scope": "Complete original 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory; 42 type B CMA, 105 type D CA, 9 type K tracted CA features.", "selected_cma_type": "B" }, "housing_source_adapter": { "cmhc_notes": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" }, "completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503825", "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503825", "notice": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed." } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:825", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-housing-supply-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct official calendar 2025 CMHC gross completions and July 1 population in publisher CMA2021 geography, approved only for the housing-supply protocol. No estimated-FUA2015 or OECD geometric equivalence.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:calgary", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-native-6d894f766159.json", "sha256": "6d894f766159518a8f57124ed958fdacd51575b1d84a14c5c4a5c4abe61a5965", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:30:40.123088+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-native-6d894f766159.json", "source_ref": "source-3a46f73ef21aa31d" }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "sha256": "8c140b61d3cd381b150011a013bf660cde9968be1455db16e718f80ba7daf051", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:00.291733+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "source_ref": "source-df8338ac5c5ea2fd" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "calgary", "city_name": "Calgary", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1276", "source_area_id": "1276", "source_area_name": "Calgary", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:calgary", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-calgary", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Calgary (source ID 1276). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2051, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2051, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 346, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1598499.784519006, "weather_covered_population": 1598499.784519006, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 10, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1598499.784519006, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1276.npz", "sha256": "1f47e60811819c9014909780f557100d6cb6a442625349cfd61d1f7fd8793b92" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": { "city_slug": "calgary", "city_name": "Calgary", "value": 4.9, "unit": "%", "period_start": "2025-10-01", "period_end": "2025-10-31", "temporal_basis": { "precision": "month", "source_period": "2025-10", "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.", "exact_reference_date": null, "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01", "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31", "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01", "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date." }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:calgary", "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-calgary", "source_area_id": "825", "source_area_name": "Calgary", "source_cma_uid": "825", "source_cmap_uid": "48825", "source_dguid": "2021S050548825", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "survey_month": "2025-10", "reported_universe_units": 67980, "vacant_unit_estimate": null, "original_published_value": "4.9", "quality_flags": [ { "code": "a", "label": "Excellent", "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval." } ], "uncertainty": { "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null }, "derivation": { "kind": "published-survey-rate", "published_rate": 4.9, "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1, "reported_universe_units": 67980, "vacant_unit_estimate": null, "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.", "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-calgary-4e6e333ed15f.xlsx", "sha256": "4e6e333ed15ffd1ef63c0903a6f4868ed6a3762319d7afdcd55a1dfc44fff9ac" }, "geography_frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "sha256": "8c140b61d3cd381b150011a013bf660cde9968be1455db16e718f80ba7daf051" }, "native_geography_frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-native-6d894f766159.json", "sha256": "6d894f766159518a8f57124ed958fdacd51575b1d84a14c5c4a5c4abe61a5965" }, "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-calgary-2025-en.xlsx?rev=195b9176-4327-4831-ae13-62fdc4f7bca7", "source_record_ref": "Table 3.1.1 X19 (Oct-25, Total), Y19 (quality); Table 3.1.3 K19 (Oct-25, Total universe); Calgary CMA; 2021 census geographic definitions.", "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025; combined private apartment and row units", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-calgary-2025-en.xlsx?rev=195b9176-4327-4831-ae13-62fdc4f7bca7", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files; original CMA2021 identities and polygons", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Official October 2025 weighted vacancy estimate for private apartment and row rental units combined in the exact 2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825). One-decimal published precision; not apartment-only, all-rental-stock, availability or a 2026 market reading. The exact survey day and vacant-unit numerator are unknown. This source-specific CMA2021 binding is separate from the PM2015 area; no CMHC/Statistics Canada endorsement.", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_refs": { "survey_source_ref": "source-997e9b2334882590", "licence_source_ref": "source-cdf1ed360db5ae6f", "downstream_conditions_source_ref": "source-cdf1ed360db5ae6f" }, "source_ref": "source-516b264cc88e3866", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-516b264cc88e3866", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ], "scoring_boundary": { "id": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:calgary", "city_slug": "calgary", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "825", "source_name": "Calgary", "source_cmap_uid": "48825", "source_dguid": "2021S050548825", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050548825", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-825-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Exact source CMA name and 2021-definition note in the original CMHC tables, original CMAUID/CMAPUID/DGUID, complete 156-part layer and independent strict destination-point intersection with original agency WGS84 geometry.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "calgary", "source_cma_uid": "825", "source_cmap_uid": "48825", "source_dguid": "2021S050548825", "reference_point": { "latitude": 51.0447, "longitude": -114.0719, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b" } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:825", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-rental-vacancy-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct publisher-reported CMA2021 rental aggregate, reviewed only for this rental protocol. Separate from PM2015; no OECD geometric equivalence, source-point proxy or CSD aggregation is claimed.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:calgary", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-native-6d894f766159.json", "sha256": "6d894f766159518a8f57124ed958fdacd51575b1d84a14c5c4a5c4abe61a5965", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:30:40.123088+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-native-6d894f766159.json", "source_ref": "source-3a46f73ef21aa31d" }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "sha256": "8c140b61d3cd381b150011a013bf660cde9968be1455db16e718f80ba7daf051", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27825%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:00.291733+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "source_ref": "source-df8338ac5c5ea2fd" } ] }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical source review approval, not a guarantee of current admission.", "notice": "A scoped Canadian CMHC survey cohort, not a global vacancy ranking or a measure of all rental housing. Rates describe the combined private apartment and row structures covered by the survey. Preserve the seasonal month, original CMA2021 identifiers, source quality and one-decimal precision. No exact fieldwork day, vacant-unit numerator or numeric confidence interval is invented. 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This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-34100154-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "bytes": 4276016, "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:13.410900+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:09 GMT", "last_modified": "Mon, 19 Oct 2026 12:30:46 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } }, "population": { "id": "housing-2025-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-population-7b007a0ff50b.zip", "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "source_urls": [ "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-17100148-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "bytes": 22688780, "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:15.274494+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:11 GMT", "last_modified": "Wed, 14 Jan 2026 13:30:47 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } } }, "original_source_precision": { "completion_published_decimals": 0, "population_published_decimals": 0, "completion_unit": "Units", "population_unit": "Persons", "scalar_factor": "units", "note": "Integer source operands; derived rate has no independently measured decimal precision." }, "revision_status": { "annual_table_release": "2026-01-21", "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19", "population_table_release": "2026-01-14", "completion_observation_flags": "Blank original STATUS/SYMBOL; no finality assertion", "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true, "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final", "xlsx_http_last_modified": "Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:09:06 GMT", "xlsx_internal_modified": "2026-01-16T17:28:52Z", "xlsx_internal_modified_notice": "Document metadata timestamp, not the observation period, retrieval date or independently verified publication date" }, "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "population_licence": { "name": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "acknowledgement": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence" }, "native_scope_note": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" } }, "revision_status": { "annual_table_release": "2026-01-21", "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19", "population_table_release": "2026-01-14", "completion_observation_flags": "Blank original STATUS/SYMBOL; no finality assertion", "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true, "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final", "xlsx_http_last_modified": "Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:09:06 GMT", "xlsx_internal_modified": "2026-01-16T17:28:52Z", "xlsx_internal_modified_notice": "Document metadata timestamp, not the observation period, retrieval date or independently verified publication date" }, "quality_flags": [], "uncertainty": { "status": "numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null, "note": "Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Completion rows carry blank original quality/revision symbols; blank does not imply zero uncertainty or finality." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json", "sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f" }, "geography_frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-wgs84-8c140b61d3cd.json", "sha256": "8c140b61d3cd381b150011a013bf660cde9968be1455db16e718f80ba7daf051" }, "native_geography_frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-825-native-6d894f766159.json", "sha256": "6d894f766159518a8f57124ed958fdacd51575b1d84a14c5c4a5c4abe61a5965" }, "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "source_record_ref": "CMHC Table A6_1 K11 / Table F6-4 G10; Statistics Canada annual v42127890, monthly January–December 2025, population v1589908737 (July 1,2025); native Notes!A2 SGC2021 adapter.", "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "population_licence": { "name": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "acknowledgement": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025; all intended markets", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "Table 17-10-0148-01, July 1,2025 population estimates; preliminary postcensal", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "CMA2021 digital boundaries; original whole-CMA provincial-part identity proof", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Official 2025 gross CMHC dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 residents in 2021 official census metropolitan area: Calgary (CMAUID 825). Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption. Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "source_ref": "source-60dc249871b8d194", "licence_source_refs": [ "source-cdf1ed360db5ae6f", "source-022c94e4a8032a40" ], "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-60dc249871b8d194", "source-b1d092b64a16e632", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ], "notice": "Reviewed historical gross new-build construction completions per 1,000 preliminary July 1 residents. 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Current engine admission, source review and an official quarterly result are separate." }, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "cape-town", "name": "Cape Town", "country": { "id": "country:ZAF", "name": "South Africa", "iso_2": "ZA", "iso_3": "ZAF", "continent": "Africa" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/cape-town", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/cape-town.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "cape-town", "id": "431", "name": "Cape Town", "constituentNames": [ "Cape Town" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "South Africa", "UN_WPP": "South Africa" }, "population2025": 4338251.176, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 695, "densityPerKm2": 6242.088023021583, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": -33.9772927, "longitude": 18.5977915, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": -33.9249, "longitude": 18.4241, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M212.57,23.26L228.34,23.26L228.34,28.51L238.86,28.51L238.86,33.77L254.63,33.77L254.63,44.29L249.37,44.29L249.37,49.54L244.11,49.54L244.11,54.8L233.6,60.06L233.6,70.57L223.09,75.83L223.09,128.4L228.34,128.4L233.6,149.43L223.09,154.69L223.09,170.46L217.83,170.46L217.83,180.97L175.77,180.97L175.77,186.23L149.49,186.23L149.49,191.49L133.71,191.49L133.71,180.97L154.74,170.46L154.74,154.69L149.49,154.69L149.49,149.43L138.97,149.43L138.97,154.69L133.71,154.69L133.71,175.71L123.2,175.71L123.2,180.97L112.69,186.23L112.69,196.74L107.43,196.74L107.43,202.0L96.91,202.0L96.91,191.49L91.66,191.49L91.66,186.23L81.14,186.23L81.14,175.71L86.4,175.71L86.4,159.94L91.66,159.94L91.66,149.43L86.4,149.43L86.4,144.17L96.91,144.17L96.91,138.91L102.17,138.91L96.91,117.89L107.43,112.63L107.43,102.11L102.17,102.11L102.17,96.86L91.66,96.86L91.66,102.11L75.89,102.11L75.89,96.86L65.37,91.6L65.37,86.34L70.63,86.34L70.63,75.83L75.89,75.83L75.89,70.57L96.91,70.57L96.91,75.83L107.43,75.83L107.43,81.09L112.69,81.09L112.69,70.57L117.94,70.57L123.2,49.54L133.71,49.54L133.71,44.29L175.77,49.54L175.77,44.29L186.29,44.29L186.29,39.03L191.54,39.03L191.54,28.51L196.8,28.51L202.06,18.0L212.57,18.0L212.57,23.26Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 90.44, "y": 89.97 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 168.61, "y": 121.69 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "cape-town", "metric": "pm25", "value": 9.04588425695424, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:cape-town", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-189", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-189.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "96ce7ee57be72f2f85c875bd30f978dd60d590eea6a6063281e05162a562539e", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-189.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 189", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 4383042.259664604, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cape Town (189)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:189", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cape Town (189)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 1729, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1729, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 274, "total_known_modelled_population": 4383042.259664604, "pm_covered_population": 4383042.259664604, "weighted_concentration_sum": 39648492.97426518, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 9.03579545309636, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 8.948392764118884, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Cape Town (source ID 189). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-cape-town", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-189.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-cape-town", "observation_sha256": "05c7109ae8d15a8706cfb37c33fcaa42dbf541fe0c04113e76b6943e7a518b00", "evidence_review_sha256": "f921a470fcf76c2671512339ce8144407d0ec3f69cf49bfb5546d7fa90e91610", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:cape-town", "geography_sha256": "b59c96a152a65849ee0ba3eb6649e1a31bb3f7d2eaf4dce067671a8a1d09a9b9", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-189", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "7771909c00660347dff5f0fe4fa18122c705cf29cd8e68edfbe9f386d1068469", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-189", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-189.npz", "sha256": "96ce7ee57be72f2f85c875bd30f978dd60d590eea6a6063281e05162a562539e", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:cape-town", "city_slug": "cape-town", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "189", "source_name": "Cape Town", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "cape-town", "estimated_area_id": 189, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 18.4241, "latitude": -33.9249, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "ZAF", "source_country_iso3": "ZAF", "source_country_name": "SouthAfrica" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:189", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=189; fid=7703", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7703, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "785a4be3d6f40d025d63bab391cba572bdb9bb56bb4cf770a3c03799d4dd190b", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "ae54cdc80d12b1e0add99fa4ae5f3d0fee395f080930a0c4327685b69943e4ae", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 189, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "785a4be3d6f40d025d63bab391cba572bdb9bb56bb4cf770a3c03799d4dd190b", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "5151c6e26a288949b700aa17c800c1f6598497df65438bccbc36d253f4fdb9a3" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cape Town (189)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:cape-town", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "cape-town", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 4.877873277292291, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:cape-town", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-189", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-189.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "48d1aa51c82a221b0db077a3ac2cc63e5b50a1fe16868dcc9b6c9fa4fb3c0c05", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-189.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 189", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 4383042.259664604, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cape Town (189)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:189", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cape Town (189)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1729, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1729, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 274, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 4383042.259664604, "weather_covered_population": 4383042.259664604, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 21379924.71166079, "native_weather_points": 7, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Cape Town (source ID 189). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.951149310916916, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 8551969.884664316 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.975574655458458, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4275984.942332158 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.975574655458458, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4275984.942332158 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.975574655458458, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4275984.942332158 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 4383042.259664604, "strict_value": 4.877873277292291, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 21379924.71166079, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.951149310916916, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 8551969.884664316, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.975574655458458, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4275984.942332158, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.975574655458458, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4275984.942332158, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.975574655458458, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4275984.942332158, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-cape-town", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-189.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-cape-town", "observation_sha256": "5d70a51132d372b3cff951fe12ce6295099239e2bd03167fb977d42db7165f8e", "evidence_review_sha256": "445d18e905e2821794e3e998b95a5e36965b20bd637f6a1e297c55d7d8ec7762", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:cape-town", "geography_sha256": "77c24893fc543c1ddb610ccc4c1b494cecdc21ee514f0ec772a3658e3c5c2c99", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-189", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "07fc72da6865e8afd9650da39418598ccdb468d3e795e7ce3cbf60a05a1fb1b7", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-189", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-189.npz", "sha256": "48d1aa51c82a221b0db077a3ac2cc63e5b50a1fe16868dcc9b6c9fa4fb3c0c05", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:cape-town", "city_slug": "cape-town", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "189", "source_name": "Cape Town", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "cape-town", "estimated_area_id": 189, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 18.4241, "latitude": -33.9249, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "ZAF", "source_country_iso3": "ZAF", "source_country_name": "SouthAfrica" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:189", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=189; fid=7703", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7703, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "785a4be3d6f40d025d63bab391cba572bdb9bb56bb4cf770a3c03799d4dd190b", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "ae54cdc80d12b1e0add99fa4ae5f3d0fee395f080930a0c4327685b69943e4ae", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 189, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "785a4be3d6f40d025d63bab391cba572bdb9bb56bb4cf770a3c03799d4dd190b", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "5151c6e26a288949b700aa17c800c1f6598497df65438bccbc36d253f4fdb9a3" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cape Town (189)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:cape-town", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:cape-town", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "cape-town", "metric": "pm25", "value": 9.04588425695424, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:cape-town", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-189", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-189.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "96ce7ee57be72f2f85c875bd30f978dd60d590eea6a6063281e05162a562539e", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-189.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 189", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 4383042.259664604, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cape Town (189)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:189", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cape Town (189)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). 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Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Cape Town (source ID 189). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "cape-town", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 4.877873277292291, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:cape-town", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-189", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-189.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "48d1aa51c82a221b0db077a3ac2cc63e5b50a1fe16868dcc9b6c9fa4fb3c0c05", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-189.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 189", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 4383042.259664604, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cape Town (189)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:189", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cape Town (189)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1729, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1729, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 274, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 4383042.259664604, "weather_covered_population": 4383042.259664604, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 21379924.71166079, "native_weather_points": 7, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Cape Town (source ID 189). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.951149310916916, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 8551969.884664316 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.975574655458458, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4275984.942332158 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.975574655458458, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4275984.942332158 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.975574655458458, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4275984.942332158 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 4383042.259664604, "strict_value": 4.877873277292291, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 21379924.71166079, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.951149310916916, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 8551969.884664316, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.975574655458458, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4275984.942332158, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.975574655458458, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4275984.942332158, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.975574655458458, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4275984.942332158, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-cape-town", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-189.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "cape-town", "city_name": "Cape Town", "destination_country_iso3": "ZAF", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 18.4241, "latitude": -33.9249, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 189, "eFUA_name": "Cape Town", "Cntry_ISO": "ZAF", "Cntry_name": "SouthAfrica", "UC_IDs": "3268", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "785a4be3d6f40d025d63bab391cba572bdb9bb56bb4cf770a3c03799d4dd190b", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:cape-town", "city_slug": "cape-town", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "189", "source_name": "Cape Town", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "cape-town", "estimated_area_id": 189, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 18.4241, "latitude": -33.9249, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "ZAF", "source_country_iso3": "ZAF", "source_country_name": "SouthAfrica" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:189", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=189; fid=7703", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7703, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "785a4be3d6f40d025d63bab391cba572bdb9bb56bb4cf770a3c03799d4dd190b", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "ae54cdc80d12b1e0add99fa4ae5f3d0fee395f080930a0c4327685b69943e4ae", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 189, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "785a4be3d6f40d025d63bab391cba572bdb9bb56bb4cf770a3c03799d4dd190b", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "5151c6e26a288949b700aa17c800c1f6598497df65438bccbc36d253f4fdb9a3" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Cape Town (189)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:cape-town", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. 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The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-189.npz", "sha256": "48d1aa51c82a221b0db077a3ac2cc63e5b50a1fe16868dcc9b6c9fa4fb3c0c05" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "chicago", "name": "Chicago", "country": { "id": "country:USA", "name": "United States", "iso_2": "US", "iso_3": "USA", "continent": "North America" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/chicago", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/chicago.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 3, "agency_measurements": 3, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 6, "air_monitor_records": 6, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "chicago", "id": "7532", "name": "Chicago", "constituentNames": [ "Chicago", "Evanston", "Elmhurst" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "United States", "UN_WPP": "United States of America" }, "population2025": 5318734.586, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 2046, "densityPerKm2": 2599.5770215053763, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 41.875605, "longitude": -87.7546851, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 41.8781, "longitude": -87.6298, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; 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"ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "58a92371278879ecc4d9e62f96829826d0877cdb31e79b7d16db6b872380a00d" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "ea466f700acde81a0566a608512ce81c610db5ad7e24e667f0c29191a6b68235" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "569d431d6dbca94eee80da5c6885defa182ab342db9906110d581e041bc37901" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "fe8f56c6e1b705c3f9b15625dd6a10d881cbb4f3a54856cff3ea7d44df2eb301" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 9411198, "value": 7.34231709926834, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 69100000, "denominator": 9411198, "reduced_fraction": "34550000/4705599" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 1723, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 4, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 691 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-chicago", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-chicago", "observation_sha256": "be068d0379b175ef93353776f239272c01c27b91f4eb54b3cca8f473a12cb03f", "evidence_review_sha256": "f79a0a3b563cb0c306f75c1ba118a5f712fffff7dee34c91926d573b193bfef1", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "cada0ae696c1201d0333efdad9635dd78025c242ca7a692a246d32f283dfe604", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:chicago", "geography_sha256": "6d4dc93b6adf617081cda0ca23afa31d5acc3071aaac11338c00c76d5ad96f6e", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "ef94bb343e7bd3d3bfa742f82c0017f668fe12fc551a059668bed4355e1ccdaf", "source_frame": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "58a92371278879ecc4d9e62f96829826d0877cdb31e79b7d16db6b872380a00d", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-chicago-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "ea466f700acde81a0566a608512ce81c610db5ad7e24e667f0c29191a6b68235", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:chicago", "city_slug": "chicago", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "16980", "source_name": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-chicago-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "chicago", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -87.6298, "latitude": 41.8781, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -87.6298, 41.8781 ], "transformed_point": [ -87.6298, 41.8781 ], "native_matches": [ "16980" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 36587.43253205496, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "58a92371278879ecc4d9e62f96829826d0877cdb31e79b7d16db6b872380a00d" }, "county_fips": [ "17031", "17037", "17043", "17063", "17089", "17093", "17097", "17111", "17197", "18073", "18089", "18111", "18127" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:16980", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA16980; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record203", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "ea466f700acde81a0566a608512ce81c610db5ad7e24e667f0c29191a6b68235", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 203, "native_shp_record_number": 203, "native_cbsa_code": "16980", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US16980", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:chicago", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-chicago-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "ea466f700acde81a0566a608512ce81c610db5ad7e24e667f0c29191a6b68235", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "chicago", "metric": "pm25", "value": 7.983246186547001, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:chicago", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-6654", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6654.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "6f1856eb0ff07b2e0d7deb4e14aa6fbdc50bec515ebe289a6b5dfcc66f9c902c", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-6654.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 6654", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 9031457.985048497, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Chicago (6654)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6654", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Chicago (6654)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 13185, "population_grid_valid_cells": 13185, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1711, "total_known_modelled_population": 9031457.985048497, "pm_covered_population": 9031457.985048497, "weighted_concentration_sum": 72100352.51809788, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 7.987727653074161, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 7.962949167638284, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Chicago (source ID 6654). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-chicago", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6654.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-chicago", "observation_sha256": "7deecf6d32983193c0b40330470dcb39f2f23110e317b5eed1d4c947183f4d35", "evidence_review_sha256": "716d0c0f40173c7f62f1c50c096b0449f3f57b5f0ed841b60405503cbcf0e1e0", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:chicago", "geography_sha256": "0858da21c188f65a909b51faead1b46f45038001bfe73d2a8a26ee14a9018629", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-6654", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "88313e4c5f0825d7058aaece4aa0536451c7f84860907945e561c48a51470578", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-6654", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6654.npz", "sha256": "6f1856eb0ff07b2e0d7deb4e14aa6fbdc50bec515ebe289a6b5dfcc66f9c902c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:chicago", "city_slug": "chicago", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "6654", "source_name": "Chicago", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "chicago", "estimated_area_id": 6654, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "USA03F", "oecd_name": "Chicago", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 13185, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 18934.75173046182, "intersection_km2": 10941.797360542967, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8298670732304109, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.5778685412040571, "intersection_over_union": 0.5166597854269006, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -87.6298, "latitude": 41.8781, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_name": "UnitedStates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6654", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=6654; fid=8651", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8651, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "2c3fad67bea1f6d71e302c4f52f99f6b4b2e631dabd81209abbfb480d9af0424", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "8ebb2c4b981c475e78eafd914b488b3652fbc8b7149f28ae04f366c6c843c276", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 6654, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "2c3fad67bea1f6d71e302c4f52f99f6b4b2e631dabd81209abbfb480d9af0424", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "5f969d9f7714fb18609cfed0c6961c1bc2d36ac2fcd53db163751bd78d53159b" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Chicago (6654)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:chicago", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "chicago", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 2.6937646903574755, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:chicago", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6654", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6654.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "6df4ce3982a36e159980093bf0ced3d0c7b688868103ad5c44a79812cba491d1", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6654.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 6654", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 9031457.985048497, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Chicago (6654)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6654", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Chicago (6654)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 13185, "population_grid_valid_cells": 13185, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1711, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 9031457.985048497, "weather_covered_population": 9031457.985048497, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 24328622.622570716, "native_weather_points": 42, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Chicago (source ID 6654). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.5750019819764352, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5193106.2415397875 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.4332442471836833, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 12944285.200751899 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.685518461197357, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6191231.180279029 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 9031457.985048497, "strict_value": 2.6937646903574755, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 24328622.622570716, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.5750019819764352, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5193106.2415397875, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.4332442471836833, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 12944285.200751899, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.685518461197357, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6191231.180279029, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-chicago", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6654.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-chicago", "observation_sha256": "87d5d8a0bc6f1d3d4227146725e15637f93dcb4a63596380111f259cf3121bc0", "evidence_review_sha256": "c54fa5c2f609cf77e4c41d2e7e5479870bcec6898630b984bf92f34f9812dfce", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:chicago", "geography_sha256": "7635d56dc37faeec63a37a1c6d2dda862e752fc8e850bc074b993e39f369c848", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6654", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "429f01c88712e4174efcc7195a663e193f592cc8bce96fb9251a22a03992cdf4", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-6654", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6654.npz", "sha256": "6df4ce3982a36e159980093bf0ced3d0c7b688868103ad5c44a79812cba491d1", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:chicago", "city_slug": "chicago", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "6654", "source_name": "Chicago", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "chicago", "estimated_area_id": 6654, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "USA03F", "oecd_name": "Chicago", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 13185, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 18934.75173046182, "intersection_km2": 10941.797360542967, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8298670732304109, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.5778685412040571, "intersection_over_union": 0.5166597854269006, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -87.6298, "latitude": 41.8781, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_name": "UnitedStates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6654", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=6654; fid=8651", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8651, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "2c3fad67bea1f6d71e302c4f52f99f6b4b2e631dabd81209abbfb480d9af0424", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "8ebb2c4b981c475e78eafd914b488b3652fbc8b7149f28ae04f366c6c843c276", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 6654, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "2c3fad67bea1f6d71e302c4f52f99f6b4b2e631dabd81209abbfb480d9af0424", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "5f969d9f7714fb18609cfed0c6961c1bc2d36ac2fcd53db163751bd78d53159b" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Chicago (6654)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:chicago", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:chicago", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. 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OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "chicago", "estimated_area_id": 6654, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "USA03F", "oecd_name": "Chicago", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 13185, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 18934.75173046182, "intersection_km2": 10941.797360542967, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8298670732304109, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.5778685412040571, "intersection_over_union": 0.5166597854269006, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -87.6298, "latitude": 41.8781, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_name": "UnitedStates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6654", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=6654; fid=8651", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8651, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "2c3fad67bea1f6d71e302c4f52f99f6b4b2e631dabd81209abbfb480d9af0424", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "8ebb2c4b981c475e78eafd914b488b3652fbc8b7149f28ae04f366c6c843c276", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 6654, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "2c3fad67bea1f6d71e302c4f52f99f6b4b2e631dabd81209abbfb480d9af0424", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "5f969d9f7714fb18609cfed0c6961c1bc2d36ac2fcd53db163751bd78d53159b" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Chicago (6654)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:chicago", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:chicago", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:chicago", "city_slug": "chicago", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "16980", "source_name": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-chicago-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "chicago", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -87.6298, "latitude": 41.8781, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -87.6298, 41.8781 ], "transformed_point": [ -87.6298, 41.8781 ], "native_matches": [ "16980" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 36587.43253205496, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "58a92371278879ecc4d9e62f96829826d0877cdb31e79b7d16db6b872380a00d" }, "county_fips": [ "17031", "17037", "17043", "17063", "17089", "17093", "17097", "17111", "17197", "18073", "18089", "18111", "18127" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:16980", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA16980; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record203", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "ea466f700acde81a0566a608512ce81c610db5ad7e24e667f0c29191a6b68235", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 203, "native_shp_record_number": 203, "native_cbsa_code": "16980", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US16980", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:chicago", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-chicago-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "ea466f700acde81a0566a608512ce81c610db5ad7e24e667f0c29191a6b68235", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "chicago", "name": "Chicago", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-1bb66f5cff100d1be4eceafb6b9bea0ce14b4605b9ce6cfc218ef64abbede101", "selected_evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-chicago", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-1bb66f5cff100d1be4eceafb6b9bea0ce14b4605b9ce6cfc218ef64abbede101", "identity": { "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-chicago", "observation_sha256": "be068d0379b175ef93353776f239272c01c27b91f4eb54b3cca8f473a12cb03f", "evidence_review_sha256": "f79a0a3b563cb0c306f75c1ba118a5f712fffff7dee34c91926d573b193bfef1", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "cada0ae696c1201d0333efdad9635dd78025c242ca7a692a246d32f283dfe604", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:chicago", "geography_sha256": "6d4dc93b6adf617081cda0ca23afa31d5acc3071aaac11338c00c76d5ad96f6e", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "ef94bb343e7bd3d3bfa742f82c0017f668fe12fc551a059668bed4355e1ccdaf", "source_frame": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "58a92371278879ecc4d9e62f96829826d0877cdb31e79b7d16db6b872380a00d", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-chicago-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "ea466f700acde81a0566a608512ce81c610db5ad7e24e667f0c29191a6b68235", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "chicago", "metric": "road-deaths", "value": 7.344363270275969, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:chicago", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json", "source_frame_sha256": "58a92371278879ecc4d9e62f96829826d0877cdb31e79b7d16db6b872380a00d", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 16980 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 9408576, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:16980", "boundary_label": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 691, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 645, "midyear_resident_population": 9408576, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 69100000, "denominator": 9408576, "reduced_fraction": "2159375/294018" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "16980", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US16980", "source_area_name": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 203, "county_count": 13, "county_fips": [ "17031", "17037", "17043", "17063", "17089", "17093", "17097", "17111", "17197", "18073", "18089", "18111", "18127" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -87.6298, 41.8781 ], "transformed_point": [ -87.6298, 41.8781 ], "native_matches": [ "16980" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 36587.43253205496, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 295, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "16980", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN", "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area", "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "9454363", "POPESTIMATE2020": "9439531", "POPESTIMATE2021": "9362043", "POPESTIMATE2022": "9310017", "POPESTIMATE2023": "9337814", "POPESTIMATE2024": "9408576", "NPOPCHG2020": "-14832", "NPOPCHG2021": "-77488", "NPOPCHG2022": "-52026", "NPOPCHG2023": "27797", "NPOPCHG2024": "70762", "BIRTHS2020": "24801", "BIRTHS2021": "96895", "BIRTHS2022": "95836", "BIRTHS2023": "94391", "BIRTHS2024": "93836", "DEATHS2020": "25559", "DEATHS2021": "83708", "DEATHS2022": "83247", "DEATHS2023": "76800", "DEATHS2024": "74448", "NATURALCHG2020": "-758", "NATURALCHG2021": "13187", "NATURALCHG2022": "12589", "NATURALCHG2023": "17591", "NATURALCHG2024": "19388", "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "474", "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "9457", "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "52551", "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "79160", "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "96448", "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-15628", "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-99524", "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-118416", "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-68681", "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-45217", "NETMIG2020": "-15154", "NETMIG2021": "-90067", "NETMIG2022": "-65865", "NETMIG2023": "10479", "NETMIG2024": "51231", "RESIDUAL2020": "1080", "RESIDUAL2021": "-608", "RESIDUAL2022": "1250", "RESIDUAL2023": "-273", "RESIDUAL2024": "143" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "58a92371278879ecc4d9e62f96829826d0877cdb31e79b7d16db6b872380a00d" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "ea466f700acde81a0566a608512ce81c610db5ad7e24e667f0c29191a6b68235" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "569d431d6dbca94eee80da5c6885defa182ab342db9906110d581e041bc37901" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "fe8f56c6e1b705c3f9b15625dd6a10d881cbb4f3a54856cff3ea7d44df2eb301" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 9411198, "value": 7.34231709926834, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 69100000, "denominator": 9411198, "reduced_fraction": "34550000/4705599" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 1723, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 4, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 691 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-chicago", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-d7a60b1190a35fad3f2bd8eb16a62d53e1ef2704cbed88049218df7a49d4e32e", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-chicago", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-d7a60b1190a35fad3f2bd8eb16a62d53e1ef2704cbed88049218df7a49d4e32e", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-chicago", "observation_sha256": "7deecf6d32983193c0b40330470dcb39f2f23110e317b5eed1d4c947183f4d35", "evidence_review_sha256": "716d0c0f40173c7f62f1c50c096b0449f3f57b5f0ed841b60405503cbcf0e1e0", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:chicago", "geography_sha256": "0858da21c188f65a909b51faead1b46f45038001bfe73d2a8a26ee14a9018629", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-6654", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "88313e4c5f0825d7058aaece4aa0536451c7f84860907945e561c48a51470578", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-6654", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6654.npz", "sha256": "6f1856eb0ff07b2e0d7deb4e14aa6fbdc50bec515ebe289a6b5dfcc66f9c902c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "chicago", "metric": "pm25", "value": 7.983246186547001, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:chicago", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-6654", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6654.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "6f1856eb0ff07b2e0d7deb4e14aa6fbdc50bec515ebe289a6b5dfcc66f9c902c", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-6654.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 6654", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 9031457.985048497, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Chicago (6654)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6654", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Chicago (6654)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). 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Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Chicago (source ID 6654). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-chicago", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6654.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-bf18e6c80dfb32f9b23e5727b3e828282c71e462b6bc5fa0611333f5c5dd85a1", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-chicago", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-bf18e6c80dfb32f9b23e5727b3e828282c71e462b6bc5fa0611333f5c5dd85a1", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-chicago", "observation_sha256": "87d5d8a0bc6f1d3d4227146725e15637f93dcb4a63596380111f259cf3121bc0", "evidence_review_sha256": "c54fa5c2f609cf77e4c41d2e7e5479870bcec6898630b984bf92f34f9812dfce", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:chicago", "geography_sha256": "7635d56dc37faeec63a37a1c6d2dda862e752fc8e850bc074b993e39f369c848", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6654", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "429f01c88712e4174efcc7195a663e193f592cc8bce96fb9251a22a03992cdf4", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-6654", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6654.npz", "sha256": "6df4ce3982a36e159980093bf0ced3d0c7b688868103ad5c44a79812cba491d1", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "chicago", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 2.6937646903574755, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:chicago", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6654", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6654.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "6df4ce3982a36e159980093bf0ced3d0c7b688868103ad5c44a79812cba491d1", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6654.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 6654", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 9031457.985048497, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Chicago (6654)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6654", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Chicago (6654)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 13185, "population_grid_valid_cells": 13185, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1711, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 9031457.985048497, "weather_covered_population": 9031457.985048497, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 24328622.622570716, "native_weather_points": 42, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Chicago (source ID 6654). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.5750019819764352, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5193106.2415397875 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.4332442471836833, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 12944285.200751899 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.685518461197357, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6191231.180279029 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 9031457.985048497, "strict_value": 2.6937646903574755, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 24328622.622570716, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.5750019819764352, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5193106.2415397875, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.4332442471836833, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 12944285.200751899, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.685518461197357, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6191231.180279029, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-chicago", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6654.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 6, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "monitor-annual-summary" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "chicago", "epa_city_name": "Chicago", "epa_state_code": "17", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "selected_year": 2025, "selected_monitor_records": 6, "selected_unique_sites": 4, "annual_coverage": { "2024": 2, "2025": 6 }, "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary." } ], "records": [ { "id": "epa:2025:17-031-0022-88101-3:24-hr-blk-avg:no-events", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "city_slug": "chicago", "source_city_name": "Chicago", "source_state_name": "Illinois", "geography_type": "monitoring-site", "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary.", "site_id": "17-031-0022", "monitor_id": "17-031-0022-88101-3", "parameter_code": "88101", "parameter_name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "poc": "3", "site_name": "WASHINGTON HS", "address": "3535 E. 114TH ST.", "coordinates": { "latitude": 41.687165, "longitude": -87.539315, "datum": "WGS84" }, "cbsa_name_as_published": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI", "year": 2025, "metric": "annual-measured-pm25-monitor-context", "measurement_kind": "annual ground-monitor daily-mean summary", "annual_single_year": true, "population_weighted": false, "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "value": 10.138356, "value_as_published": "10.138356", "unit": "micrograms/m3 (local conditions)", "source_unit": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "sample_duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "metric_used": "Daily Mean", "pollutant_standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "method_name": "", "related_hourly_method_names": [ "Teledyne T640X at 16.67 LPM w/Network Data Alignment enabled - Broadband spectroscopy" ], "related_hourly_source_csv_rows": [ 20855 ], "event_type": "No Events", "observation_count": 365, "observation_percent": 100, "completeness_indicator": "Y", "valid_day_count": 365, "required_day_count": 365, "exceptional_data_count": 0, "null_data_count": 0, "certification_indicator": "Certified", "source_date_of_last_change": "2026-02-17", "quality_flags": [ "monitor-statistic-not-city-exposure", "no-population-weighting", "no-reviewed-harmonized-fua-boundary", "no-city-level-aggregation", "calculated-daily-record-method-name-blank" ], "limitations": [ "Site/instrument statistic, not a city average or population-weighted exposure.", "Multiple instruments at one site are retained separately and are not independent areas.", "Completeness and certification are distinct; 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Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "a13139b59c1548504db640bfa5d09ec95ad0393d80f1977535a66a1af80c5e7c", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 6654, "eFUA_name": "Chicago", "Cntry_ISO": "USA", "Cntry_name": "UnitedStates", "UC_IDs": "634;635;644;648;652", "UC_num": 5, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "2c3fad67bea1f6d71e302c4f52f99f6b4b2e631dabd81209abbfb480d9af0424", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "US OMB/Census Metropolitan statistical area", "name": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN", "id": "16980", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city": { "name": "Chicago", "state_fips": "17", "place_fips": "14000" }, "member_type": "County or county equivalent", "member_ids": [ "17031", "17037", "17043", "17063", "17089", "17093", "17097", "17111", "17197", "18073", "18089", "18111", "18127" ], "source_frame": "us-cbsa-2023", "member_count": 13, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_comparison_notice": "The OECD correspondence includes overlapping Counties, Places, Subcounties and Zipcodes; this national MSA is delineated by whole counties. Its county membership cannot be equated to the complete mixed-level OECD correspondence or to a city-proper ACS estimate." }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:chicago", "city_slug": "chicago", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "6654", "source_name": "Chicago", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "chicago", "estimated_area_id": 6654, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "USA03F", "oecd_name": "Chicago", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 13185, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 18934.75173046182, "intersection_km2": 10941.797360542967, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8298670732304109, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.5778685412040571, "intersection_over_union": 0.5166597854269006, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -87.6298, "latitude": 41.8781, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_name": "UnitedStates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6654", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=6654; fid=8651", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8651, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "2c3fad67bea1f6d71e302c4f52f99f6b4b2e631dabd81209abbfb480d9af0424", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "8ebb2c4b981c475e78eafd914b488b3652fbc8b7149f28ae04f366c6c843c276", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 6654, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "2c3fad67bea1f6d71e302c4f52f99f6b4b2e631dabd81209abbfb480d9af0424", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "5f969d9f7714fb18609cfed0c6961c1bc2d36ac2fcd53db163751bd78d53159b" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Chicago (6654)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:chicago", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:chicago", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:chicago", "city_slug": "chicago", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "16980", "source_name": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-chicago-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "chicago", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -87.6298, "latitude": 41.8781, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -87.6298, 41.8781 ], "transformed_point": [ -87.6298, 41.8781 ], "native_matches": [ "16980" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 36587.43253205496, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "58a92371278879ecc4d9e62f96829826d0877cdb31e79b7d16db6b872380a00d" }, "county_fips": [ "17031", "17037", "17043", "17063", "17089", "17093", "17097", "17111", "17197", "18073", "18089", "18111", "18127" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:16980", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA16980; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record203", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "ea466f700acde81a0566a608512ce81c610db5ad7e24e667f0c29191a6b68235", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 203, "native_shp_record_number": 203, "native_cbsa_code": "16980", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US16980", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:chicago", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-chicago-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "ea466f700acde81a0566a608512ce81c610db5ad7e24e667f0c29191a6b68235", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "chicago", "city_name": "Chicago", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6654", "source_area_id": "6654", "source_area_name": "Chicago", "value": 2.6937646903574755, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:chicago", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-chicago", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Chicago (source ID 6654). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 13185, "population_grid_valid_cells": 13185, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1711, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 9031457.985048497, "weather_covered_population": 9031457.985048497, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 24328622.622570716, "native_weather_points": 42, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.5750019819764352, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5193106.2415397875 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.4332442471836833, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 12944285.200751899 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.685518461197357, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6191231.180279029 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 9031457.985048497, "strict_value": 2.6937646903574755, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 24328622.622570716, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.5750019819764352, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5193106.2415397875, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.4332442471836833, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 12944285.200751899, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.685518461197357, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6191231.180279029, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6654.npz", "sha256": "6df4ce3982a36e159980093bf0ced3d0c7b688868103ad5c44a79812cba491d1" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": { "city_slug": "chicago", "value": 7.344363270275969, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:chicago", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 16980 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 9408576, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:16980", "boundary_label": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 691, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 645, "midyear_resident_population": 9408576, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 69100000, "denominator": 9408576, "reduced_fraction": "2159375/294018" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "16980", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US16980", "source_area_name": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 203, "county_count": 13, "county_fips": [ "17031", "17037", "17043", "17063", "17089", "17093", "17097", "17111", "17197", "18073", "18089", "18111", "18127" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -87.6298, 41.8781 ], "transformed_point": [ -87.6298, 41.8781 ], "native_matches": [ "16980" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 36587.43253205496, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 295, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "16980", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN", "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area", "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "9454363", "POPESTIMATE2020": "9439531", "POPESTIMATE2021": "9362043", "POPESTIMATE2022": "9310017", "POPESTIMATE2023": "9337814", "POPESTIMATE2024": "9408576", "NPOPCHG2020": "-14832", "NPOPCHG2021": "-77488", "NPOPCHG2022": "-52026", "NPOPCHG2023": "27797", "NPOPCHG2024": "70762", "BIRTHS2020": "24801", "BIRTHS2021": "96895", "BIRTHS2022": "95836", "BIRTHS2023": "94391", "BIRTHS2024": "93836", "DEATHS2020": "25559", "DEATHS2021": "83708", "DEATHS2022": "83247", "DEATHS2023": "76800", "DEATHS2024": "74448", "NATURALCHG2020": "-758", "NATURALCHG2021": "13187", "NATURALCHG2022": "12589", "NATURALCHG2023": "17591", "NATURALCHG2024": "19388", "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "474", "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "9457", "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "52551", "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "79160", "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "96448", "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-15628", "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-99524", "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-118416", "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-68681", "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-45217", "NETMIG2020": "-15154", "NETMIG2021": "-90067", "NETMIG2022": "-65865", "NETMIG2023": "10479", "NETMIG2024": "51231", "RESIDUAL2020": "1080", "RESIDUAL2021": "-608", "RESIDUAL2022": "1250", "RESIDUAL2023": "-273", "RESIDUAL2024": "143" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "58a92371278879ecc4d9e62f96829826d0877cdb31e79b7d16db6b872380a00d" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "ea466f700acde81a0566a608512ce81c610db5ad7e24e667f0c29191a6b68235" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "569d431d6dbca94eee80da5c6885defa182ab342db9906110d581e041bc37901" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "fe8f56c6e1b705c3f9b15625dd6a10d881cbb4f3a54856cff3ea7d44df2eb301" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 9411198, "value": 7.34231709926834, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 69100000, "denominator": 9411198, "reduced_fraction": "34550000/4705599" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 1723, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 4, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 691 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-chicago", "city_name": "Chicago", "source_area_id": "16980", "source_area_name": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN", "review_status": "accepted", "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "58a92371278879ecc4d9e62f96829826d0877cdb31e79b7d16db6b872380a00d" }, "numerator_person_fatalities": 691, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 645, "midyear_resident_population": 9408576, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_boundary": { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:chicago", "city_slug": "chicago", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "16980", "source_name": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-chicago-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "chicago", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -87.6298, "latitude": 41.8781, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -87.6298, 41.8781 ], "transformed_point": [ -87.6298, 41.8781 ], "native_matches": [ "16980" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 36587.43253205496, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "58a92371278879ecc4d9e62f96829826d0877cdb31e79b7d16db6b872380a00d" }, "county_fips": [ "17031", "17037", "17043", "17063", "17089", "17093", "17097", "17111", "17197", "18073", "18089", "18111", "18127" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:16980", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA16980; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record203", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "ea466f700acde81a0566a608512ce81c610db5ad7e24e667f0c29191a6b68235", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 203, "native_shp_record_number": 203, "native_cbsa_code": "16980", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US16980", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:chicago", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-chicago-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "ea466f700acde81a0566a608512ce81c610db5ad7e24e667f0c29191a6b68235", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-chicago-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "licence_source_refs": [ "source-81cbb49139c6b6e8", "source-ca5172f562a17a92" ], "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ], "notice": "Territorial 2024 FARS motor-vehicle-involved traffic fatal-person counts per July 1, 2024 resident population, on complete OMB July 2023 metropolitan county sets. A motor vehicle in transport is required; eligible victims include occupants, pedestrians and cyclists, while nonmotor-only events are outside this initial global convention. The 2024 Annual Report File is provisional. The 30-day public-access trafficway classification is source-reported; unknown individual death timestamps are retained. Public access does not mean government road ownership or every publicly accessible parking area: qualifying parking lot ways are distinct from stalls and aisles. This is not resident lifetime risk, deaths per distance travelled, a municipal measure, a global comparison or an official quarterly result. Native NAD83 boundaries and the reviewed destination-point adapter are distinct from PM and heat geographies. Historical source review does not by itself establish current engine admission." } }, { "slug": "copenhagen", "name": "Copenhagen", "country": { "id": "country:DNK", "name": "Denmark", "iso_2": "DK", "iso_3": "DNK", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/copenhagen", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/copenhagen.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 1, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "copenhagen", "id": "698", "name": "Copenhagen", "constituentNames": [ "Copenhagen" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Denmark", "UN_WPP": "Denmark" }, "population2025": 1258201.641, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 302, "densityPerKm2": 4166.230599337749, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 55.6914573, "longitude": 12.5227833, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 55.6761, "longitude": 12.5683, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M160.0,26.76L168.76,26.76L168.76,44.29L177.52,44.29L177.52,53.05L195.05,53.05L195.05,44.29L221.33,44.29L212.57,79.33L238.86,79.33L238.86,88.1L256.38,88.1L256.38,96.86L238.86,96.86L238.86,105.62L247.62,105.62L247.62,123.14L256.38,123.14L265.14,175.71L247.62,175.71L247.62,184.48L238.86,184.48L230.1,202.0L221.33,202.0L221.33,184.48L212.57,184.48L212.57,166.95L203.81,166.95L203.81,158.19L177.52,158.19L177.52,166.95L168.76,166.95L168.76,202.0L142.48,202.0L142.48,175.71L133.71,175.71L124.95,158.19L63.62,158.19L63.62,149.43L54.86,149.43L54.86,131.9L72.38,123.14L72.38,105.62L54.86,96.86L54.86,79.33L63.62,79.33L63.62,70.57L72.38,70.57L72.38,79.33L98.67,79.33L98.67,70.57L116.19,61.81L116.19,44.29L107.43,44.29L107.43,18.0L160.0,18.0L160.0,26.76Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 203.22, "y": 129.54 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 173.38, "y": 116.12 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.06666666666666667, "accepted_metrics": 2, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0, "infrastructure": 0, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "unit": "PPP international $ / person / year", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 40000 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "pillar": "means", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "price-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median home price / household income", "unit": "ratio", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 3, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "copenhagen", "metric": "pm25", "value": 8.984765232455313, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:copenhagen", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-537", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-537.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "97bf783db4540310a6f68c71e2485e212431cf0f1665ddb9e12cfe508d086878", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-537.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 537", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2088197.4410470906, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Copenhagen (537)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:537", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Copenhagen (537)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 3406, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3406, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 297, "total_known_modelled_population": 2088197.4410470906, "pm_covered_population": 2088197.4410470906, "weighted_concentration_sum": 18761963.76682205, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 8.98117296882201, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 8.856231979409888, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Copenhagen (source ID 537). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-copenhagen", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-537.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-copenhagen", "observation_sha256": "0fd688ff6c16127fd1a366922b9827a7ea92f6861e7865c90489281d28b19df0", "evidence_review_sha256": "e2d920ef5ce4f64ced7ba9b57d6f960420850e79252d3bbce89c58c3b97278e7", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:copenhagen", "geography_sha256": "f713742f4e376b3c92f283206efc5419ab8e607163851fd1ed2ed15bac62e9fa", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-537", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "60e55e1c46b51c508bd2c3236c2265336d76eea298937378493a0edf8f4738f3", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-537", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-537.npz", "sha256": "97bf783db4540310a6f68c71e2485e212431cf0f1665ddb9e12cfe508d086878", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:copenhagen", "city_slug": "copenhagen", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "537", "source_name": "Copenhagen", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "copenhagen", "estimated_area_id": 537, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "DK001F", "oecd_name": "København", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 3406, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 3619.3479802601582, "intersection_km2": 2877.9021083975867, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8449507071044001, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.7951438005114733, "intersection_over_union": 0.6938974485290035, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 12.5683, "latitude": 55.6761, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "DNK", "source_country_iso3": "DNK", "source_country_name": "Denmark" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:537", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=537; fid=2752", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 2752, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "460a6ed468395064b665167a01d1017cdab94404d687e2600247f39095e266e3", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "76412173113f25e86320e5b0abc8d638949fe36135d13f36bf22198b9679cc0e", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 537, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "460a6ed468395064b665167a01d1017cdab94404d687e2600247f39095e266e3", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "27629cc1dac7caed64005c1af4417cc18d91591e0c7d7474fec6f82e0c0e30c8" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Copenhagen (537)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:copenhagen", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "copenhagen", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:copenhagen", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-537", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-537.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "c69481d284ac38f9a04c0125378fd751d894a8a9ba85d6e5d2b5956115f4bb4e", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-537.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 537", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2088197.4410470906, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Copenhagen (537)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:537", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Copenhagen (537)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3406, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3406, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 297, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2088197.4410470906, "weather_covered_population": 2088197.4410470906, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 16, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Copenhagen (source ID 537). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2088197.4410470906, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-copenhagen", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-537.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-copenhagen", "observation_sha256": "43d3c185e8397425c99c5f704ea9f42dcf80c60f6ea6d898755a9c1695407cb2", "evidence_review_sha256": "1c262496bb8411eb76078d543da591c7d5e790cce7b030c7410121ad703226bc", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:copenhagen", "geography_sha256": "25e96bd0f7326960982932825206304f105ad0042ca03661ca73eba60fce5fb6", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-537", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "baef37445277211c3338e88086d65cd05335c40b0eb01088ee861647552c61a7", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-537", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-537.npz", "sha256": "c69481d284ac38f9a04c0125378fd751d894a8a9ba85d6e5d2b5956115f4bb4e", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:copenhagen", "city_slug": "copenhagen", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "537", "source_name": "Copenhagen", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "copenhagen", "estimated_area_id": 537, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "DK001F", "oecd_name": "København", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 3406, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 3619.3479802601582, "intersection_km2": 2877.9021083975867, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8449507071044001, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.7951438005114733, "intersection_over_union": 0.6938974485290035, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 12.5683, "latitude": 55.6761, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "DNK", "source_country_iso3": "DNK", "source_country_name": "Denmark" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:537", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=537; fid=2752", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 2752, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "460a6ed468395064b665167a01d1017cdab94404d687e2600247f39095e266e3", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "76412173113f25e86320e5b0abc8d638949fe36135d13f36bf22198b9679cc0e", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 537, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "460a6ed468395064b665167a01d1017cdab94404d687e2600247f39095e266e3", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "27629cc1dac7caed64005c1af4417cc18d91591e0c7d7474fec6f82e0c0e30c8" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Copenhagen (537)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:copenhagen", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:copenhagen", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "copenhagen", "metric": "pm25", "value": 8.984765232455313, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:copenhagen", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-537", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-537.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "97bf783db4540310a6f68c71e2485e212431cf0f1665ddb9e12cfe508d086878", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-537.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 537", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2088197.4410470906, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Copenhagen (537)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:537", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Copenhagen (537)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). 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Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "copenhagen", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:copenhagen", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-537", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-537.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "c69481d284ac38f9a04c0125378fd751d894a8a9ba85d6e5d2b5956115f4bb4e", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-537.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 537", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2088197.4410470906, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Copenhagen (537)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:537", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Copenhagen (537)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3406, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3406, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 297, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2088197.4410470906, "weather_covered_population": 2088197.4410470906, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 16, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Copenhagen (source ID 537). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2088197.4410470906, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-copenhagen", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-537.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "copenhagen", "source_city_name": "København", "source_country_name": "Denmark", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:copenhagen:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "copenhagen", "source_city_name": "København", "source_country_name": "Denmark", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "København", "country": "Denmark" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 7.059337616, "value_as_published": "7.059337616", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "559,440", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2013 for city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 69, "csv_line_end": 70, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "København", "Country": "Denmark", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "7.059337616", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2013 for city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "559,440" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "copenhagen", "city_name": "Copenhagen", "destination_country_iso3": "DNK", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 12.5683, "latitude": 55.6761, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "DK001F", "country_iso3": "DNK", "source_name": "København", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 35, "member_ids": [ "DNK101", "DNK147", "DNK151", "DNK153", "DNK155", "DNK157", "DNK159", "DNK161", "DNK163", "DNK165", "DNK167", "DNK169", "DNK173", "DNK175", "DNK183", "DNK185", "DNK187", "DNK190", "DNK201", "DNK210", "DNK217", "DNK219", "DNK223", "DNK230", "DNK240", "DNK250", "DNK253", "DNK259", "DNK265", "DNK269", "DNK270", "DNK320", "DNK329", "DNK336", "DNK350" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Kommuner)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Kommuner)": 35 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "17f70a029f61f463beaa0c923ba1667bfb5cc26c797fb66ddf3b178bc6d25938", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 537, "eFUA_name": "Copenhagen", "Cntry_ISO": "DNK", "Cntry_name": "Denmark", "UC_IDs": "2749", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "460a6ed468395064b665167a01d1017cdab94404d687e2600247f39095e266e3", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "DK001F", "URAU_NAME": "København", "CNTR_CODE": "DK" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:copenhagen", "city_slug": "copenhagen", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "537", "source_name": "Copenhagen", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "copenhagen", "estimated_area_id": 537, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "DK001F", "oecd_name": "København", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 3406, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 3619.3479802601582, "intersection_km2": 2877.9021083975867, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8449507071044001, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.7951438005114733, "intersection_over_union": 0.6938974485290035, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 12.5683, "latitude": 55.6761, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "DNK", "source_country_iso3": "DNK", "source_country_name": "Denmark" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:537", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=537; fid=2752", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 2752, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "460a6ed468395064b665167a01d1017cdab94404d687e2600247f39095e266e3", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "76412173113f25e86320e5b0abc8d638949fe36135d13f36bf22198b9679cc0e", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 537, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "460a6ed468395064b665167a01d1017cdab94404d687e2600247f39095e266e3", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "27629cc1dac7caed64005c1af4417cc18d91591e0c7d7474fec6f82e0c0e30c8" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Copenhagen (537)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:copenhagen", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:copenhagen", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "copenhagen", "city_name": "Copenhagen", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:537", "source_area_id": "537", "source_area_name": "Copenhagen", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:copenhagen", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-copenhagen", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Copenhagen (source ID 537). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3406, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3406, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 297, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2088197.4410470906, "weather_covered_population": 2088197.4410470906, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 16, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2088197.4410470906, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-537.npz", "sha256": "c69481d284ac38f9a04c0125378fd751d894a8a9ba85d6e5d2b5956115f4bb4e" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "delhi", "name": "Delhi", "country": { "id": "country:IND", "name": "India", "iso_2": "IN", "iso_3": "IND", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/delhi", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/delhi.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:delhi", "city_slug": "delhi", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "7466", "source_name": "Delhi [New Delhi]", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "delhi", "estimated_area_id": 7466, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 77.1025, "latitude": 28.7041, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "IND", "source_country_iso3": "IND", "source_country_name": "India" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7466", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=7466; fid=3790", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 3790, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f33e935e51523f4faa3b7f081c616264bd6a8db844e838646cce6262cc80d656", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "a4aea0b2def503322bf68dce4f2eaeb0b5595d355c807b18434cc3e4c6ed6076", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 7466, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "f33e935e51523f4faa3b7f081c616264bd6a8db844e838646cce6262cc80d656", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "783e5689a22b2bab084fd55248cd8d76a181cf56da5d3b8177101ee8e7d61820" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Delhi [New Delhi] (7466)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:delhi", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "delhi", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 137.36731833262834, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:delhi", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7466", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7466.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "0203d01a98ea951a2efb5dc21f87814b3f28cf65588b160dd13dbeb316fe585e", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7466.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 7466", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 33495554.00720462, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Delhi [New Delhi] (7466)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7466", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Delhi [New Delhi] (7466)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5569, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5569, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 183, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 33495554.00720462, "weather_covered_population": 33495554.00720462, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4601194430.035421, "native_weather_points": 19, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Delhi [New Delhi] (source ID 7466). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.7364147511552086, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 91657728.08343068 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 25.99612303126617, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 870754542.9717118 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 30.1915672250732, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1011283270.5495882 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 27.00414305494065, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 904518732.115044 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 19.84394165150584, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 664683819.3038311 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 13.064021079813735, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 437586623.63016057 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 14.535184326251375, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 486864051.604627 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.9959232126221473, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 133845661.77702773 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 33495554.00720462, "strict_value": 137.36731833262834, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4601194430.035421, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.7364147511552086, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 91657728.08343068, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 25.99612303126617, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 870754542.9717118, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 30.1915672250732, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1011283270.5495882, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 27.00414305494065, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 904518732.115044, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 19.84394165150584, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 664683819.3038311, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 13.064021079813735, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 437586623.63016057, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 14.535184326251375, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 486864051.604627, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.9959232126221473, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 133845661.77702773, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-delhi", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7466.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-delhi", "observation_sha256": "65edc0ffc056b37b01f0e5a8ea1c0dfcddd0e64d04f2206974c303c1c1ed697b", "evidence_review_sha256": "28df2be020addfeae828a1982d17ad3fd73dc36459f5ca153126d6fc22163eb0", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:delhi", "geography_sha256": "f94ccc81000a766787e570afcfffafc192d367d7dbba7dbced28041d1f781616", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7466", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "25cd345d47ef1f2f1f60782b00f4284dfcbdd4f4ad5b255e908b07a35cd23794", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-7466", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7466.npz", "sha256": "0203d01a98ea951a2efb5dc21f87814b3f28cf65588b160dd13dbeb316fe585e", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "delhi", "metric": "pm25", "value": 88.43376029895165, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:delhi", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7466", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7466.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "d48ceb97c74bf219ef10f583104f71ebe9fb32848073eff8a1429f770dbbba79", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7466.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 7466", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 33495554.00720462, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Delhi [New Delhi] (7466)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7466", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Delhi [New Delhi] (7466)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 5569, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5569, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 183, "total_known_modelled_population": 33495554.00720462, "pm_covered_population": 33495554.00720462, "weighted_concentration_sum": 2962137794.153723, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 88.42759472684423, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 86.30222576954252, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Delhi [New Delhi] (source ID 7466). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-delhi", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7466.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-8d6513afad2b6f6ff7bd60cd019e6298f603ca93d10cbf7392838bdda275df69", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-delhi", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-8d6513afad2b6f6ff7bd60cd019e6298f603ca93d10cbf7392838bdda275df69", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-delhi", "observation_sha256": "65edc0ffc056b37b01f0e5a8ea1c0dfcddd0e64d04f2206974c303c1c1ed697b", "evidence_review_sha256": "28df2be020addfeae828a1982d17ad3fd73dc36459f5ca153126d6fc22163eb0", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:delhi", "geography_sha256": "f94ccc81000a766787e570afcfffafc192d367d7dbba7dbced28041d1f781616", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7466", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "25cd345d47ef1f2f1f60782b00f4284dfcbdd4f4ad5b255e908b07a35cd23794", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-7466", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7466.npz", "sha256": "0203d01a98ea951a2efb5dc21f87814b3f28cf65588b160dd13dbeb316fe585e", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "delhi", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 137.36731833262834, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:delhi", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7466", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7466.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "0203d01a98ea951a2efb5dc21f87814b3f28cf65588b160dd13dbeb316fe585e", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7466.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 7466", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 33495554.00720462, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Delhi [New Delhi] (7466)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7466", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Delhi [New Delhi] (7466)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5569, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5569, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 183, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 33495554.00720462, "weather_covered_population": 33495554.00720462, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4601194430.035421, "native_weather_points": 19, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Delhi [New Delhi] (source ID 7466). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.7364147511552086, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 91657728.08343068 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 25.99612303126617, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 870754542.9717118 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 30.1915672250732, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1011283270.5495882 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 27.00414305494065, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 904518732.115044 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 19.84394165150584, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 664683819.3038311 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 13.064021079813735, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 437586623.63016057 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 14.535184326251375, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 486864051.604627 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.9959232126221473, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 133845661.77702773 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 33495554.00720462, "strict_value": 137.36731833262834, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4601194430.035421, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.7364147511552086, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 91657728.08343068, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 25.99612303126617, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 870754542.9717118, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 30.1915672250732, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1011283270.5495882, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 27.00414305494065, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 904518732.115044, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 19.84394165150584, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 664683819.3038311, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 13.064021079813735, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 437586623.63016057, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 14.535184326251375, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 486864051.604627, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.9959232126221473, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 133845661.77702773, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-delhi", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7466.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "delhi", "city_name": "Delhi", "destination_country_iso3": "IND", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 77.1025, "latitude": 28.7041, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 7466, "eFUA_name": "Delhi [New Delhi]", "Cntry_ISO": "IND", "Cntry_name": "India", "UC_IDs": "6955;6964;6993;7003;7063;7080;7085;7108", "UC_num": 8, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f33e935e51523f4faa3b7f081c616264bd6a8db844e838646cce6262cc80d656", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:delhi", "city_slug": "delhi", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "7466", "source_name": "Delhi [New Delhi]", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "delhi", "estimated_area_id": 7466, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 77.1025, "latitude": 28.7041, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "IND", "source_country_iso3": "IND", "source_country_name": "India" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7466", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=7466; fid=3790", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 3790, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f33e935e51523f4faa3b7f081c616264bd6a8db844e838646cce6262cc80d656", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "a4aea0b2def503322bf68dce4f2eaeb0b5595d355c807b18434cc3e4c6ed6076", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 7466, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "f33e935e51523f4faa3b7f081c616264bd6a8db844e838646cce6262cc80d656", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "783e5689a22b2bab084fd55248cd8d76a181cf56da5d3b8177101ee8e7d61820" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Delhi [New Delhi] (7466)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:delhi", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "delhi", "city_name": "Delhi", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7466", "source_area_id": "7466", "source_area_name": "Delhi [New Delhi]", "value": 88.43376029895165, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 5569, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5569, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 183, "total_known_modelled_population": 33495554.00720462, "pm_covered_population": 33495554.00720462, "weighted_concentration_sum": 2962137794.153723, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 33495554.00720462, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 88.42759472684423, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 86.30222576954252, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7466.npz", "sha256": "d48ceb97c74bf219ef10f583104f71ebe9fb32848073eff8a1429f770dbbba79" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:delhi", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-delhi", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Delhi [New Delhi] (source ID 7466). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. 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This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5569, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5569, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 183, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 33495554.00720462, "weather_covered_population": 33495554.00720462, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4601194430.035421, "native_weather_points": 19, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.7364147511552086, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 91657728.08343068 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 25.99612303126617, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 870754542.9717118 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 30.1915672250732, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1011283270.5495882 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 27.00414305494065, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 904518732.115044 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 19.84394165150584, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 664683819.3038311 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 13.064021079813735, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 437586623.63016057 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 14.535184326251375, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 486864051.604627 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.9959232126221473, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 133845661.77702773 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 33495554.00720462, "strict_value": 137.36731833262834, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4601194430.035421, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.7364147511552086, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 91657728.08343068, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 25.99612303126617, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 870754542.9717118, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 30.1915672250732, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1011283270.5495882, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 27.00414305494065, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 904518732.115044, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 19.84394165150584, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 664683819.3038311, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 13.064021079813735, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 437586623.63016057, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 14.535184326251375, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 486864051.604627, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.9959232126221473, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 133845661.77702773, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. 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Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7466.npz", "sha256": "0203d01a98ea951a2efb5dc21f87814b3f28cf65588b160dd13dbeb316fe585e" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. 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These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. 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Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "dubai", "name": "Dubai", "country": { "id": "country:ARE", "name": "United Arab Emirates", "iso_2": "AE", "iso_3": "ARE", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/dubai", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/dubai.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. 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"pm25", "value": 42.445560193019865, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:dubai", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-357", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-357.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "12bce80e04d0eb77ebc0e362030651e4a1037da2c87fff653dfb8f29ebc440ab", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-357.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 357", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 4912017.148067977, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:dubai", "city_slug": "dubai", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "357", "source_name": "Dubai", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "dubai", "estimated_area_id": 357, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 55.2708, "latitude": 25.2048, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "ARE", "source_country_iso3": "ARE", "source_country_name": "UnitedArabEmirates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:357", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=357; fid=8383", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8383, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f0b5541f3e7526b17a4c898f5cd5167327b33a9c69f156641ca1092fab8d4918", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "8ecd9e983056a813b29d32821267e52c32ae3cece8d51f8d55c3402b02103888", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 357, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "f0b5541f3e7526b17a4c898f5cd5167327b33a9c69f156641ca1092fab8d4918", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "5346fd1ec04de7d6de88f5aad104c82b52749d33bbdc774bb255fb5c4f3f8190" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dubai (357)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:dubai", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "dubai", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 214.11187481315605, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:dubai", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-357", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-357.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "020a23482867c993c744ff1130557ccbbb91e4f2168e0504b69145fbe880e0c5", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-357.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 357", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 4912017.148067977, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dubai (357)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:357", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dubai (357)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2177, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2170, "missing_cells": 7, "zero_cells": 204, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9967845659163987, "total_known_modelled_population": 4912017.148067977, "weather_covered_population": 4912017.148067977, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1051721200.6872065, "native_weather_points": 10, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Dubai (source ID 357). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.9867337475541587, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4846853.088563406 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 7.010865057016838, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 34437489.382857285 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 20.991455353020722, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 103110388.65694112 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 28.457775081888844, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 139785079.19809958 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 29.429726628213817, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 144559321.86073905 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 31, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 152272531.5901073 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 31, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 152272531.5901073 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 30, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 147360514.4420393 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 29.339240938577067, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 144114854.60158858 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.896078006884611, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 28961636.27616367 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 4912017.148067977, "strict_value": 214.11187481315605, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1051721200.6872065, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.9867337475541587, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4846853.088563406, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 7.010865057016838, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 34437489.382857285, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 20.991455353020722, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 103110388.65694112, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 28.457775081888844, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 139785079.19809958, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 29.429726628213817, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 144559321.86073905, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 31, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 152272531.5901073, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 31, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 152272531.5901073, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 30, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 147360514.4420393, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 29.339240938577067, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 144114854.60158858, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.896078006884611, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 28961636.27616367, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-dubai", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-357.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-dubai", "observation_sha256": "ee6a3ac65a073c6f78df62cccc1a625de057068823f4554d290ac7e2f8b25c1e", "evidence_review_sha256": "dc0db44d9242fb0093d27fb3b3ffbb43de63278b7b6a40a22d77ce3f8647c9cb", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:dubai", "geography_sha256": "77437d5889bee13089ac372012a9adbc3a430ae181f733dc914bcd15e18032ba", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-357", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "2478a5be273c4246c1ac75eff4ee73b34a6b63d1d915913b640f0ab271afb9d1", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-357", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-357.npz", "sha256": "020a23482867c993c744ff1130557ccbbb91e4f2168e0504b69145fbe880e0c5", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "dubai", "metric": "pm25", "value": 42.445560193019865, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:dubai", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-357", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-357.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "12bce80e04d0eb77ebc0e362030651e4a1037da2c87fff653dfb8f29ebc440ab", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-357.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 357", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 4912017.148067977, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dubai (357)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:357", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dubai (357)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9967845659163987, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2177, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2170, "population_grid_missing_cells": 7, "population_grid_zero_cells": 204, "total_known_modelled_population": 4912017.148067977, "pm_covered_population": 4912017.148067977, "weighted_concentration_sum": 208493319.5274651, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 42.42602743631158, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 39.72857799606897, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Dubai (source ID 357). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-dubai", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-357.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-3d85b260413da6e23110a24bc8fecf7c5e6ae5c4923f55896b78c8fd60227929", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-dubai", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-3d85b260413da6e23110a24bc8fecf7c5e6ae5c4923f55896b78c8fd60227929", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-dubai", "observation_sha256": "ee6a3ac65a073c6f78df62cccc1a625de057068823f4554d290ac7e2f8b25c1e", "evidence_review_sha256": "dc0db44d9242fb0093d27fb3b3ffbb43de63278b7b6a40a22d77ce3f8647c9cb", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:dubai", "geography_sha256": "77437d5889bee13089ac372012a9adbc3a430ae181f733dc914bcd15e18032ba", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-357", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "2478a5be273c4246c1ac75eff4ee73b34a6b63d1d915913b640f0ab271afb9d1", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-357", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-357.npz", "sha256": "020a23482867c993c744ff1130557ccbbb91e4f2168e0504b69145fbe880e0c5", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "dubai", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 214.11187481315605, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:dubai", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-357", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-357.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "020a23482867c993c744ff1130557ccbbb91e4f2168e0504b69145fbe880e0c5", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-357.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 357", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 4912017.148067977, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dubai (357)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:357", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dubai (357)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2177, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2170, "missing_cells": 7, "zero_cells": 204, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9967845659163987, "total_known_modelled_population": 4912017.148067977, "weather_covered_population": 4912017.148067977, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1051721200.6872065, "native_weather_points": 10, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Dubai (source ID 357). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.9867337475541587, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4846853.088563406 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 7.010865057016838, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 34437489.382857285 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 20.991455353020722, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 103110388.65694112 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 28.457775081888844, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 139785079.19809958 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 29.429726628213817, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 144559321.86073905 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 31, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 152272531.5901073 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 31, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 152272531.5901073 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 30, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 147360514.4420393 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 29.339240938577067, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 144114854.60158858 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.896078006884611, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 28961636.27616367 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 4912017.148067977, "strict_value": 214.11187481315605, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1051721200.6872065, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.9867337475541587, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4846853.088563406, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 7.010865057016838, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 34437489.382857285, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 20.991455353020722, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 103110388.65694112, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 28.457775081888844, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 139785079.19809958, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 29.429726628213817, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 144559321.86073905, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 31, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 152272531.5901073, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 31, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 152272531.5901073, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 30, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 147360514.4420393, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 29.339240938577067, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 144114854.60158858, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.896078006884611, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 28961636.27616367, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-dubai", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-357.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "dubai", "city_name": "Dubai", "destination_country_iso3": "ARE", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 55.2708, "latitude": 25.2048, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 357, "eFUA_name": "Dubai", "Cntry_ISO": "ARE", "Cntry_name": "UnitedArabEmirates", "UC_IDs": "5915;5917", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f0b5541f3e7526b17a4c898f5cd5167327b33a9c69f156641ca1092fab8d4918", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:dubai", "city_slug": "dubai", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "357", "source_name": "Dubai", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "dubai", "estimated_area_id": 357, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 55.2708, "latitude": 25.2048, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "ARE", "source_country_iso3": "ARE", "source_country_name": "UnitedArabEmirates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:357", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=357; fid=8383", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8383, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f0b5541f3e7526b17a4c898f5cd5167327b33a9c69f156641ca1092fab8d4918", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "8ecd9e983056a813b29d32821267e52c32ae3cece8d51f8d55c3402b02103888", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 357, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "f0b5541f3e7526b17a4c898f5cd5167327b33a9c69f156641ca1092fab8d4918", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "5346fd1ec04de7d6de88f5aad104c82b52749d33bbdc774bb255fb5c4f3f8190" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dubai (357)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:dubai", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "dubai", "city_name": "Dubai", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:357", "source_area_id": "357", "source_area_name": "Dubai", "value": 42.445560193019865, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9967845659163987, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2177, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2170, "population_grid_missing_cells": 7, "population_grid_zero_cells": 204, "total_known_modelled_population": 4912017.148067977, "pm_covered_population": 4912017.148067977, "weighted_concentration_sum": 208493319.5274651, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 4912017.148067977, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 42.42602743631158, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 39.72857799606897, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-357.npz", "sha256": "12bce80e04d0eb77ebc0e362030651e4a1037da2c87fff653dfb8f29ebc440ab" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:dubai", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-dubai", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Dubai (source ID 357). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. The current engine state separately applies age and all other checks." }, "scoring_boundaries": [ { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:dubai", "city_slug": "dubai", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "357", "source_name": "Dubai", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2177, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2170, "missing_cells": 7, "zero_cells": 204, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9967845659163987, "total_known_modelled_population": 4912017.148067977, "weather_covered_population": 4912017.148067977, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1051721200.6872065, "native_weather_points": 10, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.9867337475541587, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4846853.088563406 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 7.010865057016838, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 34437489.382857285 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 20.991455353020722, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 103110388.65694112 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 28.457775081888844, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 139785079.19809958 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 29.429726628213817, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 144559321.86073905 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 31, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 152272531.5901073 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 31, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 152272531.5901073 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 30, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 147360514.4420393 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 29.339240938577067, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 144114854.60158858 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.896078006884611, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 28961636.27616367 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 4912017.148067977, "strict_value": 214.11187481315605, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1051721200.6872065, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.9867337475541587, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4846853.088563406, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 7.010865057016838, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 34437489.382857285, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 20.991455353020722, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 103110388.65694112, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 28.457775081888844, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 139785079.19809958, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 29.429726628213817, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 144559321.86073905, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 31, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 152272531.5901073, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 31, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 152272531.5901073, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 30, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 147360514.4420393, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 29.339240938577067, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 144114854.60158858, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.896078006884611, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 28961636.27616367, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-357.npz", "sha256": "020a23482867c993c744ff1130557ccbbb91e4f2168e0504b69145fbe880e0c5" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "dublin", "name": "Dublin", "country": { "id": "country:IRL", "name": "Ireland", "iso_2": "IE", "iso_3": "IRL", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/dublin", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/dublin.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 1, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. 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The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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"higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "dublin", "metric": "pm25", "value": 7.6304374085174285, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:dublin", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-415", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-415.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "90bbaba6ea7846f7e7019445a0be955bb2543a2b92fc337d30966d87bd51ba1f", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-415.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 415", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 1721811.743779016, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:dublin", "city_slug": "dublin", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "415", "source_name": "Dublin", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "dublin", "estimated_area_id": 415, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "IE001F", "oecd_name": "Dublin", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2245, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 8714.565590547045, "intersection_km2": 2137.1792551247936, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9519729421491286, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.2452422020258884, "intersection_over_union": 0.24224503143145404, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -6.2603, "latitude": 53.3498, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "IRL", "source_country_iso3": "IRL", "source_country_name": "Ireland" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:415", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=415; fid=5714", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 5714, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "510f35baad3a8378effd0b043149bdb4d0d5588ef9ac78a84676c1b6295185f4", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "68afb352dea03e2991529d4cbbb310f4327948899f681a90196cf06f602c670c", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 415, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "510f35baad3a8378effd0b043149bdb4d0d5588ef9ac78a84676c1b6295185f4", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "817d8a66f76eaf6454ac72b93dbc51e96feca313ace74745ceff4defe6851513" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dublin (415)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:dublin", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "dublin", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:dublin", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-415", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-415.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "5cc2e61252b8ce2260b438eb741cd99d232e46682d3a9d2664f2e10757044bcd", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-415.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 415", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 1721811.7437790157, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dublin (415)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:415", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dublin (415)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2245, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2245, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 100, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1721811.7437790157, "weather_covered_population": 1721811.7437790157, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Dublin (source ID 415). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1721811.7437790157, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-dublin", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-415.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-dublin", "observation_sha256": "d9e1c875e96ce71ea3a6992dd90233ab2d8da68fb29c93b89b4c4f0a25e40cef", "evidence_review_sha256": "8321d3fd991e08fff84cfba9ae59197534c2824b86e7863e971f77ebd7e54a2e", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:dublin", "geography_sha256": "f8198870f78a28c93a0abc3cc7662dbe04e50879ed70ca962448f031da1a3a34", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-415", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "3c6aa47ab4c5c5f2ccab042b8e28c6f9cff7185dc347102c8b805295c080fa09", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-415", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-415.npz", "sha256": "5cc2e61252b8ce2260b438eb741cd99d232e46682d3a9d2664f2e10757044bcd", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:dublin", "city_slug": "dublin", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "415", "source_name": "Dublin", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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"geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-415", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "53d7fbb732e5fa3f15f950ad7bad77694fc8eabc9dde2d17e4b7a531a360fc29", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-415", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-415.npz", "sha256": "90bbaba6ea7846f7e7019445a0be955bb2543a2b92fc337d30966d87bd51ba1f", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "dublin", "metric": "pm25", "value": 7.6304374085174285, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:dublin", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-415", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-415.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "90bbaba6ea7846f7e7019445a0be955bb2543a2b92fc337d30966d87bd51ba1f", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-415.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 415", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 1721811.743779016, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dublin (415)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:415", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dublin (415)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2245, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2245, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 100, "total_known_modelled_population": 1721811.743779016, "pm_covered_population": 1721811.743779016, "weighted_concentration_sum": 13138176.740156028, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 7.634034645446627, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 7.558294053630696, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Dublin (source ID 415). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-dublin", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-415.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-8c146a86c8f46bc24578c2b063838ab5d29a296e08a572290de9b7807d7535a2", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-dublin", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-8c146a86c8f46bc24578c2b063838ab5d29a296e08a572290de9b7807d7535a2", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-dublin", "observation_sha256": "d9e1c875e96ce71ea3a6992dd90233ab2d8da68fb29c93b89b4c4f0a25e40cef", "evidence_review_sha256": "8321d3fd991e08fff84cfba9ae59197534c2824b86e7863e971f77ebd7e54a2e", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:dublin", "geography_sha256": "f8198870f78a28c93a0abc3cc7662dbe04e50879ed70ca962448f031da1a3a34", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-415", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "3c6aa47ab4c5c5f2ccab042b8e28c6f9cff7185dc347102c8b805295c080fa09", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-415", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-415.npz", "sha256": "5cc2e61252b8ce2260b438eb741cd99d232e46682d3a9d2664f2e10757044bcd", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "dublin", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:dublin", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-415", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-415.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "5cc2e61252b8ce2260b438eb741cd99d232e46682d3a9d2664f2e10757044bcd", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-415.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 415", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 1721811.7437790157, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dublin (415)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:415", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dublin (415)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2245, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2245, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 100, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1721811.7437790157, "weather_covered_population": 1721811.7437790157, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Dublin (source ID 415). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1721811.7437790157, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-dublin", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-415.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "dublin", "source_city_name": "Dublin", "source_country_name": "Ireland", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:dublin:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "dublin", "source_city_name": "Dublin", "source_country_name": "Ireland", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "Dublin", "country": "Ireland" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 7.49166441, "value_as_published": "7.491664410", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "516,255", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2011 for city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 317, "csv_line_end": 318, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "Dublin", "Country": "Ireland", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "7.491664410", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2011 for city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "516,255" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "dublin", "city_name": "Dublin", "destination_country_iso3": "IRL", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -6.2603, "latitude": 53.3498, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "IE001F", "country_iso3": "IRL", "source_name": "Dublin", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 56, "member_ids": [ "IRL0710332408024BB8A1F113614EB67B7C", "IRL199EC147F6F04B608A67FAE3BD8625F8", "IRL220A3C1C561147299F8637B2FB10BD19", "IRL2AE196293EF413A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293EF413A3E055000005200001", "IRL2AE196293EF413A3E055777770000001", "IRL2AE196293EF413A3E055997440000001", "IRL2AE196293EF413A3E055997550000001", "IRL2AE196293EF413A3E055999220000001", "IRL2AE196293EF413A3E055999880000001", "IRL2AE196293EF513A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293EF613A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293EF713A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293EFC13A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F0113A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F1313A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F1813A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F1C13A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F1D13A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F3813A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F3913A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F3D13A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F3E13A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F5313A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F5613A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F5813A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F5913A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F5A13A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F5B13A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F5C13A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F5D13A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F5E13A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F6F13A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F7113A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F7213A3E055000000000001", "IRL2AE196293F7313A3E055000000000001", "IRL31E7C7C2C64B416E8DCCC3D78C9BC358", "IRL347867A133D74A6D9E5A15B239C1BD86", "IRL3A625B75D7A9467EBE5518381818D65B", "IRL40AECE0EA19D4E78AF9DE129F5557496", "IRL72E71ECBC6E347EEA0DECCBB51D918C5", "IRL8FD7B64E066F4E6A85645F59913EED0F", "IRL91BB1ACE92164F70AC9AA3E18397A8D6", "IRL95E9859940D44E66941C9800A149EA92", "IRL9821F9F9AACC4B0894ACE3B1BA87DB1E", "IRLA4A6A231170F4FF3BE096D68F119C5B3", "IRLAFA89310C49044C8AEB278856BE08E9B", "IRLBB88684E1DB04EB48AC0170ECC746E9D", "IRLC665104C39894DF1AAA7CD0488590025", "IRLD65EF6E775E649D9BDA9D4690E8F68DC", "IRLDFB0E9CCE4564386A73FB61CFB7A3B08", "IRLE19BEF46260C495D89F03898E2708721", "IRLE5D7E4FC30934C478C53004E059643F7", "IRLE7C5C26072C3403BB8A81EDA714B0FEC", "IRLE97B193E23894B628E7725ED84BBBC15", "IRLF499B78C07D64E53A140B5463468F2C0" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Local Electoral Areas" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Local Electoral Areas": 56 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "37394940ce457b89d4ec2b2cb508f74a7f9eb11aa5264bd1cc350c191235eac5", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 415, "eFUA_name": "Dublin", "Cntry_ISO": "IRL", "Cntry_name": "Ireland", "UC_IDs": "1656;1659;1663", "UC_num": 3, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "510f35baad3a8378effd0b043149bdb4d0d5588ef9ac78a84676c1b6295185f4", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "IE001F", "URAU_NAME": "Dublin", "CNTR_CODE": "IE" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:dublin", "city_slug": "dublin", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "415", "source_name": "Dublin", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "dublin", "estimated_area_id": 415, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "IE001F", "oecd_name": "Dublin", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2245, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 8714.565590547045, "intersection_km2": 2137.1792551247936, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9519729421491286, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.2452422020258884, "intersection_over_union": 0.24224503143145404, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -6.2603, "latitude": 53.3498, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "IRL", "source_country_iso3": "IRL", "source_country_name": "Ireland" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:415", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=415; fid=5714", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 5714, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "510f35baad3a8378effd0b043149bdb4d0d5588ef9ac78a84676c1b6295185f4", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "68afb352dea03e2991529d4cbbb310f4327948899f681a90196cf06f602c670c", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 415, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "510f35baad3a8378effd0b043149bdb4d0d5588ef9ac78a84676c1b6295185f4", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "817d8a66f76eaf6454ac72b93dbc51e96feca313ace74745ceff4defe6851513" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Dublin (415)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:dublin", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:dublin", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "dublin", "city_name": "Dublin", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:415", "source_area_id": "415", "source_area_name": "Dublin", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:dublin", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-dublin", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Dublin (source ID 415). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2245, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2245, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 100, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1721811.7437790157, "weather_covered_population": 1721811.7437790157, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1721811.7437790157, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-415.npz", "sha256": "5cc2e61252b8ce2260b438eb741cd99d232e46682d3a9d2664f2e10757044bcd" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "edinburgh", "name": "Edinburgh", "country": { "id": "country:GBR", "name": "United Kingdom", "iso_2": "GB", "iso_3": "GBR", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/edinburgh", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/edinburgh.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "edinburgh", "id": "2186", "name": "Edinburgh", "constituentNames": [ "Edinburgh" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "United Kingdom", "UN_WPP": "United Kingdom" }, "population2025": 530165.3007, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 130, "densityPerKm2": 4078.194620769231, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 55.9439746, "longitude": -3.2009035, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 55.9533, "longitude": -3.1883, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M166.76,55.9L180.29,55.9L193.81,82.95L220.86,82.95L220.86,96.48L288.48,96.48L302.0,123.52L261.43,123.52L261.43,137.05L247.9,137.05L247.9,123.52L207.33,123.52L180.29,177.62L153.24,177.62L153.24,164.1L126.19,164.1L126.19,177.62L99.14,177.62L99.14,164.1L72.1,164.1L72.1,177.62L58.57,177.62L58.57,164.1L31.52,164.1L31.52,137.05L18.0,137.05L18.0,55.9L85.62,55.9L85.62,42.38L112.67,42.38L112.67,55.9L126.19,55.9L126.19,42.38L166.76,42.38L166.76,55.9Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 136.84, "y": 97.84 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 124.5, "y": 110.39 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.06666666666666667, "accepted_metrics": 2, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0, "infrastructure": 0, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after 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observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "edinburgh", "metric": "pm25", "value": 7.919955077175897, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:edinburgh", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2305", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2305.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f20969bfc280462db821ef7a9b17d686c3352e6a7ac531d5e6a3c274026ac78e", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2305.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2305", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 713622.6716791101, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and 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The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 1448, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1448, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 337, "total_known_modelled_population": 713622.6716791101, "pm_covered_population": 713622.6716791101, "weighted_concentration_sum": 5651859.501752797, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 7.922253703123669, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 7.872561609903901, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Edinburgh (source ID 2305). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:edinburgh", "city_slug": "edinburgh", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2305", "source_name": "Edinburgh", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Edinburgh (2305)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:edinburgh", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "edinburgh", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:edinburgh", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2305", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2305.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "a44266e79c016e6399c00db93065da515fa4d709030770c2dc0238f1a9a615fb", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2305.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2305", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 713622.6716791101, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Edinburgh (2305)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2305", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Edinburgh (2305)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1448, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1448, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 337, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 713622.6716791101, "weather_covered_population": 713622.6716791101, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 7, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Edinburgh (source ID 2305). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 713622.6716791101, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-edinburgh", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2305.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-edinburgh", "observation_sha256": "cc0cd986a80f62fd51991f32c6886548ccea9b5a0f400ca5f5f98a68778d8583", "evidence_review_sha256": "677b7eed0b4de2b233b1e808ef8791fd750a4eb7920365b9839efdc215bc16d1", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:edinburgh", "geography_sha256": "2205e22a2d40042b831db090dd57e657fbd3a834cb330ad58f238a8df5fcc6a3", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2305", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "be764a61672e40ecc4246e7f68883ecaa1068c560f7113702bd4fde6f4f12283", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-2305", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2305.npz", "sha256": "a44266e79c016e6399c00db93065da515fa4d709030770c2dc0238f1a9a615fb", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:edinburgh", "city_slug": "edinburgh", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2305", "source_name": "Edinburgh", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "edinburgh", "estimated_area_id": 2305, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "UK007F", "oecd_name": "Edinburgh", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 1448, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 1723.164097153361, "intersection_km2": 955.7654193478612, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.660058991262335, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.5546572267416494, "intersection_over_union": 0.43141915219278304, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -3.1883, "latitude": 55.9533, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "GBR", "source_country_iso3": "GBR", "source_country_name": "UnitedKingdom" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2305", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=2305; fid=8403", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8403, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "5a4b17ec5678750df1258acd4478a09231dd6e0f0b3fbc2f6e49e509a2c56dd4", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "f07aea0b0365e7eacc882fb4e9208ab529e7ad4575f6120bf9bea50861015f91", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 2305, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "5a4b17ec5678750df1258acd4478a09231dd6e0f0b3fbc2f6e49e509a2c56dd4", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "6efe2aa7936f77c5b30e0330f5c8576663c5c9f7837940d3c40d555fda3bb22b" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Edinburgh (2305)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:edinburgh", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:edinburgh", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Edinburgh (2305)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:edinburgh", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:edinburgh", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "edinburgh", "name": "Edinburgh", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-37188b8f51a895ae949b616fa47a2119068670fa5605130cdd2615d4201cfb1c", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-edinburgh", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-37188b8f51a895ae949b616fa47a2119068670fa5605130cdd2615d4201cfb1c", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-edinburgh", "observation_sha256": "d91576e87adb8e3ce9852a079a1c6a0c76e705da5c128f68701bb4bbbe0a22ae", "evidence_review_sha256": "70032c4459a1118d3d477cdb5891f2f1eb9db79c904d82245aa75cd90ccfa773", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:edinburgh", "geography_sha256": "fc8c446d1901d74d6f94fe48fe755be946453a9938676073438df6df7c580481", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2305", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "7cb20517608533117c31c44c31ef8cbc4d8a6124470e7bec0028058b2005c9ef", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-2305", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2305.npz", "sha256": "f20969bfc280462db821ef7a9b17d686c3352e6a7ac531d5e6a3c274026ac78e", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "edinburgh", "metric": "pm25", "value": 7.919955077175897, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:edinburgh", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2305", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2305.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f20969bfc280462db821ef7a9b17d686c3352e6a7ac531d5e6a3c274026ac78e", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2305.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2305", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 713622.6716791101, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Edinburgh (2305)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2305", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Edinburgh (2305)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 1448, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1448, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 337, "total_known_modelled_population": 713622.6716791101, "pm_covered_population": 713622.6716791101, "weighted_concentration_sum": 5651859.501752797, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 7.922253703123669, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 7.872561609903901, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Edinburgh (source ID 2305). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-edinburgh", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2305.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-d79f4c7c448ade2112c059d7b024617d9e65d39042d5f71e73723c575bce4eb9", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-edinburgh", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-d79f4c7c448ade2112c059d7b024617d9e65d39042d5f71e73723c575bce4eb9", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-edinburgh", "observation_sha256": "cc0cd986a80f62fd51991f32c6886548ccea9b5a0f400ca5f5f98a68778d8583", "evidence_review_sha256": "677b7eed0b4de2b233b1e808ef8791fd750a4eb7920365b9839efdc215bc16d1", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:edinburgh", "geography_sha256": "2205e22a2d40042b831db090dd57e657fbd3a834cb330ad58f238a8df5fcc6a3", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2305", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "be764a61672e40ecc4246e7f68883ecaa1068c560f7113702bd4fde6f4f12283", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-2305", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2305.npz", "sha256": "a44266e79c016e6399c00db93065da515fa4d709030770c2dc0238f1a9a615fb", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "edinburgh", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:edinburgh", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2305", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2305.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "a44266e79c016e6399c00db93065da515fa4d709030770c2dc0238f1a9a615fb", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2305.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2305", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 713622.6716791101, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Edinburgh (2305)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2305", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Edinburgh (2305)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1448, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1448, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 337, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 713622.6716791101, "weather_covered_population": 713622.6716791101, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 7, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Edinburgh (source ID 2305). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 713622.6716791101, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-edinburgh", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2305.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "edinburgh", "city_name": "Edinburgh", "destination_country_iso3": "GBR", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -3.1883, "latitude": 55.9533, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "UK007F", "country_iso3": "GBR", "source_name": "Edinburgh", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 4, "member_ids": [ "GBRS12000010", "GBRS12000019", "GBRS12000036", "GBRS12000040" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Local Authorities" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Local Authorities": 4 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "2337c0ac5efb08fbc9b160d50d2eb0e70ebbbfd38cdbb29b376c127e9f648cce", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 2305, "eFUA_name": "Edinburgh", "Cntry_ISO": "GBR", "Cntry_name": "UnitedKingdom", "UC_IDs": "1749", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "5a4b17ec5678750df1258acd4478a09231dd6e0f0b3fbc2f6e49e509a2c56dd4", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:edinburgh", "city_slug": "edinburgh", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2305", "source_name": "Edinburgh", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "edinburgh", "city_name": "Edinburgh", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2305", "source_area_id": "2305", "source_area_name": "Edinburgh", "value": 7.919955077175897, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 1448, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1448, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 337, "total_known_modelled_population": 713622.6716791101, "pm_covered_population": 713622.6716791101, "weighted_concentration_sum": 5651859.501752797, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 713622.6716791101, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 7.922253703123669, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 7.872561609903901, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2305.npz", "sha256": "f20969bfc280462db821ef7a9b17d686c3352e6a7ac531d5e6a3c274026ac78e" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:edinburgh", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-edinburgh", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Edinburgh (source ID 2305). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. The current engine state separately applies age and all other checks." }, "scoring_boundaries": [ { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:edinburgh", "city_slug": "edinburgh", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2305", "source_name": "Edinburgh", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1448, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1448, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 337, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 713622.6716791101, "weather_covered_population": 713622.6716791101, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 7, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 713622.6716791101, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2305.npz", "sha256": "a44266e79c016e6399c00db93065da515fa4d709030770c2dc0238f1a9a615fb" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "helsinki", "name": "Helsinki", "country": { "id": "country:FIN", "name": "Finland", "iso_2": "FI", "iso_3": "FIN", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/helsinki", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/helsinki.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 1, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. 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The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "helsinki", "metric": "pm25", "value": 6.888214780326909, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:helsinki", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-687", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-687.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "a273d4e01ed1a501e800e02f25cdb27596e0fc5f564cf4d96d25c3d8f18bbe13", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-687.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 687", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 1439175.176609227, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:helsinki", "city_slug": "helsinki", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "687", "source_name": "Helsinki", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "helsinki", "estimated_area_id": 687, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "FI001F", "oecd_name": "Helsinki/Helsingfors", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 3066, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 4724.020199736632, "intersection_km2": 2776.1183949564575, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9054528359283945, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.5876601448722062, "intersection_over_union": 0.5536842369568846, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 24.9384, "latitude": 60.1699, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "FIN", "source_country_iso3": "FIN", "source_country_name": "Finland" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:687", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=687; fid=3133", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 3133, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "bcee9637caca13c7e5c1236a7abe8cceaa9ebf37ed6c891826f1ab58bb1f6ef5", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "dd70d461eaddc09b16952b08e0d60664ef1d543ba07c4fac3853454274b3f8d1", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 687, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "027f7eea6e1a4e3360b2f33e64b0c1f75f33c494d9c977a95e1dac0041e6bd06", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "7970944cf941d1370beba5a9831911278b3dccae9fd1c1418acb76a6672e8b69" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Helsinki (687)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:helsinki", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "helsinki", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:helsinki", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-687", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-687.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "a4d65ba13b833818c93080e13fb5931c52a6db13958248a68ca91d942621cf9d", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-687.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 687", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 1439175.176609227, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Helsinki (687)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:687", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Helsinki (687)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3066, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3066, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 229, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1439175.176609227, "weather_covered_population": 1439175.176609227, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 18, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Helsinki (source ID 687). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1439175.176609227, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-helsinki", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-687.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-helsinki", "observation_sha256": "8b8531853448e6537f2fa3d1cbdb6dd3fe48ec1c330c2f183c7305e970642fb1", "evidence_review_sha256": "37b59e950a64cd87e36a29d6ab80e13118abee89de1dd08bb393799540315297", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:helsinki", "geography_sha256": "01a98767422578b1a73bd047d91c6c04d82b80e256e2d62f914c8d5ba44f2461", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-687", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "a761d0737aa74dfd6e1c79fce45efeb66967261b4257a99a0dcc23b72bf223bb", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-687", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-687.npz", "sha256": "a4d65ba13b833818c93080e13fb5931c52a6db13958248a68ca91d942621cf9d", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:helsinki", "city_slug": "helsinki", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "687", "source_name": "Helsinki", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "helsinki", "metric": "pm25", "value": 6.888214780326909, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:helsinki", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-687", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-687.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "a273d4e01ed1a501e800e02f25cdb27596e0fc5f564cf4d96d25c3d8f18bbe13", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-687.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 687", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 1439175.176609227, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Helsinki (687)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:687", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Helsinki (687)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 3066, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3066, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 229, "total_known_modelled_population": 1439175.176609227, "pm_covered_population": 1439175.176609227, "weighted_concentration_sum": 9913347.722999267, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 6.876789790719536, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 6.609792636559865, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Helsinki (source ID 687). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-helsinki", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-687.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-7962457d608e56c56e55f9eb9c742ec12b1a3e500f6675f65a080fa792c7f42c", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-helsinki", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-7962457d608e56c56e55f9eb9c742ec12b1a3e500f6675f65a080fa792c7f42c", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-helsinki", "observation_sha256": "8b8531853448e6537f2fa3d1cbdb6dd3fe48ec1c330c2f183c7305e970642fb1", "evidence_review_sha256": "37b59e950a64cd87e36a29d6ab80e13118abee89de1dd08bb393799540315297", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:helsinki", "geography_sha256": "01a98767422578b1a73bd047d91c6c04d82b80e256e2d62f914c8d5ba44f2461", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-687", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "a761d0737aa74dfd6e1c79fce45efeb66967261b4257a99a0dcc23b72bf223bb", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-687", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-687.npz", "sha256": "a4d65ba13b833818c93080e13fb5931c52a6db13958248a68ca91d942621cf9d", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "helsinki", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:helsinki", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-687", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-687.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "a4d65ba13b833818c93080e13fb5931c52a6db13958248a68ca91d942621cf9d", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-687.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 687", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 1439175.176609227, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Helsinki (687)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:687", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Helsinki (687)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3066, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3066, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 229, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1439175.176609227, "weather_covered_population": 1439175.176609227, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 18, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Helsinki (source ID 687). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1439175.176609227, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-helsinki", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-687.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "helsinki", "source_city_name": "Helsinki / Helsingfors", "source_country_name": "Finland", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:helsinki:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "helsinki", "source_city_name": "Helsinki / Helsingfors", "source_country_name": "Finland", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "Helsinki / Helsingfors", "country": "Finland" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 5.387835503, "value_as_published": "5.387835503", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "653,835", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2020 for city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 81, "csv_line_end": 82, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "Helsinki / Helsingfors", "Country": "Finland", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "5.387835503", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2020 for city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "653,835" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "helsinki", "city_name": "Helsinki", "destination_country_iso3": "FIN", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 24.9384, "latitude": 60.1699, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "FI001F", "country_iso3": "FIN", "source_name": "Helsinki/Helsingfors", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 16, "member_ids": [ "FIN049", "FIN091", "FIN092", "FIN149", "FIN186", "FIN235", "FIN245", "FIN257", "FIN505", "FIN543", "FIN611", "FIN638", "FIN753", "FIN755", "FIN858", "FIN927" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Kunnat/Kommuner)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Kunnat/Kommuner)": 16 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "9f8d2ff301df1ae0ece227e90ee54d100dfd88a081d25611b56348939d87ea14", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 687, "eFUA_name": "Helsinki", "Cntry_ISO": "FIN", "Cntry_name": "Finland", "UC_IDs": "3244", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "bcee9637caca13c7e5c1236a7abe8cceaa9ebf37ed6c891826f1ab58bb1f6ef5", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "FI001F", "URAU_NAME": "Helsinki", "CNTR_CODE": "FI" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "helsinki", "estimated_area_id": 687, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "FI001F", "oecd_name": "Helsinki/Helsingfors", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 3066, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 4724.020199736632, "intersection_km2": 2776.1183949564575, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9054528359283945, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.5876601448722062, "intersection_over_union": 0.5536842369568846, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 24.9384, "latitude": 60.1699, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "FIN", "source_country_iso3": "FIN", "source_country_name": "Finland" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:687", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=687; fid=3133", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 3133, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "bcee9637caca13c7e5c1236a7abe8cceaa9ebf37ed6c891826f1ab58bb1f6ef5", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "dd70d461eaddc09b16952b08e0d60664ef1d543ba07c4fac3853454274b3f8d1", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 687, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "027f7eea6e1a4e3360b2f33e64b0c1f75f33c494d9c977a95e1dac0041e6bd06", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "7970944cf941d1370beba5a9831911278b3dccae9fd1c1418acb76a6672e8b69" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Helsinki (687)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:helsinki", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:helsinki", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "helsinki", "city_name": "Helsinki", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:687", "source_area_id": "687", "source_area_name": "Helsinki", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:helsinki", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-helsinki", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Helsinki (source ID 687). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3066, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3066, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 229, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1439175.176609227, "weather_covered_population": 1439175.176609227, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 18, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1439175.176609227, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-687.npz", "sha256": "a4d65ba13b833818c93080e13fb5931c52a6db13958248a68ca91d942621cf9d" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "ho-chi-minh-city", "name": "Ho Chi Minh City", "country": { "id": "country:VNM", "name": "Vietnam", "iso_2": "VN", "iso_3": "VNM", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/ho-chi-minh-city", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/ho-chi-minh-city.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:ho-chi-minh-city", "city_slug": "ho-chi-minh-city", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "5038", "source_name": "Ho Chi Minh City", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "ho-chi-minh-city", "estimated_area_id": 5038, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 106.6297, "latitude": 10.8231, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "VNM", "source_country_iso3": "VNM", "source_country_name": "Vietnam" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5038", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=5038; fid=8913", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8913, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "48e1fbffcba3d1107cc05d64541fd7e1030d9acdc4177818e21ef053ffe53410", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "d30733cb288c68d3ff0519260a8091181bc2340f54b6bc8357084e27e1c103c7", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 5038, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "3cd73e038546de86ef9f5d3502cfad8637377d9b0b0990e3f83cdb166e6f4c78", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "4400ae8b8960e64fa67872b00840d6641652ba0f767e62eaa690cd2f4776f9b3" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Ho Chi Minh City (5038)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:ho-chi-minh-city", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "ho-chi-minh-city", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 190.06077897932266, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:ho-chi-minh-city", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5038", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5038.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "098cc9b3d6ee26bdbcdec6c09b9b88173fbab5f641ac4f310bb251bc872b9df7", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5038.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 5038", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 14247592.631594706, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Ho Chi Minh City (5038)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5038", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Ho Chi Minh City (5038)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3036, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3036, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 20, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 14247592.631594706, "weather_covered_population": 14247592.631594706, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2707908554.140948, "native_weather_points": 11, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Ho Chi Minh City (source ID 5038). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 9.301316630431813, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 132521370.2878696 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 22.678119753277077, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 323108611.8952128 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 28.996002875938846, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 413123236.9209252 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 28.913848520747923, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 411952735.1352536 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 26.03484872667795, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 370933918.8828996 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 10.81394950108176, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 154072747.23004973 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.9903753752406215, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 56853242.79357524 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.455571170108248, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 148966718.76234832 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 7.312626454057407, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 104187322.78443283 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 21.77137983991217, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 310189750.9867822 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 8.392900689814839, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 119578630.02591203 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 11.39983944203403, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 162420268.43568677 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 14247592.631594706, "strict_value": 190.06077897932266, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2707908554.140948, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 9.301316630431813, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 132521370.2878696, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 22.678119753277077, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 323108611.8952128, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 28.996002875938846, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 413123236.9209252, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 28.913848520747923, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 411952735.1352536, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 26.03484872667795, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 370933918.8828996, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 10.81394950108176, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 154072747.23004973, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.9903753752406215, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 56853242.79357524, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.455571170108248, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 148966718.76234832, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 7.312626454057407, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 104187322.78443283, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 21.77137983991217, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 310189750.9867822, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 8.392900689814839, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 119578630.02591203, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 11.39983944203403, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 162420268.43568677, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-ho-chi-minh-city", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5038.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-ho-chi-minh-city", "observation_sha256": "f6674cccf9ae503880cf6789b6bcfaac003bfacea1a3904d2fb1bb1e763c545e", "evidence_review_sha256": "816e09d0556d561a150162aa10c671f49f5076f343be4a504ac63555520fac6f", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:ho-chi-minh-city", "geography_sha256": "d84dfd8c413c82c049e59b9317f4f39f76ee734ca0a9a8f3fee754086673f951", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5038", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "7e66b8121596a0427df72ce9becc482981fc41532e4ffcda60cda23a3e877974", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-5038", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5038.npz", "sha256": "098cc9b3d6ee26bdbcdec6c09b9b88173fbab5f641ac4f310bb251bc872b9df7", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "ho-chi-minh-city", "metric": "pm25", "value": 30.141808302504714, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:ho-chi-minh-city", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5038", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5038.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "cc23dd5089a4f04f51fd9c84e96929a183aa76b387a46cbfa1015997ab1a488b", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5038.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 5038", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 14247592.631594708, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Ho Chi Minh City (5038)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5038", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Ho Chi Minh City (5038)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 3036, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3036, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 20, "total_known_modelled_population": 14247592.631594708, "pm_covered_population": 14247592.631594708, "weighted_concentration_sum": 429448205.87370634, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 30.13822941936339, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 29.327814030157946, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Ho Chi Minh City (source ID 5038). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-ho-chi-minh-city", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5038.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-4ebd6877281d492a79384a2f492c32083a090db2570221f57dd978d0b0f48533", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-ho-chi-minh-city", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-4ebd6877281d492a79384a2f492c32083a090db2570221f57dd978d0b0f48533", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-ho-chi-minh-city", "observation_sha256": "f6674cccf9ae503880cf6789b6bcfaac003bfacea1a3904d2fb1bb1e763c545e", "evidence_review_sha256": "816e09d0556d561a150162aa10c671f49f5076f343be4a504ac63555520fac6f", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:ho-chi-minh-city", "geography_sha256": "d84dfd8c413c82c049e59b9317f4f39f76ee734ca0a9a8f3fee754086673f951", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5038", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "7e66b8121596a0427df72ce9becc482981fc41532e4ffcda60cda23a3e877974", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-5038", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5038.npz", "sha256": "098cc9b3d6ee26bdbcdec6c09b9b88173fbab5f641ac4f310bb251bc872b9df7", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "ho-chi-minh-city", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 190.06077897932266, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:ho-chi-minh-city", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5038", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5038.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "098cc9b3d6ee26bdbcdec6c09b9b88173fbab5f641ac4f310bb251bc872b9df7", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5038.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 5038", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 14247592.631594706, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Ho Chi Minh City (5038)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5038", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Ho Chi Minh City (5038)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3036, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3036, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 20, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 14247592.631594706, "weather_covered_population": 14247592.631594706, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2707908554.140948, "native_weather_points": 11, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Ho Chi Minh City (source ID 5038). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 9.301316630431813, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 132521370.2878696 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 22.678119753277077, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 323108611.8952128 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 28.996002875938846, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 413123236.9209252 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 28.913848520747923, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 411952735.1352536 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 26.03484872667795, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 370933918.8828996 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 10.81394950108176, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 154072747.23004973 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.9903753752406215, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 56853242.79357524 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.455571170108248, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 148966718.76234832 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 7.312626454057407, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 104187322.78443283 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 21.77137983991217, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 310189750.9867822 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 8.392900689814839, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 119578630.02591203 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 11.39983944203403, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 162420268.43568677 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 14247592.631594706, "strict_value": 190.06077897932266, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2707908554.140948, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 9.301316630431813, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 132521370.2878696, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 22.678119753277077, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 323108611.8952128, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 28.996002875938846, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 413123236.9209252, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 28.913848520747923, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 411952735.1352536, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 26.03484872667795, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 370933918.8828996, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 10.81394950108176, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 154072747.23004973, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.9903753752406215, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 56853242.79357524, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.455571170108248, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 148966718.76234832, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 7.312626454057407, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 104187322.78443283, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 21.77137983991217, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 310189750.9867822, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 8.392900689814839, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 119578630.02591203, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 11.39983944203403, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 162420268.43568677, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-ho-chi-minh-city", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5038.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "ho-chi-minh-city", "city_name": "Ho Chi Minh City", "destination_country_iso3": "VNM", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 106.6297, "latitude": 10.8231, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 5038, "eFUA_name": "Ho Chi Minh City", "Cntry_ISO": "VNM", "Cntry_name": "Vietnam", "UC_IDs": "11778;11781;11784;11787;11800;11802;11830", "UC_num": 7, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "48e1fbffcba3d1107cc05d64541fd7e1030d9acdc4177818e21ef053ffe53410", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:ho-chi-minh-city", "city_slug": "ho-chi-minh-city", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "5038", "source_name": "Ho Chi Minh City", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "ho-chi-minh-city", "estimated_area_id": 5038, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 106.6297, "latitude": 10.8231, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "VNM", "source_country_iso3": "VNM", "source_country_name": "Vietnam" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5038", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=5038; fid=8913", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8913, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "48e1fbffcba3d1107cc05d64541fd7e1030d9acdc4177818e21ef053ffe53410", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "d30733cb288c68d3ff0519260a8091181bc2340f54b6bc8357084e27e1c103c7", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 5038, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "3cd73e038546de86ef9f5d3502cfad8637377d9b0b0990e3f83cdb166e6f4c78", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "4400ae8b8960e64fa67872b00840d6641652ba0f767e62eaa690cd2f4776f9b3" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Ho Chi Minh City (5038)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:ho-chi-minh-city", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "ho-chi-minh-city", "city_name": "Ho Chi Minh City", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5038", "source_area_id": "5038", "source_area_name": "Ho Chi Minh City", "value": 30.141808302504714, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 3036, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3036, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 20, "total_known_modelled_population": 14247592.631594708, "pm_covered_population": 14247592.631594708, "weighted_concentration_sum": 429448205.87370634, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 14247592.631594708, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 30.13822941936339, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 29.327814030157946, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5038.npz", "sha256": "cc23dd5089a4f04f51fd9c84e96929a183aa76b387a46cbfa1015997ab1a488b" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:ho-chi-minh-city", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-ho-chi-minh-city", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Ho Chi Minh City (source ID 5038). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. The current engine state separately applies age and all other checks." }, "scoring_boundaries": [ { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:ho-chi-minh-city", "city_slug": "ho-chi-minh-city", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "5038", "source_name": "Ho Chi Minh City", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3036, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3036, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 20, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 14247592.631594706, "weather_covered_population": 14247592.631594706, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2707908554.140948, "native_weather_points": 11, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 9.301316630431813, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 132521370.2878696 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 22.678119753277077, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 323108611.8952128 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 28.996002875938846, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 413123236.9209252 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 28.913848520747923, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 411952735.1352536 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 26.03484872667795, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 370933918.8828996 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 10.81394950108176, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 154072747.23004973 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.9903753752406215, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 56853242.79357524 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.455571170108248, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 148966718.76234832 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 7.312626454057407, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 104187322.78443283 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 21.77137983991217, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 310189750.9867822 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 8.392900689814839, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 119578630.02591203 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 11.39983944203403, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 162420268.43568677 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 14247592.631594706, "strict_value": 190.06077897932266, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2707908554.140948, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 9.301316630431813, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 132521370.2878696, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 22.678119753277077, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 323108611.8952128, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 28.996002875938846, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 413123236.9209252, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 28.913848520747923, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 411952735.1352536, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 26.03484872667795, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 370933918.8828996, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 10.81394950108176, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 154072747.23004973, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.9903753752406215, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 56853242.79357524, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.455571170108248, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 148966718.76234832, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 7.312626454057407, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 104187322.78443283, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 21.77137983991217, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 310189750.9867822, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 8.392900689814839, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 119578630.02591203, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 11.39983944203403, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 162420268.43568677, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5038.npz", "sha256": "098cc9b3d6ee26bdbcdec6c09b9b88173fbab5f641ac4f310bb251bc872b9df7" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. 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These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "hong-kong", "name": "Hong Kong", "country": { "id": "country:CHN", "name": "China", "iso_2": "CN", "iso_3": "CHN", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/hong-kong", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/hong-kong.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "hong-kong", "id": "11185", "name": "Hong Kong", "constituentNames": [ "Hong Kong", "Kowloon" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "China", "UN_WPP": "China" }, "population2025": 4807599.362, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 220, "densityPerKm2": 21852.724372727273, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 22.3174399, "longitude": 114.1830698, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 22.3193, "longitude": 114.1694, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M91.0,27.2L118.6,27.2L118.6,36.4L137.0,45.6L137.0,64.0L146.2,64.0L146.2,73.2L164.6,73.2L164.6,64.0L192.2,64.0L201.4,82.4L238.2,82.4L238.2,73.2L256.6,73.2L256.6,91.6L265.8,91.6L265.8,119.2L275.0,119.2L275.0,137.6L284.2,137.6L284.2,146.8L265.8,146.8L265.8,137.6L256.6,137.6L256.6,146.8L275.0,156.0L275.0,174.4L247.4,174.4L247.4,165.2L229.0,165.2L229.0,174.4L210.6,183.6L210.6,202.0L183.0,202.0L183.0,192.8L173.8,192.8L173.8,183.6L164.6,183.6L164.6,174.4L155.4,174.4L155.4,165.2L146.2,165.2L146.2,156.0L127.8,146.8L127.8,137.6L146.2,137.6L146.2,128.4L155.4,128.4L155.4,110.0L118.6,110.0L118.6,100.8L91.0,100.8L91.0,82.4L81.8,82.4L81.8,73.2L63.4,82.4L54.2,64.0L35.8,64.0L35.8,45.6L72.6,45.6L72.6,36.4L81.8,36.4L81.8,18.0L91.0,18.0L91.0,27.2ZM72.6,54.8L63.4,54.8L63.4,64.0L72.6,64.0L72.6,54.8ZM210.6,119.2L201.4,119.2L201.4,128.4L210.6,128.4L210.6,119.2Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 169.95, "y": 102.61 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 182.79, "y": 104.67 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "hong-kong", "metric": "pm25", "value": 15.886071114039074, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:hong-kong", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-73", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-73.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "1e76d8ec5387b28e34dedbf53763090a1fc40659a885de3f10ac7aaa25e38612", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-73.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 73", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 6026319.458987157, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European 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Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Hong Kong (source ID 73). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:hong-kong", "city_slug": "hong-kong", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "73", "source_name": "Hong Kong", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "hong-kong", "estimated_area_id": 73, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 114.1694, "latitude": 22.3193, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CHN", "source_country_iso3": "HKG", "source_country_name": "HongKong" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:73", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=73; fid=3434", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 3434, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "794546d56e4e38a4546202ccb5f677b3a052da09305f5435f1d6c096564a8db4", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "8de29618d8ee315a80e8840d84fdddc1bb5d0cc143c1affb115de1c1030a4901", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 73, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "6dded665b6dbe0b60d964c870f1fd276e5054614102bd82020672aa5c166c843", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "af4986fd3c73fbf6659dcb4989e325d55a70d991571f789073f8c3712eca8d65" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Hong Kong (73)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:hong-kong", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "hong-kong", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 14.756421282331, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:hong-kong", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-73", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-73.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "edbad5db5839b8ab69e4d61b10a96460d5afde7fec05e00f84339b976110efa4", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-73.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 73", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 6026319.458987157, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Hong Kong (73)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:73", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Hong Kong (73)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 684, "population_grid_valid_cells": 684, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 124, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 6026319.458987157, "weather_covered_population": 6026319.458987157, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 88926908.71872352, "native_weather_points": 4, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Hong Kong (source ID 73). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.2770054458359804, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1669323.3084867815 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.1123938466010244, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6703640.683829328 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 7.22321037493225, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 43529373.23881213 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.2802636084841392, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 13741596.955428239 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.430891811460287, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 20675650.08508282 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.43265619501732033, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2607324.4470842197 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 6026319.458987157, "strict_value": 14.756421282331, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 88926908.71872352, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.2770054458359804, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1669323.3084867815, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.1123938466010244, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6703640.683829328, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 7.22321037493225, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 43529373.23881213, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.2802636084841392, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 13741596.955428239, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.430891811460287, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 20675650.08508282, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.43265619501732033, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2607324.4470842197, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-hong-kong", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-73.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-hong-kong", "observation_sha256": "7cccd3d75f74cc2f5fa69e90d5468be65908e9fa33e897bb249eaceb795626cd", "evidence_review_sha256": "068ba75d77f08517b714f0fcd7485e1bcd0268c9cdd5a3e2c34f95d25a96d922", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:hong-kong", "geography_sha256": "800f624638e4673f4597a29d6d48f798aeb873ae4b9087789a06e865f16cdfa1", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-73", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "7890898aa0ef85223e2218fc46c9ce1b65789e460062d68b1f9ff649709d8f85", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-73", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-73.npz", "sha256": "edbad5db5839b8ab69e4d61b10a96460d5afde7fec05e00f84339b976110efa4", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "hong-kong", "metric": "pm25", "value": 15.886071114039074, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:hong-kong", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-73", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-73.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "1e76d8ec5387b28e34dedbf53763090a1fc40659a885de3f10ac7aaa25e38612", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-73.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 73", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 6026319.458987157, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Hong Kong (73)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:73", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Hong Kong (73)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 684, "population_grid_valid_cells": 684, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 124, "total_known_modelled_population": 6026319.458987157, "pm_covered_population": 6026319.458987157, "weighted_concentration_sum": 95734539.48138745, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 15.911590040257977, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 15.723462412225757, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Hong Kong (source ID 73). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-hong-kong", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-73.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-343df55eebb3ad4c92593ba36bb7d5c858617b29605d936463faa7da7c543c48", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-hong-kong", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-343df55eebb3ad4c92593ba36bb7d5c858617b29605d936463faa7da7c543c48", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-hong-kong", "observation_sha256": "7cccd3d75f74cc2f5fa69e90d5468be65908e9fa33e897bb249eaceb795626cd", "evidence_review_sha256": "068ba75d77f08517b714f0fcd7485e1bcd0268c9cdd5a3e2c34f95d25a96d922", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:hong-kong", "geography_sha256": "800f624638e4673f4597a29d6d48f798aeb873ae4b9087789a06e865f16cdfa1", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-73", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "7890898aa0ef85223e2218fc46c9ce1b65789e460062d68b1f9ff649709d8f85", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-73", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-73.npz", "sha256": "edbad5db5839b8ab69e4d61b10a96460d5afde7fec05e00f84339b976110efa4", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "hong-kong", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 14.756421282331, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:hong-kong", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-73", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-73.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "edbad5db5839b8ab69e4d61b10a96460d5afde7fec05e00f84339b976110efa4", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-73.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 73", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 6026319.458987157, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Hong Kong (73)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:73", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Hong Kong (73)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 684, "population_grid_valid_cells": 684, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 124, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 6026319.458987157, "weather_covered_population": 6026319.458987157, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 88926908.71872352, "native_weather_points": 4, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Hong Kong (source ID 73). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.2770054458359804, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1669323.3084867815 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.1123938466010244, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6703640.683829328 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 7.22321037493225, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 43529373.23881213 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.2802636084841392, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 13741596.955428239 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.430891811460287, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 20675650.08508282 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.43265619501732033, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2607324.4470842197 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 6026319.458987157, "strict_value": 14.756421282331, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 88926908.71872352, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.2770054458359804, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1669323.3084867815, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.1123938466010244, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6703640.683829328, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 7.22321037493225, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 43529373.23881213, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.2802636084841392, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 13741596.955428239, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.430891811460287, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 20675650.08508282, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.43265619501732033, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2607324.4470842197, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-hong-kong", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-73.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "hong-kong", "city_name": "Hong Kong", "destination_country_iso3": "CHN", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 114.1694, "latitude": 22.3193, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 73, "eFUA_name": "Hong Kong", "Cntry_ISO": "HKG", "Cntry_name": "HongKong", "UC_IDs": "12274", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "794546d56e4e38a4546202ccb5f677b3a052da09305f5435f1d6c096564a8db4", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres.", "match_caveat": "Source Cntry_ISO is HKG; the inherited destination registry groups Hong Kong under CHN. Preserve both source labels rather than rewriting territorial identity." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:hong-kong", "city_slug": "hong-kong", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "73", "source_name": "Hong Kong", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "hong-kong", "estimated_area_id": 73, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 114.1694, "latitude": 22.3193, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CHN", "source_country_iso3": "HKG", "source_country_name": "HongKong" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:73", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=73; fid=3434", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 3434, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "794546d56e4e38a4546202ccb5f677b3a052da09305f5435f1d6c096564a8db4", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "8de29618d8ee315a80e8840d84fdddc1bb5d0cc143c1affb115de1c1030a4901", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 73, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "6dded665b6dbe0b60d964c870f1fd276e5054614102bd82020672aa5c166c843", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "af4986fd3c73fbf6659dcb4989e325d55a70d991571f789073f8c3712eca8d65" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Hong Kong (73)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:hong-kong", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "hong-kong", "city_name": "Hong Kong", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:73", "source_area_id": "73", "source_area_name": "Hong Kong", "value": 15.886071114039074, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 684, "population_grid_valid_cells": 684, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 124, "total_known_modelled_population": 6026319.458987157, "pm_covered_population": 6026319.458987157, "weighted_concentration_sum": 95734539.48138745, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 6026319.458987157, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 15.911590040257977, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 15.723462412225757, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-73.npz", "sha256": "1e76d8ec5387b28e34dedbf53763090a1fc40659a885de3f10ac7aaa25e38612" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:hong-kong", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-hong-kong", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Hong Kong (source ID 73). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. 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This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 684, "population_grid_valid_cells": 684, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 124, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 6026319.458987157, "weather_covered_population": 6026319.458987157, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 88926908.71872352, "native_weather_points": 4, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.2770054458359804, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1669323.3084867815 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.1123938466010244, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6703640.683829328 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 7.22321037493225, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 43529373.23881213 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.2802636084841392, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 13741596.955428239 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.430891811460287, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 20675650.08508282 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.43265619501732033, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2607324.4470842197 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 6026319.458987157, "strict_value": 14.756421282331, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 88926908.71872352, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.2770054458359804, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1669323.3084867815, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.1123938466010244, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6703640.683829328, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 7.22321037493225, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 43529373.23881213, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.2802636084841392, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 13741596.955428239, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.430891811460287, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 20675650.08508282, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.43265619501732033, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2607324.4470842197, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. 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These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "istanbul", "name": "Istanbul", "country": { "id": "country:TUR", "name": "Türkiye", "iso_2": "TR", "iso_3": "TUR", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/istanbul", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/istanbul.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:istanbul", "city_slug": "istanbul", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1637", "source_name": "Istanbul", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "istanbul", "estimated_area_id": 1637, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "TR012F", "status": "identity-only-no-comparable-boundary", "boundary_vintage": null } ], "oecd_status": "identity-only", "reference_point": { "longitude": 28.9784, "latitude": 41.0082, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "TUR", "source_country_iso3": "TUR", "source_country_name": "Turkey" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1637", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1637; fid=8167", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8167, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "7f1336a8d916c88e67eec87e1338fdad3feb1ff7111252fe6cffa58786b6f0fd", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "d773448e67bc5036e3baa3df4cb69a6043cf2a4e36b27842e3e8c9f2e30336a1", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1637, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "7f1336a8d916c88e67eec87e1338fdad3feb1ff7111252fe6cffa58786b6f0fd", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "9efd83eb4f6af6f2cb482c25b5f507eadd72d4e4db493afedce5054b1c6b9446" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Istanbul (1637)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:istanbul", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "istanbul", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0.30557805726213516, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:istanbul", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1637", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1637.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "3b472faece91ebe061134e266a3ce34c0ad301a1b635fb890c696679228a546c", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1637.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1637", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 14693269.211055055, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Istanbul (1637)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1637", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Istanbul (1637)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2540, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2540, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 300, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 14693269.211055055, "weather_covered_population": 14693269.211055055, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4489940.660343749, "native_weather_points": 12, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Istanbul (source ID 1637). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.30557805726213516, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4489940.660343749 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 14693269.211055055, "strict_value": 0.30557805726213516, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4489940.660343749, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.30557805726213516, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4489940.660343749, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-istanbul", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1637.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-istanbul", "observation_sha256": "fc326705e385c14367ac5c10826d1c0cf89e6b56cada6e052eeb46370e255d08", "evidence_review_sha256": "87377c331fde31f82ee35803036dab38d55743efc3fbaa0a70e85aa41b1ae27c", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:istanbul", "geography_sha256": "50c3228168d4ec6d737d77209a94f57de721fb8ff65e93102c28dd53425cca46", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1637", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "9971ac81fdec5093391ceff9f0fcf6b075d5cd82b9fa6e24b890602c0ec0d3e6", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1637", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1637.npz", "sha256": "3b472faece91ebe061134e266a3ce34c0ad301a1b635fb890c696679228a546c", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:istanbul", "city_slug": "istanbul", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1637", "source_name": "Istanbul", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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"missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-2efb846fdf3020219859d1d0ef4ba8d9a60d9b7ad313b3ee7b302c053aa1421b", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-istanbul", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-2efb846fdf3020219859d1d0ef4ba8d9a60d9b7ad313b3ee7b302c053aa1421b", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-istanbul", "observation_sha256": "0fb16755b6d67239682f9578f4c17e3ea5e899d7f62cb1de2477b50f7d8e6412", "evidence_review_sha256": "5883d967265de67c5b95842679f29efcd82c62815ca97d62df4828b476df93c4", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:istanbul", "geography_sha256": "8fb58634c2d5eb20d045de1b35149a926187e720eb088010e3924fc74198973b", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1637", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "0f8e60e9d48630fb01cc70e2cca03f720cb6bae742a422698d6ede4374fdad1e", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-1637", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1637.npz", "sha256": "198d7c12d5ef1b241a459a2d5573ecac0abd36a95a69fcd4c1ebeb39aff3c343", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "istanbul", "metric": "pm25", "value": 20.15829295654356, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:istanbul", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1637", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1637.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "198d7c12d5ef1b241a459a2d5573ecac0abd36a95a69fcd4c1ebeb39aff3c343", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1637.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1637", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 14693269.211055055, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Istanbul (1637)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1637", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Istanbul (1637)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2540, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2540, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 300, "total_known_modelled_population": 14693269.211055055, "pm_covered_population": 14693269.211055055, "weighted_concentration_sum": 296191225.24580944, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 20.160790277549236, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 19.431110796568728, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Istanbul (source ID 1637). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-istanbul", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1637.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-33d420e0a35976bd185079b7f6ac99b85beba453b3f7f22c7e7efc3ea935746e", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-istanbul", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-33d420e0a35976bd185079b7f6ac99b85beba453b3f7f22c7e7efc3ea935746e", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-istanbul", "observation_sha256": "fc326705e385c14367ac5c10826d1c0cf89e6b56cada6e052eeb46370e255d08", "evidence_review_sha256": "87377c331fde31f82ee35803036dab38d55743efc3fbaa0a70e85aa41b1ae27c", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:istanbul", "geography_sha256": "50c3228168d4ec6d737d77209a94f57de721fb8ff65e93102c28dd53425cca46", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1637", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "9971ac81fdec5093391ceff9f0fcf6b075d5cd82b9fa6e24b890602c0ec0d3e6", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1637", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1637.npz", "sha256": "3b472faece91ebe061134e266a3ce34c0ad301a1b635fb890c696679228a546c", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "istanbul", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0.30557805726213516, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:istanbul", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1637", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1637.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "3b472faece91ebe061134e266a3ce34c0ad301a1b635fb890c696679228a546c", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1637.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1637", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 14693269.211055055, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Istanbul (1637)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1637", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Istanbul (1637)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2540, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2540, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 300, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 14693269.211055055, "weather_covered_population": 14693269.211055055, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4489940.660343749, "native_weather_points": 12, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Istanbul (source ID 1637). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.30557805726213516, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4489940.660343749 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 14693269.211055055, "strict_value": 0.30557805726213516, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4489940.660343749, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.30557805726213516, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4489940.660343749, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-istanbul", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1637.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "istanbul", "city_name": "Istanbul", "destination_country_iso3": "TUR", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 28.9784, "latitude": 41.0082, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "TR012F", "country_iso3": "TUR", "source_name": "Istanbul", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "not_in_retrieved_boundary_package", "boundary_source_frame": null, "boundary_archive_generation": null, "member_count": 32, "member_ids": [ "TUR1166", "TUR1183", "TUR1185", "TUR1186", "TUR1325", "TUR1327", "TUR1336", "TUR1421", "TUR1449", "TUR1604", "TUR1663", "TUR1708", "TUR1739", "TUR1810", "TUR1823", "TUR1835", "TUR1852", "TUR1886", "TUR2003", "TUR2004", "TUR2005", "TUR2010", "TUR2012", "TUR2014", "TUR2015", "TUR2016", "TUR2048", "TUR2049", "TUR2050", "TUR2052", "TUR2054", "TUR2055" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Districts (Ilçeler)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Districts (Ilçeler)": 32 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "unresolved_reason": "Official country-qualified codelist identity exists; no containing polygon in retrieved OECD boundary package.", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1637, "eFUA_name": "Istanbul", "Cntry_ISO": "TUR", "Cntry_name": "Turkey", "UC_IDs": "3562;3564;3576;3599", "UC_num": 4, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "7f1336a8d916c88e67eec87e1338fdad3feb1ff7111252fe6cffa58786b6f0fd", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:istanbul", "city_slug": "istanbul", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1637", "source_name": "Istanbul", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "istanbul", "estimated_area_id": 1637, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "TR012F", "status": "identity-only-no-comparable-boundary", "boundary_vintage": null } ], "oecd_status": "identity-only", "reference_point": { "longitude": 28.9784, "latitude": 41.0082, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "TUR", "source_country_iso3": "TUR", "source_country_name": "Turkey" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1637", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1637; fid=8167", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8167, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "7f1336a8d916c88e67eec87e1338fdad3feb1ff7111252fe6cffa58786b6f0fd", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "d773448e67bc5036e3baa3df4cb69a6043cf2a4e36b27842e3e8c9f2e30336a1", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1637, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "7f1336a8d916c88e67eec87e1338fdad3feb1ff7111252fe6cffa58786b6f0fd", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "9efd83eb4f6af6f2cb482c25b5f507eadd72d4e4db493afedce5054b1c6b9446" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Istanbul (1637)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:istanbul", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1637.npz", "sha256": "3b472faece91ebe061134e266a3ce34c0ad301a1b635fb890c696679228a546c" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "jakarta", "name": "Jakarta", "country": { "id": "country:IDN", "name": "Indonesia", "iso_2": "ID", "iso_3": "IDN", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/jakarta", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/jakarta.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "jakarta", "id": "5472", "name": "Jakarta", "constituentNames": [ "Jakarta", "Bekasi", "Tangerang", "South Tangerang", "Depok", "Bogor", "Serang", "Sukabumi", "Cianjur" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Indonesia", "UN_WPP": "Indonesia" }, "population2025": 40545125.86, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 4614, "densityPerKm2": 8787.413493714781, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": -6.3268276, "longitude": 106.8305588, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": -6.2088, "longitude": 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"viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 166.29, "y": 52.19 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 161.66, "y": 74.7 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.06666666666666667, "accepted_metrics": 2, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0, "infrastructure": 0, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "unit": "PPP international $ / person / year", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 40000 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "pillar": "means", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "price-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median home price / household income", "unit": "ratio", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 3, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "jakarta", "metric": "pm25", "value": 38.104383459833386, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:jakarta", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4897", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4897.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "8bb5520912b01730561376879346815bd2f36002b44cf36b8cf7fffd3953757a", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4897.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 4897", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 32513588.33302874, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Jakarta (4897)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4897", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Jakarta (4897)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 5292, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5292, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 313, "total_known_modelled_population": 32513588.33302874, "pm_covered_population": 32513588.33302874, "weighted_concentration_sum": 1238910237.4968922, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 38.1126559787534, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 37.65414769208807, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Jakarta (source ID 4897). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-jakarta", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4897.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-jakarta", "observation_sha256": "c68c71b738c51746016cf8578cb480c0043445cae645b681ebacace27f76f614", "evidence_review_sha256": "d555f8a50d22b3eafca67237d115dec660273b5c34d71f2c8750ed81555fce86", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:jakarta", "geography_sha256": "258f0b3339657d484be649f7d3c4ece10ef0c2bf54d027ffc42f0a7cf045990d", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4897", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "c64db69f3539d797518b0b701dba14bbd68af31f420116c6ffeb07a236d74f6c", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-4897", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4897.npz", "sha256": "8bb5520912b01730561376879346815bd2f36002b44cf36b8cf7fffd3953757a", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:jakarta", "city_slug": "jakarta", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "4897", "source_name": "Jakarta", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "jakarta", "estimated_area_id": 4897, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 106.8456, "latitude": -6.2088, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "IDN", "source_country_iso3": "IDN", "source_country_name": "Indonesia" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4897", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=4897; fid=5313", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 5313, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "052b7401f76f417c3b759e7e8690ec307549d279cceaa62461770efff7d362e2", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "d8bbb86437e8f5c6eca5d7e2306f4ade29c21ce4d15fa21295ef7456d38c244f", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 4897, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "052b7401f76f417c3b759e7e8690ec307549d279cceaa62461770efff7d362e2", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "f9594b35f598d6a99f557331abef44824fce588860a3090c78d471ca881388a6" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Jakarta (4897)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:jakarta", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "jakarta", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 55.14722120747264, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:jakarta", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4897", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4897.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "b231dfa3a5ad1ab5dd80511e0596c29b32dd906ba942ab2dbc700e7e24fa85c2", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4897.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 4897", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 32513588.33302874, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Jakarta (4897)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4897", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Jakarta (4897)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5292, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5292, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 313, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 32513588.33302874, "weather_covered_population": 32513588.33302874, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1793034048.0502377, "native_weather_points": 16, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Jakarta (source ID 4897). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.05619176649296379, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1826995.963457903 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 1.0129585835289958, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 32934918.38326968 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.050457184105373, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 99181309.11153217 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 6.055270263779876, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 196878564.60176927 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.896022099669578, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 354268777.0162401 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.197080624723758, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 168975739.9658281 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.9624114983005918, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 63805039.595747575 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.2587499584273676, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 73440066.2955532 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 6.652203857596045, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 216287017.73326355 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.45927079636884, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 340068424.93680614 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.418881218825612, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 176187273.17447698 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.127723355653641, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 69179921.27229297 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 32513588.33302874, "strict_value": 55.14722120747264, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1793034048.0502377, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 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"258f0b3339657d484be649f7d3c4ece10ef0c2bf54d027ffc42f0a7cf045990d", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4897", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "c64db69f3539d797518b0b701dba14bbd68af31f420116c6ffeb07a236d74f6c", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-4897", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4897.npz", "sha256": "8bb5520912b01730561376879346815bd2f36002b44cf36b8cf7fffd3953757a", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "jakarta", "metric": "pm25", "value": 38.104383459833386, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:jakarta", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4897", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4897.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "8bb5520912b01730561376879346815bd2f36002b44cf36b8cf7fffd3953757a", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4897.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 4897", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 32513588.33302874, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Jakarta (4897)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4897", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Jakarta (4897)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 5292, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5292, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 313, "total_known_modelled_population": 32513588.33302874, "pm_covered_population": 32513588.33302874, "weighted_concentration_sum": 1238910237.4968922, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 38.1126559787534, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 37.65414769208807, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Jakarta (source ID 4897). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-jakarta", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4897.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-6fb8fdb638d2f28077b71ce5d53e696aa8dafe21ea417d3397ccfb79b248c89e", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-jakarta", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-6fb8fdb638d2f28077b71ce5d53e696aa8dafe21ea417d3397ccfb79b248c89e", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-jakarta", "observation_sha256": "ff51c4690919a12e861d83377b0a62fd9e24e079ba3c27f8d535fb9dc81df64b", "evidence_review_sha256": "28d0da00dcbdec678a162f8ef9e803abefe5cb42be98e1cff140b578d25546c2", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:jakarta", "geography_sha256": "f75fd5fe295b0fa03f8bdf22fc71afa8e115492fecb453a11f94677ee792b1b9", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4897", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "63d8a759cb3dbae42935a0419793311bea2251c73ce408fc19a8da9f99a77e3b", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-4897", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4897.npz", "sha256": "b231dfa3a5ad1ab5dd80511e0596c29b32dd906ba942ab2dbc700e7e24fa85c2", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "jakarta", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 55.14722120747264, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:jakarta", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4897", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4897.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "b231dfa3a5ad1ab5dd80511e0596c29b32dd906ba942ab2dbc700e7e24fa85c2", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4897.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 4897", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 32513588.33302874, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Jakarta (4897)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4897", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Jakarta (4897)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5292, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5292, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 313, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 32513588.33302874, "weather_covered_population": 32513588.33302874, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1793034048.0502377, "native_weather_points": 16, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Jakarta (source ID 4897). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.05619176649296379, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1826995.963457903 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 1.0129585835289958, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 32934918.38326968 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.050457184105373, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 99181309.11153217 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 6.055270263779876, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 196878564.60176927 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.896022099669578, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 354268777.0162401 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.197080624723758, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 168975739.9658281 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.9624114983005918, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 63805039.595747575 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.2587499584273676, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 73440066.2955532 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 6.652203857596045, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 216287017.73326355 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.45927079636884, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 340068424.93680614 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.418881218825612, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 176187273.17447698 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.127723355653641, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 69179921.27229297 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 32513588.33302874, "strict_value": 55.14722120747264, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1793034048.0502377, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.05619176649296379, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1826995.963457903, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 1.0129585835289958, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 32934918.38326968, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.050457184105373, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 99181309.11153217, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 6.055270263779876, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 196878564.60176927, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.896022099669578, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 354268777.0162401, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.197080624723758, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 168975739.9658281, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.9624114983005918, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 63805039.595747575, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.2587499584273676, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 73440066.2955532, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 6.652203857596045, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 216287017.73326355, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.45927079636884, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 340068424.93680614, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.418881218825612, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 176187273.17447698, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.127723355653641, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 69179921.27229297, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-jakarta", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4897.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "jakarta", "city_name": "Jakarta", "destination_country_iso3": "IDN", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 106.8456, "latitude": -6.2088, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 4897, "eFUA_name": "Jakarta", "Cntry_ISO": "IDN", "Cntry_name": "Indonesia", "UC_IDs": "11862", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "052b7401f76f417c3b759e7e8690ec307549d279cceaa62461770efff7d362e2", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:jakarta", "city_slug": "jakarta", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "4897", "source_name": "Jakarta", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "jakarta", "estimated_area_id": 4897, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 106.8456, "latitude": -6.2088, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "IDN", "source_country_iso3": "IDN", "source_country_name": "Indonesia" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4897", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=4897; fid=5313", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 5313, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "052b7401f76f417c3b759e7e8690ec307549d279cceaa62461770efff7d362e2", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "d8bbb86437e8f5c6eca5d7e2306f4ade29c21ce4d15fa21295ef7456d38c244f", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 4897, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "052b7401f76f417c3b759e7e8690ec307549d279cceaa62461770efff7d362e2", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "f9594b35f598d6a99f557331abef44824fce588860a3090c78d471ca881388a6" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Jakarta (4897)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:jakarta", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "jakarta", "city_name": "Jakarta", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4897", "source_area_id": "4897", "source_area_name": "Jakarta", "value": 38.104383459833386, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 5292, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5292, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 313, "total_known_modelled_population": 32513588.33302874, "pm_covered_population": 32513588.33302874, "weighted_concentration_sum": 1238910237.4968922, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 32513588.33302874, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 38.1126559787534, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 37.65414769208807, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4897.npz", "sha256": "8bb5520912b01730561376879346815bd2f36002b44cf36b8cf7fffd3953757a" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:jakarta", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-jakarta", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Jakarta (source ID 4897). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. 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Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5292, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5292, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 313, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 32513588.33302874, "weather_covered_population": 32513588.33302874, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1793034048.0502377, "native_weather_points": 16, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.05619176649296379, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1826995.963457903 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 1.0129585835289958, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 32934918.38326968 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.050457184105373, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 99181309.11153217 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 6.055270263779876, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 196878564.60176927 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.896022099669578, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 354268777.0162401 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.197080624723758, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 168975739.9658281 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.9624114983005918, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 63805039.595747575 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.2587499584273676, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 73440066.2955532 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 6.652203857596045, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 216287017.73326355 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.45927079636884, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 340068424.93680614 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.418881218825612, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 176187273.17447698 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.127723355653641, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 69179921.27229297 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 32513588.33302874, "strict_value": 55.14722120747264, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1793034048.0502377, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.05619176649296379, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1826995.963457903, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 1.0129585835289958, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 32934918.38326968, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.050457184105373, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 99181309.11153217, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 6.055270263779876, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 196878564.60176927, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.896022099669578, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 354268777.0162401, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.197080624723758, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 168975739.9658281, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.9624114983005918, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 63805039.595747575, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.2587499584273676, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 73440066.2955532, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 6.652203857596045, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 216287017.73326355, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.45927079636884, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 340068424.93680614, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.418881218825612, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 176187273.17447698, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.127723355653641, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 69179921.27229297, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4897.npz", "sha256": "b231dfa3a5ad1ab5dd80511e0596c29b32dd906ba942ab2dbc700e7e24fa85c2" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "kuala-lumpur", "name": "Kuala Lumpur", "country": { "id": "country:MYS", "name": "Malaysia", "iso_2": "MY", "iso_3": "MYS", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/kuala-lumpur", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/kuala-lumpur.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. 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"metric": "pm25", "value": 23.23896414254003, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:kuala-lumpur", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1322", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1322.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "837fa5519cec4aeba06875503bba4e3ec2a3fce97f1a496e290707bc208ab56b", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1322.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1322", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 9038690.66690238, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:kuala-lumpur", "city_slug": "kuala-lumpur", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1322", "source_name": "Kuala Lumpur", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "kuala-lumpur", "estimated_area_id": 1322, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 101.6869, "latitude": 3.139, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "MYS", "source_country_iso3": "MYS", "source_country_name": "Malaysia" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1322", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1322; fid=6047", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 6047, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "7d267ace3b94d50c24ce4f554fc54dca0fce08856be98c097bae738fca8046ae", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "3d30588e2ac8f80f6ff28e948efb05ddacd6aa7b9c08e0219ea0f6c476fb1ac5", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1322, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "7d267ace3b94d50c24ce4f554fc54dca0fce08856be98c097bae738fca8046ae", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "3785e43e9c67e0f05401362b87e6aef4b72543ff997d9fcafd299164f2511031" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Kuala Lumpur (1322)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:kuala-lumpur", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "kuala-lumpur", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 148.83083170107005, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:kuala-lumpur", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1322", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1322.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "4b15162d98e5be23e46aed911193285c490f0198bf81b1dcfc7675d091639de8", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1322.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1322", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 9038690.66690238, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Kuala Lumpur (1322)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1322", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Kuala Lumpur (1322)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3314, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3314, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 227, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 9038690.66690238, "weather_covered_population": 9038690.66690238, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1345235849.4437807, "native_weather_points": 12, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Kuala Lumpur (source ID 1322). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 7.958874303355866, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 71937802.88479185 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 10.028553870236262, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 90644996.26943225 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 16.483726120754334, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 148991301.44343716 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 9.884934936100308, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 89346869.14986713 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 16.596130436105053, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 150007289.27951726 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 20.43835557147469, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 184735973.75072056 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 24.85144256550899, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 224624501.97592664 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 13.984237748370035, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 126399199.21993619 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 8.939649407188504, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 80802725.66213413 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 8.52660694617436, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 77069362.62473118 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.906505604652748, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 53387077.0827814 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 5.231814191148891, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 47288750.10050491 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 9038690.66690238, "strict_value": 148.83083170107005, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1345235849.4437807, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 7.958874303355866, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 71937802.88479185, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 10.028553870236262, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 90644996.26943225, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 16.483726120754334, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 148991301.44343716, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 9.884934936100308, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 89346869.14986713, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 16.596130436105053, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 150007289.27951726, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 20.43835557147469, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 184735973.75072056, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 24.85144256550899, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 224624501.97592664, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 13.984237748370035, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 126399199.21993619, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 8.939649407188504, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 80802725.66213413, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 8.52660694617436, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 77069362.62473118, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.906505604652748, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 53387077.0827814, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 5.231814191148891, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 47288750.10050491, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-kuala-lumpur", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1322.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-kuala-lumpur", "observation_sha256": "8b80dde9a78f0185fb6d861bca4cb634ca3a19872c8227df57ec1d49f90b9001", "evidence_review_sha256": "543be948938e9c17758cfaa0570acb4b1156782e82d14ca042edfbd5b6c19841", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:kuala-lumpur", "geography_sha256": "789f698a70080b0acc968bb53721c309f18c1d109b6c90289ff732b1a1d4034d", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1322", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "1cd3e4a76643ccc853acd0ac7143458f81485b313c5dcaca020fd21aa8be9233", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1322", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1322.npz", "sha256": "4b15162d98e5be23e46aed911193285c490f0198bf81b1dcfc7675d091639de8", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "kuala-lumpur", "metric": "pm25", "value": 23.23896414254003, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:kuala-lumpur", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1322", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1322.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "837fa5519cec4aeba06875503bba4e3ec2a3fce97f1a496e290707bc208ab56b", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1322.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1322", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 9038690.66690238, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Kuala Lumpur (1322)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1322", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Kuala Lumpur (1322)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 3314, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3314, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 227, "total_known_modelled_population": 9038690.66690238, "pm_covered_population": 9038690.66690238, "weighted_concentration_sum": 210049808.30365565, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 23.23218228449294, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 22.583676343481407, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Kuala Lumpur (source ID 1322). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-kuala-lumpur", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1322.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-477cf3bc30f660c658bf6f792673c5e4769ea05b1efb7af79ac67496a14deb28", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-kuala-lumpur", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-477cf3bc30f660c658bf6f792673c5e4769ea05b1efb7af79ac67496a14deb28", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-kuala-lumpur", "observation_sha256": "8b80dde9a78f0185fb6d861bca4cb634ca3a19872c8227df57ec1d49f90b9001", "evidence_review_sha256": "543be948938e9c17758cfaa0570acb4b1156782e82d14ca042edfbd5b6c19841", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:kuala-lumpur", "geography_sha256": "789f698a70080b0acc968bb53721c309f18c1d109b6c90289ff732b1a1d4034d", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1322", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "1cd3e4a76643ccc853acd0ac7143458f81485b313c5dcaca020fd21aa8be9233", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1322", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1322.npz", "sha256": "4b15162d98e5be23e46aed911193285c490f0198bf81b1dcfc7675d091639de8", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "kuala-lumpur", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 148.83083170107005, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:kuala-lumpur", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1322", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1322.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "4b15162d98e5be23e46aed911193285c490f0198bf81b1dcfc7675d091639de8", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1322.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1322", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 9038690.66690238, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Kuala Lumpur (1322)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1322", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Kuala Lumpur (1322)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3314, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3314, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 227, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 9038690.66690238, "weather_covered_population": 9038690.66690238, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1345235849.4437807, "native_weather_points": 12, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Kuala Lumpur (source ID 1322). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 7.958874303355866, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 71937802.88479185 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 10.028553870236262, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 90644996.26943225 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 16.483726120754334, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 148991301.44343716 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 9.884934936100308, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 89346869.14986713 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 16.596130436105053, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 150007289.27951726 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 20.43835557147469, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 184735973.75072056 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 24.85144256550899, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 224624501.97592664 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 13.984237748370035, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 126399199.21993619 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 8.939649407188504, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 80802725.66213413 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 8.52660694617436, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 77069362.62473118 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.906505604652748, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 53387077.0827814 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 5.231814191148891, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 47288750.10050491 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 9038690.66690238, "strict_value": 148.83083170107005, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1345235849.4437807, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 7.958874303355866, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 71937802.88479185, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 10.028553870236262, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 90644996.26943225, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 16.483726120754334, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 148991301.44343716, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 9.884934936100308, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 89346869.14986713, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 16.596130436105053, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 150007289.27951726, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 20.43835557147469, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 184735973.75072056, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 24.85144256550899, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 224624501.97592664, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 13.984237748370035, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 126399199.21993619, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 8.939649407188504, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 80802725.66213413, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 8.52660694617436, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 77069362.62473118, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.906505604652748, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 53387077.0827814, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 5.231814191148891, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 47288750.10050491, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-kuala-lumpur", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1322.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "kuala-lumpur", "city_name": "Kuala Lumpur", "destination_country_iso3": "MYS", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 101.6869, "latitude": 3.139, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1322, "eFUA_name": "Kuala Lumpur", "Cntry_ISO": "MYS", "Cntry_name": "Malaysia", "UC_IDs": "11139;11143;11154", "UC_num": 3, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "7d267ace3b94d50c24ce4f554fc54dca0fce08856be98c097bae738fca8046ae", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:kuala-lumpur", "city_slug": "kuala-lumpur", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1322", "source_name": "Kuala Lumpur", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "kuala-lumpur", "estimated_area_id": 1322, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 101.6869, "latitude": 3.139, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "MYS", "source_country_iso3": "MYS", "source_country_name": "Malaysia" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1322", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1322; fid=6047", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 6047, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "7d267ace3b94d50c24ce4f554fc54dca0fce08856be98c097bae738fca8046ae", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "3d30588e2ac8f80f6ff28e948efb05ddacd6aa7b9c08e0219ea0f6c476fb1ac5", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1322, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "7d267ace3b94d50c24ce4f554fc54dca0fce08856be98c097bae738fca8046ae", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "3785e43e9c67e0f05401362b87e6aef4b72543ff997d9fcafd299164f2511031" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Kuala Lumpur (1322)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:kuala-lumpur", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "kuala-lumpur", "city_name": "Kuala Lumpur", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1322", "source_area_id": "1322", "source_area_name": "Kuala Lumpur", "value": 23.23896414254003, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 3314, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3314, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 227, "total_known_modelled_population": 9038690.66690238, "pm_covered_population": 9038690.66690238, "weighted_concentration_sum": 210049808.30365565, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 9038690.66690238, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 23.23218228449294, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 22.583676343481407, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1322.npz", "sha256": "837fa5519cec4aeba06875503bba4e3ec2a3fce97f1a496e290707bc208ab56b" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:kuala-lumpur", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-kuala-lumpur", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Kuala Lumpur (source ID 1322). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. The current engine state separately applies age and all other checks." }, "scoring_boundaries": [ { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:kuala-lumpur", "city_slug": "kuala-lumpur", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1322", "source_name": "Kuala Lumpur", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3314, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3314, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 227, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 9038690.66690238, "weather_covered_population": 9038690.66690238, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1345235849.4437807, "native_weather_points": 12, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 7.958874303355866, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 71937802.88479185 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 10.028553870236262, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 90644996.26943225 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 16.483726120754334, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 148991301.44343716 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 9.884934936100308, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 89346869.14986713 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 16.596130436105053, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 150007289.27951726 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 20.43835557147469, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 184735973.75072056 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 24.85144256550899, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 224624501.97592664 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 13.984237748370035, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 126399199.21993619 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 8.939649407188504, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 80802725.66213413 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 8.52660694617436, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 77069362.62473118 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.906505604652748, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 53387077.0827814 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 5.231814191148891, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 47288750.10050491 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 9038690.66690238, "strict_value": 148.83083170107005, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1345235849.4437807, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 7.958874303355866, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 71937802.88479185, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 10.028553870236262, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 90644996.26943225, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 16.483726120754334, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 148991301.44343716, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 9.884934936100308, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 89346869.14986713, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 16.596130436105053, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 150007289.27951726, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 20.43835557147469, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 184735973.75072056, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 24.85144256550899, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 224624501.97592664, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 13.984237748370035, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 126399199.21993619, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 8.939649407188504, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 80802725.66213413, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 8.52660694617436, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 77069362.62473118, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.906505604652748, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 53387077.0827814, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 5.231814191148891, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 47288750.10050491, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1322.npz", "sha256": "4b15162d98e5be23e46aed911193285c490f0198bf81b1dcfc7675d091639de8" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "kyoto", "name": "Kyoto", "country": { "id": "country:JPN", "name": "Japan", "iso_2": "JP", "iso_3": "JPN", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/kyoto", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/kyoto.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "kyoto", "id": "4399", "name": "Osaka", "constituentNames": [ "Osaka", "Kobe", "Kyoto", "Sakai", "Higashiosaka", "Nishinomiya", "Amagasaki", "Hirakata", "Toyonaka", "Suita", "Takatsuki", "Akashi", "Ibaraki", "Yao", "Kakogawa", "Neyagawa", "Itami", "Kishiwada", "Uji", "Kawanishi", "Moriguchi", "Kadoma", "Daito", "Matsubara", "Habikino", "Kawachinagano", "Ikeda", "Izumisano", "Ashiya", "Takasago", "Kaizuka", "Settsu", "Nagaokakyo", "Katano", "Izumiotsu", "Yawata", "Kashiwara", "Fujiidera", "Sennan", "Hannan", "Osakasayama", "Takaishi", "Muko", "Shimamoto" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Japan", "UN_WPP": "Japan" }, "population2025": 12653994.42, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 2212, "densityPerKm2": 5720.612305605787, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 34.7205343, "longitude": 135.4750952, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; 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The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition. This footprint is shared by more than one destination in this atlas; its population is not a separate count for each destination.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "kyoto", "metric": "pm25", "value": 12.145098721578263, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:kyoto", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3956", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "3c9d076c395a68f6d23f164071a1da8ea2daf97344d2f9fc4f8735e531b8e3d5", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3956", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 16866788.447898425, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3956", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9994053518334985, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 10090, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10084, "population_grid_missing_cells": 6, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1186, "total_known_modelled_population": 16866788.447898425, "pm_covered_population": 16866788.447898425, "weighted_concentration_sum": 204848810.81570217, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 12.14252967315906, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 12.133673607837919, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Osaka [Kyoto] (source ID 3956). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained. This physical area is shared with osaka; destination bindings are not independent measurements.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-kyoto", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-kyoto", "observation_sha256": "a0fa7829c3fc83a570ab30d2ca7e433b31c4fb2485b6d2a1ea9fb092cef3c246", "evidence_review_sha256": "17483729893e4b5725029f9365baa8daa69324c5088c78e2410c7247475b1020", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:kyoto", "geography_sha256": "151235f2fb8b32e1895958ca25eb6ec8881aa72204c8b851bb71ea407c3f19b0", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3956", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "9b579c51d6199adde8d5c1486c3cabf4ce69cbe3d03db3bc77b26e122bfcc192", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-3956", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz", "sha256": "3c9d076c395a68f6d23f164071a1da8ea2daf97344d2f9fc4f8735e531b8e3d5", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:kyoto", "city_slug": "kyoto", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "3956", "source_name": "Osaka [Kyoto]", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "kyoto", "estimated_area_id": 3956, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "JPN02F", "oecd_name": "Osaka", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 10090, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 8790.199038586637, "intersection_km2": 7061.050382827269, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.6998067772871426, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.8032867460487679, "intersection_over_union": 0.5974246190216483, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 135.7681, "latitude": 35.0116, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "JPN", "source_country_iso3": "JPN", "source_country_name": "Japan" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3956", "shared_with": [ "osaka" ], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=3956; fid=5854", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 5854, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "1faf41bda3c183dfbeb8960c3ead4803307e9e8bd835395f03f4d33d656dde4a", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "f0802c99314b89c6b02f25cac13dc63b3d246e13e2bcc532b2317ba11d5d64c3", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 3956, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "1faf41bda3c183dfbeb8960c3ead4803307e9e8bd835395f03f4d33d656dde4a", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "9b727bffe86ba0bc703370291db384359a2be6a467406131fcb9288811b37ff4" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:kyoto", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "kyoto", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 23.70942202698526, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:kyoto", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3956", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3956.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "16c3200266ba58006eb040b1d1d554cc84c3a0c0dba329de0d026b0d8e321d91", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3956.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3956", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 16866788.447898425, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3956", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 10090, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10084, "missing_cells": 6, "zero_cells": 1186, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9994053518334985, "total_known_modelled_population": 16866788.447898425, "weather_covered_population": 16866788.447898425, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 399901805.5511034, "native_weather_points": 32, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Osaka [Kyoto] (source ID 3956). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary. This physical area is shared with osaka; destination bindings are not independent measurements.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.0003975620253270389, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6705.594576109201 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.5216686619858, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 177466759.44059697 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 11.292073412143205, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 190461013.38075796 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.8952823908309264, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 31967327.13517238 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 16866788.447898425, "strict_value": 23.70942202698526, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 399901805.5511034, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.0003975620253270389, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6705.594576109201, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.5216686619858, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 177466759.44059697, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 11.292073412143205, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 190461013.38075796, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.8952823908309264, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 31967327.13517238, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-kyoto", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3956.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-kyoto", "observation_sha256": "2e4c4be7898828693a6ce4c8e335a6850f1f2777faa4d71309d36c90c4d8a5d4", "evidence_review_sha256": "307682756097fada3fa5510bb73f0f215479f3de861236298c4446f8514cabb6", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:kyoto", "geography_sha256": "b1ae722dee047536ce762dca0301893d086b90ffc60e689f84a81ebadfd56bc9", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3956", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "39ba56641b2a6cb6dfc8c4a2de9695bef893d73c4d6e4cd192aa423e0dc77c64", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-3956", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3956.npz", "sha256": "16c3200266ba58006eb040b1d1d554cc84c3a0c0dba329de0d026b0d8e321d91", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:kyoto", "city_slug": "kyoto", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "3956", "source_name": "Osaka [Kyoto]", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "kyoto", "estimated_area_id": 3956, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "JPN02F", "oecd_name": "Osaka", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 10090, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 8790.199038586637, "intersection_km2": 7061.050382827269, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.6998067772871426, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.8032867460487679, "intersection_over_union": 0.5974246190216483, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 135.7681, "latitude": 35.0116, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "JPN", "source_country_iso3": "JPN", "source_country_name": "Japan" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3956", "shared_with": [ "osaka" ], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=3956; fid=5854", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 5854, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "1faf41bda3c183dfbeb8960c3ead4803307e9e8bd835395f03f4d33d656dde4a", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "f0802c99314b89c6b02f25cac13dc63b3d246e13e2bcc532b2317ba11d5d64c3", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 3956, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "1faf41bda3c183dfbeb8960c3ead4803307e9e8bd835395f03f4d33d656dde4a", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "9b727bffe86ba0bc703370291db384359a2be6a467406131fcb9288811b37ff4" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:kyoto", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:kyoto", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. 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null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "kyoto", "metric": "pm25", "value": 12.145098721578263, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:kyoto", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3956", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "3c9d076c395a68f6d23f164071a1da8ea2daf97344d2f9fc4f8735e531b8e3d5", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3956", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 16866788.447898425, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3956", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). 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Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Osaka [Kyoto] (source ID 3956). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained. This physical area is shared with osaka; destination bindings are not independent measurements.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "kyoto", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 23.70942202698526, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:kyoto", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3956", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3956.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "16c3200266ba58006eb040b1d1d554cc84c3a0c0dba329de0d026b0d8e321d91", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3956.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3956", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 16866788.447898425, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3956", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 10090, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10084, "missing_cells": 6, "zero_cells": 1186, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9994053518334985, "total_known_modelled_population": 16866788.447898425, "weather_covered_population": 16866788.447898425, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 399901805.5511034, "native_weather_points": 32, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Osaka [Kyoto] (source ID 3956). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary. This physical area is shared with osaka; destination bindings are not independent measurements.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.0003975620253270389, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6705.594576109201 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.5216686619858, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 177466759.44059697 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 11.292073412143205, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 190461013.38075796 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.8952823908309264, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 31967327.13517238 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 16866788.447898425, "strict_value": 23.70942202698526, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 399901805.5511034, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.0003975620253270389, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6705.594576109201, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.5216686619858, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 177466759.44059697, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 11.292073412143205, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 190461013.38075796, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.8952823908309264, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 31967327.13517238, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-kyoto", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3956.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "kyoto", "city_name": "Kyoto", "destination_country_iso3": "JPN", "status": "shared", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 135.7681, "latitude": 35.0116, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "JPN02F", "country_iso3": "JPN", "source_name": "Osaka", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 159, "member_ids": [ "JPN25201", "JPN26101", "JPN26102", "JPN26103", "JPN26104", "JPN26105", "JPN26106", "JPN26107", "JPN26108", "JPN26109", "JPN26110", "JPN26111", "JPN26204", "JPN26206", "JPN26207", "JPN26208", "JPN26209", "JPN26210", "JPN26211", "JPN26213", "JPN26214", "JPN26303", "JPN26322", "JPN26343", "JPN26344", "JPN26364", "JPN26365", "JPN26366", "JPN26367", "JPN27102", "JPN27103", "JPN27104", "JPN27106", "JPN27107", "JPN27108", "JPN27109", "JPN27111", "JPN27113", "JPN27114", "JPN27115", "JPN27116", "JPN27117", "JPN27118", "JPN27119", "JPN27120", "JPN27121", "JPN27122", "JPN27123", "JPN27124", "JPN27125", "JPN27126", "JPN27127", "JPN27128", "JPN27141", "JPN27142", "JPN27143", "JPN27144", "JPN27145", "JPN27146", "JPN27147", "JPN27202", "JPN27203", "JPN27204", "JPN27205", "JPN27206", "JPN27207", "JPN27208", "JPN27209", "JPN27210", "JPN27211", "JPN27212", "JPN27213", "JPN27214", "JPN27215", "JPN27216", "JPN27217", "JPN27218", "JPN27219", "JPN27220", "JPN27221", "JPN27222", "JPN27223", "JPN27224", "JPN27225", "JPN27226", "JPN27227", "JPN27228", "JPN27229", "JPN27230", "JPN27231", "JPN27232", "JPN27301", "JPN27321", "JPN27322", "JPN27341", "JPN27361", "JPN27362", "JPN27366", "JPN27381", "JPN27382", "JPN27383", "JPN28101", "JPN28102", "JPN28105", "JPN28106", "JPN28107", "JPN28108", "JPN28109", "JPN28110", "JPN28111", "JPN28202", "JPN28203", "JPN28204", "JPN28206", "JPN28207", "JPN28210", "JPN28214", "JPN28215", "JPN28216", "JPN28217", "JPN28218", "JPN28219", "JPN28221", "JPN28301", "JPN28381", "JPN28382", "JPN29201", "JPN29202", "JPN29203", "JPN29204", "JPN29205", "JPN29206", "JPN29207", "JPN29208", "JPN29209", "JPN29210", "JPN29211", "JPN29212", "JPN29322", "JPN29342", "JPN29343", "JPN29344", "JPN29345", "JPN29361", "JPN29362", "JPN29363", "JPN29401", "JPN29402", "JPN29424", "JPN29425", "JPN29426", "JPN29427", "JPN29441", "JPN29442", "JPN29443", "JPN29444", "JPN29453", "JPN30203", "JPN30343" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (市区町村)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (市区町村)": 159 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "e1a03e3cdef086e4928e1458c3a4e90b1b56bd6e4f93ef4f1e4cc7d141bf2472", "shared_with": [ "osaka" ] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 3956, "eFUA_name": "Osaka [Kyoto]", "Cntry_ISO": "JPN", "Cntry_name": "Japan", "UC_IDs": "12858;12888", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "1faf41bda3c183dfbeb8960c3ead4803307e9e8bd835395f03f4d33d656dde4a", "shared_with": [ "osaka" ] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:kyoto", "city_slug": "kyoto", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "3956", "source_name": "Osaka [Kyoto]", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "kyoto", "estimated_area_id": 3956, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "JPN02F", "oecd_name": "Osaka", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 10090, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 8790.199038586637, "intersection_km2": 7061.050382827269, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.6998067772871426, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.8032867460487679, "intersection_over_union": 0.5974246190216483, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 135.7681, "latitude": 35.0116, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "JPN", "source_country_iso3": "JPN", "source_country_name": "Japan" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3956", "shared_with": [ "osaka" ], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=3956; fid=5854", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 5854, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "1faf41bda3c183dfbeb8960c3ead4803307e9e8bd835395f03f4d33d656dde4a", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "f0802c99314b89c6b02f25cac13dc63b3d246e13e2bcc532b2317ba11d5d64c3", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 3956, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "1faf41bda3c183dfbeb8960c3ead4803307e9e8bd835395f03f4d33d656dde4a", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "9b727bffe86ba0bc703370291db384359a2be6a467406131fcb9288811b37ff4" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:kyoto", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:kyoto", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "kyoto", "city_name": "Kyoto", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3956", "source_area_id": "3956", "source_area_name": "Osaka [Kyoto]", "value": 23.70942202698526, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:kyoto", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-kyoto", "shared_with": [ "osaka" ], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Osaka [Kyoto] (source ID 3956). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary. This physical area is shared with osaka; destination bindings are not independent measurements.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 10090, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10084, "missing_cells": 6, "zero_cells": 1186, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9994053518334985, "total_known_modelled_population": 16866788.447898425, "weather_covered_population": 16866788.447898425, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 399901805.5511034, "native_weather_points": 32, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.0003975620253270389, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6705.594576109201 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.5216686619858, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 177466759.44059697 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 11.292073412143205, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 190461013.38075796 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.8952823908309264, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 31967327.13517238 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 16866788.447898425, "strict_value": 23.70942202698526, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 399901805.5511034, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.0003975620253270389, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6705.594576109201, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.5216686619858, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 177466759.44059697, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 11.292073412143205, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 190461013.38075796, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.8952823908309264, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 31967327.13517238, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3956.npz", "sha256": "16c3200266ba58006eb040b1d1d554cc84c3a0c0dba329de0d026b0d8e321d91" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "lima", "name": "Lima", "country": { "id": "country:PER", "name": "Peru", "iso_2": "PE", "iso_3": "PER", "continent": "South America" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/lima", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/lima.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. 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"pm25", "value": 26.78811071950509, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:lima", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2327", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2327.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "611a87386ef5750e8a8a51e1741cc25f220414ad68186b9364621700e2c991ac", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2327.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2327", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 10496388.841424905, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:lima", "city_slug": "lima", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2327", "source_name": "Lima", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "lima", "estimated_area_id": 2327, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": -77.0428, "latitude": -12.0464, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "PER", "source_country_iso3": "PER", "source_country_name": "Peru" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2327", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=2327; fid=7213", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7213, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "29a7c69c7bad34be1e0eed94c34bb66d1b208a235a8357796e7680a211849321", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "7f6c247df1f228ed65470cae216a263a7c0d584cffcb7680bf1309a60236adca", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 2327, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "29a7c69c7bad34be1e0eed94c34bb66d1b208a235a8357796e7680a211849321", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "590f1e69c5c90602f515693d0e26cf9904f6792a954afdc7bac3b61deb34f4ac" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lima (2327)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:lima", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "lima", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:lima", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2327", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2327.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "d91d4a2be928583fdb084472b26e402f55cc4332987e883cc37536e7f8805b7c", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2327.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2327", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 10496388.841424905, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lima (2327)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2327", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lima (2327)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2121, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2121, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 602, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 10496388.841424905, "weather_covered_population": 10496388.841424905, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 10, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Lima (source ID 2327). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 10496388.841424905, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-lima", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2327.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-lima", "observation_sha256": "e17043a730a7929bfdef6554565b84afe7489880d65c8a2c0a699f68e7ea3552", "evidence_review_sha256": "2b2f39343a5507204928f43c6e9abb6513077d76202354d7e7193a3e038197a0", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:lima", "geography_sha256": "91ca3521a6d7656ce7b6c56044579853c96ae7b0c342d463062ab1d6c4125eed", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2327", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "bdea9c9e1e08ce74113c94feaed6328a1afa2d6c4e7a6cc6459cd315d0c46c9c", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-2327", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2327.npz", "sha256": "d91d4a2be928583fdb084472b26e402f55cc4332987e883cc37536e7f8805b7c", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lima (2327)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:lima", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:lima", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "lima", "name": "Lima", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, 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null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-625e592da07a561a9bfb3273e10ea0ebc40a0a721735c9d939799cd1ae3ab6df", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-lima", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-625e592da07a561a9bfb3273e10ea0ebc40a0a721735c9d939799cd1ae3ab6df", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-lima", "observation_sha256": "80f7533efdcb65d6d484fddc093727e5c18ce04fc51e330c3209d3aab05830b6", "evidence_review_sha256": "5f4af05ff5ac700b0738771126438888aaeb61ed6e9a6f24060df769e8fc5bc4", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:lima", "geography_sha256": "35990c0605aff102c5a578afecd741e5300979cedb2bcdd3a1bbcbe90c973986", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2327", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "5830170681753ca26018a4f9391de1bdbbb5f00ef7ff51cd912c4048aa2171e8", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-2327", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2327.npz", "sha256": "611a87386ef5750e8a8a51e1741cc25f220414ad68186b9364621700e2c991ac", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "lima", "metric": "pm25", "value": 26.78811071950509, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:lima", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2327", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2327.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "611a87386ef5750e8a8a51e1741cc25f220414ad68186b9364621700e2c991ac", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2327.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2327", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 10496388.841424905, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lima (2327)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2327", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lima (2327)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2121, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2121, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 602, "total_known_modelled_population": 10496388.841424905, "pm_covered_population": 10496388.841424905, "weighted_concentration_sum": 281178426.43906814, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 26.791152757841335, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 26.19982454577103, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Lima (source ID 2327). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-lima", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2327.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-318bbde8d0f96f7ef8ca4799d338c71378fbb7db00b224eeacaaa1643fcd1997", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-lima", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-318bbde8d0f96f7ef8ca4799d338c71378fbb7db00b224eeacaaa1643fcd1997", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-lima", "observation_sha256": "e17043a730a7929bfdef6554565b84afe7489880d65c8a2c0a699f68e7ea3552", "evidence_review_sha256": "2b2f39343a5507204928f43c6e9abb6513077d76202354d7e7193a3e038197a0", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:lima", "geography_sha256": "91ca3521a6d7656ce7b6c56044579853c96ae7b0c342d463062ab1d6c4125eed", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2327", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "bdea9c9e1e08ce74113c94feaed6328a1afa2d6c4e7a6cc6459cd315d0c46c9c", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-2327", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2327.npz", "sha256": "d91d4a2be928583fdb084472b26e402f55cc4332987e883cc37536e7f8805b7c", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "lima", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:lima", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2327", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2327.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "d91d4a2be928583fdb084472b26e402f55cc4332987e883cc37536e7f8805b7c", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2327.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2327", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 10496388.841424905, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lima (2327)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2327", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lima (2327)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2121, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2121, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 602, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 10496388.841424905, "weather_covered_population": 10496388.841424905, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 10, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Lima (source ID 2327). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 10496388.841424905, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-lima", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2327.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "lima", "city_name": "Lima", "destination_country_iso3": "PER", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -77.0428, "latitude": -12.0464, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 2327, "eFUA_name": "Lima", "Cntry_ISO": "PER", "Cntry_name": "Peru", "UC_IDs": "528;539", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "29a7c69c7bad34be1e0eed94c34bb66d1b208a235a8357796e7680a211849321", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "lima", "city_name": "Lima", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2327", "source_area_id": "2327", "source_area_name": "Lima", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:lima", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-lima", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Lima (source ID 2327). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2121, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2121, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 602, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 10496388.841424905, "weather_covered_population": 10496388.841424905, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 10, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 10496388.841424905, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2327.npz", "sha256": "d91d4a2be928583fdb084472b26e402f55cc4332987e883cc37536e7f8805b7c" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "lisbon", "name": "Lisbon", "country": { "id": "country:PRT", "name": "Portugal", "iso_2": "PT", "iso_3": "PRT", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/lisbon", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/lisbon.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 1, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "lisbon", "id": "231", "name": "Lisbon", "constituentNames": [ "Lisbon", "Amadora", "Agualva-Cacém", "Queluz", "Odivelas", "Loures", "Alverca do Ribatejo", "Póvoa de Santa Iria", "Sacavém" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Portugal", "UN_WPP": "Portugal" }, "population2025": 1974573.68, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 426, "densityPerKm2": 4635.149483568075, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 38.7604581, "longitude": -9.2170141, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 38.7223, "longitude": -9.1393, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M278.71,29.87L266.84,35.81L266.84,53.61L260.9,53.61L260.9,65.48L254.97,65.48L254.97,83.29L249.03,83.29L249.03,89.23L237.16,83.29L237.16,95.16L231.23,95.16L231.23,142.65L225.29,142.65L225.29,154.52L219.35,154.52L219.35,166.39L213.42,166.39L213.42,172.32L195.61,172.32L195.61,178.26L171.87,178.26L171.87,184.19L154.06,184.19L154.06,178.26L124.39,178.26L124.39,184.19L112.52,190.13L118.45,202.0L112.52,202.0L112.52,196.06L100.65,196.06L100.65,190.13L88.77,190.13L88.77,184.19L76.9,184.19L76.9,178.26L65.03,178.26L65.03,184.19L47.23,184.19L47.23,178.26L41.29,178.26L41.29,154.52L59.1,154.52L59.1,148.58L70.97,148.58L70.97,142.65L76.9,142.65L76.9,124.84L88.77,118.9L88.77,107.03L94.71,107.03L94.71,101.1L112.52,101.1L112.52,107.03L118.45,107.03L124.39,118.9L148.13,118.9L148.13,112.97L154.06,112.97L154.06,95.16L165.94,95.16L165.94,89.23L171.87,89.23L171.87,77.35L201.55,77.35L207.48,89.23L219.35,89.23L219.35,83.29L231.23,77.35L231.23,53.61L243.1,53.61L243.1,47.68L249.03,47.68L249.03,35.81L260.9,35.81L260.9,29.87L266.84,29.87L272.77,18.0L278.71,18.0L278.71,29.87Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 200.89, "y": 159.92 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 162.84, "y": 134.43 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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housing and essentials", "unit": "PPP international $ / person / year", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 40000 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "pillar": "means", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "price-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median home price / household income", "unit": "ratio", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 3, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "lisbon", "metric": "pm25", "value": 9.902778817936438, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:lisbon", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-310", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-310.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "58c267de332dab81032d97465df570d87e6386d97aec8250b75e7221a7199329", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-310.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 310", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2731340.2467697114, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lisbon (310)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:310", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lisbon (310)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 1575, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1575, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 94, "total_known_modelled_population": 2731340.2467697114, "pm_covered_population": 2731340.2467697114, "weighted_concentration_sum": 27047858.340288382, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 9.889288001519388, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 9.799733409582446, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Lisbon (source ID 310). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-lisbon", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-310.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-lisbon", "observation_sha256": "062d99ebffcdd2caa255829642afb617a44e2b0c2702a182288fd6964140b04c", "evidence_review_sha256": "af85f4e67324ac5b806d2b44f8ff6c7568436b9d6cb3670aba4a74ee061d5bdb", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:lisbon", "geography_sha256": "41fb3b4c2370814b449e9c62fd34494611b0efa53a7d0222ce578dadc23eb683", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-310", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "a6885e4f4e2108ad44428addc5e4e38b07d73d920488b704c403bd536183ca9f", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-310", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-310.npz", "sha256": "58c267de332dab81032d97465df570d87e6386d97aec8250b75e7221a7199329", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:lisbon", "city_slug": "lisbon", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "310", "source_name": "Lisbon", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "lisbon", "estimated_area_id": 310, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "PT001F", "oecd_name": "Lisboa", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 1575, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 4321.458542159736, "intersection_km2": 1432.1087990576511, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9092754279731118, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.33139477912055265, "intersection_over_union": 0.3207877701047992, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -9.1393, "latitude": 38.7223, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "PRT", "source_country_iso3": "PRT", "source_country_name": "Portugal" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:310", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=310; fid=7345", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7345, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "b3baa9de4e4c1fd0a118a77e82e2186f4024e27b6f37ea716ec1ff6b24009c12", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "971a9a5a87fc513102e26627c47ec688bfb9b4c248f8dba2b3fb7c63ebdc853c", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 310, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "de11c15c3b5b167423d17fff9b798f753cc87af739994b23d6b20012abc2ab65", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "0f20c7463ccc007cd928bfb8403e2f82cc8e095fe6057240955b8b299bd55e28" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lisbon (310)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:lisbon", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "lisbon", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 2.342397353016719, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:lisbon", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-310", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-310.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "ba8b50d373d13e495400884f19aa56245e69aa38d75787c1bad27edf44ec4fc8", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-310.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 310", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2731340.2467697114, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lisbon (310)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:310", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lisbon (310)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1575, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1575, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 94, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2731340.2467697114, "weather_covered_population": 2731340.2467697114, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6397884.164221404, "native_weather_points": 8, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Lisbon (source ID 310). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.04713073400702401, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 128730.07065318257 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.7782461976163435, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2125655.1614450132 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.36938711188850387, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1008921.8853390971 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.1476333095048474, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3134577.0467841104 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2731340.2467697114, "strict_value": 2.342397353016719, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6397884.164221404, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.04713073400702401, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 128730.07065318257, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.7782461976163435, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2125655.1614450132, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.36938711188850387, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1008921.8853390971, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.1476333095048474, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3134577.0467841104, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-lisbon", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-310.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-lisbon", "observation_sha256": "8c17dcbcf7a31e2b734be33bb4975aeeab3175a2ddd8ffe7a50e12b9b4e3ec73", "evidence_review_sha256": "2ba3b4fb600289656e8b9a86a8232939c413dafe8655d2ec68deb3296c0bc305", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:lisbon", "geography_sha256": "9af35105c6a79697cc76d7d8408ab731b5cb0445f68816143e0814b9bf93fc62", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-310", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "6329278575c11ba279ed4c05c6bd245bfc1451e9adec7a52b911b4d162b59466", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-310", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-310.npz", "sha256": "ba8b50d373d13e495400884f19aa56245e69aa38d75787c1bad27edf44ec4fc8", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:lisbon", "city_slug": "lisbon", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "310", "source_name": "Lisbon", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "lisbon", "estimated_area_id": 310, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "PT001F", "oecd_name": "Lisboa", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 1575, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 4321.458542159736, "intersection_km2": 1432.1087990576511, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9092754279731118, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.33139477912055265, "intersection_over_union": 0.3207877701047992, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -9.1393, "latitude": 38.7223, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "PRT", "source_country_iso3": "PRT", "source_country_name": "Portugal" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:310", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=310; fid=7345", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7345, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "b3baa9de4e4c1fd0a118a77e82e2186f4024e27b6f37ea716ec1ff6b24009c12", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "971a9a5a87fc513102e26627c47ec688bfb9b4c248f8dba2b3fb7c63ebdc853c", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 310, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "de11c15c3b5b167423d17fff9b798f753cc87af739994b23d6b20012abc2ab65", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "0f20c7463ccc007cd928bfb8403e2f82cc8e095fe6057240955b8b299bd55e28" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lisbon (310)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:lisbon", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:lisbon", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "lisbon", "name": "Lisbon", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-2188d36092a5fc4017a9ce78ba7d54d57ae8850d34b2fa82ed65c00fd3d14843", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-lisbon", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-2188d36092a5fc4017a9ce78ba7d54d57ae8850d34b2fa82ed65c00fd3d14843", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-lisbon", "observation_sha256": "062d99ebffcdd2caa255829642afb617a44e2b0c2702a182288fd6964140b04c", "evidence_review_sha256": "af85f4e67324ac5b806d2b44f8ff6c7568436b9d6cb3670aba4a74ee061d5bdb", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:lisbon", "geography_sha256": "41fb3b4c2370814b449e9c62fd34494611b0efa53a7d0222ce578dadc23eb683", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-310", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "a6885e4f4e2108ad44428addc5e4e38b07d73d920488b704c403bd536183ca9f", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-310", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-310.npz", "sha256": "58c267de332dab81032d97465df570d87e6386d97aec8250b75e7221a7199329", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "lisbon", "metric": "pm25", "value": 9.902778817936438, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:lisbon", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-310", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-310.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "58c267de332dab81032d97465df570d87e6386d97aec8250b75e7221a7199329", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-310.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 310", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2731340.2467697114, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lisbon (310)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:310", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lisbon (310)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 1575, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1575, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 94, "total_known_modelled_population": 2731340.2467697114, "pm_covered_population": 2731340.2467697114, "weighted_concentration_sum": 27047858.340288382, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 9.889288001519388, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 9.799733409582446, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Lisbon (source ID 310). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-lisbon", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-310.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-ba5513e68055eef5f0cdded5a67cc8b621d6d6379fc50e8b0977c2e71afc2f26", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-lisbon", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-ba5513e68055eef5f0cdded5a67cc8b621d6d6379fc50e8b0977c2e71afc2f26", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-lisbon", "observation_sha256": "8c17dcbcf7a31e2b734be33bb4975aeeab3175a2ddd8ffe7a50e12b9b4e3ec73", "evidence_review_sha256": "2ba3b4fb600289656e8b9a86a8232939c413dafe8655d2ec68deb3296c0bc305", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:lisbon", "geography_sha256": "9af35105c6a79697cc76d7d8408ab731b5cb0445f68816143e0814b9bf93fc62", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-310", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "6329278575c11ba279ed4c05c6bd245bfc1451e9adec7a52b911b4d162b59466", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-310", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-310.npz", "sha256": "ba8b50d373d13e495400884f19aa56245e69aa38d75787c1bad27edf44ec4fc8", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "lisbon", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 2.342397353016719, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:lisbon", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-310", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-310.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "ba8b50d373d13e495400884f19aa56245e69aa38d75787c1bad27edf44ec4fc8", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-310.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 310", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2731340.2467697114, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lisbon (310)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:310", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lisbon (310)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1575, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1575, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 94, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2731340.2467697114, "weather_covered_population": 2731340.2467697114, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6397884.164221404, "native_weather_points": 8, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Lisbon (source ID 310). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.04713073400702401, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 128730.07065318257 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.7782461976163435, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2125655.1614450132 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.36938711188850387, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1008921.8853390971 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.1476333095048474, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3134577.0467841104 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2731340.2467697114, "strict_value": 2.342397353016719, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6397884.164221404, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.04713073400702401, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 128730.07065318257, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.7782461976163435, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2125655.1614450132, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.36938711188850387, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1008921.8853390971, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.1476333095048474, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3134577.0467841104, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-lisbon", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-310.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "lisbon", "source_city_name": "Lisboa", "source_country_name": "Portugal", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:lisbon:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "lisbon", "source_city_name": "Lisboa", "source_country_name": "Portugal", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "Lisboa", "country": "Portugal" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 7.771401882, "value_as_published": "7.771401882", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "509,515", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2020 for city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 565, "csv_line_end": 566, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "Lisboa", "Country": "Portugal", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "7.771401882", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2020 for city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "509,515" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "lisbon", "city_name": "Lisbon", "destination_country_iso3": "PRT", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -9.1393, "latitude": 38.7223, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "PT001F", "country_iso3": "PRT", "source_name": "Lisboa", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 175, "member_ids": [ "PRT1101", "PRT110106", "PRT110107", "PRT110108", "PRT110109", "PRT110113", "PRT110114", "PRT110117", "PRT110118", "PRT110119", "PRT110120", "PRT110121", "PRT1102", "PRT110201", "PRT110202", "PRT110203", "PRT110204", "PRT1103", "PRT110301", "PRT110302", "PRT110303", "PRT110304", "PRT110306", "PRT110307", "PRT110310", "PRT1105", "PRT110501", "PRT110506", "PRT110507", "PRT110508", "PRT1106", "PRT110601", "PRT110602", "PRT110607", "PRT110608", "PRT110610", "PRT110611", "PRT110618", "PRT110621", "PRT110633", "PRT110639", "PRT110654", "PRT110655", "PRT110656", "PRT110657", "PRT110658", "PRT110659", "PRT110660", "PRT110661", "PRT110662", "PRT110663", "PRT110664", "PRT110665", "PRT110666", "PRT110667", "PRT1107", "PRT110702", "PRT110705", "PRT110707", "PRT110708", "PRT110726", "PRT110727", "PRT110728", "PRT110729", "PRT110730", "PRT110731", "PRT1109", "PRT110902", "PRT110904", "PRT110906", "PRT110909", "PRT110911", "PRT110913", "PRT110918", "PRT110919", "PRT110920", "PRT110921", "PRT110922", "PRT1110", "PRT111002", "PRT111009", "PRT111012", "PRT111013", "PRT111014", "PRT1111", "PRT111102", "PRT111105", "PRT111108", "PRT111115", "PRT111122", "PRT111123", "PRT111124", "PRT111125", "PRT111126", "PRT111127", "PRT111128", "PRT1112", "PRT111201", "PRT111202", "PRT111203", "PRT1114", "PRT111408", "PRT111409", "PRT111412", "PRT111413", "PRT111414", "PRT111415", "PRT1115", "PRT111512", "PRT111513", "PRT111514", "PRT111515", "PRT111516", "PRT111517", "PRT1116", "PRT111603", "PRT111608", "PRT111609", "PRT111610", "PRT1405", "PRT140501", "PRT140502", "PRT140503", "PRT140504", "PRT1415", "PRT141502", "PRT141503", "PRT141507", "PRT141508", "PRT1502", "PRT150201", "PRT150202", "PRT150203", "PRT1503", "PRT150303", "PRT150312", "PRT150313", "PRT150314", "PRT150315", "PRT1504", "PRT150407", "PRT150409", "PRT150410", "PRT150411", "PRT1506", "PRT150601", "PRT150603", "PRT150607", "PRT150608", "PRT1507", "PRT150701", "PRT150704", "PRT150709", "PRT150710", "PRT150711", "PRT1508", "PRT150802", "PRT150803", "PRT150804", "PRT150806", "PRT1510", "PRT151002", "PRT151005", "PRT151006", "PRT151007", "PRT1511", "PRT151101", "PRT151102", "PRT151103", "PRT1512", "PRT151205", "PRT151207", "PRT151208", "PRT151209", "PRT151210" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Councils (Concoelhos)", "Parishes (Freguesias)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Councils (Concoelhos)": 24, "Parishes (Freguesias)": 151 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "06d6b1c58f63ad292005c77e0050c7cbdd7a61134f8b0ac37d5fe6958d5fe318", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 310, "eFUA_name": "Lisbon", "Cntry_ISO": "PRT", "Cntry_name": "Portugal", "UC_IDs": "1551;1554;1556", "UC_num": 3, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "b3baa9de4e4c1fd0a118a77e82e2186f4024e27b6f37ea716ec1ff6b24009c12", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "PT001F", "URAU_NAME": "Lisboa", "CNTR_CODE": "PT" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:lisbon", "city_slug": "lisbon", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "310", "source_name": "Lisbon", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "lisbon", "estimated_area_id": 310, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "PT001F", "oecd_name": "Lisboa", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 1575, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 4321.458542159736, "intersection_km2": 1432.1087990576511, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9092754279731118, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.33139477912055265, "intersection_over_union": 0.3207877701047992, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -9.1393, "latitude": 38.7223, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "PRT", "source_country_iso3": "PRT", "source_country_name": "Portugal" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:310", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=310; fid=7345", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7345, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "b3baa9de4e4c1fd0a118a77e82e2186f4024e27b6f37ea716ec1ff6b24009c12", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "971a9a5a87fc513102e26627c47ec688bfb9b4c248f8dba2b3fb7c63ebdc853c", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 310, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "de11c15c3b5b167423d17fff9b798f753cc87af739994b23d6b20012abc2ab65", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "0f20c7463ccc007cd928bfb8403e2f82cc8e095fe6057240955b8b299bd55e28" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Lisbon (310)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:lisbon", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. 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Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1575, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1575, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 94, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2731340.2467697114, "weather_covered_population": 2731340.2467697114, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6397884.164221404, "native_weather_points": 8, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.04713073400702401, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 128730.07065318257 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.7782461976163435, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2125655.1614450132 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.36938711188850387, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1008921.8853390971 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.1476333095048474, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3134577.0467841104 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2731340.2467697114, "strict_value": 2.342397353016719, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6397884.164221404, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.04713073400702401, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 128730.07065318257, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.7782461976163435, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2125655.1614450132, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.36938711188850387, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1008921.8853390971, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.1476333095048474, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3134577.0467841104, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-310.npz", "sha256": "ba8b50d373d13e495400884f19aa56245e69aa38d75787c1bad27edf44ec4fc8" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "london", "name": "London", "country": { "id": "country:GBR", "name": "United Kingdom", "iso_2": "GB", "iso_3": "GBR", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/london", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/london.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "london", "id": "5816", "name": "London", "constituentNames": [ "London", "Westminster", "City of London" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "United Kingdom", "UN_WPP": "United Kingdom" }, "population2025": 10408332.24, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 1649, "densityPerKm2": 6311.905542753184, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 51.5096788, "longitude": -0.125893, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 51.5074, "longitude": -0.1278, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M196.08,21.61L199.69,21.61L199.69,28.82L192.47,32.43L192.47,46.86L196.08,46.86L196.08,50.47L206.9,50.47L206.9,54.08L203.29,54.08L203.29,57.69L196.08,57.69L196.08,61.29L192.47,61.29L192.47,68.51L196.08,68.51L196.08,72.12L206.9,72.12L206.9,68.51L210.51,68.51L210.51,64.9L217.73,61.29L217.73,64.9L221.33,64.9L221.33,68.51L217.73,68.51L217.73,75.73L221.33,75.73L221.33,79.33L228.55,79.33L228.55,82.94L253.8,82.94L253.8,79.33L257.41,79.33L257.41,82.94L264.63,82.94L264.63,93.76L268.24,93.76L271.84,100.98L268.24,100.98L268.24,104.59L264.63,104.59L264.63,108.2L261.02,108.2L261.02,111.8L257.41,111.8L257.41,115.41L253.8,115.41L253.8,119.02L246.59,122.63L246.59,129.84L250.2,129.84L250.2,133.45L253.8,133.45L253.8,137.06L257.41,137.06L261.02,144.27L268.24,144.27L268.24,140.67L279.06,140.67L282.67,147.88L257.41,147.88L257.41,151.49L242.98,151.49L242.98,155.1L239.37,155.1L239.37,151.49L232.16,151.49L232.16,155.1L228.55,155.1L228.55,162.31L232.16,162.31L232.16,173.14L228.55,173.14L224.94,180.35L217.73,180.35L217.73,176.75L210.51,176.75L210.51,173.14L199.69,173.14L199.69,176.75L196.08,176.75L196.08,187.57L192.47,187.57L192.47,183.96L181.65,183.96L181.65,187.57L178.04,187.57L174.43,194.78L167.22,194.78L167.22,198.39L160.0,198.39L160.0,194.78L149.18,194.78L149.18,191.18L141.96,191.18L141.96,194.78L138.35,194.78L134.75,202.0L131.14,202.0L131.14,194.78L127.53,194.78L127.53,191.18L116.71,191.18L116.71,180.35L113.1,180.35L113.1,176.75L105.88,176.75L105.88,180.35L102.27,180.35L102.27,169.53L98.67,169.53L98.67,165.92L91.45,165.92L87.84,158.71L73.41,158.71L73.41,162.31L69.8,162.31L66.2,155.1L51.76,155.1L51.76,151.49L44.55,151.49L44.55,155.1L40.94,155.1L40.94,151.49L37.33,151.49L37.33,147.88L58.98,147.88L58.98,144.27L62.59,144.27L62.59,133.45L66.2,133.45L66.2,111.8L62.59,111.8L62.59,108.2L66.2,108.2L66.2,100.98L69.8,100.98L69.8,97.37L73.41,97.37L73.41,93.76L80.63,90.16L80.63,82.94L77.02,82.94L77.02,72.12L73.41,72.12L73.41,64.9L80.63,61.29L80.63,46.86L91.45,46.86L91.45,50.47L95.06,50.47L95.06,61.29L98.67,61.29L98.67,64.9L102.27,64.9L102.27,68.51L105.88,68.51L109.49,75.73L131.14,75.73L131.14,72.12L134.75,72.12L134.75,64.9L156.39,64.9L156.39,68.51L163.61,68.51L167.22,61.29L178.04,61.29L178.04,57.69L181.65,57.69L181.65,50.47L178.04,50.47L178.04,43.25L174.43,43.25L174.43,39.65L185.25,39.65L185.25,36.04L188.86,36.04L188.86,21.61L192.47,21.61L192.47,18.0L196.08,18.0L196.08,21.61Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 161.71, "y": 121.17 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 162.23, "y": 120.32 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", 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submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "london", "metric": "pm25", "value": 8.606392745028117, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:london", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5288", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5288.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "66493d27972625c16941025797af1116da9189ca46824c9d3bf4da15855062bf", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5288.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 5288", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 13475296.615137912, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: London (5288)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5288", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: London (5288)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 6605, "population_grid_valid_cells": 6605, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 91, "total_known_modelled_population": 13475296.615137912, "pm_covered_population": 13475296.615137912, "weighted_concentration_sum": 115973695.02562487, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 8.616832919809285, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 8.619366838823789, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area London (source ID 5288). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-london", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5288.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-london", "observation_sha256": "07d615fb1a3db1032c82c5972a987621ab3242305d8e96a1adf927f83f6e4024", "evidence_review_sha256": "a56064dd49b1641372ad28d2891ffcd2af43b89482a08ce471750846f62202fc", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:london", "geography_sha256": "e3fa2d1421c89f083ed47e11868dafb7109a978d6685e7a88a9e2e3d202e759c", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5288", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "2c34c48acf3061b5419915d7d232dea135e33d1ff3d500dc5e62775334872777", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-5288", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5288.npz", "sha256": "66493d27972625c16941025797af1116da9189ca46824c9d3bf4da15855062bf", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:london", "city_slug": "london", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "5288", "source_name": "London", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "london", "estimated_area_id": 5288, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "UK001F", "oecd_name": "London", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 6605, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 6977.391619490917, "intersection_km2": 4430.502847831054, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.6707801435020521, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.6349798161614886, "intersection_over_union": 0.48410803041561673, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -0.1278, "latitude": 51.5074, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "GBR", "source_country_iso3": "GBR", "source_country_name": "UnitedKingdom" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5288", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=5288; fid=8454", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8454, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "dbd19509ec585494ce6b73100f9d82a9f571f6c753fd851d5e60e6b326e0beff", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "3e1ddc4da620b386dcfd2f98946a6e7e1316f4b075c7e470b8f8083deda75e2c", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 5288, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "88b6c02a3c0dd5144b6bc3970f171c70e73e8144b7c3e00db06817ae0c5ef63b", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "18cfa4ec51e3055c1360603cbc92f704a779ce1254219dabe7ea6b363d7ab27a" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: London (5288)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:london", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "london", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:london", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5288", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5288.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "48696bca6a1ccbbff78f75b3ec3ecbf60f5ac206b4ae99937550c1785679dc46", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5288.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 5288", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 13475296.615137912, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: London (5288)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5288", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: London (5288)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 6605, "population_grid_valid_cells": 6605, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 91, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 13475296.615137912, "weather_covered_population": 13475296.615137912, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 28, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area London (source ID 5288). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 13475296.615137912, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-london", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5288.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-london", "observation_sha256": "b600076e4aa03da99d3e8e748682c5d5e5ee288b476696c63967420ddb36f78d", "evidence_review_sha256": "77b4492bb0d6050a77e2a9f34781fbf4cd42133baa6a8a357479627ee6b35654", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:london", "geography_sha256": "0f819c0e895ef875e8f9f0841857a5eaac1a43223c7ece0d77040d4dbf3e4283", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5288", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "e775eb1d5dcc743a1a9c5619c0d4e2c831377a0cf067bc0b5c569510af8ffa98", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-5288", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5288.npz", "sha256": "48696bca6a1ccbbff78f75b3ec3ecbf60f5ac206b4ae99937550c1785679dc46", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:london", "city_slug": "london", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "5288", "source_name": "London", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "london", "estimated_area_id": 5288, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "UK001F", "oecd_name": "London", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 6605, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 6977.391619490917, "intersection_km2": 4430.502847831054, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.6707801435020521, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.6349798161614886, "intersection_over_union": 0.48410803041561673, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -0.1278, "latitude": 51.5074, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "GBR", "source_country_iso3": "GBR", "source_country_name": "UnitedKingdom" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5288", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=5288; fid=8454", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8454, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "dbd19509ec585494ce6b73100f9d82a9f571f6c753fd851d5e60e6b326e0beff", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "3e1ddc4da620b386dcfd2f98946a6e7e1316f4b075c7e470b8f8083deda75e2c", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 5288, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "88b6c02a3c0dd5144b6bc3970f171c70e73e8144b7c3e00db06817ae0c5ef63b", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "18cfa4ec51e3055c1360603cbc92f704a779ce1254219dabe7ea6b363d7ab27a" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: London (5288)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:london", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:london", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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"missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "london", "metric": "pm25", "value": 8.606392745028117, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:london", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5288", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5288.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "66493d27972625c16941025797af1116da9189ca46824c9d3bf4da15855062bf", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5288.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 5288", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 13475296.615137912, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: London (5288)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5288", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: London (5288)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 6605, "population_grid_valid_cells": 6605, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 91, "total_known_modelled_population": 13475296.615137912, "pm_covered_population": 13475296.615137912, "weighted_concentration_sum": 115973695.02562487, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 8.616832919809285, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 8.619366838823789, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area London (source ID 5288). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "london", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:london", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5288", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5288.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "48696bca6a1ccbbff78f75b3ec3ecbf60f5ac206b4ae99937550c1785679dc46", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5288.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 5288", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 13475296.615137912, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: London (5288)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5288", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: London (5288)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 6605, "population_grid_valid_cells": 6605, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 91, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 13475296.615137912, "weather_covered_population": 13475296.615137912, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 28, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area London (source ID 5288). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 13475296.615137912, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-london", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5288.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "london", "city_name": "London", "destination_country_iso3": "GBR", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -0.1278, "latitude": 51.5074, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "UK001F", "country_iso3": "GBR", "source_name": "London", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 62, "member_ids": [ "GBRE06000033", "GBRE06000034", "GBRE07000066", "GBRE07000068", "GBRE07000069", "GBRE07000070", "GBRE07000072", "GBRE07000073", "GBRE07000075", "GBRE07000077", "GBRE07000095", "GBRE07000098", "GBRE07000102", "GBRE07000103", "GBRE07000107", "GBRE07000109", "GBRE07000111", "GBRE07000115", "GBRE07000116", "GBRE07000207", "GBRE07000208", "GBRE07000210", "GBRE07000211", "GBRE07000213", "GBRE07000215", "GBRE07000217", "GBRE07000240", "GBRE07000241", "GBRE07000242", "GBRE09000001", "GBRE09000002", "GBRE09000003", "GBRE09000004", "GBRE09000005", "GBRE09000006", "GBRE09000007", "GBRE09000008", "GBRE09000009", "GBRE09000010", "GBRE09000011", "GBRE09000012", "GBRE09000013", "GBRE09000014", "GBRE09000015", "GBRE09000016", "GBRE09000017", "GBRE09000018", "GBRE09000019", "GBRE09000020", "GBRE09000021", "GBRE09000022", "GBRE09000023", "GBRE09000024", "GBRE09000025", "GBRE09000026", "GBRE09000027", "GBRE09000028", "GBRE09000029", "GBRE09000030", "GBRE09000031", "GBRE09000032", "GBRE09000033" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Local Authorities" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Local Authorities": 62 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "632b31d2801bee9019c0151fd47eae61b3e743eed5d4427e52e1dcba3087717c", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 5288, "eFUA_name": "London", "Cntry_ISO": "GBR", "Cntry_name": "UnitedKingdom", "UC_IDs": "1892;1895;1906;1912;1914;1924;1936;1945;1948;1960;1981;1983", "UC_num": 12, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "dbd19509ec585494ce6b73100f9d82a9f571f6c753fd851d5e60e6b326e0beff", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:london", "city_slug": "london", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "5288", "source_name": "London", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "london", "estimated_area_id": 5288, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "UK001F", "oecd_name": "London", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 6605, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 6977.391619490917, "intersection_km2": 4430.502847831054, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.6707801435020521, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.6349798161614886, "intersection_over_union": 0.48410803041561673, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -0.1278, "latitude": 51.5074, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "GBR", "source_country_iso3": "GBR", "source_country_name": "UnitedKingdom" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5288", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=5288; fid=8454", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8454, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "dbd19509ec585494ce6b73100f9d82a9f571f6c753fd851d5e60e6b326e0beff", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "3e1ddc4da620b386dcfd2f98946a6e7e1316f4b075c7e470b8f8083deda75e2c", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 5288, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "88b6c02a3c0dd5144b6bc3970f171c70e73e8144b7c3e00db06817ae0c5ef63b", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "18cfa4ec51e3055c1360603cbc92f704a779ce1254219dabe7ea6b363d7ab27a" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: London (5288)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:london", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:london", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "london", "city_name": "London", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5288", "source_area_id": "5288", "source_area_name": "London", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:london", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-london", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area London (source ID 5288). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 6605, "population_grid_valid_cells": 6605, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 91, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 13475296.615137912, "weather_covered_population": 13475296.615137912, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 28, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 13475296.615137912, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5288.npz", "sha256": "48696bca6a1ccbbff78f75b3ec3ecbf60f5ac206b4ae99937550c1785679dc46" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "los-angeles", "name": "Los Angeles", "country": { "id": "country:USA", "name": "United States", "iso_2": "US", "iso_3": "USA", "continent": "North America" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/los-angeles", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/los-angeles.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 3, "agency_measurements": 3, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 2, "air_monitor_records": 2, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "id": "2007", "name": "Los Angeles", "constituentNames": [ "Los Angeles", "Long Beach", "Anaheim", "Santa Ana", "Irvine", "Glendale", "San Bernardino", "Fontana", "Huntington Beach", "Ontario", "Garden Grove", "Rancho Cucamonga", "Pomona", "Torrance", "Pasadena", "Fullerton", "Orange", "Inglewood", "Downey", "El Monte", "Costa Mesa", "West Covina", "Norwalk", "Burbank", "South Gate", "Carson", "Santa Monica" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "United States", "UN_WPP": "United States of America" }, "population2025": 13474332.62, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 4498, "densityPerKm2": 2995.6275277901286, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 33.9889625, "longitude": -118.0740847, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban 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"viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 88.83, "y": 86.3 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 110.21, "y": 101.51 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.1, "accepted_metrics": 3, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0, "infrastructure": 0.16666666666666666, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "unit": "PPP international $ / person / year", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 40000 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "pillar": "means", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "price-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median home price / household income", "unit": "ratio", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 3, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "metric": "road-deaths", "value": 7.557465747352914, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "source_frame_sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 31080 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 12927614, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:31080", "boundary_label": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 977, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 920, "midyear_resident_population": 12927614, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 97700000, "denominator": 12927614, "reduced_fraction": "48850000/6463807" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "31080", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US31080", "source_area_name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 732, "county_count": 2, "county_fips": [ "06037", "06059" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "transformed_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "native_matches": [ "31080" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 27733.135975618974, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 862, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "31080", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area", "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "13204657", "POPESTIMATE2020": "13182895", "POPESTIMATE2021": "12968590", "POPESTIMATE2022": "12906936", "POPESTIMATE2023": "12886400", "POPESTIMATE2024": "12927614", "NPOPCHG2020": "-21762", "NPOPCHG2021": "-214305", "NPOPCHG2022": "-61654", "NPOPCHG2023": "-20536", "NPOPCHG2024": "41214", "BIRTHS2020": "31399", "BIRTHS2021": "124588", "BIRTHS2022": "127597", "BIRTHS2023": "125847", "BIRTHS2024": "124244", "DEATHS2020": "25220", "DEATHS2021": "115341", "DEATHS2022": "98870", "DEATHS2023": "95838", "DEATHS2024": "90857", "NATURALCHG2020": "6179", "NATURALCHG2021": "9247", "NATURALCHG2022": "28727", "NATURALCHG2023": "30009", "NATURALCHG2024": "33387", "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "233", "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "15944", "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "83694", "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "105058", "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "130009", "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-29264", "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-232171", "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-173616", "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-156690", "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-122349", "NETMIG2020": "-29031", "NETMIG2021": "-216227", "NETMIG2022": "-89922", "NETMIG2023": "-51632", "NETMIG2024": "7660", "RESIDUAL2020": "1090", "RESIDUAL2021": "-7325", "RESIDUAL2022": "-459", "RESIDUAL2023": "1087", "RESIDUAL2024": "167" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "ca063264289074e73e4ff8c3a151512b152dabb7d92d83f16699ba946449350b" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "bec2d9d7e20272bdd828cec8290f5d2c3088adc0f45e5b53da067f32991893b6" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 12906895, "value": 7.569597490333655, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 97700000, "denominator": 12906895, "reduced_fraction": "19540000/2581379" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 2391, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 88, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 958, "2025": 1, "9999": 18 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-los-angeles", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-los-angeles", "observation_sha256": "f5489a4a86b249be4ce5b9de8a013744b47140206413287dcc9fc34ab028ee0b", "evidence_review_sha256": "d662dfafe3984d1a77fe1ae590c50581a6e551abb1bc59261da90adc88708333", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "cada0ae696c1201d0333efdad9635dd78025c242ca7a692a246d32f283dfe604", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_sha256": "cd6fd10c78120badc80050f0844ebff5c4e3789b41c569e5b78690611ed4fe7c", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "d871a132d4bbfc6fe6a7ae2f9e046a17e546ba358b5941bc6527e785083be525", "source_frame": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "31080", "source_name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -118.2437, "latitude": 34.0522, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "transformed_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "native_matches": [ "31080" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 27733.135975618974, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853" }, "county_fips": [ "06037", "06059" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:31080", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA31080; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record732", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 732, "native_shp_record_number": 732, "native_cbsa_code": "31080", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US31080", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "metric": "pm25", "value": 12.523773681869056, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1642", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f51a43aa7366b0fdb3757f9f125dfbfd2c301721efb85bd79f37ffce72449e5c", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1642", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 16206528.530156042, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 10407, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10407, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1881, "total_known_modelled_population": 16206528.530156042, "pm_covered_population": 16206528.530156042, "weighted_concentration_sum": 202966895.48042825, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 12.529604693343646, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 12.38746809274214, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Los Angeles (source ID 1642). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-los-angeles", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-los-angeles", "observation_sha256": "ef21bf8dada9587db1abbd76463c05b01e70031474597f98e769dc20bc57bece", "evidence_review_sha256": "0cb5645cc93996586022c02a56a982b1cbaca81a3d0bc670d39a32bc7cf3e8a6", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_sha256": "616a6f9b8eb092d88feec4903812ecc65ecaec26256da652a34a07bde38b68ce", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1642", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "c88bb713abd3ead741a18a2a74b920c9e65683bc523170b940d653484a8c574f", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-1642", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz", "sha256": "f51a43aa7366b0fdb3757f9f125dfbfd2c301721efb85bd79f37ffce72449e5c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1642", "source_name": "Los Angeles", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "estimated_area_id": 1642, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "USA02F", "oecd_name": "Los Angeles (Greater)", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 10407, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 83882.11616161146, "intersection_km2": 9556.925418574847, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9183170383948156, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.11393281256951124, "intersection_over_union": 0.11278978313634887, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -118.2437, "latitude": 34.0522, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_name": "UnitedStates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1642; fid=8487", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8487, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8e31426c3d7434685eda49baf0643fa221b5a253976d3175cab4fdf3bea5d427", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "7aed764831f01d13d77c48b56b905a2a56b4ed2dcf5d187bf2c8624211235fbd", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1642, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "8e31426c3d7434685eda49baf0643fa221b5a253976d3175cab4fdf3bea5d427", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "a7210d85e26cdadbcfa8a1913b6b0f2c56de4e431825784225924ba564d8ed5c" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 11.519801470761283, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:los-angeles", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1642", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1642.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "21bcaae5b9f9d021cd707e2eaa3028295fd741db3a52b01f3f490ac19eeeb1c8", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1642.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1642", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 16206528.530156042, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 10407, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10407, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1881, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 16206528.530156042, "weather_covered_population": 16206528.530156042, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 186695991.1976263, "native_weather_points": 31, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Los Angeles (source ID 1642). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.986498081371653, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 32194237.830849934 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.46966624015609737, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 7611659.320740911 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.3123107007517128, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5061472.282005659 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 6.048713809517851, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 98028652.9246999 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 2.702612638963969, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 43799968.839329876 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 16206528.530156042, "strict_value": 11.519801470761283, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 186695991.1976263, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.986498081371653, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 32194237.830849934, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.46966624015609737, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 7611659.320740911, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.3123107007517128, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5061472.282005659, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 6.048713809517851, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 98028652.9246999, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 2.702612638963969, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 43799968.839329876, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-los-angeles", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1642.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-los-angeles", "observation_sha256": "6a1f489242b248238ededcd755169f44957db4dc82f3dbddb4d2234cfaedb5d7", "evidence_review_sha256": "9f90dd861eff05d297fca73c1f9602d4194d841969940996ed37158a7c852aa9", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_sha256": "6bca97396eee1f1c23115e8aae4eebf3c229aa27f612aa4ea3e5c05ac32ac6b2", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1642", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "770dc89af9c10ec5315a0555324beb7000edfd811660e1821fc2b0cdc1b3211a", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1642", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1642.npz", "sha256": "21bcaae5b9f9d021cd707e2eaa3028295fd741db3a52b01f3f490ac19eeeb1c8", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "los-angeles", "name": "Los Angeles", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-f49e65f9ae9b1c6d881246ef65e30f54605c663e605640d5b5baa1463e4ea73d", "selected_evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-los-angeles", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-f49e65f9ae9b1c6d881246ef65e30f54605c663e605640d5b5baa1463e4ea73d", "identity": { "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-los-angeles", "observation_sha256": "f5489a4a86b249be4ce5b9de8a013744b47140206413287dcc9fc34ab028ee0b", "evidence_review_sha256": "d662dfafe3984d1a77fe1ae590c50581a6e551abb1bc59261da90adc88708333", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "cada0ae696c1201d0333efdad9635dd78025c242ca7a692a246d32f283dfe604", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_sha256": "cd6fd10c78120badc80050f0844ebff5c4e3789b41c569e5b78690611ed4fe7c", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "d871a132d4bbfc6fe6a7ae2f9e046a17e546ba358b5941bc6527e785083be525", "source_frame": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "metric": "road-deaths", "value": 7.557465747352914, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "source_frame_sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 31080 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 12927614, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:31080", "boundary_label": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 977, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 920, "midyear_resident_population": 12927614, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 97700000, "denominator": 12927614, "reduced_fraction": "48850000/6463807" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "31080", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US31080", "source_area_name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 732, "county_count": 2, "county_fips": [ "06037", "06059" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "transformed_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "native_matches": [ "31080" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 27733.135975618974, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 862, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "31080", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area", "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "13204657", "POPESTIMATE2020": "13182895", "POPESTIMATE2021": "12968590", "POPESTIMATE2022": "12906936", "POPESTIMATE2023": "12886400", "POPESTIMATE2024": 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"RESIDUAL2022": "-459", "RESIDUAL2023": "1087", "RESIDUAL2024": "167" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "ca063264289074e73e4ff8c3a151512b152dabb7d92d83f16699ba946449350b" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "bec2d9d7e20272bdd828cec8290f5d2c3088adc0f45e5b53da067f32991893b6" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 12906895, "value": 7.569597490333655, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 97700000, "denominator": 12906895, "reduced_fraction": "19540000/2581379" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 2391, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 88, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 958, "2025": 1, "9999": 18 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-los-angeles", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-b200c41dcd40c1584a2435f008c42fb47d8c621d319d3bf471a35add780b388c", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-los-angeles", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-b200c41dcd40c1584a2435f008c42fb47d8c621d319d3bf471a35add780b388c", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-los-angeles", "observation_sha256": "ef21bf8dada9587db1abbd76463c05b01e70031474597f98e769dc20bc57bece", "evidence_review_sha256": "0cb5645cc93996586022c02a56a982b1cbaca81a3d0bc670d39a32bc7cf3e8a6", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_sha256": "616a6f9b8eb092d88feec4903812ecc65ecaec26256da652a34a07bde38b68ce", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1642", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "c88bb713abd3ead741a18a2a74b920c9e65683bc523170b940d653484a8c574f", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-1642", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz", "sha256": "f51a43aa7366b0fdb3757f9f125dfbfd2c301721efb85bd79f37ffce72449e5c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "metric": "pm25", "value": 12.523773681869056, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1642", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f51a43aa7366b0fdb3757f9f125dfbfd2c301721efb85bd79f37ffce72449e5c", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1642", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 16206528.530156042, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 10407, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10407, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1881, "total_known_modelled_population": 16206528.530156042, "pm_covered_population": 16206528.530156042, "weighted_concentration_sum": 202966895.48042825, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 12.529604693343646, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 12.38746809274214, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Los Angeles (source ID 1642). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-los-angeles", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-c4ca29e92dec4907f04beb4f2cd50df8ce0d68f1da5930e2eb8ea0332418c9e1", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-los-angeles", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-c4ca29e92dec4907f04beb4f2cd50df8ce0d68f1da5930e2eb8ea0332418c9e1", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-los-angeles", "observation_sha256": "6a1f489242b248238ededcd755169f44957db4dc82f3dbddb4d2234cfaedb5d7", "evidence_review_sha256": "9f90dd861eff05d297fca73c1f9602d4194d841969940996ed37158a7c852aa9", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_sha256": "6bca97396eee1f1c23115e8aae4eebf3c229aa27f612aa4ea3e5c05ac32ac6b2", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1642", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "770dc89af9c10ec5315a0555324beb7000edfd811660e1821fc2b0cdc1b3211a", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1642", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1642.npz", "sha256": "21bcaae5b9f9d021cd707e2eaa3028295fd741db3a52b01f3f490ac19eeeb1c8", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 11.519801470761283, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:los-angeles", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1642", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1642.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "21bcaae5b9f9d021cd707e2eaa3028295fd741db3a52b01f3f490ac19eeeb1c8", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1642.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1642", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 16206528.530156042, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 10407, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10407, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1881, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 16206528.530156042, "weather_covered_population": 16206528.530156042, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 186695991.1976263, "native_weather_points": 31, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Los Angeles (source ID 1642). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.986498081371653, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 32194237.830849934 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.46966624015609737, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 7611659.320740911 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.3123107007517128, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5061472.282005659 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 6.048713809517851, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 98028652.9246999 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 2.702612638963969, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 43799968.839329876 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 16206528.530156042, "strict_value": 11.519801470761283, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 186695991.1976263, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.986498081371653, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 32194237.830849934, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.46966624015609737, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 7611659.320740911, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.3123107007517128, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5061472.282005659, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 6.048713809517851, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 98028652.9246999, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 2.702612638963969, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 43799968.839329876, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-los-angeles", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1642.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 2, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "monitor-annual-summary" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "epa_city_name": "Los Angeles", "epa_state_code": "06", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "selected_year": 2025, "selected_monitor_records": 2, "selected_unique_sites": 1, "annual_coverage": { "2024": 3, "2025": 2 }, "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary." } ], "records": [ { "id": "epa:2025:06-037-1103-88101-1:24-hour:no-events", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "source_city_name": "Los Angeles", "source_state_name": "California", "geography_type": "monitoring-site", "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary.", "site_id": "06-037-1103", "monitor_id": "06-037-1103-88101-1", "parameter_code": "88101", "parameter_name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "poc": "1", "site_name": "Los Angeles-North Main Street", "address": "1630 N MAIN ST, LOS ANGELES", "coordinates": { "latitude": 34.06659, "longitude": -118.22688, "datum": "WGS84" }, "cbsa_name_as_published": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "year": 2025, "metric": "annual-measured-pm25-monitor-context", "measurement_kind": "annual ground-monitor daily-mean summary", "annual_single_year": true, "population_weighted": false, "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "value": 12.708408, "value_as_published": "12.708408", "unit": "micrograms/m3 (local conditions)", "source_unit": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "sample_duration": "24 HOUR", "metric_used": "Daily Mean", "pollutant_standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "method_name": "R & P Model 2025 PM-2.5 Sequential Air Sampler w/VSCC - Gravimetric", "related_hourly_method_names": [], "related_hourly_source_csv_rows": [], "event_type": "No Events", "observation_count": 333, "observation_percent": 91, "completeness_indicator": "Y", "valid_day_count": 333, "required_day_count": 365, "exceptional_data_count": 0, "null_data_count": 32, "certification_indicator": "Certified", "source_date_of_last_change": "2026-03-27", "quality_flags": [ "monitor-statistic-not-city-exposure", "no-population-weighting", "no-reviewed-harmonized-fua-boundary", "no-city-level-aggregation" ], "limitations": [ "Site/instrument statistic, not a city average or population-weighted exposure.", "Multiple instruments at one site are retained separately and are not independent areas.", "Completeness and certification are distinct; inspect the original reported fields." ], "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Site measurement is not harmonized FUA population-weighted exposure." }, "source": { "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "dataset": "AirData annual concentration by monitor", "url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip", "sha256": "7af948b3dcaf2d214e7d8fdcfb8ab7b4b6dd9865a43ead6f1e21955bcc326cb8", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "csv_member": "annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.csv", "csv_sha256": "4ab9dc5135f81cf781f68837a0cf04d3e0223086d46a10eff550d85dcbb433d6", "csv_row_number": 7307, "documentation_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/FileFormats.html", "pm25_advisory_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/Data_Advisory_PM25_88101_Pregen_Files.pdf", "license_url": "https://edg.epa.gov/EPA_Data_License.htm", "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip" }, "raw_source_record": { "State Code": "06", "County Code": "037", "Site Num": "1103", "Parameter Code": "88101", "POC": "1", "Latitude": "34.06659", "Longitude": "-118.22688", "Datum": "WGS84", "Parameter Name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "Sample Duration": "24 HOUR", "Pollutant Standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "Metric Used": "Daily Mean", "Method Name": "R & P Model 2025 PM-2.5 Sequential Air Sampler w/VSCC - Gravimetric", "Year": "2025", "Units of Measure": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "Event Type": "No Events", "Observation Count": "333", "Observation Percent": "91", "Completeness Indicator": "Y", "Valid Day Count": "333", "Required Day Count": "365", "Exceptional Data Count": "0", "Null Data Count": "32", "Primary Exceedance Count": "8", "Secondary Exceedance Count": "8", "Certification Indicator": "Certified", "Num Obs Below MDL": "0", "Arithmetic Mean": "12.708408", "Arithmetic Standard Dev": "9.850331", "1st Max Value": "99.6", "1st Max DateTime": "2025-01-08 00:00", "2nd Max Value": "77.1", "2nd Max DateTime": "2025-07-05 00:00", "3rd Max Value": "64.6", "3rd Max DateTime": "2025-01-09 00:00", "4th Max Value": "54.6", "4th Max DateTime": "2025-12-17 00:00", "1st Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "1st NO Max DateTime": "", "2nd Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "2nd NO Max DateTime": "", "99th Percentile": "54.6", "98th Percentile": "36.2", "95th Percentile": "31", "90th Percentile": "22.2", "75th Percentile": "13.6", "50th Percentile": "10.3", "10th Percentile": "5.5", "Local Site Name": "Los Angeles-North Main Street", "Address": "1630 N MAIN ST, LOS ANGELES", "State Name": "California", "County Name": "Los Angeles", "City Name": "Los Angeles", "CBSA Name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "Date of Last Change": "2026-03-27" }, "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "source_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false }, { "id": "epa:2025:06-037-1103-88101-3:24-hr-blk-avg:no-events", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "source_city_name": "Los Angeles", "source_state_name": "California", "geography_type": "monitoring-site", "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary.", "site_id": "06-037-1103", "monitor_id": "06-037-1103-88101-3", "parameter_code": "88101", "parameter_name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "poc": "3", "site_name": "Los Angeles-North Main Street", "address": "1630 N MAIN ST, LOS ANGELES", "coordinates": { "latitude": 34.06659, "longitude": -118.22688, "datum": "WGS84" }, "cbsa_name_as_published": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "year": 2025, "metric": "annual-measured-pm25-monitor-context", "measurement_kind": "annual ground-monitor daily-mean summary", "annual_single_year": true, "population_weighted": false, "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "value": 12.649857, "value_as_published": "12.649857", "unit": "micrograms/m3 (local conditions)", "source_unit": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "sample_duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "metric_used": "Daily Mean", "pollutant_standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "method_name": "", "related_hourly_method_names": [ "Met One BAM-1020 Mass Monitor w/VSCC - Beta Attenuation" ], "related_hourly_source_csv_rows": [ 7320 ], "event_type": "No Events", "observation_count": 349, "observation_percent": 96, "completeness_indicator": "Y", "valid_day_count": 349, "required_day_count": 365, "exceptional_data_count": 0, "null_data_count": 0, "certification_indicator": "Certified", "source_date_of_last_change": "2026-03-26", "quality_flags": [ "monitor-statistic-not-city-exposure", "no-population-weighting", "no-reviewed-harmonized-fua-boundary", "no-city-level-aggregation", "calculated-daily-record-method-name-blank" ], "limitations": [ "Site/instrument statistic, not a city average or population-weighted exposure.", "Multiple instruments at one site are retained separately and are not independent areas.", "Completeness and certification are distinct; inspect the original reported fields." ], "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Site measurement is not harmonized FUA population-weighted exposure." }, "source": { "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "dataset": "AirData annual concentration by monitor", "url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip", "sha256": "7af948b3dcaf2d214e7d8fdcfb8ab7b4b6dd9865a43ead6f1e21955bcc326cb8", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "csv_member": "annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.csv", "csv_sha256": "4ab9dc5135f81cf781f68837a0cf04d3e0223086d46a10eff550d85dcbb433d6", "csv_row_number": 7324, "documentation_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/FileFormats.html", "pm25_advisory_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/Data_Advisory_PM25_88101_Pregen_Files.pdf", "license_url": "https://edg.epa.gov/EPA_Data_License.htm", "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip" }, "raw_source_record": { "State Code": "06", "County Code": "037", "Site Num": "1103", "Parameter Code": "88101", "POC": "3", "Latitude": "34.06659", "Longitude": "-118.22688", "Datum": "WGS84", "Parameter Name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "Sample Duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "Pollutant Standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "Metric Used": "Daily Mean", "Method Name": "", "Year": "2025", "Units of Measure": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "Event Type": "No Events", "Observation Count": "349", "Observation Percent": "96", "Completeness Indicator": "Y", "Valid Day Count": "349", "Required Day Count": "365", "Exceptional Data Count": "0", "Null Data Count": "0", "Primary Exceedance Count": "4", "Secondary Exceedance Count": "4", "Certification Indicator": "Certified", "Num Obs Below MDL": "0", "Arithmetic Mean": "12.649857", "Arithmetic Standard Dev": "8.949715", "1st Max Value": "92.9", "1st Max DateTime": "2025-01-08 00:00", "2nd Max Value": "83.3", "2nd Max DateTime": "2025-07-05 00:00", "3rd Max Value": "74.2", "3rd Max DateTime": "2025-01-09 00:00", "4th Max Value": "38.9", "4th Max DateTime": "2025-12-17 00:00", "1st Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "1st NO Max DateTime": "", "2nd Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "2nd NO Max DateTime": "", "99th Percentile": "38.9", "98th Percentile": "32.9", "95th Percentile": "25.7", "90th Percentile": "19.5", "75th Percentile": "14.8", "50th Percentile": "10.8", "10th Percentile": "5.6", "Local Site Name": "Los Angeles-North Main Street", "Address": "1630 N MAIN ST, LOS ANGELES", "State Name": "California", "County Name": "Los Angeles", "City Name": "Los Angeles", "CBSA Name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "Date of Last Change": "2026-03-26" }, "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "source_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 2, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "monitor-annual-summary" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "epa_city_name": "Los Angeles", "epa_state_code": "06", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "selected_year": 2025, "selected_monitor_records": 2, "selected_unique_sites": 1, "annual_coverage": { "2024": 3, "2025": 2 }, "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary." } ], "records": [ { "id": "epa:2025:06-037-1103-88101-1:24-hour:no-events", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "source_city_name": "Los Angeles", "source_state_name": "California", "geography_type": "monitoring-site", "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary.", "site_id": "06-037-1103", "monitor_id": "06-037-1103-88101-1", "parameter_code": "88101", "parameter_name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "poc": "1", "site_name": "Los Angeles-North Main Street", "address": "1630 N MAIN ST, LOS ANGELES", "coordinates": { "latitude": 34.06659, "longitude": -118.22688, "datum": "WGS84" }, "cbsa_name_as_published": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "year": 2025, "metric": "annual-measured-pm25-monitor-context", "measurement_kind": "annual ground-monitor daily-mean summary", "annual_single_year": true, "population_weighted": false, "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "value": 12.708408, "value_as_published": "12.708408", "unit": "micrograms/m3 (local conditions)", "source_unit": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "sample_duration": "24 HOUR", "metric_used": "Daily Mean", "pollutant_standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "method_name": "R & P Model 2025 PM-2.5 Sequential Air Sampler w/VSCC - Gravimetric", "related_hourly_method_names": [], "related_hourly_source_csv_rows": [], "event_type": "No Events", "observation_count": 333, "observation_percent": 91, "completeness_indicator": "Y", "valid_day_count": 333, "required_day_count": 365, "exceptional_data_count": 0, "null_data_count": 32, "certification_indicator": "Certified", "source_date_of_last_change": "2026-03-27", "quality_flags": [ "monitor-statistic-not-city-exposure", "no-population-weighting", "no-reviewed-harmonized-fua-boundary", "no-city-level-aggregation" ], "limitations": [ "Site/instrument statistic, not a city average or population-weighted exposure.", "Multiple instruments at one site are retained separately and are not independent areas.", "Completeness and certification are distinct; inspect the original reported fields." ], "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Site measurement is not harmonized FUA population-weighted exposure." }, "source": { "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "dataset": "AirData annual concentration by monitor", "url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip", "sha256": "7af948b3dcaf2d214e7d8fdcfb8ab7b4b6dd9865a43ead6f1e21955bcc326cb8", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "csv_member": "annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.csv", "csv_sha256": "4ab9dc5135f81cf781f68837a0cf04d3e0223086d46a10eff550d85dcbb433d6", "csv_row_number": 7307, "documentation_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/FileFormats.html", "pm25_advisory_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/Data_Advisory_PM25_88101_Pregen_Files.pdf", "license_url": "https://edg.epa.gov/EPA_Data_License.htm", "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip" }, "raw_source_record": { "State Code": "06", "County Code": "037", "Site Num": "1103", "Parameter Code": "88101", "POC": "1", "Latitude": "34.06659", "Longitude": "-118.22688", "Datum": "WGS84", "Parameter Name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "Sample Duration": "24 HOUR", "Pollutant Standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "Metric Used": "Daily Mean", "Method Name": "R & P Model 2025 PM-2.5 Sequential Air Sampler w/VSCC - Gravimetric", "Year": "2025", "Units of Measure": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "Event Type": "No Events", "Observation Count": "333", "Observation Percent": "91", "Completeness Indicator": "Y", "Valid Day Count": "333", "Required Day Count": "365", "Exceptional Data Count": "0", "Null Data Count": "32", "Primary Exceedance Count": "8", "Secondary Exceedance Count": "8", "Certification Indicator": "Certified", "Num Obs Below MDL": "0", "Arithmetic Mean": "12.708408", "Arithmetic Standard Dev": "9.850331", "1st Max Value": "99.6", "1st Max DateTime": "2025-01-08 00:00", "2nd Max Value": "77.1", "2nd Max DateTime": "2025-07-05 00:00", "3rd Max Value": "64.6", "3rd Max DateTime": "2025-01-09 00:00", "4th Max Value": "54.6", "4th Max DateTime": "2025-12-17 00:00", "1st Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "1st NO Max DateTime": "", "2nd Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "2nd NO Max DateTime": "", "99th Percentile": "54.6", "98th Percentile": "36.2", "95th Percentile": "31", "90th Percentile": "22.2", "75th Percentile": "13.6", "50th Percentile": "10.3", "10th Percentile": "5.5", "Local Site Name": "Los Angeles-North Main Street", "Address": "1630 N MAIN ST, LOS ANGELES", "State Name": "California", "County Name": "Los Angeles", "City Name": "Los Angeles", "CBSA Name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "Date of Last Change": "2026-03-27" }, "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "source_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false }, { "id": "epa:2025:06-037-1103-88101-3:24-hr-blk-avg:no-events", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "source_city_name": "Los Angeles", "source_state_name": "California", "geography_type": "monitoring-site", "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary.", "site_id": "06-037-1103", "monitor_id": "06-037-1103-88101-3", "parameter_code": "88101", "parameter_name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "poc": "3", "site_name": "Los Angeles-North Main Street", "address": "1630 N MAIN ST, LOS ANGELES", "coordinates": { "latitude": 34.06659, "longitude": -118.22688, "datum": "WGS84" }, "cbsa_name_as_published": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "year": 2025, "metric": "annual-measured-pm25-monitor-context", "measurement_kind": "annual ground-monitor daily-mean summary", "annual_single_year": true, "population_weighted": false, "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "value": 12.649857, "value_as_published": "12.649857", "unit": "micrograms/m3 (local conditions)", "source_unit": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "sample_duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "metric_used": "Daily Mean", "pollutant_standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "method_name": "", "related_hourly_method_names": [ "Met One BAM-1020 Mass Monitor w/VSCC - Beta Attenuation" ], "related_hourly_source_csv_rows": [ 7320 ], "event_type": "No Events", "observation_count": 349, "observation_percent": 96, "completeness_indicator": "Y", "valid_day_count": 349, "required_day_count": 365, "exceptional_data_count": 0, "null_data_count": 0, "certification_indicator": "Certified", "source_date_of_last_change": "2026-03-26", "quality_flags": [ "monitor-statistic-not-city-exposure", "no-population-weighting", "no-reviewed-harmonized-fua-boundary", "no-city-level-aggregation", "calculated-daily-record-method-name-blank" ], "limitations": [ "Site/instrument statistic, not a city average or population-weighted exposure.", "Multiple instruments at one site are retained separately and are not independent areas.", "Completeness and certification are distinct; inspect the original reported fields." ], "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Site measurement is not harmonized FUA population-weighted exposure." }, "source": { "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "dataset": "AirData annual concentration by monitor", "url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip", "sha256": "7af948b3dcaf2d214e7d8fdcfb8ab7b4b6dd9865a43ead6f1e21955bcc326cb8", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "csv_member": "annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.csv", "csv_sha256": "4ab9dc5135f81cf781f68837a0cf04d3e0223086d46a10eff550d85dcbb433d6", "csv_row_number": 7324, "documentation_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/FileFormats.html", "pm25_advisory_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/Data_Advisory_PM25_88101_Pregen_Files.pdf", "license_url": "https://edg.epa.gov/EPA_Data_License.htm", "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip" }, "raw_source_record": { "State Code": "06", "County Code": "037", "Site Num": "1103", "Parameter Code": "88101", "POC": "3", "Latitude": "34.06659", "Longitude": "-118.22688", "Datum": "WGS84", "Parameter Name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "Sample Duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "Pollutant Standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "Metric Used": "Daily Mean", "Method Name": "", "Year": "2025", "Units of Measure": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "Event Type": "No Events", "Observation Count": "349", "Observation Percent": "96", "Completeness Indicator": "Y", "Valid Day Count": "349", "Required Day Count": "365", "Exceptional Data Count": "0", "Null Data Count": "0", "Primary Exceedance Count": "4", "Secondary Exceedance Count": "4", "Certification Indicator": "Certified", "Num Obs Below MDL": "0", "Arithmetic Mean": "12.649857", "Arithmetic Standard Dev": "8.949715", "1st Max Value": "92.9", "1st Max DateTime": "2025-01-08 00:00", "2nd Max Value": "83.3", "2nd Max DateTime": "2025-07-05 00:00", "3rd Max Value": "74.2", "3rd Max DateTime": "2025-01-09 00:00", "4th Max Value": "38.9", "4th Max DateTime": "2025-12-17 00:00", "1st Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "1st NO Max DateTime": "", "2nd Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "2nd NO Max DateTime": "", "99th Percentile": "38.9", "98th Percentile": "32.9", "95th Percentile": "25.7", "90th Percentile": "19.5", "75th Percentile": "14.8", "50th Percentile": "10.8", "10th Percentile": "5.6", "Local Site Name": "Los Angeles-North Main Street", "Address": "1630 N MAIN ST, LOS ANGELES", "State Name": "California", "County Name": "Los Angeles", "City Name": "Los Angeles", "CBSA Name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "Date of Last Change": "2026-03-26" }, "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "source_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "city_name": "Los Angeles", "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -118.2437, "latitude": 34.0522, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "USA02F", "country_iso3": "USA", "source_name": "Los Angeles (Greater)", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 919, "member_ids": [ "USA0600212", "USA0600296", "USA0600394", "USA0600450", "USA0600464", "USA0600884", "USA0600947", "USA0601150", "USA0601290", "USA0602000", "USA0602294", "USA0602364", "USA0602462", "USA0602896", "USA0603274", "USA0603344", "USA0603386", "USA0603512", "USA0603666", "USA06037", "USA0603790015", "USA0603790560", "USA0603790730", "USA0603790810", "USA0603791400", "USA0603791730", "USA0603791750", "USA0603792110", "USA0603792140", "USA0603792360", "USA0603792400", "USA0603792785", "USA0603792920", "USA0603793090", "USA0603793100", "USA0603793155", "USA0603793200", "USA0603793380", "USA0603793510", "USA0603793730", "USA0603820", "USA0604030", "USA0604758", "USA0604870", "USA0604982", "USA0604996", "USA06059", "USA0605990050", "USA0605990420", "USA0605991413", "USA0605991977", "USA0605992150", "USA0605993015", "USA0605993110", "USA0606028", "USA0606308", "USA0606406", "USA0606434", "USA06065", "USA0606590253", "USA0606590410", "USA0606590492", "USA0606590520", "USA0606590590", "USA0606590670", "USA0606590880", "USA0606591280", "USA0606591370", "USA0606591450", "USA0606591530", "USA0606592060", "USA0606592130", "USA0606592340", "USA0606592450", "USA0606592640", "USA0606592810", "USA0606635", "USA0607064", "USA06071", "USA0607172", "USA0607190188", "USA0607190220", "USA0607191513", "USA0607192040", "USA0607192080", "USA0607192102", "USA0607192260", "USA0607192770", "USA0607192955", "USA0607193482", "USA0607193555", "USA0607193850", "USA0607218", "USA0607946", "USA0608100", "USA0608786", "USA0608954", "USA0609360", "USA0609598", "USA0609864", "USA0610928", "USA0611530", "USA0611796", "USA0612048", "USA0612552", "USA0612734", "USA0612916", "USA0613210", "USA0613214", "USA0613560", "USA0613756", "USA0614260", "USA0614890", "USA0614974", "USA0615044", "USA0616350", "USA0616420", "USA0616532", "USA0616580", "USA0616742", "USA0617162", "USA0617498", "USA0617568", "USA0617750", "USA0617946", "USA0618352", "USA0618982", "USA0618986", "USA0618996", "USA0619022", "USA0619052", "USA0619192", "USA0619766", "USA0619990", "USA0620697", "USA0620802", "USA0620984", "USA0621034", "USA0621096", "USA0621230", "USA0621292", "USA0621810", "USA0621964", "USA0622230", "USA0622412", "USA0622457", "USA0624477", "USA0624680", "USA0625114", "USA0625380", "USA0626067", "USA0628000", "USA0628168", "USA0629000", "USA0629112", "USA0630000", "USA0630014", "USA0630410", "USA0630658", "USA0630944", "USA0631092", "USA0631596", "USA0632385", "USA0632506", "USA0632548", "USA0633182", "USA0633364", "USA0633434", "USA0633518", "USA0633574", "USA0633588", "USA0634302", "USA0634316", "USA0634392", "USA0636000", "USA0636056", "USA0636203", "USA0636434", "USA0636448", "USA0636452", "USA0636490", "USA0636546", "USA0636770", "USA0636826", "USA0637554", "USA0637692", "USA0639003", "USA0639045", "USA0639108", "USA0639114", "USA0639178", "USA0639220", "USA0639248", "USA0639259", "USA0639290", "USA0639304", "USA0639444", "USA0639486", "USA0639496", "USA0639556", "USA0639598", "USA0639612", "USA0639645", "USA0639715", "USA0639836", "USA0639892", "USA0640032", "USA0640130", "USA0640256", "USA0640340", "USA0640354", "USA0640526", "USA0640830", "USA0640886", "USA0641180", "USA0641194", "USA0641208", "USA0641880", "USA0642370", "USA0642468", "USA0643000", "USA0643224", "USA0644000", "USA0644420", "USA0644574", "USA0644644", "USA0645246", "USA0645400", "USA0645680", "USA0645806", "USA0646436", "USA0646492", "USA0646520", "USA0646646", "USA0646660", "USA0646842", "USA0646884", "USA0647066", "USA0647430", "USA0648256", "USA0648410", "USA0648648", "USA0648788", "USA0648816", "USA0648914", "USA0649270", "USA0649348", "USA0649544", "USA0649684", "USA0650076", "USA0650132", "USA0650734", "USA0651182", "USA0651560", "USA0651820", "USA0652302", "USA0652379", "USA0652526", "USA0652624", "USA0652715", "USA0652760", "USA0653224", "USA0653896", "USA0653980", "USA0655156", "USA0655184", "USA0655254", "USA0655380", "USA0655618", "USA0656000", "USA0656598", "USA0656700", "USA0656826", "USA0656924", "USA0657302", "USA0657526", "USA0658072", "USA0659052", 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"USA92378", "USA92382", "USA92385", "USA92386", "USA92391", "USA92392", "USA92394", "USA92395", "USA92397", "USA92398", "USA92399", "USA92401", "USA92404", "USA92405", "USA92407", "USA92408", "USA92410", "USA92411", "USA92415", "USA92501", "USA92503", "USA92504", "USA92505", "USA92506", "USA92507", "USA92508", "USA92509", "USA92518", "USA92521", "USA92530", "USA92532", "USA92536", "USA92539", "USA92543", "USA92544", "USA92545", "USA92548", "USA92549", "USA92551", "USA92553", "USA92555", "USA92557", "USA92561", "USA92562", "USA92563", "USA92567", "USA92570", "USA92571", "USA92582", "USA92583", "USA92584", "USA92585", "USA92586", "USA92587", "USA92590", "USA92591", "USA92592", "USA92595", "USA92596", "USA92602", "USA92603", "USA92604", "USA92606", "USA92610", "USA92612", "USA92614", "USA92617", "USA92618", "USA92620", "USA92624", "USA92625", "USA92626", "USA92627", "USA92629", "USA92630", "USA92637", "USA92646", "USA92647", "USA92648", "USA92649", "USA92651", "USA92653", "USA92655", "USA92656", "USA92657", "USA92660", "USA92661", "USA92662", "USA92663", "USA92672", "USA92673", "USA92675", "USA92676", "USA92677", "USA92678", "USA92679", "USA92683", "USA92688", "USA92691", "USA92692", "USA92694", "USA92697", "USA92701", "USA92703", "USA92704", "USA92705", "USA92706", "USA92707", "USA92708", "USA92780", "USA92782", "USA92801", "USA92802", "USA92804", "USA92805", "USA92806", "USA92807", "USA92808", "USA92821", "USA92823", "USA92831", "USA92832", "USA92833", "USA92835", "USA92840", "USA92841", "USA92843", "USA92844", "USA92845", "USA92860", "USA92861", "USA92865", "USA92866", "USA92867", "USA92868", "USA92869", "USA92870", "USA92879", "USA92880", "USA92881", "USA92882", "USA92883", "USA92886", "USA92887", "USA93510", "USA93532", "USA93534", "USA93535", "USA93536", "USA93543", "USA93544", "USA93550", "USA93551", "USA93552", "USA93553", "USA93558", "USA93562", "USA93563", "USA93591" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Counties", "Places", "Subcounties", "Zipcodes" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Counties": 4, "Places": 314, "Subcounties": 56, "Zipcodes": 545 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "da7cdaf3221d84805d693c94e21cc3740a5ce5aed3e84245e76096033d5e2a71", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1642, "eFUA_name": "Los Angeles", "Cntry_ISO": "USA", "Cntry_name": "UnitedStates", "UC_IDs": "11;12;14;16;41;45", "UC_num": 6, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8e31426c3d7434685eda49baf0643fa221b5a253976d3175cab4fdf3bea5d427", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "US OMB/Census Metropolitan statistical area", "name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "id": "31080", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city": { "name": "Los Angeles", "state_fips": "06", "place_fips": "44000" }, "member_type": "County or county equivalent", "member_ids": [ "06037", "06059" ], "source_frame": "us-cbsa-2023", "member_count": 2, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_comparison_notice": "The OECD correspondence includes overlapping Counties, Places, Subcounties and Zipcodes; this national MSA is delineated by whole counties. Its county membership cannot be equated to the complete mixed-level OECD correspondence or to a city-proper ACS estimate." }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" }, { "frame_id": "us-cbsa-2023", "file": "us-2023-cbsa-delineations.xlsx", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629", "bytes": 143798, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:06:36.735881+00:00", "last_modified": "Fri, 04 Aug 2023 14:36:17 GMT", "publisher": "United States Census Bureau / Office of Management and Budget", "label": "July 2023 CBSA delineations", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city_source_frame": { "file": "us-2023-principal-cities.xlsx", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list2_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "1e1091de28d1ad1423cebf18e7cdb6db4fbf2204fd357bc68c24e8261dcce161", "bytes": 79368, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:06:36.716958+00:00", "last_modified": "Fri, 04 Aug 2023 14:36:23 GMT" }, "licence": "US Census Bureau government data: public-domain government work; cite source.", "licence_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "source_ref": "source-b2291e17aab05222" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1642", "source_name": "Los Angeles", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "estimated_area_id": 1642, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "USA02F", "oecd_name": "Los Angeles (Greater)", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 10407, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 83882.11616161146, "intersection_km2": 9556.925418574847, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9183170383948156, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.11393281256951124, "intersection_over_union": 0.11278978313634887, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -118.2437, "latitude": 34.0522, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_name": "UnitedStates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1642; fid=8487", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8487, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8e31426c3d7434685eda49baf0643fa221b5a253976d3175cab4fdf3bea5d427", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "7aed764831f01d13d77c48b56b905a2a56b4ed2dcf5d187bf2c8624211235fbd", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1642, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "8e31426c3d7434685eda49baf0643fa221b5a253976d3175cab4fdf3bea5d427", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "a7210d85e26cdadbcfa8a1913b6b0f2c56de4e431825784225924ba564d8ed5c" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "31080", "source_name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -118.2437, "latitude": 34.0522, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "transformed_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "native_matches": [ "31080" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 27733.135975618974, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853" }, "county_fips": [ "06037", "06059" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:31080", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA31080; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record732", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 732, "native_shp_record_number": 732, "native_cbsa_code": "31080", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US31080", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "city_name": "Los Angeles", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642", "source_area_id": "1642", "source_area_name": "Los Angeles", "value": 11.519801470761283, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:los-angeles", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-los-angeles", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Los Angeles (source ID 1642). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 10407, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10407, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1881, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 16206528.530156042, "weather_covered_population": 16206528.530156042, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 186695991.1976263, "native_weather_points": 31, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.986498081371653, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 32194237.830849934 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.46966624015609737, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 7611659.320740911 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.3123107007517128, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5061472.282005659 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 6.048713809517851, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 98028652.9246999 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 2.702612638963969, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 43799968.839329876 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 16206528.530156042, "strict_value": 11.519801470761283, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 186695991.1976263, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.986498081371653, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 32194237.830849934, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.46966624015609737, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 7611659.320740911, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.3123107007517128, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5061472.282005659, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 6.048713809517851, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 98028652.9246999, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 2.702612638963969, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 43799968.839329876, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1642.npz", "sha256": "21bcaae5b9f9d021cd707e2eaa3028295fd741db3a52b01f3f490ac19eeeb1c8" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "value": 7.557465747352914, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 31080 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 12927614, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:31080", "boundary_label": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 977, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 920, "midyear_resident_population": 12927614, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 97700000, "denominator": 12927614, "reduced_fraction": "48850000/6463807" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "31080", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US31080", "source_area_name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 732, "county_count": 2, "county_fips": [ "06037", "06059" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "transformed_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "native_matches": [ "31080" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 27733.135975618974, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 862, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "31080", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area", "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "13204657", "POPESTIMATE2020": "13182895", "POPESTIMATE2021": "12968590", "POPESTIMATE2022": "12906936", "POPESTIMATE2023": "12886400", "POPESTIMATE2024": "12927614", "NPOPCHG2020": "-21762", "NPOPCHG2021": "-214305", "NPOPCHG2022": "-61654", "NPOPCHG2023": "-20536", "NPOPCHG2024": "41214", "BIRTHS2020": "31399", "BIRTHS2021": "124588", "BIRTHS2022": "127597", "BIRTHS2023": "125847", "BIRTHS2024": "124244", "DEATHS2020": "25220", "DEATHS2021": "115341", "DEATHS2022": "98870", "DEATHS2023": "95838", "DEATHS2024": "90857", "NATURALCHG2020": "6179", "NATURALCHG2021": "9247", "NATURALCHG2022": "28727", "NATURALCHG2023": "30009", "NATURALCHG2024": "33387", "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "233", "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "15944", "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "83694", "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "105058", "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "130009", "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-29264", "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-232171", "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-173616", "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-156690", "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-122349", "NETMIG2020": "-29031", "NETMIG2021": "-216227", "NETMIG2022": "-89922", "NETMIG2023": "-51632", "NETMIG2024": "7660", "RESIDUAL2020": "1090", "RESIDUAL2021": "-7325", "RESIDUAL2022": "-459", "RESIDUAL2023": "1087", "RESIDUAL2024": "167" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "ca063264289074e73e4ff8c3a151512b152dabb7d92d83f16699ba946449350b" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "bec2d9d7e20272bdd828cec8290f5d2c3088adc0f45e5b53da067f32991893b6" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 12906895, "value": 7.569597490333655, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 97700000, "denominator": 12906895, "reduced_fraction": "19540000/2581379" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 2391, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 88, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 958, "2025": 1, "9999": 18 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-los-angeles", "city_name": "Los Angeles", "source_area_id": "31080", "source_area_name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "review_status": "accepted", "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853" }, "numerator_person_fatalities": 977, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 920, "midyear_resident_population": 12927614, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_boundary": { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "31080", "source_name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -118.2437, "latitude": 34.0522, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "transformed_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "native_matches": [ "31080" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 27733.135975618974, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853" }, "county_fips": [ "06037", "06059" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:31080", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA31080; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record732", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 732, "native_shp_record_number": 732, "native_cbsa_code": "31080", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US31080", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "licence_source_refs": [ "source-81cbb49139c6b6e8", "source-ca5172f562a17a92" ], "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ], "notice": "Territorial 2024 FARS motor-vehicle-involved traffic fatal-person counts per July 1, 2024 resident population, on complete OMB July 2023 metropolitan county sets. A motor vehicle in transport is required; eligible victims include occupants, pedestrians and cyclists, while nonmotor-only events are outside this initial global convention. The 2024 Annual Report File is provisional. The 30-day public-access trafficway classification is source-reported; unknown individual death timestamps are retained. Public access does not mean government road ownership or every publicly accessible parking area: qualifying parking lot ways are distinct from stalls and aisles. This is not resident lifetime risk, deaths per distance travelled, a municipal measure, a global comparison or an official quarterly result. Native NAD83 boundaries and the reviewed destination-point adapter are distinct from PM and heat geographies. Historical source review does not by itself establish current engine admission." } }, { "slug": "madrid", "name": "Madrid", "country": { "id": "country:ESP", "name": "Spain", "iso_2": "ES", "iso_3": "ESP", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/madrid", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/madrid.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 1, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "madrid", "id": "3338", "name": "Madrid", "constituentNames": [ "Madrid", "Móstoles", "Leganés", "Alcorcón", "Fuenlabrada", "Getafe", "Parla", "Alcobendas" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Spain", "UN_WPP": "Spain" }, "population2025": 5680136.544, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 680, "densityPerKm2": 8353.141976470588, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 40.4068463, "longitude": -3.7113739, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 40.4168, "longitude": -3.7038, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M96.48,22.38L109.62,22.38L109.62,57.43L114.0,57.43L114.0,61.81L118.38,61.81L122.76,70.57L135.9,70.57L135.9,74.95L144.67,74.95L144.67,70.57L149.05,70.57L149.05,74.95L153.43,74.95L153.43,88.1L144.67,92.48L144.67,101.24L149.05,101.24L149.05,105.62L157.81,105.62L157.81,101.24L162.19,101.24L162.19,92.48L157.81,92.48L157.81,83.71L162.19,83.71L162.19,74.95L157.81,74.95L157.81,70.57L162.19,70.57L162.19,61.81L170.95,61.81L175.33,53.05L184.1,53.05L184.1,48.67L188.48,48.67L188.48,31.14L201.62,31.14L201.62,26.76L214.76,26.76L214.76,31.14L210.38,31.14L210.38,57.43L214.76,57.43L214.76,61.81L219.14,61.81L219.14,70.57L223.52,70.57L223.52,74.95L227.9,74.95L227.9,79.33L232.29,79.33L232.29,83.71L241.05,88.1L241.05,101.24L214.76,114.38L219.14,131.9L210.38,131.9L210.38,127.52L192.86,127.52L192.86,131.9L188.48,131.9L188.48,145.05L192.86,145.05L192.86,149.43L184.1,149.43L184.1,153.81L179.71,153.81L179.71,162.57L175.33,162.57L175.33,171.33L179.71,171.33L179.71,188.86L175.33,188.86L175.33,193.24L170.95,193.24L170.95,188.86L162.19,188.86L162.19,193.24L157.81,193.24L153.43,202.0L149.05,202.0L149.05,197.62L140.29,197.62L140.29,188.86L135.9,188.86L135.9,184.48L122.76,184.48L122.76,175.71L118.38,175.71L118.38,171.33L122.76,171.33L122.76,162.57L118.38,162.57L118.38,158.19L109.62,158.19L109.62,153.81L100.86,149.43L100.86,136.29L92.1,131.9L92.1,127.52L114.0,127.52L114.0,131.9L122.76,131.9L122.76,127.52L131.52,127.52L131.52,123.14L140.29,118.76L140.29,110.0L135.9,110.0L135.9,105.62L131.52,105.62L127.14,96.86L114.0,96.86L114.0,101.24L109.62,101.24L109.62,110.0L100.86,110.0L100.86,105.62L92.1,101.24L92.1,92.48L96.48,92.48L96.48,88.1L105.24,83.71L105.24,61.81L100.86,61.81L96.48,53.05L87.71,53.05L87.71,44.29L83.33,44.29L83.33,39.9L87.71,39.9L87.71,26.76L83.33,26.76L78.95,18.0L96.48,18.0L96.48,22.38Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 173.81, "y": 101.53 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 170.88, "y": 106.39 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.06666666666666667, "accepted_metrics": 2, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0, "infrastructure": 0, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "unit": "PPP international $ / person / year", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 40000 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "pillar": "means", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "price-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median home price / household income", "unit": "ratio", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 3, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "madrid", "metric": "pm25", "value": 9.85078713870339, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:madrid", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3147", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3147.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "c7497cd37d3af22deb5c57f194b999b51d4bd012ac1fbe0b5a62158b56f440e7", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3147.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3147", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 6989714.09332524, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Madrid (3147)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3147", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Madrid (3147)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 4270, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4270, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 465, "total_known_modelled_population": 6989714.09332524, "pm_covered_population": 6989714.09332524, "weighted_concentration_sum": 68854185.6937421, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 9.833481465385791, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 9.735770394272775, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Madrid (source ID 3147). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-madrid", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3147.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-madrid", "observation_sha256": "67adc27bcf46ac4de6594d9a3d3c835d2a8b287f2ca43c4a55240884585be4de", "evidence_review_sha256": "150cdd72905fd9f7818561b9ded82e1507d71b960e7b81af0350822da233f731", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:madrid", "geography_sha256": "03036ab500c14389e2b54e2b3e4c580282c4315083396ad2e83dc224910dcb6e", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3147", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "031eeea26b0379b384b6ebd7c82287cd6c9002c5a3c2a7b68fd962562cf2eced", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-3147", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3147.npz", "sha256": "c7497cd37d3af22deb5c57f194b999b51d4bd012ac1fbe0b5a62158b56f440e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:madrid", "city_slug": "madrid", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "3147", "source_name": "Madrid", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "madrid", "estimated_area_id": 3147, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "ES001F", "oecd_name": "Madrid", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 4270, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 7883.144427392872, "intersection_km2": 4250.06532024543, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9953314567319508, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.5391332556938855, "intersection_over_union": 0.5377733491749723, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -3.7038, "latitude": 40.4168, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "ESP", "source_country_iso3": "ESP", "source_country_name": "Spain" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3147", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=3147; fid=7841", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7841, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "e24795ab209a1e5d91ebbf76c79b446f3836df6dce98e66bcb1cfa8f17d1d72d", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "af6d0aa67c3f9952850b0ef624c2a525ca1b0cdcca6002d99cec551f3a83b61e", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 3147, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "e24795ab209a1e5d91ebbf76c79b446f3836df6dce98e66bcb1cfa8f17d1d72d", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "25dacb5ffd5768529f6f54f64ca5d22529b446c707b484b46fec942c381ab933" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Madrid (3147)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:madrid", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "madrid", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 24.80251365612274, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:madrid", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3147", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3147.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "0dd8a5aee3f9c0b9fc1a0ea994627e8819130ea6be0819516433bfb68643bf15", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3147.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3147", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 6989714.093325241, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Madrid (3147)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3147", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Madrid (3147)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 4270, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4270, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 465, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 6989714.093325241, "weather_covered_population": 6989714.093325241, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 173362479.25209287, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Madrid (source ID 3147). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.1017338747841691, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 711090.6983474921 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 7.165215549337093, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 50082808.10691463 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 5.491457346520964, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 38383716.80787201 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 11.60688997778685, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 81128842.45741223 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.43721690769366683, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3056021.1815465037 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 6989714.093325241, "strict_value": 24.80251365612274, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 173362479.25209287, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.1017338747841691, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 711090.6983474921, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 7.165215549337093, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 50082808.10691463, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 5.491457346520964, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 38383716.80787201, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 11.60688997778685, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 81128842.45741223, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.43721690769366683, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3056021.1815465037, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-madrid", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3147.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-madrid", "observation_sha256": "d8318255b82e0b4e9882288174c922ced6c36a6ee39dd3d65458542523e1309d", "evidence_review_sha256": "27d2b2beeb4c4a5eccf3e6ac52c6cfde115afd1b01404774b6057637caad3737", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:madrid", "geography_sha256": "f637f9daeca21e8aa46c90fedfacb5b6c0287a46abd7915b64fd75d8ad6213b2", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3147", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "e82707992292dd1f92ef75d3f0b158adf8ca8d503f776fa6838d9672bedc446b", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-3147", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3147.npz", "sha256": "0dd8a5aee3f9c0b9fc1a0ea994627e8819130ea6be0819516433bfb68643bf15", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:madrid", "city_slug": "madrid", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "3147", "source_name": "Madrid", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "madrid", "estimated_area_id": 3147, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "ES001F", "oecd_name": "Madrid", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 4270, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 7883.144427392872, "intersection_km2": 4250.06532024543, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9953314567319508, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.5391332556938855, "intersection_over_union": 0.5377733491749723, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -3.7038, "latitude": 40.4168, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "ESP", "source_country_iso3": "ESP", "source_country_name": "Spain" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3147", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=3147; fid=7841", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7841, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "e24795ab209a1e5d91ebbf76c79b446f3836df6dce98e66bcb1cfa8f17d1d72d", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "af6d0aa67c3f9952850b0ef624c2a525ca1b0cdcca6002d99cec551f3a83b61e", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 3147, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "e24795ab209a1e5d91ebbf76c79b446f3836df6dce98e66bcb1cfa8f17d1d72d", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "25dacb5ffd5768529f6f54f64ca5d22529b446c707b484b46fec942c381ab933" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Madrid (3147)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:madrid", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:madrid", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "madrid", "name": "Madrid", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, 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null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], 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"geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3147", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "031eeea26b0379b384b6ebd7c82287cd6c9002c5a3c2a7b68fd962562cf2eced", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-3147", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3147.npz", "sha256": "c7497cd37d3af22deb5c57f194b999b51d4bd012ac1fbe0b5a62158b56f440e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "madrid", "metric": "pm25", "value": 9.85078713870339, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:madrid", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3147", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3147.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "c7497cd37d3af22deb5c57f194b999b51d4bd012ac1fbe0b5a62158b56f440e7", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3147.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3147", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 6989714.09332524, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Madrid (3147)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3147", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Madrid (3147)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 4270, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4270, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 465, "total_known_modelled_population": 6989714.09332524, "pm_covered_population": 6989714.09332524, "weighted_concentration_sum": 68854185.6937421, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 9.833481465385791, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 9.735770394272775, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Madrid (source ID 3147). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "madrid", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 24.80251365612274, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:madrid", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3147", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3147.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "0dd8a5aee3f9c0b9fc1a0ea994627e8819130ea6be0819516433bfb68643bf15", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3147.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3147", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 6989714.093325241, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Madrid (3147)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3147", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Madrid (3147)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 4270, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4270, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 465, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 6989714.093325241, "weather_covered_population": 6989714.093325241, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 173362479.25209287, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Madrid (source ID 3147). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.1017338747841691, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 711090.6983474921 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 7.165215549337093, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 50082808.10691463 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 5.491457346520964, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 38383716.80787201 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 11.60688997778685, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 81128842.45741223 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.43721690769366683, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3056021.1815465037 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 6989714.093325241, "strict_value": 24.80251365612274, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 173362479.25209287, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.1017338747841691, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 711090.6983474921, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 7.165215549337093, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 50082808.10691463, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 5.491457346520964, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 38383716.80787201, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 11.60688997778685, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 81128842.45741223, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.43721690769366683, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3056021.1815465037, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-madrid", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3147.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "madrid", "source_city_name": "Madrid", "source_country_name": "Spain", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:madrid:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "madrid", "source_city_name": "Madrid", "source_country_name": "Spain", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "Madrid", "country": "Spain" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 10.552308083, "value_as_published": "10.552308083", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "3,334,730", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2020 for city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 735, "csv_line_end": 736, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "Madrid", "Country": "Spain", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "10.552308083", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2020 for city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "3,334,730" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "madrid", "city_name": "Madrid", "destination_country_iso3": "ESP", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -3.7038, "latitude": 40.4168, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "ES001F", "country_iso3": "ESP", "source_name": "Madrid", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 166, "member_ids": [ "ESP05241", "ESP19024", "ESP19046", "ESP19071", "ESP19126", "ESP19280", "ESP19293", "ESP19319", "ESP28002", "ESP28004", "ESP28005", "ESP28006", "ESP28007", "ESP28008", "ESP28009", "ESP28010", "ESP28013", "ESP28014", "ESP28015", "ESP28017", "ESP28018", "ESP28019", "ESP28022", "ESP28023", "ESP28026", "ESP28028", "ESP28029", "ESP28030", "ESP28031", "ESP28032", "ESP28033", "ESP28035", "ESP28036", "ESP28037", "ESP28038", "ESP28040", "ESP28041", "ESP28042", "ESP28043", "ESP28044", "ESP28045", "ESP28046", "ESP28047", "ESP28049", "ESP28050", "ESP28051", "ESP28052", "ESP28053", "ESP28054", "ESP28056", "ESP28057", "ESP28058", "ESP28059", "ESP28061", "ESP28065", "ESP28066", "ESP28067", "ESP28068", "ESP28072", "ESP28073", "ESP28074", "ESP28075", "ESP28079", "ESP28080", "ESP28082", "ESP28083", "ESP28084", "ESP28085", "ESP28086", "ESP28087", "ESP28089", "ESP28090", "ESP28091", "ESP28092", "ESP28093", "ESP28094", "ESP28095", "ESP28096", "ESP28099", "ESP28100", "ESP28104", "ESP28106", "ESP28108", "ESP28109", "ESP28110", "ESP28113", "ESP28115", "ESP28116", "ESP28119", "ESP28121", "ESP28123", "ESP28125", "ESP28127", "ESP28129", "ESP28130", "ESP28131", "ESP28132", "ESP28133", "ESP28134", "ESP28135", "ESP28137", "ESP28140", "ESP28141", "ESP28144", "ESP28145", "ESP28146", "ESP28147", "ESP28148", "ESP28149", "ESP28150", "ESP28151", "ESP28152", "ESP28154", "ESP28157", "ESP28160", "ESP28161", "ESP28162", "ESP28163", "ESP28164", "ESP28165", "ESP28167", "ESP28168", "ESP28169", "ESP28170", "ESP28171", "ESP28172", "ESP28174", "ESP28175", "ESP28176", "ESP28177", "ESP28178", "ESP28179", "ESP28180", "ESP28181", "ESP28183", "ESP28903", "ESP45021", "ESP45025", "ESP45031", "ESP45038", "ESP45041", "ESP45047", "ESP45056", "ESP45064", "ESP45081", "ESP45085", "ESP45099", "ESP45119", "ESP45123", "ESP45127", "ESP45128", "ESP45129", "ESP45143", "ESP45145", "ESP45157", "ESP45161", "ESP45171", "ESP45176", "ESP45180", "ESP45183", "ESP45188", "ESP45199", "ESP45201", "ESP45202", "ESP45203", "ESP45205" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Municipios)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Municipios)": 166 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "9693f6a549436802ed905afd3a1832a94421dd82ef63eeed1b9d36e4ab7eb38b", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 3147, "eFUA_name": "Madrid", "Cntry_ISO": "ESP", "Cntry_name": "Spain", "UC_IDs": "1701;1719", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "e24795ab209a1e5d91ebbf76c79b446f3836df6dce98e66bcb1cfa8f17d1d72d", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "ES001F", "URAU_NAME": "Madrid", "CNTR_CODE": "ES" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:madrid", "city_slug": "madrid", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "3147", "source_name": "Madrid", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "madrid", "estimated_area_id": 3147, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "ES001F", "oecd_name": "Madrid", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 4270, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 7883.144427392872, "intersection_km2": 4250.06532024543, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9953314567319508, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.5391332556938855, "intersection_over_union": 0.5377733491749723, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -3.7038, "latitude": 40.4168, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "ESP", "source_country_iso3": "ESP", "source_country_name": "Spain" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3147", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=3147; fid=7841", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7841, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "e24795ab209a1e5d91ebbf76c79b446f3836df6dce98e66bcb1cfa8f17d1d72d", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "af6d0aa67c3f9952850b0ef624c2a525ca1b0cdcca6002d99cec551f3a83b61e", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 3147, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "e24795ab209a1e5d91ebbf76c79b446f3836df6dce98e66bcb1cfa8f17d1d72d", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "25dacb5ffd5768529f6f54f64ca5d22529b446c707b484b46fec942c381ab933" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Madrid (3147)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:madrid", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "madrid", "city_name": "Madrid", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3147", "source_area_id": "3147", "source_area_name": "Madrid", "value": 9.85078713870339, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 4270, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4270, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 465, "total_known_modelled_population": 6989714.09332524, "pm_covered_population": 6989714.09332524, "weighted_concentration_sum": 68854185.6937421, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 6989714.09332524, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 9.833481465385791, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 9.735770394272775, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3147.npz", "sha256": "c7497cd37d3af22deb5c57f194b999b51d4bd012ac1fbe0b5a62158b56f440e7" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:madrid", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-madrid", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Madrid (source ID 3147). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. 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Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. 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The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. 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These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "manila", "name": "Manila", "country": { "id": "country:PHL", "name": "Philippines", "iso_2": "PH", "iso_3": "PHL", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/manila", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/manila.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. 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Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "manila", "id": "2323", "name": "Manila", "constituentNames": [ "Quezon City", "Manila", "Caloocan", "Antipolo", "Taguig", "Pasig", "Valenzuela", "Parañaque", "Dasmariñas", "San Jose del Monte", "Las Piñas", "Bacoor", "Makati", "Muntinlupa", "Marikina", "Calamba", "Mandaluyong", "Pasay", "Biñan", "Imus", "Malabon", "Santa Rosa", "San Pedro", "General Trias", "Cabuyao", "Malolos", "Navotas", "Meycauayan", "Baliwag", "Trece Martires", "San Juan", "Carmona", "Cavite City" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Philippines", "UN_WPP": "Philippines" }, "population2025": 25921189.32, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 2555, "densityPerKm2": 10145.279577299412, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 14.5763823, "longitude": 121.0191635, 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housing and essentials", "unit": "PPP international $ / person / year", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 40000 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "pillar": "means", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "price-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median home price / household income", "unit": "ratio", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 3, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index 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"higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "manila", "metric": "pm25", "value": 25.413557966101862, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:manila", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2845", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2845.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f08f3da2ef7de5e0624166f24bc0e47db6f8f519ef0ec1e3f41ae666f7b54193", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2845.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2845", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 27327889.076457687, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Quezon City [Manila] (2845)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2845", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Quezon City [Manila] (2845)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 4873, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4873, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 416, "total_known_modelled_population": 27327889.076457687, "pm_covered_population": 27327889.076457687, "weighted_concentration_sum": 694498893.1357594, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 25.411532262023176, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 24.16191818368233, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Quezon City [Manila] (source ID 2845). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-manila", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2845.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-manila", "observation_sha256": "316495828fa97d9100de2e8de5abd0c48c7efee0b0db97cba12b5867a91a11e7", "evidence_review_sha256": "323015b2c6336f42b4098c3ee84332b79230aa6f16cee1e198896af4ee477816", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:manila", "geography_sha256": "9403278130c3d754ef3283499c5c2801f7405bcd7107921552575b9018683ac3", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2845", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "9659b0e298da9c78de10bf72229b83967670c215719d68344868cfeaea600dbc", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-2845", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2845.npz", "sha256": "f08f3da2ef7de5e0624166f24bc0e47db6f8f519ef0ec1e3f41ae666f7b54193", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:manila", "city_slug": "manila", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2845", "source_name": "Quezon City [Manila]", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "manila", "estimated_area_id": 2845, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 120.9842, "latitude": 14.5995, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "PHL", "source_country_iso3": "PHL", "source_country_name": "Philippines" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2845", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=2845; fid=7252", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7252, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "a5c61421621ef44433dc4d66df8d9613005a37a9f400a8e0388a0c3762fb009a", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "38331fcb0384ccad902777a814fa9ff25d3946e9443f0f504f98bccc5a47f102", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 2845, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "a5c61421621ef44433dc4d66df8d9613005a37a9f400a8e0388a0c3762fb009a", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "5121ffc3e200d1b0383d214b0dbce2b38b0d60683a6e0884935ef520ba5ff83c" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Quezon City [Manila] (2845)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:manila", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "manila", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 58.80904774244292, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:manila", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2845", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2845.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "eae354e0a2342bde2d61429ce80a86a279a75f6deb0ac6a310af14c7d7fe7fef", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2845.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2845", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 27327889.076457683, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Quezon City [Manila] (2845)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2845", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Quezon City [Manila] (2845)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 4873, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4873, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 416, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 27327889.076457683, "weather_covered_population": 27327889.076457683, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1607127133.3975842, "native_weather_points": 19, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Quezon City [Manila] (source ID 2845). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.00019638551201301384, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5366.80148851499 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.08884956606473096, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2428071.0859083664 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.3764093351855853, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 92270139.7886679 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 19.64193608224971, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 536772650.5025919 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 16.711382409329776, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 456686804.7964303 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 4.418362789747078, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 120744528.21775626 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.21838944721253517, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5968122.588893072 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.844169473897591, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 105053036.97377805 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.9353960564429469, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 52890288.74948648 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 5.9127965343581845, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 161584247.82260388 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 2.0975761843844842, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 57322329.29627853 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.5635834780582802, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 15401546.773700906 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 27327889.076457683, "strict_value": 58.80904774244292, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1607127133.3975842, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.00019638551201301384, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5366.80148851499, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.08884956606473096, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2428071.0859083664, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.3764093351855853, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 92270139.7886679, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 19.64193608224971, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 536772650.5025919, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 16.711382409329776, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 456686804.7964303, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 4.418362789747078, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 120744528.21775626, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.21838944721253517, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5968122.588893072, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.844169473897591, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 105053036.97377805, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.9353960564429469, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 52890288.74948648, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 5.9127965343581845, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 161584247.82260388, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 2.0975761843844842, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 57322329.29627853, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.5635834780582802, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 15401546.773700906, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-manila", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2845.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-manila", "observation_sha256": "c76537c9937afbd3bc88825c9c7942fbbb07a42f6d0e5b6e5f1e6af494036e7d", "evidence_review_sha256": "94b253bb87ca3c444842172d4b7145f239368ab2c4a2d41f31ff3349cd8f84ef", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:manila", "geography_sha256": "f31bb3947877ccde4dff2613787228f6885c0e559770e03fa412b531191aa442", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2845", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "c3460b7598151b3959bc0e8aa970dc3894a29c101fb29f2d22749b71db80eac7", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-2845", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2845.npz", "sha256": "eae354e0a2342bde2d61429ce80a86a279a75f6deb0ac6a310af14c7d7fe7fef", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:manila", "city_slug": "manila", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2845", "source_name": "Quezon City [Manila]", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "manila", "estimated_area_id": 2845, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 120.9842, "latitude": 14.5995, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "PHL", "source_country_iso3": "PHL", "source_country_name": "Philippines" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2845", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=2845; fid=7252", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7252, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "a5c61421621ef44433dc4d66df8d9613005a37a9f400a8e0388a0c3762fb009a", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "38331fcb0384ccad902777a814fa9ff25d3946e9443f0f504f98bccc5a47f102", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 2845, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "a5c61421621ef44433dc4d66df8d9613005a37a9f400a8e0388a0c3762fb009a", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "5121ffc3e200d1b0383d214b0dbce2b38b0d60683a6e0884935ef520ba5ff83c" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Quezon City [Manila] (2845)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:manila", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:manila", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "manila", "name": "Manila", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, 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null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "manila", "metric": "pm25", "value": 25.413557966101862, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:manila", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2845", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2845.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f08f3da2ef7de5e0624166f24bc0e47db6f8f519ef0ec1e3f41ae666f7b54193", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2845.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2845", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 27327889.076457687, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Quezon City [Manila] (2845)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2845", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Quezon City [Manila] (2845)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 4873, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4873, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 416, "total_known_modelled_population": 27327889.076457687, "pm_covered_population": 27327889.076457687, "weighted_concentration_sum": 694498893.1357594, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 25.411532262023176, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 24.16191818368233, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Quezon City [Manila] (source ID 2845). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "manila", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 58.80904774244292, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:manila", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2845", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2845.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "eae354e0a2342bde2d61429ce80a86a279a75f6deb0ac6a310af14c7d7fe7fef", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2845.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2845", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 27327889.076457683, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Quezon City [Manila] (2845)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2845", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Quezon City [Manila] (2845)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 4873, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4873, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 416, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 27327889.076457683, "weather_covered_population": 27327889.076457683, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1607127133.3975842, "native_weather_points": 19, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Quezon City [Manila] (source ID 2845). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.00019638551201301384, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5366.80148851499 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.08884956606473096, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2428071.0859083664 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.3764093351855853, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 92270139.7886679 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 19.64193608224971, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 536772650.5025919 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 16.711382409329776, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 456686804.7964303 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 4.418362789747078, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 120744528.21775626 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.21838944721253517, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5968122.588893072 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.844169473897591, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 105053036.97377805 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.9353960564429469, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 52890288.74948648 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 5.9127965343581845, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 161584247.82260388 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 2.0975761843844842, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 57322329.29627853 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.5635834780582802, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 15401546.773700906 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 27327889.076457683, "strict_value": 58.80904774244292, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1607127133.3975842, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.00019638551201301384, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5366.80148851499, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.08884956606473096, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2428071.0859083664, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.3764093351855853, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 92270139.7886679, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 19.64193608224971, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 536772650.5025919, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 16.711382409329776, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 456686804.7964303, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 4.418362789747078, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 120744528.21775626, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.21838944721253517, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5968122.588893072, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.844169473897591, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 105053036.97377805, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.9353960564429469, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 52890288.74948648, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 5.9127965343581845, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 161584247.82260388, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 2.0975761843844842, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 57322329.29627853, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.5635834780582802, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 15401546.773700906, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-manila", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2845.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "manila", "city_name": "Manila", "destination_country_iso3": "PHL", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 120.9842, "latitude": 14.5995, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 2845, "eFUA_name": "Quezon City [Manila]", "Cntry_ISO": "PHL", "Cntry_name": "Philippines", "UC_IDs": "12817;12819;12821;12824;12829;12840;12837;12847;12854;12855;12859;12860;12861;12866", "UC_num": 14, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "a5c61421621ef44433dc4d66df8d9613005a37a9f400a8e0388a0c3762fb009a", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:manila", "city_slug": "manila", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2845", "source_name": "Quezon City [Manila]", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "manila", "city_name": "Manila", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2845", "source_area_id": "2845", "source_area_name": "Quezon City [Manila]", "value": 58.80904774244292, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:manila", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-manila", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Quezon City [Manila] (source ID 2845). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 4873, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4873, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 416, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 27327889.076457683, "weather_covered_population": 27327889.076457683, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1607127133.3975842, "native_weather_points": 19, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.00019638551201301384, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5366.80148851499 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.08884956606473096, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2428071.0859083664 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.3764093351855853, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 92270139.7886679 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 19.64193608224971, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 536772650.5025919 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 16.711382409329776, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 456686804.7964303 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 4.418362789747078, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 120744528.21775626 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.21838944721253517, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5968122.588893072 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.844169473897591, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 105053036.97377805 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.9353960564429469, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 52890288.74948648 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 5.9127965343581845, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 161584247.82260388 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 2.0975761843844842, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 57322329.29627853 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.5635834780582802, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 15401546.773700906 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 27327889.076457683, "strict_value": 58.80904774244292, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1607127133.3975842, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.00019638551201301384, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5366.80148851499, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.08884956606473096, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2428071.0859083664, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.3764093351855853, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 92270139.7886679, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 19.64193608224971, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 536772650.5025919, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 16.711382409329776, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 456686804.7964303, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 4.418362789747078, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 120744528.21775626, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.21838944721253517, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5968122.588893072, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.844169473897591, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 105053036.97377805, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.9353960564429469, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 52890288.74948648, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 5.9127965343581845, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 161584247.82260388, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 2.0975761843844842, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 57322329.29627853, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.5635834780582802, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 15401546.773700906, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2845.npz", "sha256": "eae354e0a2342bde2d61429ce80a86a279a75f6deb0ac6a310af14c7d7fe7fef" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "melbourne", "name": "Melbourne", "country": { "id": "country:AUS", "name": "Australia", "iso_2": "AU", "iso_3": "AUS", "continent": "Oceania" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/melbourne", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/melbourne.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "melbourne", "id": "1747", "name": "Melbourne", "constituentNames": [ "Melbourne" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Australia", "UN_WPP": "Australia" }, "population2025": 4010658.252, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 1611, "densityPerKm2": 2489.5457802607075, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": -37.8303622, "longitude": 145.0450988, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": -37.8136, "longitude": 144.9631, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M205.27,20.92L202.35,20.92L202.35,26.76L199.43,26.76L199.43,29.68L193.59,32.6L193.59,38.44L196.51,38.44L196.51,41.37L202.35,41.37L205.27,35.52L214.03,35.52L214.03,38.44L219.87,38.44L219.87,35.52L228.63,35.52L228.63,38.44L225.71,38.44L225.71,44.29L219.87,47.21L219.87,53.05L222.79,53.05L222.79,64.73L219.87,64.73L219.87,67.65L208.19,67.65L208.19,70.57L205.27,70.57L205.27,79.33L208.19,79.33L208.19,85.17L211.11,85.17L211.11,88.1L219.87,88.1L219.87,85.17L228.63,85.17L228.63,82.25L237.4,82.25L237.4,79.33L240.32,79.33L240.32,82.25L243.24,82.25L243.24,88.1L240.32,88.1L240.32,91.02L234.48,93.94L234.48,99.78L225.71,99.78L225.71,102.7L219.87,102.7L219.87,105.62L214.03,108.54L214.03,114.38L208.19,114.38L208.19,117.3L205.27,117.3L202.35,123.14L190.67,126.06L190.67,128.98L187.75,128.98L187.75,134.83L178.98,134.83L178.98,137.75L173.14,137.75L173.14,140.67L167.3,140.67L167.3,143.59L164.38,143.59L164.38,149.43L167.3,149.43L167.3,158.19L170.22,158.19L170.22,172.79L173.14,172.79L170.22,178.63L158.54,181.56L155.62,187.4L143.94,187.4L138.1,199.08L129.33,199.08L129.33,202.0L123.49,202.0L123.49,199.08L120.57,199.08L120.57,190.32L126.41,187.4L126.41,181.56L129.33,181.56L129.33,172.79L126.41,172.79L126.41,164.03L123.49,164.03L123.49,161.11L117.65,161.11L117.65,164.03L114.73,164.03L114.73,169.87L108.89,172.79L108.89,181.56L105.97,181.56L103.05,187.4L94.29,187.4L97.21,175.71L100.13,175.71L100.13,172.79L103.05,172.79L103.05,166.95L105.97,166.95L105.97,158.19L103.05,158.19L103.05,161.11L97.21,161.11L97.21,149.43L103.05,146.51L105.97,134.83L111.81,131.9L111.81,126.06L114.73,126.06L114.73,123.14L120.57,120.22L120.57,114.38L123.49,114.38L123.49,111.46L111.81,111.46L111.81,117.3L105.97,117.3L105.97,120.22L103.05,120.22L103.05,117.3L97.21,117.3L97.21,114.38L94.29,114.38L91.37,120.22L79.68,120.22L79.68,111.46L76.76,111.46L76.76,99.78L79.68,99.78L82.6,93.94L88.44,93.94L88.44,91.02L91.37,91.02L91.37,88.1L97.21,85.17L97.21,73.49L103.05,73.49L103.05,70.57L105.97,70.57L105.97,64.73L111.81,64.73L117.65,53.05L126.41,53.05L126.41,55.97L132.25,55.97L132.25,61.81L135.17,61.81L135.17,64.73L141.02,64.73L141.02,61.81L143.94,61.81L146.86,55.97L155.62,55.97L155.62,53.05L161.46,53.05L161.46,50.13L164.38,50.13L164.38,47.21L167.3,47.21L170.22,41.37L178.98,41.37L178.98,38.44L184.83,35.52L187.75,23.84L193.59,23.84L196.51,18.0L205.27,18.0L205.27,20.92Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 137.45, "y": 98.55 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 152.98, "y": 104.08 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "melbourne", "metric": "life-expectancy", "value": 84.2, "unit": "years", "period_start": "2022-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:melbourne", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "source_frame_sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "source_record_ref": "Table 1!AC53; original Persons header AC8; period header AA6=2022–2024; geography A53=2GMEL, B53=Greater Melbourne", "universe": "Both sexes combined, as the original ABS Persons category, for published three-year period life expectancy at birth within the exact reviewed official GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region. 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No arithmetic mean of male/female or subarea life expectancies; no reconstruction of an unpublished mortality denominator, radix, CI or standard error.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported." }, "scope_notice": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "Life expectancy, 2022–2024 · Table 2, original Persons e0", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "ASGS Edition 3 · GCCSA2021 native GDA2020 boundaries", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy", "sex": "Persons", "age_basis": "at-birth", "source_value_literal": "84.2", "display_precision_decimals": 1, "pooled_years": 3, "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "workbook": { "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "sheet": "Table 1", "persons_cell": "AC53", "geography_code_cell": "A53", "geography_name_cell": "B53", "sex_header": "AC8", "period_header": "AA6" }, "geography": { "source_code": "2GMEL", "source_name": "Greater Melbourne", "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_shape_content_sha256": "73622e3831faca1884cde26e54f04d91a8fd2a51093ff98b9f56966e692abf21", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "f54ef86fecb5e312ea3dd764d5be974cd189c6eb534e79ba04864c4f60febe51", "native_record_number": 5 }, "coordinate_adapter": { "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "input_wgs84": [ 144.9631, -37.8136 ], "output_gda2020": [ 144.9631059366758, -37.81358683832358 ], "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "required_clearance_metres": 100, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 2961.524221400355 }, "method_qualification": { "gccsa_algorithm": null, "terminal_age": null, "overseas_death_rule": null, "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.", "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.", "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed." } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented", "label": "Published method detail limited", "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance." } ], "licence": { "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-melbourne", "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-melbourne", "observation_sha256": "a135430d851269da5a230520e0f541d7132cdacb1d8fdeb30392cb74e417048e", "evidence_review_sha256": "a392d7bc69bf52268ec5ac7d78ace08b528f149acb0250462a2ce5a71a0e1a3a", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "772a09f7478e63c8cfde7faf1caf81804950d1f0c32b80378a356c567c64d7cb", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:melbourne", "geography_sha256": "ea8dd4e582ae09ad3b2c6cb1543d5e4e73826ba9c4f8dfb5c6424175cbcb0359", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "eed29f124852fbd955dd801ee7778e492d23cc74ae7a963fb8ee21c6c477be9f", "source_frame": { "id": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:12:17.472201+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:melbourne", "city_slug": "melbourne", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-functional-capital-city-region", "authority": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_geography_id": "2GMEL", "source_name": "Greater Melbourne", "boundary_vintage": "2021", "geography_edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "version": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "crosswalk_method": "Original published GCCSA code/name joined to exact native GCCSA2021 DBF/SHP record. Canonical WGS84 destination point uses the archived named non-ballpark EPSG:4326 to EPSG:7844 adapter; original 3 m operation accuracy, unknown coordinate epoch and conservative 100 m native boundary-clearance guard are preserved.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "melbourne", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "input_wgs84": [ 144.9631, -37.8136 ], "output_gda2020": [ 144.9631059366758, -37.81358683832358 ], "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "allow_ballpark": false, "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "epoch_notice": "The city reference points do not supply a coordinate epoch or WGS84 realization. This is a documented destination-binding adapter with a conservative boundary-clearance guard, not a survey transformation or a relabelling of the native geometry.", "native_point_inside": true, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 2961.524221400355, "required_clearance_metres": 100 }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.life2022-2024.gccsa-source-review-v1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:2GMEL", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GCCSA_2021_AUST_GDA2020.shp record 5; DBF GCC_CODE21=2GMEL", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Greater Melbourne · GCCSA2021", "review_scope": "Life-expectancy published-value protocol only. Does not extend or replace PM/heat geography permissions.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "native_record_number": 5, "native_shape_content_sha256": "73622e3831faca1884cde26e54f04d91a8fd2a51093ff98b9f56966e692abf21", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "f54ef86fecb5e312ea3dd764d5be974cd189c6eb534e79ba04864c4f60febe51", "native_member_proofs": { "dbf": { "sha256": "7b2aa6cf304e6907353f8418b502e993939522692c1849b2551afc08441a960b", "bytes": 16349 }, "shp": { "sha256": "53f4e0e9295414eb65a6b9c92988b23eab0d411247349eea61f33c1ed9a0c810", "bytes": 30778808 }, "shx": { "sha256": "78b8457acf9598656910f8a3735ab6b08a2936668395de145a6454eeb5e44777", "bytes": 380 }, "prj": { "sha256": "394fe7500c52df3a75d6832b9c61aae1b4391b34dbc71293674dd2219912321f", "bytes": 160 }, "xml": { "sha256": "c9a7b21d4c968a0d5d46b8807d397ea0886ab6d675bed35463c56b4524be1685", "bytes": 26094 } }, "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "interpretation": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:melbourne", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" } ] } }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "melbourne", "metric": "pm25", "value": 5.63064447742122, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:melbourne", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1266", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1266.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "4adda9b672c602a4abe660dbe2712777119636d080659b7cbc781e40ebdf1c2c", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1266.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1266", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 5177020.587336659, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Melbourne (1266)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1266", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Melbourne (1266)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 8348, "population_grid_valid_cells": 8348, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1073, "total_known_modelled_population": 5177020.587336659, "pm_covered_population": 5177020.587336659, "weighted_concentration_sum": 29149962.379583124, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 5.625979432127128, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 5.723289441104155, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Melbourne (source ID 1266). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-melbourne", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1266.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-melbourne", "observation_sha256": "172fdec0e417d9a091c062ddec96123582c62004d722ab545a20f7ece8c5d68b", "evidence_review_sha256": "e636e8450965193aa0fc0a639a58da4a81cd9d962f11e7feebf8fc437f562b66", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:melbourne", "geography_sha256": "bf4409a951bbe637e0e9fd8d3ac67a480371379a62a516141296f3ec67d86bc9", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1266", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "709c71536bdf840248d466c6d93f2bbead3b93ffc27eff2789e3a24ce2faa4f7", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-1266", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1266.npz", "sha256": "4adda9b672c602a4abe660dbe2712777119636d080659b7cbc781e40ebdf1c2c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:melbourne", "city_slug": "melbourne", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1266", "source_name": "Melbourne", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "melbourne", "estimated_area_id": 1266, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "AUS02F", "oecd_name": "Greater Melbourne", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 8348, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 10007.370737776786, "intersection_km2": 7455.7409414460135, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.893117027005991, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.7450249557859753, "intersection_over_union": 0.6840361627654453, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 144.9631, "latitude": -37.8136, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_name": "Australia" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1266", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1266; fid=240", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 240, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "aec89447f9e018b015d7235297e6edf5f7223fbaca59cebd009b5caadaccc241", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "a29909a0dcfd926ffe8ad5bdc803ebad0b0aaecc8331c4d140ba0b9d9daf17a1", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1266, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "aec89447f9e018b015d7235297e6edf5f7223fbaca59cebd009b5caadaccc241", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "640d5db68b3c7d9ccc3f2786ceef66c540f5aa9871a155a6313bc480dbf8367c" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Melbourne (1266)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:melbourne", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "melbourne", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 7.144354865777786, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:melbourne", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1266", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1266.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "eeaef6bedab7c979ee541d636dba2cfc072e3bf6d7a227a0d1a4d1955dcddcc3", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1266.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1266", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 5177020.58733666, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Melbourne (1266)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1266", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Melbourne (1266)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 8348, "population_grid_valid_cells": 8348, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1073, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 5177020.58733666, "weather_covered_population": 5177020.58733666, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 36986472.22337044, "native_weather_points": 32, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Melbourne (source ID 1266). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.176854847753599, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11269622.362463992 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 3.007644547197697, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 15570637.740233324 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.9360924998685797, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4846170.143471077 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.0237629709579115, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5300041.977202051 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 5177020.58733666, "strict_value": 7.144354865777786, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 36986472.22337044, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.176854847753599, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11269622.362463992, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 3.007644547197697, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 15570637.740233324, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.9360924998685797, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4846170.143471077, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.0237629709579115, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5300041.977202051, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-melbourne", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1266.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-melbourne", "observation_sha256": "e153980473a0afe01d0129f26610f18ba25e2806b4af831151a05726156d16f2", "evidence_review_sha256": "4963b22129a2f2726daabb91e66caf428f8d05e044e1712bb171b29357b973aa", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:melbourne", "geography_sha256": "5ad6a2b92eb6e661ae481b44ed142ea1d04fdc774485b2d83f018b45dcd7387c", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1266", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "9a224cfa521f14f61d33372f64a480f2c676f83518d18f9eb15ac529398ab231", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1266", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1266.npz", "sha256": "eeaef6bedab7c979ee541d636dba2cfc072e3bf6d7a227a0d1a4d1955dcddcc3", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:melbourne", "city_slug": "melbourne", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1266", "source_name": "Melbourne", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:melbourne", "city_slug": "melbourne", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1266", "source_name": "Melbourne", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "melbourne", "estimated_area_id": 1266, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "AUS02F", "oecd_name": "Greater Melbourne", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 8348, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 10007.370737776786, "intersection_km2": 7455.7409414460135, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.893117027005991, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.7450249557859753, "intersection_over_union": 0.6840361627654453, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 144.9631, "latitude": -37.8136, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_name": "Australia" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1266", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1266; fid=240", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 240, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "aec89447f9e018b015d7235297e6edf5f7223fbaca59cebd009b5caadaccc241", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "a29909a0dcfd926ffe8ad5bdc803ebad0b0aaecc8331c4d140ba0b9d9daf17a1", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1266, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "aec89447f9e018b015d7235297e6edf5f7223fbaca59cebd009b5caadaccc241", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "640d5db68b3c7d9ccc3f2786ceef66c540f5aa9871a155a6313bc480dbf8367c" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Melbourne (1266)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:melbourne", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:melbourne", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:melbourne", "city_slug": "melbourne", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-functional-capital-city-region", "authority": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_geography_id": "2GMEL", "source_name": "Greater Melbourne", "boundary_vintage": "2021", "geography_edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "version": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "crosswalk_method": "Original published GCCSA code/name joined to exact native GCCSA2021 DBF/SHP record. Canonical WGS84 destination point uses the archived named non-ballpark EPSG:4326 to EPSG:7844 adapter; original 3 m operation accuracy, unknown coordinate epoch and conservative 100 m native boundary-clearance guard are preserved.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "melbourne", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "input_wgs84": [ 144.9631, -37.8136 ], "output_gda2020": [ 144.9631059366758, -37.81358683832358 ], "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "allow_ballpark": false, "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "epoch_notice": "The city reference points do not supply a coordinate epoch or WGS84 realization. This is a documented destination-binding adapter with a conservative boundary-clearance guard, not a survey transformation or a relabelling of the native geometry.", "native_point_inside": true, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 2961.524221400355, "required_clearance_metres": 100 }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.life2022-2024.gccsa-source-review-v1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:2GMEL", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GCCSA_2021_AUST_GDA2020.shp record 5; DBF GCC_CODE21=2GMEL", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Greater Melbourne · GCCSA2021", "review_scope": "Life-expectancy published-value protocol only. Does not extend or replace PM/heat geography permissions.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "native_record_number": 5, "native_shape_content_sha256": "73622e3831faca1884cde26e54f04d91a8fd2a51093ff98b9f56966e692abf21", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "f54ef86fecb5e312ea3dd764d5be974cd189c6eb534e79ba04864c4f60febe51", "native_member_proofs": { "dbf": { "sha256": "7b2aa6cf304e6907353f8418b502e993939522692c1849b2551afc08441a960b", "bytes": 16349 }, "shp": { "sha256": "53f4e0e9295414eb65a6b9c92988b23eab0d411247349eea61f33c1ed9a0c810", "bytes": 30778808 }, "shx": { "sha256": "78b8457acf9598656910f8a3735ab6b08a2936668395de145a6454eeb5e44777", "bytes": 380 }, "prj": { "sha256": "394fe7500c52df3a75d6832b9c61aae1b4391b34dbc71293674dd2219912321f", "bytes": 160 }, "xml": { "sha256": "c9a7b21d4c968a0d5d46b8807d397ea0886ab6d675bed35463c56b4524be1685", "bytes": 26094 } }, "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "interpretation": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:melbourne", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "melbourne", "name": "Melbourne", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-2ab3036159db7c74bfb510597c09327b181ef8f77a882d0cec1666d0afdf41dd", "selected_evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-melbourne", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-2ab3036159db7c74bfb510597c09327b181ef8f77a882d0cec1666d0afdf41dd", "identity": { "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-melbourne", "observation_sha256": "a135430d851269da5a230520e0f541d7132cdacb1d8fdeb30392cb74e417048e", "evidence_review_sha256": "a392d7bc69bf52268ec5ac7d78ace08b528f149acb0250462a2ce5a71a0e1a3a", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "772a09f7478e63c8cfde7faf1caf81804950d1f0c32b80378a356c567c64d7cb", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:melbourne", "geography_sha256": "ea8dd4e582ae09ad3b2c6cb1543d5e4e73826ba9c4f8dfb5c6424175cbcb0359", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "eed29f124852fbd955dd801ee7778e492d23cc74ae7a963fb8ee21c6c477be9f", "source_frame": { "id": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:12:17.472201+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "melbourne", "metric": "life-expectancy", "value": 84.2, "unit": "years", "period_start": "2022-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:melbourne", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "source_frame_sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "source_record_ref": "Table 1!AC53; original Persons header AC8; period header AA6=2022–2024; geography A53=2GMEL, B53=Greater Melbourne", "universe": "Both sexes combined, as the original ABS Persons category, for published three-year period life expectancy at birth within the exact reviewed official GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age treatment and overseas-resident death allocation are not separately documented and remain explicit limitations of the published-value path.", "denominator": null, "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_label": "Published Persons period life expectancy at birth, 2022–2024", "geography": "Greater Melbourne · GCCSA2021", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:2GMEL", "boundary_label": "Greater Melbourne · GCCSA2021", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the exact original numeric ABS Persons life-expectancy-at-birth cell with its original one-decimal published precision. No arithmetic mean of male/female or subarea life expectancies; no reconstruction of an unpublished mortality denominator, radix, CI or standard error.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported." }, "scope_notice": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "Life expectancy, 2022–2024 · Table 2, original Persons e0", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "ASGS Edition 3 · GCCSA2021 native GDA2020 boundaries", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy", "sex": "Persons", "age_basis": "at-birth", "source_value_literal": "84.2", "display_precision_decimals": 1, "pooled_years": 3, "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "workbook": { "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "sheet": "Table 1", "persons_cell": "AC53", "geography_code_cell": "A53", "geography_name_cell": "B53", "sex_header": "AC8", "period_header": "AA6" }, "geography": { "source_code": "2GMEL", "source_name": "Greater Melbourne", "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_shape_content_sha256": "73622e3831faca1884cde26e54f04d91a8fd2a51093ff98b9f56966e692abf21", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "f54ef86fecb5e312ea3dd764d5be974cd189c6eb534e79ba04864c4f60febe51", "native_record_number": 5 }, "coordinate_adapter": { "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "input_wgs84": [ 144.9631, -37.8136 ], "output_gda2020": [ 144.9631059366758, -37.81358683832358 ], "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "required_clearance_metres": 100, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 2961.524221400355 }, "method_qualification": { "gccsa_algorithm": null, "terminal_age": null, "overseas_death_rule": null, "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.", "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.", "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed." } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented", "label": "Published method detail limited", "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance." } ], "licence": { "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-melbourne", "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 1095, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-a20bc8f20e6036c54e23b6913100bb376e7a6758e97b6efc2cc0f9844c101b37", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-melbourne", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-a20bc8f20e6036c54e23b6913100bb376e7a6758e97b6efc2cc0f9844c101b37", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-melbourne", "observation_sha256": "172fdec0e417d9a091c062ddec96123582c62004d722ab545a20f7ece8c5d68b", "evidence_review_sha256": "e636e8450965193aa0fc0a639a58da4a81cd9d962f11e7feebf8fc437f562b66", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:melbourne", "geography_sha256": "bf4409a951bbe637e0e9fd8d3ac67a480371379a62a516141296f3ec67d86bc9", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1266", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "709c71536bdf840248d466c6d93f2bbead3b93ffc27eff2789e3a24ce2faa4f7", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-1266", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1266.npz", "sha256": "4adda9b672c602a4abe660dbe2712777119636d080659b7cbc781e40ebdf1c2c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "melbourne", "metric": "pm25", "value": 5.63064447742122, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:melbourne", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1266", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1266.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "4adda9b672c602a4abe660dbe2712777119636d080659b7cbc781e40ebdf1c2c", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1266.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1266", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 5177020.587336659, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Melbourne (1266)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1266", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Melbourne (1266)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 8348, "population_grid_valid_cells": 8348, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1073, "total_known_modelled_population": 5177020.587336659, "pm_covered_population": 5177020.587336659, "weighted_concentration_sum": 29149962.379583124, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 5.625979432127128, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 5.723289441104155, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Melbourne (source ID 1266). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-melbourne", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1266.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-a2c51999d00ce72f6e04a9f520d06e9255c09cdb3a9a12ef4ea3ce76135442ec", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-melbourne", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-a2c51999d00ce72f6e04a9f520d06e9255c09cdb3a9a12ef4ea3ce76135442ec", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-melbourne", "observation_sha256": "e153980473a0afe01d0129f26610f18ba25e2806b4af831151a05726156d16f2", "evidence_review_sha256": "4963b22129a2f2726daabb91e66caf428f8d05e044e1712bb171b29357b973aa", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:melbourne", "geography_sha256": "5ad6a2b92eb6e661ae481b44ed142ea1d04fdc774485b2d83f018b45dcd7387c", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1266", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "9a224cfa521f14f61d33372f64a480f2c676f83518d18f9eb15ac529398ab231", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1266", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1266.npz", "sha256": "eeaef6bedab7c979ee541d636dba2cfc072e3bf6d7a227a0d1a4d1955dcddcc3", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "melbourne", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 7.144354865777786, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:melbourne", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1266", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1266.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "eeaef6bedab7c979ee541d636dba2cfc072e3bf6d7a227a0d1a4d1955dcddcc3", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1266.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1266", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 5177020.58733666, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Melbourne (1266)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1266", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Melbourne (1266)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 8348, "population_grid_valid_cells": 8348, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1073, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 5177020.58733666, "weather_covered_population": 5177020.58733666, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 36986472.22337044, "native_weather_points": 32, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Melbourne (source ID 1266). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.176854847753599, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11269622.362463992 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 3.007644547197697, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 15570637.740233324 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.9360924998685797, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4846170.143471077 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.0237629709579115, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5300041.977202051 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 5177020.58733666, "strict_value": 7.144354865777786, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 36986472.22337044, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.176854847753599, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11269622.362463992, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 3.007644547197697, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 15570637.740233324, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.9360924998685797, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4846170.143471077, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.0237629709579115, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5300041.977202051, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-melbourne", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1266.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "melbourne", "city_name": "Melbourne", "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 144.9631, "latitude": -37.8136, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "AUS02F", "country_iso3": "AUS", "source_name": "Greater Melbourne", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 361, "member_ids": [ "AUS206011106", "AUS206011107", "AUS206011109", "AUS206011495", "AUS206011496", 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"AUS213041463", "AUS213041571", "AUS213041572", "AUS213041573", "AUS213041574", "AUS213041575", "AUS213041576", "AUS213041577", "AUS213041578", "AUS213051361", "AUS213051362", "AUS213051363", "AUS213051368", "AUS213051464", "AUS213051466", "AUS213051467", "AUS213051468", "AUS213051579", "AUS213051580", "AUS213051581", "AUS213051582", "AUS213051583", "AUS213051584", "AUS213051585", "AUS213051586", "AUS213051587", "AUS213051588", "AUS213051589", "AUS213051590", "AUS214011370", "AUS214011371", "AUS214011372", "AUS214011373", "AUS214011374", "AUS214011375", "AUS214011376", "AUS214021377", "AUS214021378", "AUS214021379", "AUS214021381", "AUS214021382", "AUS214021383", "AUS214021384", "AUS214021385", "AUS214021591", "AUS214021592" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Statistical Area 2 (SA2)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Statistical Area 2 (SA2)": 361 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "cf9def8e61ca4b810d4ba3245f6b527769d1e9624ed003ba11e28874dde4340a", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1266, "eFUA_name": "Melbourne", "Cntry_ISO": "AUS", "Cntry_name": "Australia", "UC_IDs": "13020;13023", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "aec89447f9e018b015d7235297e6edf5f7223fbaca59cebd009b5caadaccc241", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:melbourne", "city_slug": "melbourne", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1266", "source_name": "Melbourne", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "melbourne", "estimated_area_id": 1266, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "AUS02F", "oecd_name": "Greater Melbourne", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 8348, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 10007.370737776786, "intersection_km2": 7455.7409414460135, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.893117027005991, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.7450249557859753, "intersection_over_union": 0.6840361627654453, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 144.9631, "latitude": -37.8136, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_name": "Australia" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1266", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1266; fid=240", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 240, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "aec89447f9e018b015d7235297e6edf5f7223fbaca59cebd009b5caadaccc241", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "a29909a0dcfd926ffe8ad5bdc803ebad0b0aaecc8331c4d140ba0b9d9daf17a1", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1266, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "aec89447f9e018b015d7235297e6edf5f7223fbaca59cebd009b5caadaccc241", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "640d5db68b3c7d9ccc3f2786ceef66c540f5aa9871a155a6313bc480dbf8367c" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Melbourne (1266)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:melbourne", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:melbourne", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:melbourne", "city_slug": "melbourne", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-functional-capital-city-region", "authority": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_geography_id": "2GMEL", "source_name": "Greater Melbourne", "boundary_vintage": "2021", "geography_edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "version": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "crosswalk_method": "Original published GCCSA code/name joined to exact native GCCSA2021 DBF/SHP record. Canonical WGS84 destination point uses the archived named non-ballpark EPSG:4326 to EPSG:7844 adapter; original 3 m operation accuracy, unknown coordinate epoch and conservative 100 m native boundary-clearance guard are preserved.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "melbourne", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "input_wgs84": [ 144.9631, -37.8136 ], "output_gda2020": [ 144.9631059366758, -37.81358683832358 ], "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "allow_ballpark": false, "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "epoch_notice": "The city reference points do not supply a coordinate epoch or WGS84 realization. This is a documented destination-binding adapter with a conservative boundary-clearance guard, not a survey transformation or a relabelling of the native geometry.", "native_point_inside": true, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 2961.524221400355, "required_clearance_metres": 100 }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.life2022-2024.gccsa-source-review-v1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:2GMEL", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GCCSA_2021_AUST_GDA2020.shp record 5; DBF GCC_CODE21=2GMEL", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Greater Melbourne · GCCSA2021", "review_scope": "Life-expectancy published-value protocol only. Does not extend or replace PM/heat geography permissions.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "native_record_number": 5, "native_shape_content_sha256": "73622e3831faca1884cde26e54f04d91a8fd2a51093ff98b9f56966e692abf21", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "f54ef86fecb5e312ea3dd764d5be974cd189c6eb534e79ba04864c4f60febe51", "native_member_proofs": { "dbf": { "sha256": "7b2aa6cf304e6907353f8418b502e993939522692c1849b2551afc08441a960b", "bytes": 16349 }, "shp": { "sha256": "53f4e0e9295414eb65a6b9c92988b23eab0d411247349eea61f33c1ed9a0c810", "bytes": 30778808 }, "shx": { "sha256": "78b8457acf9598656910f8a3735ab6b08a2936668395de145a6454eeb5e44777", "bytes": 380 }, "prj": { "sha256": "394fe7500c52df3a75d6832b9c61aae1b4391b34dbc71293674dd2219912321f", "bytes": 160 }, "xml": { "sha256": "c9a7b21d4c968a0d5d46b8807d397ea0886ab6d675bed35463c56b4524be1685", "bytes": 26094 } }, "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "interpretation": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:melbourne", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "melbourne", "city_name": "Melbourne", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1266", "source_area_id": "1266", "source_area_name": "Melbourne", "value": 7.144354865777786, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:melbourne", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-melbourne", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Melbourne (source ID 1266). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 8348, "population_grid_valid_cells": 8348, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1073, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 5177020.58733666, "weather_covered_population": 5177020.58733666, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 36986472.22337044, "native_weather_points": 32, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.176854847753599, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11269622.362463992 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 3.007644547197697, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 15570637.740233324 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.9360924998685797, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4846170.143471077 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.0237629709579115, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5300041.977202051 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 5177020.58733666, "strict_value": 7.144354865777786, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 36986472.22337044, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.176854847753599, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11269622.362463992, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 3.007644547197697, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 15570637.740233324, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.9360924998685797, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4846170.143471077, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.0237629709579115, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5300041.977202051, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1266.npz", "sha256": "eeaef6bedab7c979ee541d636dba2cfc072e3bf6d7a227a0d1a4d1955dcddcc3" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": { "city_slug": "melbourne", "value": 84.2, "unit": "years", "period_start": "2022-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:melbourne", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_record_ref": "Table 1!AC53; original Persons header AC8; period header AA6=2022–2024; geography A53=2GMEL, B53=Greater Melbourne", "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_label": "Published Persons period life expectancy at birth, 2022–2024", "geography": "Greater Melbourne · GCCSA2021", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:2GMEL", "boundary_label": "Greater Melbourne · GCCSA2021", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the exact original numeric ABS Persons life-expectancy-at-birth cell with its original one-decimal published precision. No arithmetic mean of male/female or subarea life expectancies; no reconstruction of an unpublished mortality denominator, radix, CI or standard error.", "scope_notice": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "derivation": { "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy", "sex": "Persons", "age_basis": "at-birth", "source_value_literal": "84.2", "display_precision_decimals": 1, "pooled_years": 3, "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "workbook": { "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "sheet": "Table 1", "persons_cell": "AC53", "geography_code_cell": "A53", "geography_name_cell": "B53", "sex_header": "AC8", "period_header": "AA6" }, "geography": { "source_code": "2GMEL", "source_name": "Greater Melbourne", "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_shape_content_sha256": "73622e3831faca1884cde26e54f04d91a8fd2a51093ff98b9f56966e692abf21", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "f54ef86fecb5e312ea3dd764d5be974cd189c6eb534e79ba04864c4f60febe51", "native_record_number": 5 }, "coordinate_adapter": { "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "input_wgs84": [ 144.9631, -37.8136 ], "output_gda2020": [ 144.9631059366758, -37.81358683832358 ], "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "required_clearance_metres": 100, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 2961.524221400355 }, "method_qualification": { "gccsa_algorithm": null, "terminal_age": null, "overseas_death_rule": null, "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.", "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.", "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed." } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented", "label": "Published method detail limited", "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance." } ], "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported." }, "licence": { "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "Life expectancy, 2022–2024 · Table 2, original Persons e0", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "ASGS Edition 3 · GCCSA2021 native GDA2020 boundaries", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-melbourne", "city_name": "Melbourne", "source_area_id": "2GMEL", "source_area_name": "Greater Melbourne", "review_status": "accepted", "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "licence_source_refs": [ "source-54895d592300bdd2" ], "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" ], "notice": "Historical ABS Persons life expectancy at birth for the pooled 2022–2024 period, published to one decimal. It is not a forecast or a three-year average of sex/subarea estimates. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal age and overseas-resident death treatment remain explicitly undocumented; confidence intervals and standard errors are not supplied. Native GCCSA2021 geometry and the documented destination-point coordinate adapter are separate from PM/heat areas. Research-input review does not establish current engine admission, cross-country comparability or an official quarterly result." }, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "montreal", "name": "Montreal", "country": { "id": "country:CAN", "name": "Canada", "iso_2": "CA", "iso_3": "CAN", "continent": "North America" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/montreal", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/montreal.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 11, "agency_measurements": 6, "derived_agency_changes": 5, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "montreal", "id": "3700", "name": "Montreal", "constituentNames": [ "Montreal", "Laval", "Longueuil" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Canada", "UN_WPP": "Canada" }, "population2025": 3221844.478, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 1020, "densityPerKm2": 3158.671056862745, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 45.533821, "longitude": -73.6434781, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 45.5017, "longitude": -73.5673, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M122.26,22.72L131.69,22.72L131.69,36.87L136.41,36.87L136.41,41.59L141.13,41.59L145.85,51.03L155.28,51.03L155.28,46.31L160.0,46.31L164.72,27.44L169.44,27.44L169.44,32.15L183.59,32.15L183.59,41.59L174.15,41.59L174.15,46.31L169.44,46.31L169.44,60.46L174.15,60.46L174.15,65.18L188.31,65.18L188.31,69.9L197.74,69.9L197.74,65.18L202.46,65.18L202.46,55.74L207.18,55.74L207.18,60.46L216.62,60.46L221.33,51.03L230.77,51.03L230.77,46.31L235.49,46.31L235.49,36.87L244.92,36.87L244.92,41.59L268.51,41.59L268.51,36.87L277.95,36.87L273.23,55.74L263.79,60.46L263.79,69.9L273.23,69.9L273.23,74.62L277.95,74.62L277.95,84.05L273.23,84.05L273.23,98.21L254.36,107.64L254.36,121.79L259.08,121.79L254.36,140.67L244.92,140.67L240.21,150.1L230.77,150.1L226.05,159.54L216.62,159.54L216.62,164.26L211.9,164.26L211.9,168.97L207.18,168.97L207.18,173.69L202.46,173.69L197.74,183.13L188.31,183.13L188.31,187.85L183.59,187.85L183.59,197.28L178.87,197.28L178.87,192.56L160.0,192.56L160.0,197.28L150.56,197.28L150.56,202.0L145.85,202.0L145.85,192.56L141.13,192.56L136.41,173.69L131.69,173.69L131.69,168.97L122.26,168.97L122.26,164.26L108.1,164.26L108.1,168.97L98.67,168.97L93.95,159.54L84.51,159.54L84.51,164.26L75.08,164.26L75.08,168.97L60.92,168.97L60.92,173.69L42.05,173.69L42.05,168.97L46.77,168.97L46.77,154.82L51.49,154.82L51.49,145.38L60.92,145.38L60.92,140.67L65.64,140.67L65.64,131.23L60.92,131.23L60.92,121.79L51.49,121.79L51.49,112.36L56.21,112.36L56.21,107.64L65.64,107.64L65.64,102.92L75.08,98.21L75.08,84.05L84.51,84.05L84.51,88.77L108.1,88.77L108.1,84.05L112.82,84.05L112.82,69.9L117.54,69.9L117.54,55.74L122.26,55.74L122.26,46.31L117.54,46.31L117.54,32.15L112.82,32.15L112.82,22.72L117.54,22.72L117.54,18.0L122.26,18.0L122.26,22.72ZM263.79,69.9L259.08,69.9L259.08,74.62L263.79,74.62L263.79,69.9ZM254.36,79.33L249.64,79.33L249.64,84.05L254.36,84.05L254.36,79.33ZM202.46,145.38L197.74,145.38L197.74,150.1L193.03,150.1L188.31,159.54L169.44,159.54L169.44,164.26L164.72,164.26L164.72,168.97L155.28,168.97L155.28,173.69L164.72,173.69L164.72,178.41L178.87,178.41L178.87,173.69L188.31,173.69L188.31,168.97L197.74,164.26L202.46,145.38Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 192.26, "y": 128.48 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 173.4, "y": 112.09 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.13333333333333333, "accepted_metrics": 4, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0.16666666666666666, "infrastructure": 0, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0.16666666666666666 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "unit": "PPP international $ / person / year", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 40000 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "pillar": "means", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "montreal", "metric": "rental-vacancy", "value": 2.9, "unit": "%", "period_start": "2025-10-01", "period_end": "2025-10-31", "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-montreal-2025-en.xlsx?rev=1dcc0f0e-5c82-4c31-b8ea-51911650d27b", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:montreal", "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-montreal", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-montreal-ebd37ffbcea9.xlsx", "source_frame_sha256": "ebd37ffbcea94c2432683224f3f1cab0a36456d3fe7fd8501c6f5882b2998d8d", "source_record_ref": "Table 3.1.1 X55 (Oct-25, Total), Y55 (quality); Table 3.1.3 K55 (Oct-25, Total universe); Montréal CMA; 2021 census geographic definitions.", "universe": "Completed, privately initiated purpose-built long-term rental apartment and row/townhouse units in structures/projects with at least three rental units, on the market for at least three months; all bedroom types combined. Social/affordable housing, owner-occupied units and condominium/secondary rental stock are excluded. Vacant units are physically unoccupied and immediately rentable at the survey.", "denominator": 668834, "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "source_label": "Official combined private apartment-and-row rental vacancy", "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:462", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462)", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe.", "uncertainty": { "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null }, "scope_notice": "Official October 2025 weighted vacancy estimate for private apartment and row rental units combined in the exact 2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462). One-decimal published precision; not apartment-only, all-rental-stock, availability or a 2026 market reading. The exact survey day and vacant-unit numerator are unknown. This source-specific CMA2021 binding is separate from the PM2015 area; no CMHC/Statistics Canada endorsement.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025; combined private apartment and row units", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-montreal-2025-en.xlsx?rev=1dcc0f0e-5c82-4c31-b8ea-51911650d27b", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files; original CMA2021 identities and polygons", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "temporal_basis": { "precision": "month", "source_period": "2025-10", "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.", "exact_reference_date": null, "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01", "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31", "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01", "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date." }, "derivation": { "kind": "published-survey-rate", "published_rate": 2.9, "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1, "reported_universe_units": 668834, "vacant_unit_estimate": null, "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.", "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe." }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "a", "label": "Excellent", "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval." } ], "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-montreal", "source_ref": "source-5b1de44ca8207bb2", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-montreal-ebd37ffbcea9.xlsx", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-5b1de44ca8207bb2", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-montreal", "observation_sha256": "311abe45bc3fbd05bcaca31dabfda1d4c9963972f4481a379e49aa7f035137fb", "evidence_review_sha256": "466351b858d9ccf24414484a25e8f20fb4e0e0f155290c5fe82ce66247d0d28c", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "09c03b5e31b033cee3906e246b5f7d901152dd1468f429343b3b41915e96fb83", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:montreal", "geography_sha256": "5a53cce77e8899f6e83a9406c1749c9746d103aa65acc60bbced905916f5eb10", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-montreal", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "40efe6ee96a28614f1a1b07e69be0a7f508c4b0a1be4ab13f3dac90f1f6f1424", "source_frame": { "id": "cmhc-rms-2025-montreal", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-montreal-ebd37ffbcea9.xlsx", "sha256": "ebd37ffbcea94c2432683224f3f1cab0a36456d3fe7fd8501c6f5882b2998d8d", "source_urls": [ "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-montreal-2025-en.xlsx?rev=1dcc0f0e-5c82-4c31-b8ea-51911650d27b", "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/market-reports/rental-market-reports-major-centres", "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-research/surveys/methods/methodology-rental-market-survey" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:27:14.801745+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-462-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-native-5a0393ee69c1.json", "sha256": "5a0393ee69c18ad2db94b833830ec1cdeb58fe45f9a499b8bd401b719dac1222", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27462%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:30:41.285876+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement." }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84-82c0dffde26a.json", "sha256": "82c0dffde26a5d30cf96899b47f22d824cba943b2ccd36e2719f245cf1fcc1f2", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27462%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:52:10.932439+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:montreal", "city_slug": "montreal", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "462", "source_name": "Montréal", "source_cmap_uid": "24462", "source_dguid": "2021S050524462", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050524462", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-462-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Exact source CMA name and 2021-definition note in the original CMHC tables, original CMAUID/CMAPUID/DGUID, complete 156-part layer and independent strict destination-point intersection with original agency WGS84 geometry.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "montreal", "source_cma_uid": "462", "source_cmap_uid": "24462", "source_dguid": "2021S050524462", "reference_point": { "latitude": 45.5017, "longitude": -73.5673, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b" } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:462", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-rental-vacancy-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct publisher-reported CMA2021 rental aggregate, reviewed only for this rental protocol. Separate from PM2015; no OECD geometric equivalence, source-point proxy or CSD aggregation is claimed.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:montreal", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-462-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-native-5a0393ee69c1.json", "sha256": "5a0393ee69c18ad2db94b833830ec1cdeb58fe45f9a499b8bd401b719dac1222", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27462%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:30:41.285876+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-native-5a0393ee69c1.json", "source_ref": "source-6584937305233b29" }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84-82c0dffde26a.json", "sha256": "82c0dffde26a5d30cf96899b47f22d824cba943b2ccd36e2719f245cf1fcc1f2", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27462%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:52:10.932439+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84-82c0dffde26a.json", "source_ref": "source-a64767ed678eeff3" } ] } }, { "id": "price-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median home price / household income", "unit": "ratio", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 3, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "montreal", "metric": "pm25", "value": 8.236004807242018, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:montreal", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3485", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3485.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "0723d4a7a188777ff3399b26c6c37876297ebff0ac3ce597c5532355472d684a", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3485.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3485", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 4184064.7379515534, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Montreal (3485)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3485", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Montreal (3485)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 5027, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5027, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 740, "total_known_modelled_population": 4184064.7379515534, "pm_covered_population": 4184064.7379515534, "weighted_concentration_sum": 34459977.29558081, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 8.231804578582484, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 8.085414587564337, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Montreal (source ID 3485). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:montreal", "city_slug": "montreal", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "3485", "source_name": "Montreal", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Montreal (3485)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:montreal", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "montreal", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0.8378985668699251, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:montreal", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3485", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3485.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "1deadefaad1c1f1af1bc4bc162ecdccfb5963ed900373edb361369ba6f4b1cdc", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3485.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3485", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 4184064.7379515534, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Montreal (3485)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3485", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Montreal (3485)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5027, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5027, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 740, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 4184064.7379515534, "weather_covered_population": 4184064.7379515534, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957, "native_weather_points": 20, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Montreal (source ID 3485). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.8378985668699251, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 4184064.7379515534, "strict_value": 0.8378985668699251, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.8378985668699251, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-montreal", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3485.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-montreal", "observation_sha256": "378a8a12d18c0302c2d6903f1bc6f9467e3c2febc1834e91ce022f5e10494678", "evidence_review_sha256": "c00656dd35374ec8965d3bb292e955aa2123c594f59edfd8ba1814432ecd117a", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:montreal", "geography_sha256": "3d4716af0339a61c2cc0b9edb305d35fd9f9f495676ddb750762006eeff76983", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3485", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "65586ae4d58a8bd091846c92989781cd821564d0f7f2be38eed6f5830306dcd4", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-3485", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3485.npz", "sha256": "1deadefaad1c1f1af1bc4bc162ecdccfb5963ed900373edb361369ba6f4b1cdc", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:montreal", "city_slug": "montreal", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "3485", "source_name": "Montreal", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "montreal", "estimated_area_id": 3485, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CAN02F", "oecd_name": "Montreal", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 5027, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 12139.516258898275, "intersection_km2": 4129.1309247812505, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8213906753095784, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.3401396593340031, "intersection_over_union": 0.3167146493688339, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -73.5673, "latitude": 45.5017, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_name": "Canada" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3485", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=3485; fid=846", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 846, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "7869b15ce38edcdd1371798d80ce8cb42ea3aaa9656d9e7c5de567e8abda35a6", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "f35e8d2ceb9a97ca10f5938109de46e9e4f930b1bf7a8162363ca80636a997bc", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 3485, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "0ea88ed4bf7a5cce92ea50e12c91195ea3995291013b0347963045cf208cfe55", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "953eeb268f771933f1f9ee1f072383aad1a0ac6dd9c299e1197a9bee3e92c4eb" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Montreal (3485)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:montreal", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:montreal", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 30 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "unit": "hours", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 500, 5000 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "emissions", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "unit": "tonnes CO2e/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 1, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "employment", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 45, 85 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "job-growth", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ -3, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "skills", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 70 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "business-formation", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "unit": "per 1000", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "culture-access", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "housing-supply", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "unit": "per 1000", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "montreal", "metric": "housing-supply", "value": 4.695686254210404, "unit": "per 1000", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:montreal", "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-minimal", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json", "source_frame_sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f", "source_record_ref": "CMHC Table A6_1 K27 / Table F6-4 G26; Statistics Canada annual v42128175, monthly January–December 2025, population v1589878032 (July 1,2025); native Notes!A2 SGC2021 adapter.", "universe": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). 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This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-34100134-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100134-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100134-eng.zip", "bytes": 407521, "sha256": "b72f17d6d9f419cd5881500e60e9f7399f1a50c06aa88ef3e629705ac2b8b95f", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:11.913110+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:08 GMT", "last_modified": "Wed, 21 Jan 2026 15:53:22 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } }, "monthly": { "id": "housing-2025-monthly", "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-monthly-0b6bfd429925.zip", "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "source_urls": [ "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-34100154-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "bytes": 4276016, "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:13.410900+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:09 GMT", "last_modified": "Mon, 19 Oct 2026 12:30:46 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } }, "population": { "id": "housing-2025-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-population-7b007a0ff50b.zip", "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "source_urls": [ "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-17100148-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "bytes": 22688780, "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:15.274494+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:11 GMT", "last_modified": "Wed, 14 Jan 2026 13:30:47 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } } }, "original_source_precision": { "completion_published_decimals": 0, "population_published_decimals": 0, "completion_unit": "Units", "population_unit": "Persons", "scalar_factor": "units", "note": "Integer source operands; derived rate has no independently measured decimal precision." }, "revision_status": { "annual_table_release": "2026-01-21", "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19", "population_table_release": "2026-01-14", "completion_observation_flags": "Blank original STATUS/SYMBOL; no finality assertion", "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true, "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final", "xlsx_http_last_modified": "Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:09:06 GMT", "xlsx_internal_modified": "2026-01-16T17:28:52Z", "xlsx_internal_modified_notice": "Document metadata timestamp, not the observation period, retrieval date or independently verified publication date" }, "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "population_licence": { "name": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "acknowledgement": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence" }, "native_scope_note": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" } }, "quality_flags": [], "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. 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This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-462-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-native-5a0393ee69c1.json", "sha256": "5a0393ee69c18ad2db94b833830ec1cdeb58fe45f9a499b8bd401b719dac1222", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27462%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:30:41.285876+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement." }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84-82c0dffde26a.json", "sha256": "82c0dffde26a5d30cf96899b47f22d824cba943b2ccd36e2719f245cf1fcc1f2", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27462%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:52:10.932439+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:montreal", "city_slug": "montreal", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "462", "source_name": "Montréal", "source_cmap_uid": "24462", "source_dguid": "2021S050524462", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050524462", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-462-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "montreal", "source_cma_uid": "462", "source_cmap_uid": "24462", "source_dguid": "2021S050524462", "reference_point": { "latitude": 45.5017, "longitude": -73.5673, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b", "inventory_scope": "Complete original 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory; 42 type B CMA, 105 type D CA, 9 type K tracted CA features.", "selected_cma_type": "B" }, "housing_source_adapter": { "cmhc_notes": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" }, "completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503462", "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503462", "notice": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed." } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). 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When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:462", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-housing-supply-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct official calendar 2025 CMHC gross completions and July 1 population in publisher CMA2021 geography, approved only for the housing-supply protocol. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:montreal", "city_slug": "montreal", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "462", "source_name": "Montréal", "source_cmap_uid": "24462", "source_dguid": "2021S050524462", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050524462", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-462-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. 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No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "montreal", "source_cma_uid": "462", "source_cmap_uid": "24462", "source_dguid": "2021S050524462", "reference_point": { "latitude": 45.5017, "longitude": -73.5673, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b", "inventory_scope": "Complete original 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory; 42 type B CMA, 105 type D CA, 9 type K tracted CA features.", "selected_cma_type": "B" }, "housing_source_adapter": { "cmhc_notes": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" }, "completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503462", "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503462", "notice": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed." } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:462", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-housing-supply-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct official calendar 2025 CMHC gross completions and July 1 population in publisher CMA2021 geography, approved only for the housing-supply protocol. No estimated-FUA2015 or OECD geometric equivalence.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:montreal", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "montreal", "name": "Montreal", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-4729a2d9ad49f6baa9a4402dd5c5a331fd5e12bedf283b504cf992549f495728", "selected_evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-montreal", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-4729a2d9ad49f6baa9a4402dd5c5a331fd5e12bedf283b504cf992549f495728", "identity": { "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-montreal", "observation_sha256": "311abe45bc3fbd05bcaca31dabfda1d4c9963972f4481a379e49aa7f035137fb", "evidence_review_sha256": "466351b858d9ccf24414484a25e8f20fb4e0e0f155290c5fe82ce66247d0d28c", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "09c03b5e31b033cee3906e246b5f7d901152dd1468f429343b3b41915e96fb83", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:montreal", "geography_sha256": "5a53cce77e8899f6e83a9406c1749c9746d103aa65acc60bbced905916f5eb10", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-montreal", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "40efe6ee96a28614f1a1b07e69be0a7f508c4b0a1be4ab13f3dac90f1f6f1424", "source_frame": { "id": "cmhc-rms-2025-montreal", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-montreal-ebd37ffbcea9.xlsx", "sha256": "ebd37ffbcea94c2432683224f3f1cab0a36456d3fe7fd8501c6f5882b2998d8d", "source_urls": [ "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-montreal-2025-en.xlsx?rev=1dcc0f0e-5c82-4c31-b8ea-51911650d27b", "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/market-reports/rental-market-reports-major-centres", "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-research/surveys/methods/methodology-rental-market-survey" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:27:14.801745+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-462-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-native-5a0393ee69c1.json", "sha256": "5a0393ee69c18ad2db94b833830ec1cdeb58fe45f9a499b8bd401b719dac1222", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27462%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:30:41.285876+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement." }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84-82c0dffde26a.json", "sha256": "82c0dffde26a5d30cf96899b47f22d824cba943b2ccd36e2719f245cf1fcc1f2", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27462%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:52:10.932439+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "montreal", "metric": "rental-vacancy", "value": 2.9, "unit": "%", "period_start": "2025-10-01", "period_end": "2025-10-31", "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-montreal-2025-en.xlsx?rev=1dcc0f0e-5c82-4c31-b8ea-51911650d27b", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:montreal", "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-montreal", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-montreal-ebd37ffbcea9.xlsx", "source_frame_sha256": "ebd37ffbcea94c2432683224f3f1cab0a36456d3fe7fd8501c6f5882b2998d8d", "source_record_ref": "Table 3.1.1 X55 (Oct-25, Total), Y55 (quality); Table 3.1.3 K55 (Oct-25, Total universe); Montréal CMA; 2021 census geographic definitions.", "universe": "Completed, privately initiated purpose-built long-term rental apartment and row/townhouse units in structures/projects with at least three rental units, on the market for at least three months; all bedroom types combined. Social/affordable housing, owner-occupied units and condominium/secondary rental stock are excluded. Vacant units are physically unoccupied and immediately rentable at the survey.", "denominator": 668834, "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "source_label": "Official combined private apartment-and-row rental vacancy", "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:462", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462)", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe.", "uncertainty": { "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null }, "scope_notice": "Official October 2025 weighted vacancy estimate for private apartment and row rental units combined in the exact 2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462). One-decimal published precision; not apartment-only, all-rental-stock, availability or a 2026 market reading. The exact survey day and vacant-unit numerator are unknown. This source-specific CMA2021 binding is separate from the PM2015 area; no CMHC/Statistics Canada endorsement.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025; combined private apartment and row units", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-montreal-2025-en.xlsx?rev=1dcc0f0e-5c82-4c31-b8ea-51911650d27b", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files; original CMA2021 identities and polygons", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "temporal_basis": { "precision": "month", "source_period": "2025-10", "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.", "exact_reference_date": null, "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01", "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31", "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01", "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date." }, "derivation": { "kind": "published-survey-rate", "published_rate": 2.9, "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1, "reported_universe_units": 668834, "vacant_unit_estimate": null, "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.", "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe." }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "a", "label": "Excellent", "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval." } ], "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-montreal", "source_ref": "source-5b1de44ca8207bb2", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-montreal-ebd37ffbcea9.xlsx", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-5b1de44ca8207bb2", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-10-01", "reference_kind": "earliest-day-of-source-month", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 391, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-10-01", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-10-02", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-fde039b3df94846aa518bcf93ebdf0802179ac87495a6d06ca6f74564462a058", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-montreal", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-fde039b3df94846aa518bcf93ebdf0802179ac87495a6d06ca6f74564462a058", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-montreal", "observation_sha256": "d51829065a06f8eb52cd6d1e638b9551d5e2f7903622ae277da2b50bb38bc5fe", "evidence_review_sha256": "a62a9a4ed673ff95eecd8d16c2b5f73f35c71458ecb62539b8b8db467c296974", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:montreal", "geography_sha256": "fd56336b771614cb3dd44f7d2606fcaaecf9967e7e800ed79e713f7418949f50", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3485", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "6bbbfb9fd551d08bfdd12a90abeb0f4cdb954c60add1a8a1165ce3adbcee6e52", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-3485", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3485.npz", "sha256": "0723d4a7a188777ff3399b26c6c37876297ebff0ac3ce597c5532355472d684a", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "montreal", "metric": "pm25", "value": 8.236004807242018, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:montreal", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3485", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3485.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "0723d4a7a188777ff3399b26c6c37876297ebff0ac3ce597c5532355472d684a", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3485.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3485", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 4184064.7379515534, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Montreal (3485)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3485", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Montreal (3485)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 5027, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5027, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 740, "total_known_modelled_population": 4184064.7379515534, "pm_covered_population": 4184064.7379515534, "weighted_concentration_sum": 34459977.29558081, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 8.231804578582484, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 8.085414587564337, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Montreal (source ID 3485). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-montreal", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3485.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-4036c2d0cd8f7c76637e16134cd6c4af82b2861c003fd4c2641c58502239e5b5", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-montreal", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-4036c2d0cd8f7c76637e16134cd6c4af82b2861c003fd4c2641c58502239e5b5", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-montreal", "observation_sha256": "378a8a12d18c0302c2d6903f1bc6f9467e3c2febc1834e91ce022f5e10494678", "evidence_review_sha256": "c00656dd35374ec8965d3bb292e955aa2123c594f59edfd8ba1814432ecd117a", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:montreal", "geography_sha256": "3d4716af0339a61c2cc0b9edb305d35fd9f9f495676ddb750762006eeff76983", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3485", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "65586ae4d58a8bd091846c92989781cd821564d0f7f2be38eed6f5830306dcd4", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-3485", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3485.npz", "sha256": "1deadefaad1c1f1af1bc4bc162ecdccfb5963ed900373edb361369ba6f4b1cdc", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "montreal", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0.8378985668699251, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:montreal", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3485", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3485.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "1deadefaad1c1f1af1bc4bc162ecdccfb5963ed900373edb361369ba6f4b1cdc", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3485.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3485", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 4184064.7379515534, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Montreal (3485)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3485", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Montreal (3485)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5027, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5027, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 740, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 4184064.7379515534, "weather_covered_population": 4184064.7379515534, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957, "native_weather_points": 20, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Montreal (source ID 3485). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.8378985668699251, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 4184064.7379515534, "strict_value": 0.8378985668699251, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.8378985668699251, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-montreal", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3485.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-1971cfd7c2ebc1ad1aaf7580b719d77eee73eada697afbb734a75d20b99993c2", "selected_evidence_id": "housing-supply-2025-cma2021-montreal", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-1971cfd7c2ebc1ad1aaf7580b719d77eee73eada697afbb734a75d20b99993c2", "identity": { "evidence_id": "housing-supply-2025-cma2021-montreal", "observation_sha256": "16567b112fca9c4b64059097a47a97ef5121a5077038c8593f60bf9f72be6414", "evidence_review_sha256": "6e84a95397a661d77825c39dc0e2fe2cad1dee697427a49ff01d0f0a2cf49731", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "c2038a7688c7a4db3b5747086f2a677d4f37ef7b077a052384cee52b03782d6d", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:montreal", "geography_sha256": "90cc6e02fb4d2f6ab89e26ba42066d7325017bcee66b6faccaa81ef2d66934ee", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-minimal", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "db5b98890d74a32d17bd51348db85037430d6d117fe01dec58d64d1d897a806c", "source_frame": { "id": "housing-2025-minimal", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json", "sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f", "source_urls": [ "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/starts-completions--intended-market-cma-ca-12-25-en.xlsx", "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100134-eng.zip", "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data and Statistics Canada Open Licence, source-specific", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. 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No endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "montreal", "metric": "housing-supply", "value": 4.695686254210404, "unit": "per 1000", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:montreal", "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-minimal", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json", "source_frame_sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f", "source_record_ref": "CMHC Table A6_1 K27 / Table F6-4 G26; Statistics Canada annual v42128175, monthly January–December 2025, population v1589878032 (July 1,2025); native Notes!A2 SGC2021 adapter.", "universe": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). 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This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-34100134-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100134-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100134-eng.zip", "bytes": 407521, "sha256": "b72f17d6d9f419cd5881500e60e9f7399f1a50c06aa88ef3e629705ac2b8b95f", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:11.913110+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:08 GMT", "last_modified": "Wed, 21 Jan 2026 15:53:22 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } }, "monthly": { "id": "housing-2025-monthly", "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-monthly-0b6bfd429925.zip", "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "source_urls": [ "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-34100154-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "bytes": 4276016, "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:13.410900+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:09 GMT", "last_modified": "Mon, 19 Oct 2026 12:30:46 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } }, "population": { "id": "housing-2025-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-population-7b007a0ff50b.zip", "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "source_urls": [ "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-17100148-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "bytes": 22688780, "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:15.274494+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:11 GMT", "last_modified": "Wed, 14 Jan 2026 13:30:47 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } } }, "original_source_precision": { "completion_published_decimals": 0, "population_published_decimals": 0, "completion_unit": "Units", "population_unit": "Persons", "scalar_factor": "units", "note": "Integer source operands; derived rate has no independently measured decimal precision." }, "revision_status": { "annual_table_release": "2026-01-21", "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19", "population_table_release": "2026-01-14", "completion_observation_flags": "Blank original STATUS/SYMBOL; no finality assertion", "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true, "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final", "xlsx_http_last_modified": "Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:09:06 GMT", "xlsx_internal_modified": "2026-01-16T17:28:52Z", "xlsx_internal_modified_notice": "Document metadata timestamp, not the observation period, retrieval date or independently verified publication date" }, "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "population_licence": { "name": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "acknowledgement": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence" }, "native_scope_note": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" } }, "quality_flags": [], "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "housing-supply-2025-cma2021-montreal", "source_ref": "source-60dc249871b8d194", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-60dc249871b8d194", "source-b1d092b64a16e632", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "montreal", "city_name": "Montreal", "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -73.5673, "latitude": 45.5017, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "CAN02F", "country_iso3": "CAN", "source_name": "Montreal", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 176, "member_ids": [ "CAN2445030", "CAN2445093", "CAN2445095", "CAN2445100", "CAN2445105", "CAN2446010", "CAN2446035", "CAN2446040", "CAN2446045", "CAN2446058", "CAN2446065", "CAN2446100", "CAN2446105", "CAN2452007", "CAN2452017", "CAN2453032", "CAN2453040", "CAN2454025", "CAN2454030", "CAN2455030", "CAN2455037", "CAN2455048", "CAN2455057", "CAN2455065", "CAN2456005", "CAN2456010", "CAN2456023", "CAN2456030", "CAN2456050", "CAN2456055", "CAN2456060", "CAN2456083", "CAN2456097", "CAN2457005", "CAN2457010", "CAN2457020", "CAN2457025", "CAN2457030", "CAN2457033", "CAN2457035", "CAN2457040", "CAN2457045", "CAN2457050", "CAN2457057", "CAN2457068", "CAN2457075", "CAN2458007", "CAN2458012", "CAN2458033", "CAN2458037", "CAN2458227", "CAN2459010", "CAN2459015", "CAN2459020", "CAN2459025", "CAN2459030", "CAN2459035", "CAN2460005", "CAN2460013", "CAN2460020", "CAN2460028", "CAN2460037", "CAN2461050", "CAN2462015", "CAN2462020", "CAN2462025", "CAN2462037", "CAN2462047", "CAN2462053", "CAN2462055", "CAN2462060", "CAN2462065", "CAN2463005", "CAN2463013", "CAN2463023", "CAN2463030", "CAN2463035", "CAN2463040", "CAN2463048", "CAN2463055", "CAN2463060", "CAN2464008", "CAN2464015", "CAN2465005", "CAN2466007", "CAN2466023", "CAN2466032", "CAN2466047", "CAN2466058", "CAN2466062", "CAN2466072", "CAN2466087", "CAN2466097", "CAN2466102", "CAN2466107", "CAN2466112", "CAN2466117", "CAN2466127", "CAN2466142", "CAN2467005", "CAN2467010", "CAN2467015", "CAN2467020", "CAN2467025", "CAN2467030", "CAN2467035", "CAN2467045", "CAN2467050", "CAN2467055", "CAN2468005", "CAN2468010", "CAN2468015", "CAN2468020", "CAN2468025", "CAN2468030", "CAN2468035", "CAN2468040", "CAN2468045", "CAN2468050", "CAN2468055", "CAN2469017", "CAN2469025", "CAN2469030", "CAN2470005", "CAN2470012", "CAN2470022", "CAN2470030", "CAN2471005", "CAN2471015", "CAN2471025", "CAN2471033", "CAN2471040", "CAN2471045", "CAN2471050", "CAN2471055", "CAN2471083", "CAN2471090", "CAN2471100", "CAN2471105", "CAN2471110", "CAN2471125", "CAN2471133", "CAN2472005", "CAN2472010", "CAN2472015", "CAN2472020", "CAN2472025", "CAN2472032", "CAN2472043", "CAN2472802", "CAN2473005", "CAN2473010", "CAN2473015", "CAN2473020", "CAN2473025", "CAN2473030", "CAN2473035", "CAN2474005", "CAN2475005", "CAN2475017", "CAN2475028", "CAN2475040", "CAN2475045", "CAN2476008", "CAN2476020", "CAN2476025", "CAN2476043", "CAN2477011", "CAN2477012", "CAN2477022", "CAN2477030", "CAN2477035", "CAN2477043", "CAN2477050", "CAN2477065", "CAN2478005" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Census Subdivisions" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Census Subdivisions": 176 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8e30fa2e45df239e4ac65bb0032ad3dfb71bdd13b5f9bd3b55898c9e24f2870b", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 3485, "eFUA_name": "Montreal", "Cntry_ISO": "CAN", "Cntry_name": "Canada", "UC_IDs": "1013;1017;1026;1030", "UC_num": 4, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "7869b15ce38edcdd1371798d80ce8cb42ea3aaa9656d9e7c5de567e8abda35a6", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "Statistics Canada Census metropolitan area", "name": "Montréal", "id": "462", "dguid": "2021S0503462", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "member_type": "Census subdivision", "member_ids": [ "2452007", "2455057", "2455065", "2456083", "2457005", "2457010", "2457020", "2457025", "2457030", "2457035", "2457040", "2457045", "2458007", "2458012", "2458033", "2458037", "2458227", "2459010", "2459015", "2459020", "2459025", "2460005", "2460013", "2460020", "2460028", "2460037", "2463035", "2463048", "2464008", "2464015", "2465005", "2466007", "2466023", "2466032", "2466047", "2466058", "2466062", "2466072", "2466087", "2466092", "2466097", "2466102", "2466107", "2466112", "2466117", "2466127", "2466142", "2467005", "2467010", "2467015", "2467020", "2467025", "2467030", "2467035", "2467040", "2467045", "2467050", "2467055", "2467802", "2470022", "2471025", "2471033", "2471040", "2471050", "2471055", "2471060", "2471065", "2471070", "2471075", "2471083", "2471090", "2471095", "2471100", "2471105", "2472005", "2472010", "2472015", "2472020", "2472025", "2472032", "2472043", "2472802", "2473005", "2473010", "2473015", "2473020", "2473025", "2473030", "2473035", "2474005", "2475005", "2475017", "2476025" ], "source_frame": "statcan-cma-2021", "member_count": 93, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_member_set_comparison": { "oecd_only_ids": [ "2445030", "2445093", "2445095", "2445100", "2445105", "2446010", "2446035", "2446040", "2446045", "2446058", "2446065", "2446100", "2446105", "2452017", "2453032", "2453040", "2454025", "2454030", "2455030", "2455037", "2455048", "2456005", "2456010", "2456023", "2456030", "2456050", "2456055", "2456060", "2456097", "2457033", "2457050", "2457057", "2457068", "2457075", "2459030", "2459035", "2461050", "2462015", "2462020", "2462025", "2462037", "2462047", "2462053", "2462055", "2462060", "2462065", "2463005", "2463013", "2463023", "2463030", "2463040", "2463055", "2463060", "2468005", "2468010", "2468015", "2468020", "2468025", "2468030", "2468035", "2468040", "2468045", "2468050", "2468055", "2469017", "2469025", "2469030", "2470005", "2470012", "2470030", "2471005", "2471015", "2471045", "2471110", "2471125", "2471133", "2475028", "2475040", "2475045", "2476008", "2476020", "2476043", "2477011", "2477012", "2477022", "2477030", "2477035", "2477043", "2477050", "2477065", "2478005" ], "national_only_ids": [ "2466092", "2467040", "2467802", "2471060", "2471065", "2471070", "2471075", "2471095" ], "same_identifier_membership": false, "notice": "Identifier set comparison only. Unknown OECD boundary vintage and geometry differences still require review; matching sets are not scoring approval." } }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" }, { "frame_id": "statcan-cma-2021", "file": "canada-98100003.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/98100003-eng.zip", "sha256": "01cf1003b34146c7babb2250342813e0d76e21e3dcbe9a42013119e5b8b966e9", "bytes": 128709, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:10:02.144168+00:00", "last_modified": "Wed, 09 Feb 2022 13:30:30 GMT", "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "label": "Table 98-10-0003-01, 2021 Census", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence; acknowledgement required.", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "source_ref": "source-30a378bb0031fc7e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:montreal", "city_slug": "montreal", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "3485", "source_name": "Montreal", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "montreal", "estimated_area_id": 3485, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CAN02F", "oecd_name": "Montreal", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 5027, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 12139.516258898275, "intersection_km2": 4129.1309247812505, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8213906753095784, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.3401396593340031, "intersection_over_union": 0.3167146493688339, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -73.5673, "latitude": 45.5017, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_name": "Canada" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3485", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=3485; fid=846", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 846, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "7869b15ce38edcdd1371798d80ce8cb42ea3aaa9656d9e7c5de567e8abda35a6", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "f35e8d2ceb9a97ca10f5938109de46e9e4f930b1bf7a8162363ca80636a997bc", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 3485, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "0ea88ed4bf7a5cce92ea50e12c91195ea3995291013b0347963045cf208cfe55", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "953eeb268f771933f1f9ee1f072383aad1a0ac6dd9c299e1197a9bee3e92c4eb" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Montreal (3485)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:montreal", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "montreal", "city_name": "Montreal", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3485", "source_area_id": "3485", "source_area_name": "Montreal", "value": 8.236004807242018, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 5027, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5027, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 740, "total_known_modelled_population": 4184064.7379515534, "pm_covered_population": 4184064.7379515534, "weighted_concentration_sum": 34459977.29558081, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 4184064.7379515534, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 8.231804578582484, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 8.085414587564337, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3485.npz", "sha256": "0723d4a7a188777ff3399b26c6c37876297ebff0ac3ce597c5532355472d684a" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:montreal", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-montreal", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Montreal (source ID 3485). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:montreal", "city_slug": "montreal", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "462", "source_name": "Montréal", "source_cmap_uid": "24462", "source_dguid": "2021S050524462", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050524462", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-462-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "montreal", "source_cma_uid": "462", "source_cmap_uid": "24462", "source_dguid": "2021S050524462", "reference_point": { "latitude": 45.5017, "longitude": -73.5673, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b", "inventory_scope": "Complete original 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory; 42 type B CMA, 105 type D CA, 9 type K tracted CA features.", "selected_cma_type": "B" }, "housing_source_adapter": { "cmhc_notes": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" }, "completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503462", "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503462", "notice": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed." } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:462", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-housing-supply-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct official calendar 2025 CMHC gross completions and July 1 population in publisher CMA2021 geography, approved only for the housing-supply protocol. No estimated-FUA2015 or OECD geometric equivalence.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:montreal", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-462-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-native-5a0393ee69c1.json", "sha256": "5a0393ee69c18ad2db94b833830ec1cdeb58fe45f9a499b8bd401b719dac1222", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27462%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:30:41.285876+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-native-5a0393ee69c1.json", "source_ref": "source-6584937305233b29" }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84-82c0dffde26a.json", "sha256": "82c0dffde26a5d30cf96899b47f22d824cba943b2ccd36e2719f245cf1fcc1f2", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27462%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:52:10.932439+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84-82c0dffde26a.json", "source_ref": "source-a64767ed678eeff3" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "montreal", "city_name": "Montreal", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3485", "source_area_id": "3485", "source_area_name": "Montreal", "value": 0.8378985668699251, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:montreal", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-montreal", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Montreal (source ID 3485). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5027, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5027, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 740, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 4184064.7379515534, "weather_covered_population": 4184064.7379515534, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957, "native_weather_points": 20, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.8378985668699251, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 4184064.7379515534, "strict_value": 0.8378985668699251, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.8378985668699251, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3505821.8476205957, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3485.npz", "sha256": "1deadefaad1c1f1af1bc4bc162ecdccfb5963ed900373edb361369ba6f4b1cdc" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": { "city_slug": "montreal", "city_name": "Montreal", "value": 2.9, "unit": "%", "period_start": "2025-10-01", "period_end": "2025-10-31", "temporal_basis": { "precision": "month", "source_period": "2025-10", "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.", "exact_reference_date": null, "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01", "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31", "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01", "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date." }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:montreal", "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-montreal", "source_area_id": "462", "source_area_name": "Montréal", "source_cma_uid": "462", "source_cmap_uid": "24462", "source_dguid": "2021S050524462", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "survey_month": "2025-10", "reported_universe_units": 668834, "vacant_unit_estimate": null, "original_published_value": "2.9", "quality_flags": [ { "code": "a", "label": "Excellent", "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval." } ], "uncertainty": { "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null }, "derivation": { "kind": "published-survey-rate", "published_rate": 2.9, "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1, "reported_universe_units": 668834, "vacant_unit_estimate": null, "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.", "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-montreal-ebd37ffbcea9.xlsx", "sha256": "ebd37ffbcea94c2432683224f3f1cab0a36456d3fe7fd8501c6f5882b2998d8d" }, "geography_frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84-82c0dffde26a.json", "sha256": "82c0dffde26a5d30cf96899b47f22d824cba943b2ccd36e2719f245cf1fcc1f2" }, "native_geography_frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-native-5a0393ee69c1.json", "sha256": "5a0393ee69c18ad2db94b833830ec1cdeb58fe45f9a499b8bd401b719dac1222" }, "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-montreal-2025-en.xlsx?rev=1dcc0f0e-5c82-4c31-b8ea-51911650d27b", "source_record_ref": "Table 3.1.1 X55 (Oct-25, Total), Y55 (quality); Table 3.1.3 K55 (Oct-25, Total universe); Montréal CMA; 2021 census geographic definitions.", "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025; combined private apartment and row units", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-montreal-2025-en.xlsx?rev=1dcc0f0e-5c82-4c31-b8ea-51911650d27b", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files; original CMA2021 identities and polygons", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Official October 2025 weighted vacancy estimate for private apartment and row rental units combined in the exact 2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462). One-decimal published precision; not apartment-only, all-rental-stock, availability or a 2026 market reading. The exact survey day and vacant-unit numerator are unknown. This source-specific CMA2021 binding is separate from the PM2015 area; no CMHC/Statistics Canada endorsement.", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_refs": { "survey_source_ref": "source-997e9b2334882590", "licence_source_ref": "source-cdf1ed360db5ae6f", "downstream_conditions_source_ref": "source-cdf1ed360db5ae6f" }, "source_ref": "source-5b1de44ca8207bb2", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-5b1de44ca8207bb2", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ], "scoring_boundary": { "id": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:montreal", "city_slug": "montreal", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "462", "source_name": "Montréal", "source_cmap_uid": "24462", "source_dguid": "2021S050524462", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050524462", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-462-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Exact source CMA name and 2021-definition note in the original CMHC tables, original CMAUID/CMAPUID/DGUID, complete 156-part layer and independent strict destination-point intersection with original agency WGS84 geometry.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "montreal", "source_cma_uid": "462", "source_cmap_uid": "24462", "source_dguid": "2021S050524462", "reference_point": { "latitude": 45.5017, "longitude": -73.5673, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b" } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:462", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Montréal (CMAUID 462)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-rental-vacancy-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct publisher-reported CMA2021 rental aggregate, reviewed only for this rental protocol. Separate from PM2015; no OECD geometric equivalence, source-point proxy or CSD aggregation is claimed.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:montreal", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-462-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-native-5a0393ee69c1.json", "sha256": "5a0393ee69c18ad2db94b833830ec1cdeb58fe45f9a499b8bd401b719dac1222", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27462%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:30:41.285876+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-native-5a0393ee69c1.json", "source_ref": "source-6584937305233b29" }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84-82c0dffde26a.json", "sha256": "82c0dffde26a5d30cf96899b47f22d824cba943b2ccd36e2719f245cf1fcc1f2", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27462%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:52:10.932439+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-462-wgs84-82c0dffde26a.json", "source_ref": "source-a64767ed678eeff3" } ] }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical source review approval, not a guarantee of current admission.", "notice": "A scoped Canadian CMHC survey cohort, not a global vacancy ranking or a measure of all rental housing. Rates describe the combined private apartment and row structures covered by the survey. Preserve the seasonal month, original CMA2021 identifiers, source quality and one-decimal precision. No exact fieldwork day, vacant-unit numerator or numeric confidence interval is invented. Historical review and current engine admission are separate; CMHC conditional data reuse terms apply." }, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": { "city_slug": "montreal", "city_name": "Montreal", "value": 4.695686254210404, "unit": "per 1000", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:montreal", "evidence_id": "housing-supply-2025-cma2021-montreal", "completion_count": 21590, "midyear_population": 4597837, "population_reference_date": "2025-07-01", "source_cma_uid": "462", "source_cmap_uid": "24462", "source_dguid": "2021S050524462", "source_dguid_scope": "Original 2021 provincial-part geometry DGUID, not a national CMA DGUID; complete source layer proves one part for this CMAUID.", "source_completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503462", "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503462", "source_area_id": "462", "source_area_name": "Montréal", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:462", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "population_reference_year": 2025, "completion_standard": "Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption.", "population_status": "preliminary-postcensal", "source_geography_adapter": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "derivation": { "kind": "gross-completions-per-midyear-resident", "calculation": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.", "completion_count": 21590, "midyear_population": 4597837, "scale": 1000, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 21590000, "denominator": 4597837, "decimal_28_digit_context": "4.695686254210403718096139554", "expression": "1000 * 21590 / 4597837" }, "calendar_period": { "start": "2025-01-01", "end": "2025-12-31", "year": 2025 }, "population_reference_date": "2025-07-01", "population_status": "preliminary-postcensal", "gross_or_net": "gross-new-build", "all_intended_markets": true, "completion_standard": "Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption.", "dwelling_definition": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.", "source_geography_adapter": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "source_cma_uid": "462", "source_cmap_uid": "24462", "source_provincial_part_dguid": "2021S050524462", "source_completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503462", "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503462", "completion_by_dwelling_type": { "Single-detached units": 1255, "Semi-detached units": 331, "Row units": 700, "Apartment and other unit types": 19304 }, "completion_by_intended_market": { "homeownership": { "raw": "2265", "value": 2265, "source_cell": "C26" }, "rental": { "raw": "16436", "value": 16436, "source_cell": "D26" }, "condominium": { "raw": "2778", "value": 2778, "source_cell": "E26" }, "cooperative": { "raw": "111", "value": 111, "source_cell": "F26" } }, "original_source_records": { "annual": { "filename": "statcan-34100134-eng.zip", "sha256": "b72f17d6d9f419cd5881500e60e9f7399f1a50c06aa88ef3e629705ac2b8b95f", "member": "34100134.csv", "csv_data_row_1based": 30637, "csv_line_1based": 30638, "raw_source_record": { "REF_DATE": "2025", "GEO": "Montréal, Quebec", "DGUID": "2011S0503462", "Housing estimates": "Housing completions", "Type of unit": "Total units", "UOM": "Units", "UOM_ID": "300", "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units", "SCALAR_ID": "0", "VECTOR": "v42128175", "COORDINATE": "9.3.1", "VALUE": "21590", "STATUS": "", "SYMBOL": "", "TERMINATED": "", "DECIMALS": "0" } }, "monthly": { "filename": "statcan-34100154-eng.zip", "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "member": "34100154.csv", "records": [ { "csv_data_row_1based": 332876, "csv_line_1based": 332877, "raw_source_record": { "REF_DATE": "2025-01", "GEO": "Montréal, Quebec", "DGUID": "2011S0503462", "Housing estimates": "Housing completions", "Type of unit": "Total units", "UOM": "Units", "UOM_ID": "300", "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units", "SCALAR_ID": "0", "VECTOR": "v42127575", "COORDINATE": "29.3.1", "VALUE": "1450", "STATUS": "", "SYMBOL": "", "TERMINATED": "", "DECIMALS": "0" } }, { "csv_data_row_1based": 333416, "csv_line_1based": 333417, "raw_source_record": { "REF_DATE": "2025-02", "GEO": "Montréal, Quebec", "DGUID": "2011S0503462", "Housing estimates": "Housing completions", "Type of unit": "Total units", "UOM": "Units", "UOM_ID": "300", "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units", "SCALAR_ID": "0", "VECTOR": "v42127575", "COORDINATE": "29.3.1", "VALUE": "934", "STATUS": "", "SYMBOL": "", "TERMINATED": "", "DECIMALS": "0" } }, { "csv_data_row_1based": 333956, "csv_line_1based": 333957, "raw_source_record": { "REF_DATE": "2025-03", "GEO": "Montréal, Quebec", "DGUID": "2011S0503462", "Housing estimates": "Housing completions", "Type of unit": "Total units", "UOM": "Units", "UOM_ID": "300", "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units", "SCALAR_ID": "0", "VECTOR": "v42127575", "COORDINATE": "29.3.1", "VALUE": "1224", "STATUS": "", "SYMBOL": "", "TERMINATED": "", "DECIMALS": "0" } }, { "csv_data_row_1based": 334496, "csv_line_1based": 334497, "raw_source_record": { "REF_DATE": "2025-04", "GEO": "Montréal, Quebec", "DGUID": 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338277, "raw_source_record": { "REF_DATE": "2025-11", "GEO": "Montréal, Quebec", "DGUID": "2011S0503462", "Housing estimates": "Housing completions", "Type of unit": "Total units", "UOM": "Units", "UOM_ID": "300", "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units", "SCALAR_ID": "0", "VECTOR": "v42127575", "COORDINATE": "29.3.1", "VALUE": "2289", "STATUS": "", "SYMBOL": "", "TERMINATED": "", "DECIMALS": "0" } }, { "csv_data_row_1based": 338816, "csv_line_1based": 338817, "raw_source_record": { "REF_DATE": "2025-12", "GEO": "Montréal, Quebec", "DGUID": "2011S0503462", "Housing estimates": "Housing completions", "Type of unit": "Total units", "UOM": "Units", "UOM_ID": "300", "SCALAR_FACTOR": "units", "SCALAR_ID": "0", "VECTOR": "v42127575", "COORDINATE": "29.3.1", "VALUE": "2254", "STATUS": "", "SYMBOL": "", "TERMINATED": "", "DECIMALS": "0" } } ] }, "population": { "filename": "statcan-17100148-eng.zip", "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "member": "17100148.csv", 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This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-34100154-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "bytes": 4276016, "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:13.410900+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:09 GMT", "last_modified": "Mon, 19 Oct 2026 12:30:46 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } }, "population": { "id": "housing-2025-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-population-7b007a0ff50b.zip", "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "source_urls": [ "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-17100148-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "bytes": 22688780, "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:15.274494+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:11 GMT", "last_modified": "Wed, 14 Jan 2026 13:30:47 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } } }, "original_source_precision": { "completion_published_decimals": 0, "population_published_decimals": 0, "completion_unit": "Units", "population_unit": "Persons", "scalar_factor": "units", "note": "Integer source operands; derived rate has no independently measured decimal precision." }, "revision_status": { "annual_table_release": "2026-01-21", "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19", "population_table_release": "2026-01-14", "completion_observation_flags": "Blank original STATUS/SYMBOL; no finality assertion", "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true, "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final", "xlsx_http_last_modified": "Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:09:06 GMT", "xlsx_internal_modified": "2026-01-16T17:28:52Z", "xlsx_internal_modified_notice": "Document metadata timestamp, not the observation period, retrieval date or independently verified publication date" }, "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "population_licence": { "name": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "acknowledgement": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence" }, "native_scope_note": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" } }, "revision_status": { "annual_table_release": "2026-01-21", "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19", "population_table_release": "2026-01-14", "completion_observation_flags": "Blank original STATUS/SYMBOL; no finality assertion", "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true, "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final", "xlsx_http_last_modified": "Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:09:06 GMT", "xlsx_internal_modified": "2026-01-16T17:28:52Z", "xlsx_internal_modified_notice": "Document metadata timestamp, not the observation period, retrieval date or independently verified publication date" }, "quality_flags": [], "uncertainty": { "status": "numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null, "note": "Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. 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This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. 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Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "source_ref": "source-60dc249871b8d194", "licence_source_refs": [ "source-cdf1ed360db5ae6f", "source-022c94e4a8032a40" ], "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-60dc249871b8d194", "source-b1d092b64a16e632", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ], "notice": "Reviewed historical gross new-build construction completions per 1,000 preliminary July 1 residents. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:mumbai", "city_slug": "mumbai", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "7163", "source_name": "Mumbai", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "mumbai", "estimated_area_id": 7163, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 72.8777, "latitude": 19.076, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "IND", "source_country_iso3": "IND", "source_country_name": "India" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7163", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=7163; fid=3729", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 3729, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f327e8aa2f358010d41be8b887999311a419161d3e0ebaf2daaa30cccdd9ee30", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "efb1aa0b45f15721dc870b06ec7e8acd2217e7cfe62c747a804931a7734eeda4", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 7163, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "a8cd83ea653c2c51eb5b1eb19e316870abeb5683eae7f6b730fc2fd4ebc3e205", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "87c6cfc40cc2585a8f2de5a6789980b1d8a6ca3df38e14c54295829a925b7f72" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Mumbai (7163)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:mumbai", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "mumbai", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 23.060149369606805, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:mumbai", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7163", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7163.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "5bac83aeb1e515c673a7e70c15552c309812e6bdb5fc9eece05d31b514e857f7", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7163.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 7163", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 23435141.114052795, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Mumbai (7163)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7163", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Mumbai (7163)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2367, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2367, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 348, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 23435141.114052795, "weather_covered_population": 23435141.114052795, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 540417854.5878711, "native_weather_points": 10, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Mumbai (source ID 7163). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.8737455084209031, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 43911490.40166646 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 2.7920736646282127, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 65432640.33139268 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.6453390490642765, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 85429035.02338834 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.247366246849204, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 122972768.47202867 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.2765819383692625, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 76787160.0974403 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.9253393588488881, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 21685458.45301083 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.762777604162125, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 88181224.13433689 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.964408333044347, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22601045.376462698 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.5725176662195856, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 13417032.298144165 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 23435141.114052795, "strict_value": 23.060149369606805, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 540417854.5878711, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.8737455084209031, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 43911490.40166646, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 2.7920736646282127, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 65432640.33139268, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.6453390490642765, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 85429035.02338834, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.247366246849204, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 122972768.47202867, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.2765819383692625, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 76787160.0974403, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.9253393588488881, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 21685458.45301083, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.762777604162125, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 88181224.13433689, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.964408333044347, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 22601045.376462698, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.5725176662195856, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 13417032.298144165, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-mumbai", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7163.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-mumbai", "observation_sha256": "77cebd12e4cc4d8f463c374f49781df2113cb144f1b9f281e61d59a86a025b6f", "evidence_review_sha256": "1a3992e648d940955033800e5a5742c17496465981660b8a436de171bf371670", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:mumbai", "geography_sha256": "d436b2f536269f9e4984a4b07418d0496b98e147eacc18a3c649a474248922f9", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7163", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "c262bad42ddbe36fe0ac2f0187aca7ec7049e168b3fc291a1714e8669823846f", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-7163", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7163.npz", "sha256": "5bac83aeb1e515c673a7e70c15552c309812e6bdb5fc9eece05d31b514e857f7", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "mumbai", "metric": "pm25", "value": 39.02338972609926, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:mumbai", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7163", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7163.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "c2f2c9e7a040506801e270064247c044cb971e7e6e57f4a14fe901fc96900ab4", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7163.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 7163", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 23435141.114052795, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Mumbai (7163)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7163", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Mumbai (7163)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2367, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2367, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 348, "total_known_modelled_population": 23435141.114052795, "pm_covered_population": 23435141.114052795, "weighted_concentration_sum": 914518644.9798143, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 39.01991423079028, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 38.42426289393302, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Mumbai (source ID 7163). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-mumbai", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7163.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-3300fbfcf220242ac4135db43bdf6d1884d292899c09cefbe0dbd7e12492dae8", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-mumbai", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-3300fbfcf220242ac4135db43bdf6d1884d292899c09cefbe0dbd7e12492dae8", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-mumbai", "observation_sha256": "77cebd12e4cc4d8f463c374f49781df2113cb144f1b9f281e61d59a86a025b6f", "evidence_review_sha256": "1a3992e648d940955033800e5a5742c17496465981660b8a436de171bf371670", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:mumbai", "geography_sha256": "d436b2f536269f9e4984a4b07418d0496b98e147eacc18a3c649a474248922f9", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7163", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "c262bad42ddbe36fe0ac2f0187aca7ec7049e168b3fc291a1714e8669823846f", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-7163", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7163.npz", "sha256": "5bac83aeb1e515c673a7e70c15552c309812e6bdb5fc9eece05d31b514e857f7", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "mumbai", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 23.060149369606805, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:mumbai", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7163", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7163.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "5bac83aeb1e515c673a7e70c15552c309812e6bdb5fc9eece05d31b514e857f7", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7163.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 7163", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 23435141.114052795, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Mumbai (7163)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7163", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Mumbai (7163)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2367, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2367, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 348, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 23435141.114052795, "weather_covered_population": 23435141.114052795, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 540417854.5878711, "native_weather_points": 10, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Mumbai (source ID 7163). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.8737455084209031, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 43911490.40166646 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 2.7920736646282127, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 65432640.33139268 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.6453390490642765, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 85429035.02338834 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.247366246849204, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 122972768.47202867 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.2765819383692625, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 76787160.0974403 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.9253393588488881, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 21685458.45301083 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.762777604162125, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 88181224.13433689 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.964408333044347, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22601045.376462698 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.5725176662195856, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 13417032.298144165 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 23435141.114052795, "strict_value": 23.060149369606805, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 540417854.5878711, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.8737455084209031, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 43911490.40166646, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 2.7920736646282127, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 65432640.33139268, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.6453390490642765, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 85429035.02338834, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.247366246849204, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 122972768.47202867, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.2765819383692625, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 76787160.0974403, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.9253393588488881, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 21685458.45301083, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.762777604162125, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 88181224.13433689, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.964408333044347, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 22601045.376462698, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.5725176662195856, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 13417032.298144165, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-mumbai", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7163.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "mumbai", "city_name": "Mumbai", "destination_country_iso3": "IND", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 72.8777, "latitude": 19.076, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 7163, "eFUA_name": "Mumbai", "Cntry_ISO": "IND", "Cntry_name": "India", "UC_IDs": "6845", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f327e8aa2f358010d41be8b887999311a419161d3e0ebaf2daaa30cccdd9ee30", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:mumbai", "city_slug": "mumbai", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "7163", "source_name": "Mumbai", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "mumbai", "estimated_area_id": 7163, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 72.8777, "latitude": 19.076, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "IND", "source_country_iso3": "IND", "source_country_name": "India" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7163", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=7163; fid=3729", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 3729, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f327e8aa2f358010d41be8b887999311a419161d3e0ebaf2daaa30cccdd9ee30", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "efb1aa0b45f15721dc870b06ec7e8acd2217e7cfe62c747a804931a7734eeda4", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 7163, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "a8cd83ea653c2c51eb5b1eb19e316870abeb5683eae7f6b730fc2fd4ebc3e205", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "87c6cfc40cc2585a8f2de5a6789980b1d8a6ca3df38e14c54295829a925b7f72" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Mumbai (7163)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:mumbai", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "mumbai", "city_name": "Mumbai", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7163", "source_area_id": "7163", "source_area_name": "Mumbai", "value": 39.02338972609926, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2367, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2367, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 348, "total_known_modelled_population": 23435141.114052795, "pm_covered_population": 23435141.114052795, "weighted_concentration_sum": 914518644.9798143, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 23435141.114052795, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 39.01991423079028, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 38.42426289393302, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7163.npz", "sha256": "c2f2c9e7a040506801e270064247c044cb971e7e6e57f4a14fe901fc96900ab4" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:mumbai", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-mumbai", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Mumbai (source ID 7163). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. The current engine state separately applies age and all other checks." }, "scoring_boundaries": [ { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:mumbai", "city_slug": "mumbai", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "7163", "source_name": "Mumbai", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2367, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2367, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 348, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 23435141.114052795, "weather_covered_population": 23435141.114052795, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 540417854.5878711, "native_weather_points": 10, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.8737455084209031, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 43911490.40166646 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 2.7920736646282127, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 65432640.33139268 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.6453390490642765, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 85429035.02338834 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.247366246849204, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 122972768.47202867 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.2765819383692625, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 76787160.0974403 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.9253393588488881, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 21685458.45301083 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.762777604162125, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 88181224.13433689 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.964408333044347, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22601045.376462698 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.5725176662195856, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 13417032.298144165 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 23435141.114052795, "strict_value": 23.060149369606805, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 540417854.5878711, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.8737455084209031, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 43911490.40166646, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 2.7920736646282127, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 65432640.33139268, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.6453390490642765, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 85429035.02338834, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.247366246849204, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 122972768.47202867, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.2765819383692625, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 76787160.0974403, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.9253393588488881, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 21685458.45301083, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.762777604162125, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 88181224.13433689, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.964408333044347, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 22601045.376462698, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.5725176662195856, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 13417032.298144165, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. 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These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "munich", "name": "Munich", "country": { "id": "country:DEU", "name": "Germany", "iso_2": "DE", "iso_3": "DEU", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/munich", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/munich.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 1, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. 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The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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"pm25", "value": 9.34161689853942, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:munich", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4736", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4736.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f88f99279225ef35a1f986360fe4c7d336a448b2859347063a07689024ca38ba", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4736.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 4736", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2618481.6694096336, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:munich", "city_slug": "munich", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "4736", "source_name": "Munich", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "munich", "estimated_area_id": 4736, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "DE003F", "oecd_name": "München", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2638, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 5974.975891233826, "intersection_km2": 2629.9789994334556, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9969594387541529, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.44016562531943, "intersection_over_union": 0.43957552494098934, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 11.582, "latitude": 48.1351, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "DEU", "source_country_iso3": "DEU", "source_country_name": "Germany" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4736", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=4736; fid=3271", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 3271, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "77e716d713fbb79a14ee43a65bf4b91fb5e22b4d22541948ce0379b9d5a22b4c", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "8eec43a5327905339b71d92614e66c16828cf653795efb7ae729d2f5372a3133", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 4736, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "77e716d713fbb79a14ee43a65bf4b91fb5e22b4d22541948ce0379b9d5a22b4c", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "2d670965d7fd63b8c0f83910689764c0e7fed465664bedf529c21c25e9035fbb" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Munich (4736)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:munich", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "munich", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:munich", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4736", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4736.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "a87c3871dfccaf28362cf6aa1223aee1452adf07864bac5cde6373414da57a1f", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4736.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 4736", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2618481.6694096336, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Munich (4736)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4736", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Munich (4736)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2638, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2638, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 299, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2618481.6694096336, "weather_covered_population": 2618481.6694096336, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 13, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Munich (source ID 4736). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2618481.6694096336, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-munich", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4736.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-munich", "observation_sha256": "9c76ac647ec5969cf4d21cff2e2e1d9fdca9d26e57bbf72337ead3516410484b", "evidence_review_sha256": "b9d605200a543ce624544220b042aa78ac8d86ed1262f97ac2d831cb0e530890", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:munich", "geography_sha256": "482ae1d1039b71fa698e3ef89b0b218f85dc8e9aefaa7ed02dc9c621a44aef92", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4736", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "476bae0fded1a8b9d70cbdaf5626f5ebf1e9747cb6f201475da57d3c7041002c", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-4736", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4736.npz", "sha256": "a87c3871dfccaf28362cf6aa1223aee1452adf07864bac5cde6373414da57a1f", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:munich", "city_slug": "munich", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "4736", "source_name": "Munich", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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"geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4736", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "b8ec6fd3c9a2446d9a826ffe7a52d7de6bce594e061cd78f3f59c3ac8a3fb8a5", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-4736", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4736.npz", "sha256": "f88f99279225ef35a1f986360fe4c7d336a448b2859347063a07689024ca38ba", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "munich", "metric": "pm25", "value": 9.34161689853942, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:munich", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4736", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4736.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f88f99279225ef35a1f986360fe4c7d336a448b2859347063a07689024ca38ba", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4736.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 4736", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2618481.6694096336, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Munich (4736)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4736", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Munich (4736)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2638, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2638, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 299, "total_known_modelled_population": 2618481.6694096336, "pm_covered_population": 2618481.6694096336, "weighted_concentration_sum": 24460852.61147275, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 9.330219401543223, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 9.220838405687873, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Munich (source ID 4736). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-munich", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4736.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-3e4e873ad0f37e5db1f9bfabaacef0de2bb363d11b2ea80c8e5ba06f76dc5d53", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-munich", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-3e4e873ad0f37e5db1f9bfabaacef0de2bb363d11b2ea80c8e5ba06f76dc5d53", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-munich", "observation_sha256": "9c76ac647ec5969cf4d21cff2e2e1d9fdca9d26e57bbf72337ead3516410484b", "evidence_review_sha256": "b9d605200a543ce624544220b042aa78ac8d86ed1262f97ac2d831cb0e530890", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:munich", "geography_sha256": "482ae1d1039b71fa698e3ef89b0b218f85dc8e9aefaa7ed02dc9c621a44aef92", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4736", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "476bae0fded1a8b9d70cbdaf5626f5ebf1e9747cb6f201475da57d3c7041002c", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-4736", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4736.npz", "sha256": "a87c3871dfccaf28362cf6aa1223aee1452adf07864bac5cde6373414da57a1f", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "munich", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:munich", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4736", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4736.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "a87c3871dfccaf28362cf6aa1223aee1452adf07864bac5cde6373414da57a1f", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4736.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 4736", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2618481.6694096336, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Munich (4736)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4736", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Munich (4736)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2638, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2638, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 299, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2618481.6694096336, "weather_covered_population": 2618481.6694096336, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 13, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Munich (source ID 4736). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2618481.6694096336, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-munich", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4736.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "munich", "source_city_name": "München", "source_country_name": "Germany", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:munich:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "munich", "source_city_name": "München", "source_country_name": "Germany", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "München", "country": "Germany" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 8.557001114, "value_as_published": "8.557001114", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "1,484,226", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2020 for city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 255, "csv_line_end": 256, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "München", "Country": "Germany", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "8.557001114", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2020 for city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "1,484,226" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "munich", "city_name": "Munich", "destination_country_iso3": "DEU", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 11.582, "latitude": 48.1351, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "DE003F", "country_iso3": "DEU", "source_name": "München", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 200, "member_ids": [ "DEU09162000", "DEU09173118", "DEU09173120", "DEU09173123", "DEU09173130", "DEU09173137", "DEU09173141", "DEU09173147", "DEU09173451", "DEU09174111", "DEU09174113", "DEU09174115", "DEU09174118", "DEU09174121", "DEU09174122", "DEU09174126", "DEU09174131", "DEU09174135", "DEU09174136", "DEU09174137", "DEU09174141", "DEU09174143", "DEU09174146", "DEU09174147", "DEU09174150", "DEU09174151", "DEU09175111", "DEU09175112", "DEU09175113", "DEU09175114", "DEU09175115", "DEU09175116", "DEU09175118", "DEU09175119", "DEU09175121", "DEU09175122", "DEU09175123", "DEU09175124", "DEU09175127", "DEU09175128", "DEU09175131", "DEU09175132", "DEU09175133", "DEU09175135", "DEU09175136", "DEU09175137", "DEU09175139", "DEU09175451", "DEU09175452", "DEU09175453", "DEU09177113", "DEU09177114", "DEU09177115", "DEU09177116", "DEU09177117", "DEU09177118", "DEU09177119", "DEU09177122", "DEU09177123", "DEU09177127", "DEU09177130", "DEU09177131", "DEU09177133", "DEU09177134", "DEU09177135", "DEU09177137", "DEU09177142", "DEU09177144", "DEU09178113", "DEU09178115", "DEU09178120", "DEU09178123", "DEU09178124", "DEU09178129", "DEU09178130", "DEU09178133", "DEU09178136", "DEU09178137", "DEU09178138", "DEU09178140", "DEU09178142", "DEU09178143", "DEU09178145", "DEU09178150", "DEU09178155", "DEU09178156", "DEU09178157", "DEU09179111", "DEU09179113", "DEU09179114", "DEU09179117", "DEU09179118", "DEU09179119", "DEU09179121", "DEU09179123", "DEU09179125", "DEU09179126", "DEU09179128", "DEU09179130", "DEU09179131", "DEU09179132", "DEU09179134", "DEU09179136", "DEU09179137", "DEU09179138", "DEU09179140", "DEU09179142", "DEU09179145", "DEU09179147", "DEU09179149", "DEU09181114", "DEU09181115", "DEU09181116", "DEU09181118", "DEU09181120", "DEU09181122", "DEU09181123", "DEU09181139", "DEU09181144", "DEU09181145", "DEU09181146", "DEU09181451", "DEU09182120", "DEU09182127", "DEU09182133", "DEU09182136", "DEU09182137", "DEU09183119", "DEU09183126", "DEU09183135", "DEU09183144", "DEU09184112", "DEU09184113", "DEU09184114", "DEU09184118", "DEU09184119", "DEU09184120", "DEU09184121", "DEU09184122", "DEU09184123", "DEU09184127", "DEU09184129", "DEU09184130", "DEU09184131", "DEU09184132", "DEU09184134", "DEU09184135", "DEU09184136", "DEU09184137", "DEU09184138", "DEU09184139", "DEU09184140", "DEU09184141", "DEU09184142", "DEU09184144", "DEU09184145", "DEU09184146", "DEU09184147", "DEU09184148", "DEU09184149", "DEU09184452", "DEU09184454", "DEU09184457", "DEU09186125", "DEU09186126", "DEU09186130", "DEU09186132", "DEU09186143", "DEU09186146", "DEU09186149", "DEU09186151", "DEU09186152", "DEU09186162", "DEU09187130", "DEU09187451", "DEU09188113", "DEU09188117", "DEU09188118", "DEU09188120", "DEU09188121", "DEU09188124", "DEU09188126", "DEU09188127", "DEU09188132", "DEU09188137", "DEU09188139", "DEU09188141", "DEU09188144", "DEU09188145", "DEU09188451", "DEU09190115", "DEU09190132", "DEU09190138", "DEU09190152", "DEU09771111", "DEU09771145", "DEU09771146", "DEU09771160", "DEU09771162", "DEU09771165" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Gemeinden)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Gemeinden)": 200 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8e63901e79ef294d5e5d082e2eafd00cd30ff888b5032cbc8489c60eabeaa5be", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 4736, "eFUA_name": "Munich", "Cntry_ISO": "DEU", "Cntry_name": "Germany", "UC_IDs": "2784", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "77e716d713fbb79a14ee43a65bf4b91fb5e22b4d22541948ce0379b9d5a22b4c", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "DE003F", "URAU_NAME": "München", "CNTR_CODE": "DE" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:munich", "city_slug": "munich", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "4736", "source_name": "Munich", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "munich", "estimated_area_id": 4736, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "DE003F", "oecd_name": "München", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2638, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 5974.975891233826, "intersection_km2": 2629.9789994334556, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9969594387541529, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.44016562531943, "intersection_over_union": 0.43957552494098934, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 11.582, "latitude": 48.1351, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "DEU", "source_country_iso3": "DEU", "source_country_name": "Germany" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4736", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=4736; fid=3271", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 3271, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "77e716d713fbb79a14ee43a65bf4b91fb5e22b4d22541948ce0379b9d5a22b4c", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "8eec43a5327905339b71d92614e66c16828cf653795efb7ae729d2f5372a3133", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 4736, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "77e716d713fbb79a14ee43a65bf4b91fb5e22b4d22541948ce0379b9d5a22b4c", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "2d670965d7fd63b8c0f83910689764c0e7fed465664bedf529c21c25e9035fbb" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Munich (4736)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:munich", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:munich", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "munich", "city_name": "Munich", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4736", "source_area_id": "4736", "source_area_name": "Munich", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:munich", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-munich", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Munich (source ID 4736). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2638, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2638, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 299, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2618481.6694096336, "weather_covered_population": 2618481.6694096336, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 13, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2618481.6694096336, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4736.npz", "sha256": "a87c3871dfccaf28362cf6aa1223aee1452adf07864bac5cde6373414da57a1f" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "new-york-city", "name": "New York City", "country": { "id": "country:USA", "name": "United States", "iso_2": "US", "iso_3": "USA", "continent": "North America" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/new-york-city", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/new-york-city.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 3, "agency_measurements": 3, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 14, "air_monitor_records": 14, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "new-york-city", "id": "8099", "name": "New York City", "constituentNames": [ "New York", "Newark", "Jersey City", "Yonkers", "Paterson", "Elizabeth", "New Rochelle", "Mount Vernon", "Brentwood", "Hempstead", "Levittown", "New Brunswick" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "United States", "UN_WPP": "United States of America" }, "population2025": 14197658.75, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 3031, "densityPerKm2": 4684.150032992412, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 40.7368977, "longitude": -73.9401708, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no 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The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 19940274, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:35620", "boundary_label": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. 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Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "35620", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US35620", "source_area_name": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 843, "county_count": 22, "county_fips": [ "34003", "34013", "34017", "34019", "34023", "34025", "34027", "34029", "34031", "34035", "34037", "34039", "36005", "36047", "36059", "36061", "36079", "36081", "36085", "36087", "36103", "36119" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -74.006, 40.7128 ], 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"ESTIMATESBASE2020": "20083412", "POPESTIMATE2020": "19991108", "POPESTIMATE2021": "19714596", "POPESTIMATE2022": "19619844", "POPESTIMATE2023": "19726871", "POPESTIMATE2024": "19940274", "NPOPCHG2020": "-92304", "NPOPCHG2021": "-276512", "NPOPCHG2022": "-94752", "NPOPCHG2023": "107027", "NPOPCHG2024": "213403", "BIRTHS2020": "54238", "BIRTHS2021": "210696", "BIRTHS2022": "218804", "BIRTHS2023": "215717", "BIRTHS2024": "213754", "DEATHS2020": "78899", "DEATHS2021": "156759", "DEATHS2022": "153935", "DEATHS2023": "145659", "DEATHS2024": "141438", "NATURALCHG2020": "-24661", "NATURALCHG2021": "53937", "NATURALCHG2022": "64869", "NATURALCHG2023": "70058", "NATURALCHG2024": "72316", "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "2041", "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "36787", "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "157722", "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "237130", "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "287993", "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-65242", "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-351348", "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-325460", "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-201223", "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-146888", "NETMIG2020": "-63201", "NETMIG2021": "-314561", "NETMIG2022": "-167738", "NETMIG2023": "35907", "NETMIG2024": "141105", "RESIDUAL2020": "-4442", "RESIDUAL2021": "-15888", "RESIDUAL2022": "8117", "RESIDUAL2023": "1062", "RESIDUAL2024": "-18" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "31633b1f32e0c3c3e6d205574b0e3cde9ee99ab9786f575a1c5088111386e5f2" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "59cb0ca28ee2f9ad542725ef808790b89558f5d5b88ef9babdf49f6c9d65c1b0" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "6c94c54ed2f1eb80b8a752b4fd1f6ef04d42354b51e42433fb0284e67393df0f" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "7f1705fd6268820cfd927f5f9e7bf17970efa7c8233030188c110b0d9c710e3d" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 20080087, "value": 4.427271654749305, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 88900000, "denominator": 20080087, "reduced_fraction": "88900000/20080087" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 2095, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 52, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 886, "2025": 3 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 25, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 26, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-new-york-city", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-new-york-city", "observation_sha256": "0def3c06f50d0bfc3c8a115e87a601af43db77e6526f478b72b7c91312af42dc", "evidence_review_sha256": "de7e5822a08faef6d2b1205b4a5b86503760c6aa018da0ff5baaf0522be95d6f", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "cada0ae696c1201d0333efdad9635dd78025c242ca7a692a246d32f283dfe604", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:new-york-city", "geography_sha256": "24be564be43aa16cea52d0205891726bbaecd07ca3133be749094f57a8ab5f79", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "90f6be31ca4b9236baab701771716944549b9bd14f45df48f1837d2a57a82544", "source_frame": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "31633b1f32e0c3c3e6d205574b0e3cde9ee99ab9786f575a1c5088111386e5f2", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "59cb0ca28ee2f9ad542725ef808790b89558f5d5b88ef9babdf49f6c9d65c1b0", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:new-york-city", "city_slug": "new-york-city", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "35620", "source_name": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "new-york-city", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -74.006, "latitude": 40.7128, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -74.006, 40.7128 ], "transformed_point": [ -74.006, 40.7128 ], "native_matches": [ "35620" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 25820.106382993992, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "31633b1f32e0c3c3e6d205574b0e3cde9ee99ab9786f575a1c5088111386e5f2" }, "county_fips": [ "34003", "34013", "34017", "34019", "34023", "34025", "34027", "34029", "34031", "34035", "34037", "34039", "36005", "36047", "36059", "36061", "36079", "36081", "36085", "36087", "36103", "36119" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:35620", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA35620; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record843", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "59cb0ca28ee2f9ad542725ef808790b89558f5d5b88ef9babdf49f6c9d65c1b0", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 843, "native_shp_record_number": 843, "native_cbsa_code": "35620", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US35620", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:new-york-city", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "59cb0ca28ee2f9ad542725ef808790b89558f5d5b88ef9babdf49f6c9d65c1b0", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "new-york-city", "metric": "pm25", "value": 7.283915422287797, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:new-york-city", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7244", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7244.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "20c517bf1a02cde82fae6983b27f0ec2ab3eee1485bba06fb4f2dd79b649e32f", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7244.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 7244", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 20106617.48806346, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New York (7244)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7244", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New York (7244)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9998856424037966, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 17489, "population_grid_valid_cells": 17487, "population_grid_missing_cells": 2, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1788, "total_known_modelled_population": 20106617.48806346, "pm_covered_population": 20106617.48806346, "weighted_concentration_sum": 146454901.21134695, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 7.289459431957163, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 7.405866663426639, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area New York (source ID 7244). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-new-york-city", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7244.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-new-york-city", "observation_sha256": "499f2dbe5c381ee4a8967af62db3f5ddad5cca86f176ae9467dbce3324832452", "evidence_review_sha256": "422a8795f0849afb48b1d81448e67d21b81e9a6a3868b3657b782dc7e019acf8", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:new-york-city", "geography_sha256": "a77d695ccf649af57ce02d8a1be658d8ff07c89a1befc64068289c08f55e3df1", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7244", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "32d6de1d0d5e72357647e2f4bc022a5241ee298b3a8b8efb79aa27306c96a287", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-7244", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7244.npz", "sha256": "20c517bf1a02cde82fae6983b27f0ec2ab3eee1485bba06fb4f2dd79b649e32f", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:new-york-city", "city_slug": "new-york-city", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "7244", "source_name": "New York", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "new-york-city", "estimated_area_id": 7244, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "USA01F", "oecd_name": "New York (Greater)", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 17489, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 23880.179502997, "intersection_km2": 15844.937317811835, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9059944718286829, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.6635183506817136, "intersection_over_union": 0.6207799315980705, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -74.006, "latitude": 40.7128, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_name": "UnitedStates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7244", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=7244; fid=8718", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8718, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "980718f0842709471b01d636e65cf2594d9bb0d582d1757b7632189092e0daeb", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "77fddf68bbf79c247f4893089b954c431d391eda74bfa3eef8f408df0428e8b0", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 7244, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "5980ea1d03be73369a451ddfe69efd723aa0955d41279c0b4c30cff88d480b7f", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "901833655ec2c8c488306c5fc64fd21dc62373254a82767997db55835f5fc85f" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New York (7244)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:new-york-city", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "new-york-city", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 5.028670483158895, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:new-york-city", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7244", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7244.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "286939e723c91a1d795019fa8cddae63ee85d5503f55d78181eeca2712592c4f", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7244.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 7244", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 20106617.48806346, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New York (7244)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7244", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New York (7244)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 17489, "population_grid_valid_cells": 17487, "missing_cells": 2, "zero_cells": 1788, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9998856424037966, "total_known_modelled_population": 20106617.48806346, "weather_covered_population": 20106617.48806346, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 101109553.87839116, "native_weather_points": 54, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area New York (source ID 7244). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 2.133120060941611, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 42889829.12146759 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.860537445821072, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 57515732.23340634 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.03501297639621241, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 703992.5235172375 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 20106617.48806346, "strict_value": 5.028670483158895, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 101109553.87839116, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 2.133120060941611, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 42889829.12146759, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.860537445821072, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 57515732.23340634, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.03501297639621241, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 703992.5235172375, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-new-york-city", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7244.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-new-york-city", "observation_sha256": "131cb9fd42f340c53c8005680316c802cbe26128163fd8878d435067447f9ddd", "evidence_review_sha256": "5077f79a2a3e607bda15b7e37804e51cc1674cb8433412b9eb2733ec3fba4908", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:new-york-city", "geography_sha256": "913bd9de9bc8c568d129ef186bb54662e7b1ccf289cd3b008d03576e1509eafa", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7244", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "dbe9779e4eeca17e33cbfe9e9ae78aefa524f7636847474047c9cbe7ca665fce", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-7244", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7244.npz", "sha256": "286939e723c91a1d795019fa8cddae63ee85d5503f55d78181eeca2712592c4f", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:new-york-city", "city_slug": "new-york-city", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "35620", "source_name": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "new-york-city", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -74.006, "latitude": 40.7128, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -74.006, 40.7128 ], "transformed_point": [ -74.006, 40.7128 ], "native_matches": [ "35620" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 25820.106382993992, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "31633b1f32e0c3c3e6d205574b0e3cde9ee99ab9786f575a1c5088111386e5f2" }, "county_fips": [ "34003", "34013", "34017", "34019", "34023", "34025", "34027", "34029", "34031", "34035", "34037", "34039", "36005", "36047", "36059", "36061", "36079", "36081", "36085", "36087", "36103", "36119" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:35620", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA35620; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record843", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "59cb0ca28ee2f9ad542725ef808790b89558f5d5b88ef9babdf49f6c9d65c1b0", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 843, "native_shp_record_number": 843, "native_cbsa_code": "35620", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US35620", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:new-york-city", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "59cb0ca28ee2f9ad542725ef808790b89558f5d5b88ef9babdf49f6c9d65c1b0", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. 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No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "new-york-city", "name": "New York City", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-c0bf8ba2c392188a6a495b824ae42399e5c36dcf2e1527ad3fa830229843c77b", "selected_evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-new-york-city", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-c0bf8ba2c392188a6a495b824ae42399e5c36dcf2e1527ad3fa830229843c77b", "identity": { "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-new-york-city", "observation_sha256": "0def3c06f50d0bfc3c8a115e87a601af43db77e6526f478b72b7c91312af42dc", "evidence_review_sha256": "de7e5822a08faef6d2b1205b4a5b86503760c6aa018da0ff5baaf0522be95d6f", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "cada0ae696c1201d0333efdad9635dd78025c242ca7a692a246d32f283dfe604", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:new-york-city", "geography_sha256": "24be564be43aa16cea52d0205891726bbaecd07ca3133be749094f57a8ab5f79", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "90f6be31ca4b9236baab701771716944549b9bd14f45df48f1837d2a57a82544", "source_frame": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "31633b1f32e0c3c3e6d205574b0e3cde9ee99ab9786f575a1c5088111386e5f2", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "59cb0ca28ee2f9ad542725ef808790b89558f5d5b88ef9babdf49f6c9d65c1b0", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "new-york-city", "metric": "road-deaths", "value": 4.458313862688145, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:new-york-city", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json", "source_frame_sha256": "31633b1f32e0c3c3e6d205574b0e3cde9ee99ab9786f575a1c5088111386e5f2", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 35620 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 19940274, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:35620", "boundary_label": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 889, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 839, "midyear_resident_population": 19940274, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 88900000, "denominator": 19940274, "reduced_fraction": "44450000/9970137" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "35620", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US35620", "source_area_name": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 843, "county_count": 22, "county_fips": [ "34003", "34013", "34017", "34019", "34023", "34025", "34027", "34029", "34031", "34035", "34037", "34039", "36005", "36047", "36059", "36061", "36079", "36081", "36085", "36087", "36103", "36119" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -74.006, 40.7128 ], 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"-146888", "NETMIG2020": "-63201", "NETMIG2021": "-314561", "NETMIG2022": "-167738", "NETMIG2023": "35907", "NETMIG2024": "141105", "RESIDUAL2020": "-4442", "RESIDUAL2021": "-15888", "RESIDUAL2022": "8117", "RESIDUAL2023": "1062", "RESIDUAL2024": "-18" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "31633b1f32e0c3c3e6d205574b0e3cde9ee99ab9786f575a1c5088111386e5f2" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "59cb0ca28ee2f9ad542725ef808790b89558f5d5b88ef9babdf49f6c9d65c1b0" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "6c94c54ed2f1eb80b8a752b4fd1f6ef04d42354b51e42433fb0284e67393df0f" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "7f1705fd6268820cfd927f5f9e7bf17970efa7c8233030188c110b0d9c710e3d" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 20080087, "value": 4.427271654749305, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 88900000, "denominator": 20080087, "reduced_fraction": "88900000/20080087" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 2095, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 52, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 886, "2025": 3 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 25, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 26, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-new-york-city", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-e34fdf80775c7585f72ccc084c917ee3d3704cece92bc79fffa6da2ec394dfa1", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-new-york-city", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-e34fdf80775c7585f72ccc084c917ee3d3704cece92bc79fffa6da2ec394dfa1", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-new-york-city", "observation_sha256": "499f2dbe5c381ee4a8967af62db3f5ddad5cca86f176ae9467dbce3324832452", "evidence_review_sha256": "422a8795f0849afb48b1d81448e67d21b81e9a6a3868b3657b782dc7e019acf8", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:new-york-city", "geography_sha256": "a77d695ccf649af57ce02d8a1be658d8ff07c89a1befc64068289c08f55e3df1", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7244", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "32d6de1d0d5e72357647e2f4bc022a5241ee298b3a8b8efb79aa27306c96a287", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-7244", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7244.npz", "sha256": "20c517bf1a02cde82fae6983b27f0ec2ab3eee1485bba06fb4f2dd79b649e32f", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "new-york-city", "metric": "pm25", "value": 7.283915422287797, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:new-york-city", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7244", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7244.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "20c517bf1a02cde82fae6983b27f0ec2ab3eee1485bba06fb4f2dd79b649e32f", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7244.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 7244", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 20106617.48806346, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New York (7244)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7244", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New York (7244)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9998856424037966, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 17489, "population_grid_valid_cells": 17487, "population_grid_missing_cells": 2, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1788, "total_known_modelled_population": 20106617.48806346, "pm_covered_population": 20106617.48806346, "weighted_concentration_sum": 146454901.21134695, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 7.289459431957163, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 7.405866663426639, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area New York (source ID 7244). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-new-york-city", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7244.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-4b83addd54b4d51a31efcadfd60395b4d371e137a0a42ce399f11733bca7b022", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-new-york-city", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-4b83addd54b4d51a31efcadfd60395b4d371e137a0a42ce399f11733bca7b022", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-new-york-city", "observation_sha256": "131cb9fd42f340c53c8005680316c802cbe26128163fd8878d435067447f9ddd", "evidence_review_sha256": "5077f79a2a3e607bda15b7e37804e51cc1674cb8433412b9eb2733ec3fba4908", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:new-york-city", "geography_sha256": "913bd9de9bc8c568d129ef186bb54662e7b1ccf289cd3b008d03576e1509eafa", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7244", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "dbe9779e4eeca17e33cbfe9e9ae78aefa524f7636847474047c9cbe7ca665fce", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-7244", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7244.npz", "sha256": "286939e723c91a1d795019fa8cddae63ee85d5503f55d78181eeca2712592c4f", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "new-york-city", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 5.028670483158895, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:new-york-city", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7244", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7244.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "286939e723c91a1d795019fa8cddae63ee85d5503f55d78181eeca2712592c4f", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7244.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 7244", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 20106617.48806346, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New York (7244)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7244", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New York (7244)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 17489, "population_grid_valid_cells": 17487, "missing_cells": 2, "zero_cells": 1788, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9998856424037966, "total_known_modelled_population": 20106617.48806346, "weather_covered_population": 20106617.48806346, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 101109553.87839116, "native_weather_points": 54, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area New York (source ID 7244). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 2.133120060941611, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 42889829.12146759 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.860537445821072, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 57515732.23340634 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.03501297639621241, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 703992.5235172375 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 20106617.48806346, "strict_value": 5.028670483158895, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 101109553.87839116, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 2.133120060941611, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 42889829.12146759, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.860537445821072, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 57515732.23340634, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.03501297639621241, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 703992.5235172375, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-new-york-city", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7244.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 14, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "monitor-annual-summary" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "new-york-city", "epa_city_name": "New York", "epa_state_code": "36", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "selected_year": 2025, "selected_monitor_records": 14, "selected_unique_sites": 11, "annual_coverage": { "2024": 15, "2025": 14 }, "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary." } ], "records": [ { "id": "epa:2025:36-005-0110-88101-1:24-hour:no-events", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "city_slug": "new-york-city", "source_city_name": "New York", "source_state_name": "New York", "geography_type": "monitoring-site", "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; 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this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary.", "site_id": "36-085-0111", "monitor_id": "36-085-0111-88101-4", "parameter_code": "88101", "parameter_name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "poc": "4", "site_name": "FRESHKILLS WEST", "address": "FRESHKILLS WEST 310 West Service Road", "coordinates": { "latitude": 40.58027, "longitude": -74.19832, "datum": "WGS84" }, "cbsa_name_as_published": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA", "year": 2025, "metric": "annual-measured-pm25-monitor-context", "measurement_kind": "annual ground-monitor daily-mean summary", "annual_single_year": true, "population_weighted": false, "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "value": 6.602198, "value_as_published": "6.602198", "unit": "micrograms/m3 (local conditions)", "source_unit": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "sample_duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "metric_used": "Daily Mean", "pollutant_standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "method_name": "", "related_hourly_method_names": [ "Teledyne T640 at 5.0 LPM w/Network Data Alignment enabled - Broadband spectroscopy" ], "related_hourly_source_csv_rows": [ 41572 ], "event_type": "No Events", "observation_count": 364, "observation_percent": 100, "completeness_indicator": "Y", "valid_day_count": 364, "required_day_count": 365, "exceptional_data_count": 0, "null_data_count": 0, "certification_indicator": "Certified", "source_date_of_last_change": "2026-01-22", "quality_flags": [ "monitor-statistic-not-city-exposure", "no-population-weighting", "no-reviewed-harmonized-fua-boundary", "no-city-level-aggregation", "calculated-daily-record-method-name-blank" ], "limitations": [ "Site/instrument statistic, not a city average or population-weighted exposure.", "Multiple instruments at one site are retained separately and are not independent areas.", "Completeness and certification are distinct; inspect the original reported fields." ], "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Site measurement is not harmonized FUA population-weighted exposure." }, "source": { "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "dataset": "AirData annual concentration by monitor", "url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip", "sha256": "7af948b3dcaf2d214e7d8fdcfb8ab7b4b6dd9865a43ead6f1e21955bcc326cb8", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "csv_member": "annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.csv", "csv_sha256": "4ab9dc5135f81cf781f68837a0cf04d3e0223086d46a10eff550d85dcbb433d6", "csv_row_number": 41576, "documentation_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/FileFormats.html", "pm25_advisory_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/Data_Advisory_PM25_88101_Pregen_Files.pdf", "license_url": "https://edg.epa.gov/EPA_Data_License.htm", "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip" }, "raw_source_record": { "State Code": "36", "County Code": "085", "Site Num": "0111", "Parameter Code": "88101", "POC": "4", "Latitude": "40.58027", "Longitude": "-74.19832", "Datum": "WGS84", "Parameter Name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "Sample Duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "Pollutant Standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "Metric Used": "Daily Mean", "Method Name": "", "Year": "2025", "Units of Measure": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "Event Type": "No Events", "Observation Count": "364", "Observation Percent": "100", "Completeness Indicator": "Y", "Valid Day Count": "364", "Required Day Count": "365", "Exceptional Data Count": "0", "Null Data Count": "0", "Primary Exceedance Count": "0", "Secondary Exceedance Count": "0", "Certification Indicator": "Certified", "Num Obs Below MDL": "0", "Arithmetic Mean": "6.602198", "Arithmetic Standard Dev": "4.126384", "1st Max Value": "29.7", "1st Max DateTime": "2025-07-26 00:00", "2nd Max Value": "26.2", "2nd Max DateTime": "2025-07-27 00:00", "3rd Max Value": "24.9", "3rd Max DateTime": "2025-08-05 00:00", "4th Max Value": "22.1", "4th Max DateTime": "2025-06-13 00:00", "1st Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "1st NO Max DateTime": "", "2nd Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "2nd NO Max DateTime": "", "99th Percentile": "22.1", "98th Percentile": "17.4", "95th Percentile": "14.9", "90th Percentile": "11.9", "75th Percentile": "8.1", "50th Percentile": "5.5", "10th Percentile": "2.8", "Local Site Name": "FRESHKILLS WEST", "Address": "FRESHKILLS WEST 310 West Service Road", "State Name": "New York", "County Name": "Richmond", "City Name": "New York", "CBSA Name": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA", "Date of Last Change": "2026-01-22" }, "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "source_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "new-york-city", "city_name": "New York City", "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -74.006, "latitude": 40.7128, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "USA01F", "country_iso3": "USA", "source_name": "New York (Greater)", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 2449, "member_ids": [ "USA06390", "USA07001", "USA07002", "USA07003", "USA07004", "USA07005", 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"Subcounties": 499, "Zipcodes": 1000 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "b2c6f7c9ad3de080ba292bf65138e0613cd309bd175de51f637d65a355abe60d", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 7244, "eFUA_name": "New York", "Cntry_ISO": "USA", "Cntry_name": "UnitedStates", "UC_IDs": "942;949;945;947;953;970", "UC_num": 6, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "980718f0842709471b01d636e65cf2594d9bb0d582d1757b7632189092e0daeb", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "US OMB/Census Metropolitan statistical area", "name": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ", "id": "35620", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city": { "name": "New York", "state_fips": "36", "place_fips": "51000" }, "member_type": "County or county equivalent", "member_ids": [ "34003", "34013", "34017", "34019", "34023", "34025", "34027", "34029", "34031", "34035", "34037", "34039", "36005", "36047", "36059", "36061", "36079", "36081", "36085", "36087", "36103", "36119" ], "source_frame": "us-cbsa-2023", "member_count": 22, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_comparison_notice": "The OECD correspondence includes overlapping Counties, Places, Subcounties and Zipcodes; this national MSA is delineated by whole counties. Its county membership cannot be equated to the complete mixed-level OECD correspondence or to a city-proper ACS estimate." }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "new-york-city", "estimated_area_id": 7244, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "USA01F", "oecd_name": "New York (Greater)", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 17489, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 23880.179502997, "intersection_km2": 15844.937317811835, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9059944718286829, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.6635183506817136, "intersection_over_union": 0.6207799315980705, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -74.006, "latitude": 40.7128, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_name": "UnitedStates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7244", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=7244; fid=8718", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8718, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "980718f0842709471b01d636e65cf2594d9bb0d582d1757b7632189092e0daeb", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "77fddf68bbf79c247f4893089b954c431d391eda74bfa3eef8f408df0428e8b0", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 7244, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "5980ea1d03be73369a451ddfe69efd723aa0955d41279c0b4c30cff88d480b7f", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "901833655ec2c8c488306c5fc64fd21dc62373254a82767997db55835f5fc85f" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New York (7244)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:new-york-city", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:new-york-city", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:new-york-city", "city_slug": "new-york-city", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "35620", "source_name": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "new-york-city", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -74.006, "latitude": 40.7128, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -74.006, 40.7128 ], "transformed_point": [ -74.006, 40.7128 ], "native_matches": [ "35620" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 25820.106382993992, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "31633b1f32e0c3c3e6d205574b0e3cde9ee99ab9786f575a1c5088111386e5f2" }, "county_fips": [ "34003", "34013", "34017", "34019", "34023", "34025", "34027", "34029", "34031", "34035", "34037", "34039", "36005", "36047", "36059", "36061", "36079", "36081", "36085", "36087", "36103", "36119" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:35620", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA35620; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record843", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "59cb0ca28ee2f9ad542725ef808790b89558f5d5b88ef9babdf49f6c9d65c1b0", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 843, "native_shp_record_number": 843, "native_cbsa_code": "35620", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US35620", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:new-york-city", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "59cb0ca28ee2f9ad542725ef808790b89558f5d5b88ef9babdf49f6c9d65c1b0", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "new-york-city", "city_name": "New York City", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7244", "source_area_id": "7244", "source_area_name": "New York", "value": 5.028670483158895, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:new-york-city", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-new-york-city", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area New York (source ID 7244). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 17489, "population_grid_valid_cells": 17487, "missing_cells": 2, "zero_cells": 1788, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9998856424037966, "total_known_modelled_population": 20106617.48806346, "weather_covered_population": 20106617.48806346, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 101109553.87839116, "native_weather_points": 54, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 2.133120060941611, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 42889829.12146759 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.860537445821072, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 57515732.23340634 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.03501297639621241, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 703992.5235172375 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 20106617.48806346, "strict_value": 5.028670483158895, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 101109553.87839116, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 2.133120060941611, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 42889829.12146759, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.860537445821072, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 57515732.23340634, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.03501297639621241, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 703992.5235172375, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7244.npz", "sha256": "286939e723c91a1d795019fa8cddae63ee85d5503f55d78181eeca2712592c4f" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": { "city_slug": "new-york-city", "value": 4.458313862688145, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:new-york-city", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 35620 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 19940274, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:35620", "boundary_label": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 889, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 839, "midyear_resident_population": 19940274, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 88900000, "denominator": 19940274, "reduced_fraction": "44450000/9970137" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "35620", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US35620", "source_area_name": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 843, "county_count": 22, "county_fips": [ "34003", "34013", "34017", "34019", "34023", "34025", "34027", "34029", "34031", "34035", "34037", "34039", "36005", "36047", "36059", "36061", "36079", "36081", "36085", "36087", "36103", "36119" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -74.006, 40.7128 ], "transformed_point": [ -74.006, 40.7128 ], "native_matches": [ "35620" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 25820.106382993992, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 1032, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "35620", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ", "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area", "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "20083412", "POPESTIMATE2020": "19991108", "POPESTIMATE2021": "19714596", "POPESTIMATE2022": "19619844", "POPESTIMATE2023": "19726871", "POPESTIMATE2024": "19940274", "NPOPCHG2020": "-92304", "NPOPCHG2021": "-276512", "NPOPCHG2022": "-94752", "NPOPCHG2023": "107027", "NPOPCHG2024": "213403", "BIRTHS2020": "54238", "BIRTHS2021": "210696", "BIRTHS2022": "218804", "BIRTHS2023": "215717", "BIRTHS2024": "213754", "DEATHS2020": "78899", "DEATHS2021": "156759", "DEATHS2022": "153935", "DEATHS2023": "145659", "DEATHS2024": "141438", "NATURALCHG2020": "-24661", "NATURALCHG2021": "53937", "NATURALCHG2022": "64869", "NATURALCHG2023": "70058", "NATURALCHG2024": "72316", "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "2041", "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "36787", "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "157722", "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "237130", "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "287993", "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-65242", "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-351348", "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-325460", "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-201223", "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-146888", "NETMIG2020": "-63201", "NETMIG2021": "-314561", "NETMIG2022": "-167738", "NETMIG2023": "35907", "NETMIG2024": "141105", "RESIDUAL2020": "-4442", "RESIDUAL2021": "-15888", "RESIDUAL2022": "8117", "RESIDUAL2023": "1062", "RESIDUAL2024": "-18" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "31633b1f32e0c3c3e6d205574b0e3cde9ee99ab9786f575a1c5088111386e5f2" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "59cb0ca28ee2f9ad542725ef808790b89558f5d5b88ef9babdf49f6c9d65c1b0" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "6c94c54ed2f1eb80b8a752b4fd1f6ef04d42354b51e42433fb0284e67393df0f" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "7f1705fd6268820cfd927f5f9e7bf17970efa7c8233030188c110b0d9c710e3d" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 20080087, "value": 4.427271654749305, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 88900000, "denominator": 20080087, "reduced_fraction": "88900000/20080087" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 2095, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 52, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 886, "2025": 3 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 25, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 26, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-new-york-city", "city_name": "New York City", "source_area_id": "35620", "source_area_name": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ", "review_status": "accepted", "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "31633b1f32e0c3c3e6d205574b0e3cde9ee99ab9786f575a1c5088111386e5f2" }, "numerator_person_fatalities": 889, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 839, "midyear_resident_population": 19940274, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_boundary": { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:new-york-city", "city_slug": "new-york-city", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "35620", "source_name": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "new-york-city", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -74.006, "latitude": 40.7128, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -74.006, 40.7128 ], "transformed_point": [ -74.006, 40.7128 ], "native_matches": [ "35620" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 25820.106382993992, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "31633b1f32e0c3c3e6d205574b0e3cde9ee99ab9786f575a1c5088111386e5f2" }, "county_fips": [ "34003", "34013", "34017", "34019", "34023", "34025", "34027", "34029", "34031", "34035", "34037", "34039", "36005", "36047", "36059", "36061", "36079", "36081", "36085", "36087", "36103", "36119" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:35620", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA35620; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record843", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "59cb0ca28ee2f9ad542725ef808790b89558f5d5b88ef9babdf49f6c9d65c1b0", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 843, "native_shp_record_number": 843, "native_cbsa_code": "35620", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US35620", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:new-york-city", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "59cb0ca28ee2f9ad542725ef808790b89558f5d5b88ef9babdf49f6c9d65c1b0", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-new-york-city-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "licence_source_refs": [ "source-81cbb49139c6b6e8", "source-ca5172f562a17a92" ], "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ], "notice": "Territorial 2024 FARS motor-vehicle-involved traffic fatal-person counts per July 1, 2024 resident population, on complete OMB July 2023 metropolitan county sets. A motor vehicle in transport is required; eligible victims include occupants, pedestrians and cyclists, while nonmotor-only events are outside this initial global convention. The 2024 Annual Report File is provisional. The 30-day public-access trafficway classification is source-reported; unknown individual death timestamps are retained. Public access does not mean government road ownership or every publicly accessible parking area: qualifying parking lot ways are distinct from stalls and aisles. This is not resident lifetime risk, deaths per distance travelled, a municipal measure, a global comparison or an official quarterly result. Native NAD83 boundaries and the reviewed destination-point adapter are distinct from PM and heat geographies. Historical source review does not by itself establish current engine admission." } }, { "slug": "osaka", "name": "Osaka", "country": { "id": "country:JPN", "name": "Japan", "iso_2": "JP", "iso_3": "JPN", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/osaka", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/osaka.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "osaka", "id": "4399", "name": "Osaka", "constituentNames": [ "Osaka", "Kobe", "Kyoto", "Sakai", "Higashiosaka", "Nishinomiya", "Amagasaki", "Hirakata", "Toyonaka", "Suita", "Takatsuki", "Akashi", "Ibaraki", "Yao", "Kakogawa", "Neyagawa", "Itami", "Kishiwada", "Uji", "Kawanishi", "Moriguchi", "Kadoma", "Daito", "Matsubara", "Habikino", "Kawachinagano", "Ikeda", "Izumisano", "Ashiya", "Takasago", "Kaizuka", "Settsu", "Nagaokakyo", "Katano", "Izumiotsu", "Yawata", "Kashiwara", "Fujiidera", "Sennan", "Hannan", "Osakasayama", "Takaishi", "Muko", "Shimamoto" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Japan", "UN_WPP": "Japan" }, "population2025": 12653994.42, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 2212, "densityPerKm2": 5720.612305605787, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 34.7205343, "longitude": 135.4750952, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; 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The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition. This footprint is shared by more than one destination in this atlas; its population is not a separate count for each destination.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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"pm25", "value": 12.145098721578263, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:osaka", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3956", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "3c9d076c395a68f6d23f164071a1da8ea2daf97344d2f9fc4f8735e531b8e3d5", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3956", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 16866788.447898425, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:osaka", "city_slug": "osaka", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "3956", "source_name": "Osaka [Kyoto]", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "osaka", "estimated_area_id": 3956, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "JPN02F", "oecd_name": "Osaka", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 10090, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 8790.199038586637, "intersection_km2": 7061.050382827269, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.6998067772871426, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.8032867460487679, "intersection_over_union": 0.5974246190216483, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 135.5023, "latitude": 34.6937, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "JPN", "source_country_iso3": "JPN", "source_country_name": "Japan" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3956", "shared_with": [ "kyoto" ], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=3956; fid=5854", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 5854, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "1faf41bda3c183dfbeb8960c3ead4803307e9e8bd835395f03f4d33d656dde4a", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "f0802c99314b89c6b02f25cac13dc63b3d246e13e2bcc532b2317ba11d5d64c3", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 3956, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "1faf41bda3c183dfbeb8960c3ead4803307e9e8bd835395f03f4d33d656dde4a", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "9b727bffe86ba0bc703370291db384359a2be6a467406131fcb9288811b37ff4" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:osaka", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "osaka", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 23.70942202698526, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:osaka", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3956", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3956.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "16c3200266ba58006eb040b1d1d554cc84c3a0c0dba329de0d026b0d8e321d91", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3956.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3956", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 16866788.447898425, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3956", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 10090, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10084, "missing_cells": 6, "zero_cells": 1186, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9994053518334985, "total_known_modelled_population": 16866788.447898425, "weather_covered_population": 16866788.447898425, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 399901805.5511034, "native_weather_points": 32, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Osaka [Kyoto] (source ID 3956). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary. This physical area is shared with kyoto; destination bindings are not independent measurements.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.0003975620253270389, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6705.594576109201 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.5216686619858, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 177466759.44059697 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 11.292073412143205, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 190461013.38075796 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.8952823908309264, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 31967327.13517238 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 16866788.447898425, "strict_value": 23.70942202698526, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 399901805.5511034, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.0003975620253270389, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6705.594576109201, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.5216686619858, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 177466759.44059697, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 11.292073412143205, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 190461013.38075796, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.8952823908309264, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 31967327.13517238, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-osaka", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3956.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-osaka", "observation_sha256": "30c1deb4c0c2d792fff05a35909162994855640a2ff2928191fffd4891bbca2e", "evidence_review_sha256": "30719143dd606e4d7e5b24acc20a81ca441faf262d675a4d597b792eb32b27d5", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:osaka", "geography_sha256": "fc2a434af90dda78d10ff4fdc481e56b560d60a8152f5a9155fd3fda861d53e1", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3956", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "39ba56641b2a6cb6dfc8c4a2de9695bef893d73c4d6e4cd192aa423e0dc77c64", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-3956", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3956.npz", "sha256": "16c3200266ba58006eb040b1d1d554cc84c3a0c0dba329de0d026b0d8e321d91", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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"geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3956", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "9b579c51d6199adde8d5c1486c3cabf4ce69cbe3d03db3bc77b26e122bfcc192", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-3956", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz", "sha256": "3c9d076c395a68f6d23f164071a1da8ea2daf97344d2f9fc4f8735e531b8e3d5", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "osaka", "metric": "pm25", "value": 12.145098721578263, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:osaka", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3956", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "3c9d076c395a68f6d23f164071a1da8ea2daf97344d2f9fc4f8735e531b8e3d5", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3956", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 16866788.447898425, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3956", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9994053518334985, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 10090, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10084, "population_grid_missing_cells": 6, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1186, "total_known_modelled_population": 16866788.447898425, "pm_covered_population": 16866788.447898425, "weighted_concentration_sum": 204848810.81570217, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 12.14252967315906, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 12.133673607837919, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Osaka [Kyoto] (source ID 3956). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained. This physical area is shared with kyoto; destination bindings are not independent measurements.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-osaka", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3956.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-1a6033879410115a54edfff7b0f0a5113866e93bd90e4f75ef44a6006938dc32", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-osaka", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-1a6033879410115a54edfff7b0f0a5113866e93bd90e4f75ef44a6006938dc32", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-osaka", "observation_sha256": "30c1deb4c0c2d792fff05a35909162994855640a2ff2928191fffd4891bbca2e", "evidence_review_sha256": "30719143dd606e4d7e5b24acc20a81ca441faf262d675a4d597b792eb32b27d5", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:osaka", "geography_sha256": "fc2a434af90dda78d10ff4fdc481e56b560d60a8152f5a9155fd3fda861d53e1", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3956", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "39ba56641b2a6cb6dfc8c4a2de9695bef893d73c4d6e4cd192aa423e0dc77c64", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-3956", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3956.npz", "sha256": "16c3200266ba58006eb040b1d1d554cc84c3a0c0dba329de0d026b0d8e321d91", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "osaka", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 23.70942202698526, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:osaka", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3956", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3956.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "16c3200266ba58006eb040b1d1d554cc84c3a0c0dba329de0d026b0d8e321d91", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3956.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3956", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 16866788.447898425, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3956", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Osaka [Kyoto] (3956)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 10090, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10084, "missing_cells": 6, "zero_cells": 1186, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9994053518334985, "total_known_modelled_population": 16866788.447898425, "weather_covered_population": 16866788.447898425, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 399901805.5511034, "native_weather_points": 32, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Osaka [Kyoto] (source ID 3956). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary. This physical area is shared with kyoto; destination bindings are not independent measurements.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.0003975620253270389, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6705.594576109201 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.5216686619858, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 177466759.44059697 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 11.292073412143205, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 190461013.38075796 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.8952823908309264, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 31967327.13517238 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 16866788.447898425, "strict_value": 23.70942202698526, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 399901805.5511034, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.0003975620253270389, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6705.594576109201, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.5216686619858, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 177466759.44059697, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 11.292073412143205, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 190461013.38075796, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.8952823908309264, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 31967327.13517238, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-osaka", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3956.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "osaka", "city_name": "Osaka", "destination_country_iso3": "JPN", "status": "shared", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 135.5023, "latitude": 34.6937, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "JPN02F", "country_iso3": "JPN", "source_name": "Osaka", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 159, "member_ids": [ "JPN25201", "JPN26101", "JPN26102", "JPN26103", "JPN26104", "JPN26105", "JPN26106", "JPN26107", "JPN26108", "JPN26109", "JPN26110", "JPN26111", "JPN26204", "JPN26206", "JPN26207", "JPN26208", "JPN26209", "JPN26210", "JPN26211", "JPN26213", "JPN26214", "JPN26303", "JPN26322", "JPN26343", "JPN26344", "JPN26364", "JPN26365", "JPN26366", "JPN26367", "JPN27102", "JPN27103", "JPN27104", "JPN27106", "JPN27107", "JPN27108", "JPN27109", "JPN27111", "JPN27113", "JPN27114", "JPN27115", "JPN27116", "JPN27117", "JPN27118", "JPN27119", "JPN27120", "JPN27121", "JPN27122", "JPN27123", "JPN27124", "JPN27125", "JPN27126", "JPN27127", "JPN27128", "JPN27141", "JPN27142", "JPN27143", "JPN27144", "JPN27145", "JPN27146", "JPN27147", "JPN27202", "JPN27203", "JPN27204", "JPN27205", "JPN27206", "JPN27207", "JPN27208", "JPN27209", "JPN27210", "JPN27211", "JPN27212", "JPN27213", "JPN27214", "JPN27215", "JPN27216", "JPN27217", "JPN27218", "JPN27219", "JPN27220", "JPN27221", "JPN27222", "JPN27223", "JPN27224", "JPN27225", "JPN27226", "JPN27227", "JPN27228", "JPN27229", "JPN27230", "JPN27231", "JPN27232", "JPN27301", "JPN27321", "JPN27322", "JPN27341", "JPN27361", "JPN27362", "JPN27366", "JPN27381", "JPN27382", "JPN27383", "JPN28101", "JPN28102", "JPN28105", "JPN28106", "JPN28107", "JPN28108", "JPN28109", "JPN28110", "JPN28111", "JPN28202", "JPN28203", "JPN28204", "JPN28206", "JPN28207", "JPN28210", "JPN28214", "JPN28215", "JPN28216", "JPN28217", "JPN28218", "JPN28219", "JPN28221", "JPN28301", "JPN28381", "JPN28382", "JPN29201", "JPN29202", "JPN29203", "JPN29204", "JPN29205", "JPN29206", "JPN29207", "JPN29208", "JPN29209", "JPN29210", "JPN29211", "JPN29212", "JPN29322", "JPN29342", "JPN29343", "JPN29344", "JPN29345", "JPN29361", "JPN29362", "JPN29363", "JPN29401", "JPN29402", "JPN29424", "JPN29425", "JPN29426", "JPN29427", "JPN29441", "JPN29442", "JPN29443", "JPN29444", "JPN29453", "JPN30203", "JPN30343" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (市区町村)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (市区町村)": 159 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "e1a03e3cdef086e4928e1458c3a4e90b1b56bd6e4f93ef4f1e4cc7d141bf2472", "shared_with": [ "kyoto" ] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 3956, "eFUA_name": "Osaka [Kyoto]", "Cntry_ISO": "JPN", "Cntry_name": "Japan", "UC_IDs": "12858;12888", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "1faf41bda3c183dfbeb8960c3ead4803307e9e8bd835395f03f4d33d656dde4a", "shared_with": [ "kyoto" ] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "osaka", "city_name": "Osaka", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3956", "source_area_id": "3956", "source_area_name": "Osaka [Kyoto]", "value": 23.70942202698526, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:osaka", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-osaka", "shared_with": [ "kyoto" ], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Osaka [Kyoto] (source ID 3956). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary. This physical area is shared with kyoto; destination bindings are not independent measurements.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 10090, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10084, "missing_cells": 6, "zero_cells": 1186, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9994053518334985, "total_known_modelled_population": 16866788.447898425, "weather_covered_population": 16866788.447898425, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 399901805.5511034, "native_weather_points": 32, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.0003975620253270389, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6705.594576109201 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.5216686619858, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 177466759.44059697 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 11.292073412143205, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 190461013.38075796 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.8952823908309264, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 31967327.13517238 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 16866788.447898425, "strict_value": 23.70942202698526, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 399901805.5511034, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.0003975620253270389, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6705.594576109201, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.5216686619858, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 177466759.44059697, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 11.292073412143205, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 190461013.38075796, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.8952823908309264, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 31967327.13517238, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3956.npz", "sha256": "16c3200266ba58006eb040b1d1d554cc84c3a0c0dba329de0d026b0d8e321d91" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "oslo", "name": "Oslo", "country": { "id": "country:NOR", "name": "Norway", "iso_2": "NO", "iso_3": "NOR", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/oslo", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/oslo.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 1, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "oslo", "id": "828", "name": "Oslo", "constituentNames": [ "Oslo" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Norway", "UN_WPP": "Norway" }, "population2025": 889573.2617, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 244, "densityPerKm2": 3645.792056147541, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 59.9204029, "longitude": 10.7776366, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 59.9139, "longitude": 10.7522, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M226.82,47.35L235.18,47.35L235.18,55.71L251.88,55.71L260.24,39.0L302.0,39.0L302.0,72.41L293.65,72.41L293.65,64.06L260.24,64.06L260.24,72.41L251.88,72.41L243.53,89.12L226.82,89.12L218.47,72.41L201.76,72.41L201.76,80.76L193.41,80.76L193.41,114.18L185.06,114.18L185.06,147.59L176.71,147.59L176.71,164.29L185.06,164.29L176.71,197.71L168.35,197.71L168.35,172.65L160.0,172.65L160.0,155.94L143.29,147.59L143.29,130.88L126.59,130.88L134.94,114.18L118.24,114.18L118.24,122.53L109.88,122.53L101.53,105.82L84.82,105.82L84.82,97.47L76.47,97.47L76.47,114.18L59.76,122.53L51.41,105.82L18.0,105.82L18.0,80.76L26.35,80.76L26.35,72.41L34.71,72.41L43.06,55.71L59.76,55.71L68.12,39.0L76.47,39.0L76.47,47.35L109.88,47.35L118.24,30.65L134.94,30.65L134.94,39.0L151.65,39.0L160.0,55.71L176.71,55.71L185.06,39.0L210.12,39.0L210.12,30.65L226.82,22.29L226.82,47.35ZM151.65,122.53L143.29,122.53L143.29,130.88L151.65,130.88L151.65,122.53Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 130.81, "y": 84.69 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 143.88, "y": 79.5 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.06666666666666667, "accepted_metrics": 2, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0, "infrastructure": 0, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after 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observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "oslo", "metric": "pm25", "value": 7.4384399251166275, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:oslo", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-596", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-596.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "eeb273ae82dd8c726c5bcbe7f2e31165e5bb5f3e19aa1e4e1213c01350f90eca", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-596.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 596", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 1422223.145553412, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Oslo (596)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:596", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Oslo (596)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 4272, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4272, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1190, "total_known_modelled_population": 1422223.145553412, "pm_covered_population": 1422223.145553412, "weighted_concentration_sum": 10579121.428309456, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 7.431207892044955, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 7.271696943234316, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Oslo (source ID 596). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-oslo", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-596.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-oslo", "observation_sha256": "711c9f54de711b2bb8d30d6d1d4e2e554788ae0c916a70133b608ebdd5ffdeab", "evidence_review_sha256": "6b6581720446fb3b7bac79c02e5f71149e2c6a9d05f73ccb965248a24f740517", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:oslo", "geography_sha256": "54f8e44a617df7e321e698dcc97dd32850f1553237c2cb70bdeaf5102f9bcb8c", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-596", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "9daf9f4bb0173f71e27d8fd78447aea57d7fd39f41197a08d5b9cc8bc6dd5211", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-596", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-596.npz", "sha256": "eeb273ae82dd8c726c5bcbe7f2e31165e5bb5f3e19aa1e4e1213c01350f90eca", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:oslo", "city_slug": "oslo", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "596", "source_name": "Oslo", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Oslo (596)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:oslo", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "oslo", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:oslo", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-596", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-596.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f24791463696123a1a4bb6901282a4e34d2147befd3b1eaddcda3a94ce3a8440", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-596.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 596", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 1422223.145553412, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Oslo (596)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:596", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Oslo (596)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 4272, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4272, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1190, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1422223.145553412, "weather_covered_population": 1422223.145553412, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 22, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Oslo (source ID 596). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1422223.145553412, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-oslo", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-596.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-oslo", "observation_sha256": "80954519a43ea65c8053c5e132bd8a7e6d7c2e1ad7e5dc4e21c92a96dfcfbe49", "evidence_review_sha256": "f2260bd7b1267b795f8f36b01a1f9882ce8d1c89051e3f31ccfde08f6950e4c2", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:oslo", "geography_sha256": "8437deda1e474bf8a363de715292b56e0a08aab40030c86e1c2633e8f2dc49b4", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-596", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "db91994a39b15cdcf2d530df979ca30953a98433b1a954442c0dd548da4055a9", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-596", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-596.npz", "sha256": "f24791463696123a1a4bb6901282a4e34d2147befd3b1eaddcda3a94ce3a8440", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:oslo", "city_slug": "oslo", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "596", "source_name": "Oslo", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "oslo", "estimated_area_id": 596, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "NO001F", "oecd_name": "Oslo", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 4272, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 8021.61884204644, "intersection_km2": 3911.986988438282, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.915727291301096, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.48768048762589594, "intersection_over_union": 0.46673333507892434, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 10.7522, "latitude": 59.9139, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "NOR", "source_country_iso3": "NOR", "source_country_name": "Norway" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:596", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=596; fid=6974", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 6974, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "5ba19a5320072ab870d2c950788ae84379dc61f7519fd0b6a930fe55af05957c", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "609c8cd599d49d818cf4632725be8f0ecfa54732c6f642928a27145b3407f6b9", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 596, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "5ba19a5320072ab870d2c950788ae84379dc61f7519fd0b6a930fe55af05957c", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "d9d7c91695ada1a0ad19615176bcebbe78c3cd8e424781c1401fe28daa50c366" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Oslo (596)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:oslo", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:oslo", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "oslo", "name": "Oslo", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-5b88e448c50edb712c7ab07e71925c8835d5c08a53f7abddbb230d4e34ad4610", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-oslo", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-5b88e448c50edb712c7ab07e71925c8835d5c08a53f7abddbb230d4e34ad4610", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-oslo", "observation_sha256": "711c9f54de711b2bb8d30d6d1d4e2e554788ae0c916a70133b608ebdd5ffdeab", "evidence_review_sha256": "6b6581720446fb3b7bac79c02e5f71149e2c6a9d05f73ccb965248a24f740517", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:oslo", "geography_sha256": "54f8e44a617df7e321e698dcc97dd32850f1553237c2cb70bdeaf5102f9bcb8c", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-596", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "9daf9f4bb0173f71e27d8fd78447aea57d7fd39f41197a08d5b9cc8bc6dd5211", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-596", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-596.npz", "sha256": "eeb273ae82dd8c726c5bcbe7f2e31165e5bb5f3e19aa1e4e1213c01350f90eca", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "oslo", "metric": "pm25", "value": 7.4384399251166275, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:oslo", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-596", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-596.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "eeb273ae82dd8c726c5bcbe7f2e31165e5bb5f3e19aa1e4e1213c01350f90eca", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-596.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 596", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 1422223.145553412, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Oslo (596)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:596", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Oslo (596)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 4272, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4272, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1190, "total_known_modelled_population": 1422223.145553412, "pm_covered_population": 1422223.145553412, "weighted_concentration_sum": 10579121.428309456, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 7.431207892044955, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 7.271696943234316, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Oslo (source ID 596). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-oslo", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-596.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-0dc9ac2c3a906192f35d7e34972d6c5591b484ced8806dda5b5d3e3f00c57f69", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-oslo", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-0dc9ac2c3a906192f35d7e34972d6c5591b484ced8806dda5b5d3e3f00c57f69", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-oslo", "observation_sha256": "80954519a43ea65c8053c5e132bd8a7e6d7c2e1ad7e5dc4e21c92a96dfcfbe49", "evidence_review_sha256": "f2260bd7b1267b795f8f36b01a1f9882ce8d1c89051e3f31ccfde08f6950e4c2", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:oslo", "geography_sha256": "8437deda1e474bf8a363de715292b56e0a08aab40030c86e1c2633e8f2dc49b4", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-596", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "db91994a39b15cdcf2d530df979ca30953a98433b1a954442c0dd548da4055a9", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-596", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-596.npz", "sha256": "f24791463696123a1a4bb6901282a4e34d2147befd3b1eaddcda3a94ce3a8440", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "oslo", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:oslo", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-596", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-596.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f24791463696123a1a4bb6901282a4e34d2147befd3b1eaddcda3a94ce3a8440", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-596.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 596", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 1422223.145553412, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Oslo (596)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:596", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Oslo (596)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 4272, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4272, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1190, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1422223.145553412, "weather_covered_population": 1422223.145553412, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 22, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Oslo (source ID 596). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1422223.145553412, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-oslo", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-596.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "oslo", "source_city_name": "Oslo", "source_country_name": "Norway", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:oslo:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "oslo", "source_city_name": "Oslo", "source_country_name": "Norway", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "Oslo", "country": "Norway" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 7.34542942, "value_as_published": "7.345429420", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "623,966", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2013 for city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 474, "csv_line_end": 475, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "Oslo", "Country": "Norway", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "7.345429420", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2013 for city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "623,966" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "oslo", "city_name": "Oslo", "destination_country_iso3": "NOR", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 10.7522, "latitude": 59.9139, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "NO001F", "country_iso3": "NOR", "source_name": "Oslo", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 25, "member_ids": [ "NOR0301", "NOR3002", "NOR3005", "NOR3014", "NOR3019", "NOR3020", "NOR3021", "NOR3022", "NOR3023", "NOR3024", "NOR3025", "NOR3026", "NOR3027", "NOR3028", "NOR3029", "NOR3030", "NOR3031", "NOR3032", "NOR3033", "NOR3034", "NOR3035", "NOR3036", "NOR3038", "NOR3049", "NOR3054" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Kommuner)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Kommuner)": 25 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "bc927c1ecc4eea095339528112ccce53dc621a209954a110b9209a4c2dc4a9bd", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 596, "eFUA_name": "Oslo", "Cntry_ISO": "NOR", "Cntry_name": "Norway", "UC_IDs": "2493", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "5ba19a5320072ab870d2c950788ae84379dc61f7519fd0b6a930fe55af05957c", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "NO001F", "URAU_NAME": "Oslo", "CNTR_CODE": "NO" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:oslo", "city_slug": "oslo", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "596", "source_name": "Oslo", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "oslo", "estimated_area_id": 596, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "NO001F", "oecd_name": "Oslo", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 4272, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 8021.61884204644, "intersection_km2": 3911.986988438282, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.915727291301096, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.48768048762589594, "intersection_over_union": 0.46673333507892434, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 10.7522, "latitude": 59.9139, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "NOR", "source_country_iso3": "NOR", "source_country_name": "Norway" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:596", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=596; fid=6974", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 6974, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "5ba19a5320072ab870d2c950788ae84379dc61f7519fd0b6a930fe55af05957c", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "609c8cd599d49d818cf4632725be8f0ecfa54732c6f642928a27145b3407f6b9", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 596, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "5ba19a5320072ab870d2c950788ae84379dc61f7519fd0b6a930fe55af05957c", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "d9d7c91695ada1a0ad19615176bcebbe78c3cd8e424781c1401fe28daa50c366" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Oslo (596)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:oslo", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "oslo", "city_name": "Oslo", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:596", "source_area_id": "596", "source_area_name": "Oslo", "value": 7.4384399251166275, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 4272, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4272, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1190, "total_known_modelled_population": 1422223.145553412, "pm_covered_population": 1422223.145553412, "weighted_concentration_sum": 10579121.428309456, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 1422223.145553412, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 7.431207892044955, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 7.271696943234316, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-596.npz", "sha256": "eeb273ae82dd8c726c5bcbe7f2e31165e5bb5f3e19aa1e4e1213c01350f90eca" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:oslo", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-oslo", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Oslo (source ID 596). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. 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Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 4272, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4272, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1190, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1422223.145553412, "weather_covered_population": 1422223.145553412, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 22, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1422223.145553412, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-596.npz", "sha256": "f24791463696123a1a4bb6901282a4e34d2147befd3b1eaddcda3a94ce3a8440" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "paris", "name": "Paris", "country": { "id": "country:FRA", "name": "France", "iso_2": "FR", "iso_3": "FRA", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/paris", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/paris.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 1, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "paris", "id": "2878", "name": "Paris", "constituentNames": [ "Paris", "Argenteuil", "Saint-Denis", "Boulogne-Billancourt", "Montreuil" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "France", "UN_WPP": "France" }, "population2025": 9328384.716, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 1421, "densityPerKm2": 6564.662009852217, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 48.8475694, "longitude": 2.3571932, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 48.8566, "longitude": 2.3522, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M114.87,21.47L118.34,21.47L121.81,28.42L128.75,28.42L132.23,35.36L146.11,35.36L146.11,38.83L153.06,38.83L153.06,35.36L156.53,35.36L156.53,31.89L163.47,28.42L166.94,35.36L180.83,38.83L184.3,45.77L194.72,45.77L194.72,42.3L198.19,42.3L201.66,49.25L219.02,49.25L219.02,52.72L225.96,52.72L225.96,63.13L222.49,63.13L222.49,70.08L229.43,73.55L232.91,87.43L236.38,87.43L236.38,90.91L243.32,94.38L243.32,101.32L236.38,104.79L239.85,118.68L236.38,118.68L236.38,115.21L225.96,115.21L225.96,118.68L215.55,118.68L215.55,122.15L212.08,122.15L212.08,129.09L208.6,129.09L208.6,146.45L212.08,146.45L212.08,149.92L208.6,149.92L208.6,156.87L212.08,156.87L212.08,160.34L219.02,160.34L219.02,170.75L222.49,170.75L225.96,177.7L219.02,181.17L219.02,177.7L205.13,174.23L208.6,160.34L205.13,160.34L201.66,153.4L191.25,153.4L191.25,149.92L180.83,149.92L180.83,153.4L177.36,153.4L177.36,160.34L180.83,160.34L180.83,163.81L187.77,163.81L187.77,167.28L184.3,167.28L184.3,174.23L187.77,174.23L187.77,177.7L194.72,177.7L194.72,174.23L201.66,177.7L201.66,181.17L198.19,181.17L198.19,188.11L194.72,188.11L194.72,195.06L198.19,195.06L198.19,198.53L180.83,198.53L180.83,202.0L177.36,202.0L180.83,188.11L177.36,188.11L173.89,181.17L163.47,181.17L163.47,184.64L149.58,181.17L149.58,184.64L146.11,184.64L142.64,191.58L139.17,191.58L139.17,188.11L132.23,188.11L132.23,191.58L121.81,191.58L121.81,188.11L125.28,188.11L125.28,181.17L128.75,181.17L128.75,174.23L125.28,174.23L121.81,167.28L128.75,167.28L128.75,163.81L135.7,160.34L135.7,149.92L132.23,149.92L132.23,146.45L125.28,146.45L125.28,149.92L121.81,149.92L118.34,156.87L104.45,156.87L104.45,153.4L94.04,153.4L94.04,156.87L90.57,156.87L90.57,149.92L94.04,149.92L94.04,146.45L111.4,146.45L111.4,142.98L118.34,139.51L118.34,132.57L125.28,129.09L125.28,122.15L121.81,122.15L121.81,118.68L111.4,118.68L107.92,125.62L104.45,125.62L104.45,118.68L100.98,118.68L100.98,115.21L94.04,115.21L94.04,118.68L90.57,118.68L90.57,90.91L87.09,90.91L87.09,87.43L76.68,87.43L76.68,73.55L80.15,73.55L80.15,70.08L83.62,70.08L83.62,73.55L90.57,73.55L90.57,70.08L94.04,70.08L94.04,52.72L100.98,49.25L97.51,35.36L104.45,35.36L104.45,31.89L111.4,28.42L111.4,18.0L114.87,18.0L114.87,21.47Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 155.02, "y": 90.16 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 156.43, "y": 93.48 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. 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"pm25", "value": 9.883460451268263, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:paris", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2702", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2702.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "4caff1fbd04395b6d21a5c2bef5a1f0b02339dd3f3667088919f6e01d2460d92", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2702.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2702", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 11249024.858068911, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:paris", "city_slug": "paris", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2702", "source_name": "Paris", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "paris", "estimated_area_id": 2702, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "FR001F", "oecd_name": "Paris", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 6778, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 19024.3842967693, "intersection_km2": 6726.135346472385, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.992348088886454, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.3535533787348172, "intersection_over_union": 0.3525921350679215, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 2.3522, "latitude": 48.8566, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "FRA", "source_country_iso3": "FRA", "source_country_name": "France" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2702", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=2702; fid=3160", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 3160, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "6be76049f842032db55162935c4910cb94a842e3f39c6f7e5abd53dd06c46bcf", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "1bb645c2a6ac25b40298ea9119834b9f7e3821a85ca4a955c6358ab0f86e8c1b", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 2702, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "6be76049f842032db55162935c4910cb94a842e3f39c6f7e5abd53dd06c46bcf", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "c619be308a7f8b5d164d255f32243ff5e00efcc4bd562b84e1be8969e285bc21" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Paris (2702)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:paris", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "paris", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 3.0320700922514696, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:paris", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2702", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2702.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "b72fa7f180bae263fdef756c62de0fbaee029fcfc2877ab912096c42920ad80d", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2702.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2702", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 11249024.858068911, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Paris (2702)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2702", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Paris (2702)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 6778, "population_grid_valid_cells": 6778, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 794, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 11249024.858068911, "weather_covered_population": 11249024.858068911, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 34107831.83914408, "native_weather_points": 27, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Paris (source ID 2702). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.943813591963507, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 10616982.5573808 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.0572129939999733, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11892615.249779157 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.0310435062879892, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11598234.03198412 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 11249024.858068911, "strict_value": 3.0320700922514696, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 34107831.83914408, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.943813591963507, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 10616982.5573808, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.0572129939999733, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11892615.249779157, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.0310435062879892, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11598234.03198412, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-paris", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2702.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-paris", "observation_sha256": "b2a3adfd5f5b63b8cc81a66e3cbd9344f2a29df45f6d1452c6c698790f458ec1", "evidence_review_sha256": "c610393d5f6152012f8e232372640610d2d040a002ed0133ddfeb81544717fa2", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:paris", "geography_sha256": "49e0d2d69728c2a49b21606d8f5fab67f1cfa1fe08cd24662476b0139b6cf121", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2702", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "0630dce045ff03f326d24de5bc11288ff2ee3c69dff2b21da55e7c1ce758f523", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-2702", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2702.npz", "sha256": "b72fa7f180bae263fdef756c62de0fbaee029fcfc2877ab912096c42920ad80d", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. 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"geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2702", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "a2eb0b77e1d6ca93c805fb0b8c27aa264d100f6db2f135db5993153317a69ca2", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-2702", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2702.npz", "sha256": "4caff1fbd04395b6d21a5c2bef5a1f0b02339dd3f3667088919f6e01d2460d92", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "paris", "metric": "pm25", "value": 9.883460451268263, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:paris", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2702", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2702.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "4caff1fbd04395b6d21a5c2bef5a1f0b02339dd3f3667088919f6e01d2460d92", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2702.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2702", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 11249024.858068911, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Paris (2702)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2702", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Paris (2702)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 6778, "population_grid_valid_cells": 6778, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 794, "total_known_modelled_population": 11249024.858068911, "pm_covered_population": 11249024.858068911, "weighted_concentration_sum": 111179292.30005768, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 9.87735822098292, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 9.786180418796457, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Paris (source ID 2702). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-paris", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2702.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-2680c5e2da7dd37dd94000d159d68ae5d5a8623f0a5b39987a13d2340f68d316", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-paris", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-2680c5e2da7dd37dd94000d159d68ae5d5a8623f0a5b39987a13d2340f68d316", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-paris", "observation_sha256": "b2a3adfd5f5b63b8cc81a66e3cbd9344f2a29df45f6d1452c6c698790f458ec1", "evidence_review_sha256": "c610393d5f6152012f8e232372640610d2d040a002ed0133ddfeb81544717fa2", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:paris", "geography_sha256": "49e0d2d69728c2a49b21606d8f5fab67f1cfa1fe08cd24662476b0139b6cf121", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2702", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "0630dce045ff03f326d24de5bc11288ff2ee3c69dff2b21da55e7c1ce758f523", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-2702", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2702.npz", "sha256": "b72fa7f180bae263fdef756c62de0fbaee029fcfc2877ab912096c42920ad80d", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "paris", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 3.0320700922514696, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:paris", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2702", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2702.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "b72fa7f180bae263fdef756c62de0fbaee029fcfc2877ab912096c42920ad80d", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2702.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2702", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 11249024.858068911, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Paris (2702)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2702", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Paris (2702)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 6778, "population_grid_valid_cells": 6778, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 794, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 11249024.858068911, "weather_covered_population": 11249024.858068911, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 34107831.83914408, "native_weather_points": 27, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Paris (source ID 2702). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.943813591963507, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 10616982.5573808 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.0572129939999733, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11892615.249779157 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.0310435062879892, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11598234.03198412 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 11249024.858068911, "strict_value": 3.0320700922514696, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 34107831.83914408, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.943813591963507, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 10616982.5573808, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.0572129939999733, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11892615.249779157, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.0310435062879892, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11598234.03198412, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-paris", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2702.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "paris", "source_city_name": "Paris (greater city)", "source_country_name": "France", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 greater-city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:paris:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "paris", "source_city_name": "Paris (greater city)", "source_country_name": "France", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "Paris (greater city)", "country": "France" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 greater-city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 9.777807236, "value_as_published": "9.777807236", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "9,845,879", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2017 for greater city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 151, "csv_line_end": 152, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "Paris (greater city)", "Country": "France", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "9.777807236", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2017 for greater city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "9,845,879" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "paris", "city_name": "Paris", "destination_country_iso3": "FRA", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 2.3522, "latitude": 48.8566, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "FR001F", "country_iso3": "FRA", "source_name": "Paris", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 1949, "member_ids": [ "FRA02015", "FRA02042", "FRA02062", "FRA02084", "FRA02090", "FRA02105", "FRA02125", "FRA02137", "FRA02162", "FRA02163", "FRA02185", "FRA02186", "FRA02192", "FRA02216", "FRA02221", "FRA02225", "FRA02232", "FRA02242", "FRA02258", "FRA02259", "FRA02268", "FRA02281", "FRA02289", "FRA02292", "FRA02302", "FRA02307", "FRA02316", "FRA02339", "FRA02368", "FRA02375", "FRA02410", "FRA02415", "FRA02428", "FRA02441", "FRA02443", "FRA02449", "FRA02458", "FRA02465", "FRA02466", "FRA02496", "FRA02505", "FRA02506", "FRA02512", "FRA02515", "FRA02518", "FRA02521", "FRA02528", "FRA02540", "FRA02555", "FRA02557", "FRA02568", "FRA02594", "FRA02596", "FRA02622", "FRA02628", "FRA02644", "FRA02653", "FRA02664", "FRA02679", "FRA02701", "FRA02718", "FRA02729", "FRA02734", "FRA02744", "FRA02749", "FRA02777", "FRA02792", "FRA02798", "FRA02800", "FRA02810", "FRA02818", "FRA02822", "FRA10208", "FRA10254", "FRA10367", "FRA27004", "FRA27010", "FRA27022", "FRA27026", "FRA27045", "FRA27059", "FRA27066", "FRA27067", "FRA27070", "FRA27072", "FRA27073", "FRA27076", "FRA27078", "FRA27081", "FRA27094", "FRA27098", "FRA27111", "FRA27114", "FRA27119", "FRA27136", "FRA27152", "FRA27153", "FRA27176", "FRA27180", "FRA27181", "FRA27183", "FRA27190", "FRA27193", "FRA27199", "FRA27203", "FRA27204", "FRA27213", "FRA27214", "FRA27220", "FRA27226", "FRA27230", "FRA27231", "FRA27232", "FRA27259", "FRA27271", "FRA27273", "FRA27276", "FRA27278", "FRA27279", "FRA27284", "FRA27285", "FRA27304", "FRA27309", "FRA27310", "FRA27312", "FRA27324", "FRA27326", "FRA27329", "FRA27331", "FRA27333", "FRA27336", "FRA27343", "FRA27355", "FRA27369", "FRA27370", "FRA27372", "FRA27376", "FRA27379", "FRA27391", "FRA27392", "FRA27397", "FRA27399", "FRA27400", "FRA27405", "FRA27406", "FRA27407", "FRA27408", "FRA27417", "FRA27419", "FRA27420", "FRA27421", "FRA27423", "FRA27426", "FRA27429", "FRA27430", "FRA27437", "FRA27440", "FRA27445", "FRA27448", "FRA27465", "FRA27473", "FRA27477", "FRA27480", "FRA27490", "FRA27525", "FRA27533", "FRA27539", "FRA27540", "FRA27543", "FRA27548", "FRA27554", "FRA27555", "FRA27562", "FRA27567", "FRA27589", "FRA27599", "FRA27612", "FRA27614", "FRA27617", "FRA27621", "FRA27625", "FRA27632", "FRA27633", "FRA27644", "FRA27674", "FRA27681", "FRA27682", "FRA27689", "FRA27690", "FRA27694", "FRA27696", "FRA28001", "FRA28007", "FRA28009", "FRA28013", "FRA28015", "FRA28023", "FRA28025", "FRA28026", "FRA28036", "FRA28039", "FRA28050", "FRA28052", "FRA28053", "FRA28054", "FRA28055", "FRA28056", "FRA28058", "FRA28062", "FRA28064", "FRA28073", "FRA28074", "FRA28076", "FRA28082", "FRA28084", "FRA28092", "FRA28094", "FRA28096", "FRA28098", "FRA28113", "FRA28118", "FRA28129", "FRA28134", "FRA28135", "FRA28136", "FRA28137", "FRA28140", "FRA28143", "FRA28146", "FRA28164", "FRA28168", "FRA28169", "FRA28172", "FRA28178", "FRA28180", "FRA28183", "FRA28184", "FRA28185", "FRA28187", "FRA28188", "FRA28189", "FRA28191", "FRA28193", "FRA28195", "FRA28197", "FRA28207", "FRA28208", "FRA28210", "FRA28213", "FRA28215", "FRA28223", "FRA28227", "FRA28230", "FRA28235", "FRA28243", "FRA28247", "FRA28249", "FRA28251", "FRA28255", "FRA28257", "FRA28267", "FRA28268", "FRA28274", "FRA28275", "FRA28276", "FRA28279", "FRA28284", "FRA28285", "FRA28289", "FRA28291", "FRA28292", "FRA28293", "FRA28294", "FRA28298", "FRA28299", "FRA28312", "FRA28313", "FRA28317", "FRA28319", "FRA28321", "FRA28332", "FRA28343", "FRA28344", "FRA28347", "FRA28349", "FRA28352", "FRA28355", "FRA28357", "FRA28359", "FRA28363", "FRA28366", "FRA28371", "FRA28372", "FRA28374", "FRA28375", "FRA28377", "FRA28379", "FRA28392", "FRA28397", "FRA28404", "FRA28405", "FRA28408", "FRA28415", "FRA28417", "FRA28421", "FRA28423", "FRA28425", "FRA45005", "FRA45012", "FRA45013", "FRA45015", "FRA45026", "FRA45032", "FRA45033", "FRA45037", "FRA45054", "FRA45056", "FRA45065", "FRA45080", "FRA45091", "FRA45094", "FRA45124", "FRA45125", "FRA45127", "FRA45133", "FRA45135", "FRA45136", "FRA45145", "FRA45148", "FRA45149", "FRA45170", "FRA45191", "FRA45198", "FRA45201", "FRA45217", "FRA45222", "FRA45233", "FRA45237", "FRA45240", "FRA45246", "FRA45250", "FRA45255", "FRA45258", "FRA45263", "FRA45265", "FRA45310", "FRA45320", "FRA51071", "FRA51306", "FRA51402", "FRA51459", "FRA51625", "FRA60002", "FRA60005", "FRA60006", "FRA60007", "FRA60008", "FRA60010", "FRA60012", "FRA60013", "FRA60014", "FRA60015", "FRA60016", "FRA60020", "FRA60022", "FRA60027", "FRA60028", "FRA60030", "FRA60031", "FRA60033", "FRA60034", "FRA60036", "FRA60040", "FRA60042", "FRA60044", "FRA60045", "FRA60046", "FRA60047", "FRA60050", "FRA60054", "FRA60056", "FRA60060", "FRA60063", "FRA60065", "FRA60066", "FRA60067", "FRA60069", "FRA60074", "FRA60078", "FRA60079", "FRA60083", "FRA60086", "FRA60087", "FRA60088", "FRA60089", "FRA60090", "FRA60091", "FRA60092", "FRA60094", "FRA60095", "FRA60097", "FRA60100", "FRA60101", "FRA60102", "FRA60106", "FRA60107", "FRA60115", "FRA60116", "FRA60120", "FRA60130", "FRA60134", "FRA60135", "FRA60137", "FRA60138", "FRA60139", "FRA60140", "FRA60141", "FRA60142", "FRA60143", "FRA60144", "FRA60148", "FRA60149", "FRA60152", "FRA60154", "FRA60155", "FRA60157", "FRA60162", "FRA60165", "FRA60169", "FRA60170", "FRA60172", "FRA60173", "FRA60175", "FRA60176", "FRA60185", "FRA60186", "FRA60190", "FRA60195", "FRA60196", "FRA60197", "FRA60203", "FRA60207", "FRA60208", "FRA60209", "FRA60210", "FRA60211", "FRA60212", "FRA60213", "FRA60215", "FRA60216", "FRA60218", "FRA60224", "FRA60225", "FRA60226", "FRA60228", "FRA60231", "FRA60234", "FRA60235", "FRA60238", "FRA60239", "FRA60241", "FRA60247", "FRA60249", "FRA60252", "FRA60254", "FRA60256", "FRA60257", "FRA60259", "FRA60260", "FRA60261", "FRA60272", "FRA60274", "FRA60279", "FRA60282", "FRA60284", "FRA60293", "FRA60307", "FRA60309", "FRA60313", "FRA60316", "FRA60317", "FRA60318", "FRA60319", "FRA60320", "FRA60321", "FRA60322", "FRA60327", "FRA60330", "FRA60331", "FRA60332", "FRA60334", "FRA60341", "FRA60342", "FRA60343", "FRA60345", "FRA60346", "FRA60352", "FRA60356", "FRA60357", "FRA60358", "FRA60360", "FRA60361", "FRA60363", "FRA60364", "FRA60367", "FRA60369", "FRA60370", "FRA60375", "FRA60380", "FRA60385", "FRA60391", "FRA60393", "FRA60395", "FRA60398", "FRA60400", "FRA60401", "FRA60404", "FRA60406", "FRA60409", "FRA60411", "FRA60412", "FRA60413", "FRA60414", "FRA60415", "FRA60420", "FRA60421", "FRA60422", "FRA60426", "FRA60427", "FRA60429", "FRA60430", "FRA60432", "FRA60433", "FRA60437", "FRA60439", "FRA60446", "FRA60447", "FRA60448", "FRA60450", "FRA60451", "FRA60452", "FRA60454", "FRA60462", "FRA60463", "FRA60464", "FRA60466", "FRA60469", "FRA60473", "FRA60478", "FRA60479", "FRA60481", "FRA60482", "FRA60487", "FRA60489", "FRA60494", "FRA60495", "FRA60498", "FRA60500", "FRA60504", "FRA60505", "FRA60508", "FRA60509", "FRA60510", "FRA60512", "FRA60513", "FRA60515", "FRA60516", "FRA60517", "FRA60524", "FRA60525", "FRA60526", "FRA60527", "FRA60528", "FRA60529", "FRA60536", "FRA60539", "FRA60541", "FRA60543", "FRA60546", "FRA60547", "FRA60548", "FRA60551", "FRA60552", "FRA60553", "FRA60554", "FRA60559", "FRA60560", "FRA60561", "FRA60562", "FRA60563", "FRA60568", "FRA60570", "FRA60574", "FRA60575", "FRA60579", "FRA60581", "FRA60584", "FRA60587", "FRA60589", "FRA60592", "FRA60595", "FRA60598", "FRA60601", "FRA60612", "FRA60613", "FRA60614", "FRA60616", "FRA60618", "FRA60619", "FRA60620", "FRA60626", "FRA60630", "FRA60631", "FRA60635", "FRA60637", "FRA60638", "FRA60640", "FRA60644", "FRA60645", "FRA60650", "FRA60651", "FRA60652", "FRA60653", "FRA60656", "FRA60658", "FRA60659", "FRA60660", "FRA60661", "FRA60662", "FRA60666", "FRA60667", "FRA60669", "FRA60670", "FRA60671", "FRA60672", "FRA60678", "FRA60679", "FRA60680", "FRA60682", "FRA60683", "FRA60684", "FRA60685", "FRA60686", "FRA60694", "FRA60695", "FRA75056", "FRA75101", "FRA75102", "FRA75103", "FRA75104", "FRA75105", "FRA75106", "FRA75107", "FRA75108", "FRA75109", "FRA75110", "FRA75111", "FRA75112", "FRA75113", "FRA75114", "FRA75115", "FRA75116", "FRA75117", "FRA75118", "FRA75119", "FRA75120", "FRA76450", "FRA76463", "FRA77001", "FRA77002", "FRA77003", "FRA77004", "FRA77005", "FRA77006", "FRA77007", "FRA77008", "FRA77009", "FRA77010", "FRA77011", "FRA77012", "FRA77013", "FRA77014", "FRA77015", "FRA77016", "FRA77018", "FRA77019", "FRA77020", "FRA77021", "FRA77022", "FRA77023", "FRA77024", "FRA77025", "FRA77026", "FRA77027", "FRA77029", "FRA77030", "FRA77031", "FRA77032", "FRA77033", "FRA77034", "FRA77035", "FRA77036", "FRA77037", "FRA77038", "FRA77039", "FRA77040", "FRA77041", "FRA77042", "FRA77043", "FRA77044", "FRA77045", "FRA77046", "FRA77047", "FRA77048", "FRA77049", "FRA77050", "FRA77051", "FRA77052", "FRA77053", "FRA77054", "FRA77055", "FRA77056", "FRA77057", "FRA77058", "FRA77059", "FRA77060", "FRA77061", "FRA77062", "FRA77063", "FRA77065", "FRA77066", "FRA77067", "FRA77068", "FRA77069", "FRA77070", "FRA77071", "FRA77072", "FRA77073", "FRA77075", "FRA77076", "FRA77077", "FRA77078", "FRA77079", "FRA77080", "FRA77081", "FRA77082", "FRA77083", "FRA77084", "FRA77085", "FRA77086", "FRA77087", "FRA77088", "FRA77089", "FRA77090", "FRA77091", "FRA77093", "FRA77094", "FRA77095", "FRA77096", "FRA77097", "FRA77098", "FRA77099", "FRA77100", "FRA77101", "FRA77102", "FRA77103", "FRA77104", "FRA77106", "FRA77107", "FRA77108", "FRA77109", "FRA77110", "FRA77111", "FRA77112", "FRA77113", "FRA77114", "FRA77115", "FRA77116", "FRA77117", "FRA77118", "FRA77119", "FRA77120", "FRA77121", "FRA77122", "FRA77123", "FRA77124", "FRA77125", "FRA77126", "FRA77127", "FRA77128", "FRA77129", "FRA77130", "FRA77131", "FRA77132", "FRA77133", "FRA77134", "FRA77135", "FRA77136", "FRA77137", "FRA77138", "FRA77139", "FRA77140", "FRA77141", "FRA77142", "FRA77143", "FRA77144", "FRA77145", "FRA77146", "FRA77147", "FRA77148", "FRA77150", "FRA77151", "FRA77152", "FRA77153", "FRA77154", "FRA77155", "FRA77156", "FRA77157", "FRA77158", "FRA77159", "FRA77161", "FRA77162", "FRA77163", "FRA77164", "FRA77165", "FRA77167", "FRA77168", "FRA77169", "FRA77171", "FRA77172", "FRA77173", "FRA77174", "FRA77175", "FRA77176", "FRA77177", "FRA77178", "FRA77179", "FRA77180", "FRA77181", "FRA77182", "FRA77183", "FRA77184", "FRA77185", "FRA77186", "FRA77187", "FRA77188", "FRA77190", "FRA77191", "FRA77192", "FRA77193", "FRA77194", "FRA77195", "FRA77196", "FRA77197", "FRA77198", "FRA77199", "FRA77200", "FRA77201", "FRA77202", "FRA77203", "FRA77204", "FRA77205", "FRA77206", "FRA77207", "FRA77208", "FRA77209", "FRA77210", "FRA77211", "FRA77212", "FRA77214", "FRA77215", "FRA77216", "FRA77217", "FRA77218", "FRA77219", "FRA77220", "FRA77221", "FRA77222", "FRA77223", "FRA77224", "FRA77225", "FRA77226", "FRA77227", "FRA77228", "FRA77229", "FRA77230", "FRA77231", "FRA77232", "FRA77233", "FRA77234", "FRA77235", "FRA77236", "FRA77237", "FRA77238", "FRA77239", "FRA77240", "FRA77241", "FRA77242", "FRA77243", "FRA77244", "FRA77245", "FRA77246", "FRA77247", "FRA77248", "FRA77249", "FRA77250", "FRA77251", "FRA77252", "FRA77253", "FRA77254", "FRA77255", "FRA77256", "FRA77257", "FRA77258", "FRA77259", "FRA77260", "FRA77261", "FRA77262", "FRA77263", "FRA77264", "FRA77265", "FRA77266", "FRA77267", "FRA77268", "FRA77269", "FRA77270", "FRA77271", "FRA77272", "FRA77273", "FRA77274", "FRA77275", "FRA77276", "FRA77277", "FRA77278", "FRA77279", "FRA77280", "FRA77281", "FRA77282", "FRA77283", "FRA77284", "FRA77285", "FRA77286", "FRA77287", "FRA77288", "FRA77289", "FRA77290", "FRA77291", "FRA77292", "FRA77293", "FRA77294", "FRA77295", "FRA77296", "FRA77297", "FRA77298", "FRA77300", "FRA77301", "FRA77302", "FRA77303", "FRA77304", "FRA77305", "FRA77306", "FRA77307", "FRA77308", "FRA77309", "FRA77310", "FRA77311", "FRA77312", "FRA77313", "FRA77314", "FRA77315", "FRA77316", "FRA77317", "FRA77318", "FRA77319", "FRA77320", "FRA77321", "FRA77322", "FRA77323", "FRA77325", "FRA77326", "FRA77327", "FRA77328", "FRA77329", "FRA77330", "FRA77331", "FRA77332", "FRA77333", "FRA77335", "FRA77336", "FRA77337", "FRA77338", "FRA77339", "FRA77340", "FRA77341", "FRA77342", "FRA77343", "FRA77344", "FRA77345", "FRA77347", "FRA77348", "FRA77349", "FRA77350", "FRA77352", "FRA77353", "FRA77354", "FRA77355", "FRA77356", "FRA77357", "FRA77358", "FRA77359", "FRA77360", "FRA77361", "FRA77363", "FRA77364", "FRA77365", "FRA77366", "FRA77367", "FRA77368", "FRA77369", "FRA77370", "FRA77371", "FRA77372", "FRA77373", "FRA77374", "FRA77376", "FRA77377", "FRA77378", "FRA77379", "FRA77380", "FRA77381", "FRA77382", "FRA77383", "FRA77384", "FRA77385", "FRA77386", "FRA77387", "FRA77388", "FRA77389", "FRA77390", "FRA77391", "FRA77392", "FRA77393", "FRA77394", "FRA77395", "FRA77396", "FRA77397", "FRA77398", "FRA77400", "FRA77401", "FRA77402", "FRA77403", "FRA77404", "FRA77405", "FRA77406", "FRA77407", "FRA77408", "FRA77409", "FRA77410", "FRA77411", "FRA77412", "FRA77413", "FRA77414", "FRA77415", "FRA77416", "FRA77417", "FRA77418", "FRA77419", "FRA77420", "FRA77421", "FRA77423", "FRA77424", "FRA77425", "FRA77426", "FRA77427", "FRA77428", "FRA77429", "FRA77430", "FRA77431", "FRA77432", "FRA77433", "FRA77434", "FRA77435", "FRA77436", "FRA77437", "FRA77438", "FRA77439", "FRA77440", "FRA77441", "FRA77442", "FRA77443", "FRA77444", "FRA77445", "FRA77446", "FRA77447", "FRA77448", "FRA77449", "FRA77450", "FRA77451", "FRA77452", "FRA77453", "FRA77454", "FRA77455", "FRA77456", "FRA77457", "FRA77458", "FRA77459", "FRA77460", "FRA77461", "FRA77462", "FRA77463", "FRA77464", "FRA77465", "FRA77466", "FRA77467", "FRA77468", "FRA77469", "FRA77470", "FRA77471", "FRA77472", "FRA77473", "FRA77474", "FRA77475", "FRA77476", "FRA77477", "FRA77478", "FRA77479", "FRA77480", "FRA77481", "FRA77482", "FRA77483", "FRA77484", "FRA77485", "FRA77486", "FRA77487", "FRA77489", "FRA77490", "FRA77492", "FRA77493", "FRA77494", "FRA77495", "FRA77496", "FRA77498", "FRA77500", "FRA77501", "FRA77504", "FRA77505", "FRA77506", "FRA77507", "FRA77508", "FRA77509", "FRA77510", "FRA77511", "FRA77512", "FRA77513", "FRA77514", "FRA77515", "FRA77516", "FRA77517", "FRA77518", "FRA77519", "FRA77520", "FRA77521", "FRA77522", "FRA77523", "FRA77524", "FRA77525", "FRA77526", "FRA77527", "FRA77528", "FRA77529", "FRA77530", "FRA77531", "FRA77532", "FRA77533", "FRA77534", "FRA78003", "FRA78005", "FRA78006", "FRA78007", "FRA78009", "FRA78010", "FRA78013", "FRA78015", "FRA78020", "FRA78029", "FRA78030", "FRA78031", "FRA78033", "FRA78034", "FRA78036", "FRA78043", "FRA78048", "FRA78049", "FRA78050", "FRA78053", "FRA78057", "FRA78062", "FRA78068", "FRA78070", "FRA78071", "FRA78072", "FRA78073", "FRA78076", "FRA78077", "FRA78082", "FRA78084", "FRA78087", "FRA78089", "FRA78090", "FRA78092", "FRA78096", "FRA78104", "FRA78107", "FRA78108", "FRA78113", "FRA78117", "FRA78118", "FRA78120", "FRA78123", "FRA78124", "FRA78125", "FRA78126", "FRA78128", "FRA78133", "FRA78138", "FRA78140", "FRA78143", "FRA78146", "FRA78147", "FRA78152", "FRA78158", "FRA78160", "FRA78162", "FRA78163", "FRA78164", "FRA78165", "FRA78168", "FRA78171", "FRA78172", "FRA78185", "FRA78188", "FRA78189", "FRA78190", "FRA78192", "FRA78193", "FRA78194", "FRA78196", "FRA78202", "FRA78206", "FRA78208", "FRA78209", "FRA78217", "FRA78220", "FRA78224", "FRA78227", "FRA78230", "FRA78231", "FRA78233", "FRA78234", "FRA78236", "FRA78237", "FRA78238", "FRA78239", "FRA78242", "FRA78245", "FRA78246", "FRA78255", "FRA78261", "FRA78262", "FRA78263", "FRA78264", "FRA78265", "FRA78267", "FRA78269", "FRA78276", "FRA78278", "FRA78281", "FRA78283", "FRA78285", "FRA78289", "FRA78290", "FRA78291", "FRA78296", "FRA78297", "FRA78299", "FRA78300", "FRA78302", "FRA78305", "FRA78307", "FRA78310", "FRA78311", "FRA78314", "FRA78317", "FRA78320", "FRA78321", "FRA78322", "FRA78324", "FRA78325", "FRA78327", "FRA78329", "FRA78334", "FRA78335", "FRA78337", "FRA78343", "FRA78344", "FRA78346", "FRA78349", "FRA78350", "FRA78354", "FRA78356", "FRA78358", "FRA78361", "FRA78362", "FRA78364", "FRA78366", "FRA78367", "FRA78368", "FRA78372", "FRA78380", "FRA78381", "FRA78382", "FRA78383", "FRA78384", "FRA78385", "FRA78389", "FRA78391", "FRA78396", "FRA78397", "FRA78398", "FRA78401", "FRA78402", "FRA78403", "FRA78404", "FRA78406", "FRA78407", "FRA78410", "FRA78413", "FRA78415", "FRA78416", "FRA78417", "FRA78418", "FRA78420", "FRA78423", "FRA78431", "FRA78437", "FRA78439", "FRA78440", "FRA78442", "FRA78443", "FRA78444", "FRA78451", "FRA78455", "FRA78460", "FRA78464", "FRA78465", "FRA78466", "FRA78470", "FRA78472", "FRA78474", "FRA78475", "FRA78478", "FRA78481", "FRA78484", "FRA78486", "FRA78490", "FRA78497", "FRA78498", "FRA78499", "FRA78501", "FRA78502", "FRA78505", "FRA78506", "FRA78513", "FRA78516", "FRA78517", "FRA78518", "FRA78520", "FRA78522", "FRA78528", "FRA78530", "FRA78531", "FRA78536", "FRA78537", "FRA78545", "FRA78548", "FRA78550", "FRA78551", "FRA78557", "FRA78558", "FRA78559", "FRA78561", "FRA78562", "FRA78564", "FRA78565", "FRA78567", "FRA78569", "FRA78571", "FRA78575", "FRA78576", "FRA78586", "FRA78588", "FRA78590", "FRA78591", "FRA78597", "FRA78601", "FRA78605", "FRA78606", "FRA78608", "FRA78609", "FRA78615", "FRA78616", "FRA78618", "FRA78620", "FRA78621", "FRA78623", "FRA78624", "FRA78638", "FRA78640", "FRA78642", "FRA78643", "FRA78644", "FRA78646", "FRA78647", "FRA78650", "FRA78653", "FRA78655", "FRA78668", "FRA78672", "FRA78674", "FRA78677", "FRA78681", "FRA78683", "FRA78686", "FRA78688", "FRA89054", "FRA89074", "FRA89093", "FRA89100", "FRA89124", "FRA89229", "FRA89255", "FRA89332", "FRA89390", "FRA89428", "FRA89449", "FRA89456", "FRA89460", "FRA89467", "FRA89480", "FRA91001", "FRA91016", "FRA91017", "FRA91021", "FRA91022", "FRA91027", "FRA91035", "FRA91037", "FRA91038", "FRA91041", "FRA91044", "FRA91045", "FRA91047", "FRA91064", "FRA91067", "FRA91069", "FRA91075", "FRA91079", "FRA91080", "FRA91081", "FRA91085", "FRA91086", "FRA91093", "FRA91095", "FRA91097", "FRA91098", "FRA91099", "FRA91100", "FRA91103", "FRA91105", "FRA91106", "FRA91109", "FRA91111", "FRA91112", "FRA91114", "FRA91115", "FRA91121", "FRA91122", "FRA91129", "FRA91130", "FRA91131", "FRA91132", "FRA91135", "FRA91136", "FRA91137", "FRA91145", "FRA91148", "FRA91156", "FRA91159", "FRA91161", "FRA91174", "FRA91175", "FRA91179", "FRA91180", "FRA91184", "FRA91186", "FRA91191", "FRA91195", "FRA91198", "FRA91200", "FRA91201", "FRA91204", "FRA91207", "FRA91215", "FRA91216", "FRA91223", "FRA91225", "FRA91226", "FRA91228", "FRA91232", "FRA91235", "FRA91240", "FRA91243", "FRA91244", "FRA91247", "FRA91248", "FRA91249", "FRA91272", "FRA91273", "FRA91274", "FRA91275", "FRA91284", "FRA91286", "FRA91292", "FRA91293", "FRA91294", "FRA91312", "FRA91315", "FRA91318", "FRA91319", "FRA91326", "FRA91330", "FRA91332", "FRA91333", "FRA91338", "FRA91339", "FRA91340", "FRA91345", "FRA91347", "FRA91359", "FRA91363", "FRA91374", "FRA91376", "FRA91377", "FRA91378", "FRA91386", "FRA91390", "FRA91393", "FRA91399", "FRA91405", "FRA91408", "FRA91411", "FRA91412", "FRA91414", "FRA91421", "FRA91425", "FRA91432", "FRA91433", "FRA91434", "FRA91435", "FRA91441", "FRA91457", "FRA91458", "FRA91461", "FRA91463", "FRA91468", "FRA91469", "FRA91471", "FRA91473", "FRA91477", "FRA91479", "FRA91482", "FRA91494", "FRA91495", "FRA91507", "FRA91508", "FRA91511", "FRA91514", "FRA91519", "FRA91521", "FRA91525", "FRA91526", "FRA91533", "FRA91534", "FRA91538", "FRA91540", "FRA91544", "FRA91546", "FRA91547", "FRA91549", "FRA91552", "FRA91553", "FRA91556", "FRA91560", "FRA91568", "FRA91570", "FRA91573", "FRA91577", "FRA91578", "FRA91579", "FRA91581", "FRA91587", "FRA91589", "FRA91593", "FRA91599", "FRA91600", "FRA91602", "FRA91613", "FRA91617", "FRA91619", "FRA91629", "FRA91630", "FRA91631", "FRA91634", "FRA91635", "FRA91639", "FRA91645", "FRA91648", "FRA91649", "FRA91654", "FRA91657", "FRA91659", "FRA91661", "FRA91662", "FRA91665", "FRA91666", "FRA91667", "FRA91671", "FRA91679", "FRA91685", "FRA91687", "FRA91689", "FRA91691", "FRA91692", "FRA92002", "FRA92004", "FRA92007", "FRA92009", "FRA92012", "FRA92014", "FRA92019", "FRA92020", "FRA92022", "FRA92023", "FRA92024", "FRA92025", "FRA92026", "FRA92032", "FRA92033", "FRA92035", "FRA92036", "FRA92040", "FRA92044", "FRA92046", "FRA92047", "FRA92048", "FRA92049", "FRA92050", "FRA92051", 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Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "2b56f7ba2ae54eb741937253f1d1688c24ce3c09b018526b44a80bde8151da46", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 2702, "eFUA_name": "Paris", "Cntry_ISO": "FRA", "Cntry_name": "France", "UC_IDs": "2046;2071", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "6be76049f842032db55162935c4910cb94a842e3f39c6f7e5abd53dd06c46bcf", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:paris", "city_slug": "paris", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2702", "source_name": "Paris", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "paris", "estimated_area_id": 2702, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "FR001F", "oecd_name": "Paris", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 6778, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 19024.3842967693, "intersection_km2": 6726.135346472385, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.992348088886454, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.3535533787348172, "intersection_over_union": 0.3525921350679215, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 2.3522, "latitude": 48.8566, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "FRA", "source_country_iso3": "FRA", "source_country_name": "France" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2702", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=2702; fid=3160", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 3160, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "6be76049f842032db55162935c4910cb94a842e3f39c6f7e5abd53dd06c46bcf", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "1bb645c2a6ac25b40298ea9119834b9f7e3821a85ca4a955c6358ab0f86e8c1b", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 2702, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "6be76049f842032db55162935c4910cb94a842e3f39c6f7e5abd53dd06c46bcf", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "c619be308a7f8b5d164d255f32243ff5e00efcc4bd562b84e1be8969e285bc21" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Paris (2702)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:paris", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. 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Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 6778, "population_grid_valid_cells": 6778, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 794, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 11249024.858068911, "weather_covered_population": 11249024.858068911, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 34107831.83914408, "native_weather_points": 27, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.943813591963507, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 10616982.5573808 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.0572129939999733, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11892615.249779157 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.0310435062879892, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11598234.03198412 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 11249024.858068911, "strict_value": 3.0320700922514696, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 34107831.83914408, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.943813591963507, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 10616982.5573808, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.0572129939999733, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11892615.249779157, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.0310435062879892, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11598234.03198412, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2702.npz", "sha256": "b72fa7f180bae263fdef756c62de0fbaee029fcfc2877ab912096c42920ad80d" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "perth", "name": "Perth", "country": { "id": "country:AUS", "name": "Australia", "iso_2": "AU", "iso_3": "AUS", "continent": "Oceania" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/perth", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/perth.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "perth", "id": "498", "name": "Perth", "constituentNames": [ "Perth", "Joondalup" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Australia", "UN_WPP": "Australia" }, "population2025": 1357381.728, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 784, "densityPerKm2": 1731.354244897959, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": -31.9289647, "longitude": 115.8504259, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": -31.9505, "longitude": 115.8605, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M218.38,21.54L214.85,21.54L214.85,28.62L207.77,32.15L207.77,46.31L204.23,46.31L204.23,56.92L211.31,60.46L211.31,64.0L207.77,64.0L207.77,74.62L211.31,74.62L211.31,81.69L214.85,81.69L214.85,85.23L229.0,85.23L229.0,92.31L218.38,92.31L218.38,95.85L214.85,95.85L214.85,110.0L200.69,117.08L200.69,127.69L197.15,127.69L197.15,148.92L190.08,152.46L193.62,166.62L186.54,170.15L186.54,177.23L183.0,177.23L179.46,184.31L161.77,184.31L158.23,191.38L154.69,191.38L154.69,187.85L147.62,187.85L147.62,180.77L144.08,180.77L144.08,177.23L137.0,177.23L137.0,180.77L133.46,180.77L133.46,177.23L122.85,177.23L122.85,180.77L119.31,180.77L119.31,187.85L115.77,187.85L115.77,194.92L112.23,194.92L112.23,202.0L98.08,202.0L98.08,198.46L91.0,194.92L91.0,191.38L94.54,191.38L94.54,184.31L98.08,184.31L98.08,177.23L101.62,177.23L101.62,173.69L98.08,173.69L98.08,163.08L105.15,163.08L105.15,159.54L108.69,159.54L108.69,156.0L112.23,156.0L112.23,152.46L119.31,148.92L119.31,141.85L122.85,141.85L126.38,134.77L137.0,134.77L137.0,131.23L144.08,131.23L144.08,127.69L147.62,127.69L147.62,113.54L144.08,113.54L144.08,102.92L151.15,99.38L151.15,88.77L158.23,85.23L158.23,71.08L161.77,71.08L161.77,60.46L165.31,60.46L165.31,56.92L168.85,56.92L168.85,49.85L175.92,46.31L175.92,32.15L183.0,32.15L183.0,28.62L197.15,32.15L197.15,28.62L200.69,28.62L200.69,25.08L207.77,25.08L211.31,18.0L218.38,18.0L218.38,21.54ZM154.69,138.31L151.15,138.31L147.62,145.38L154.69,145.38L154.69,138.31ZM140.54,148.92L133.46,148.92L133.46,152.46L140.54,152.46L140.54,148.92Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 168.86, "y": 125.23 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 171.04, "y": 116.37 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "perth", "metric": "life-expectancy", "value": 84.3, "unit": "years", "period_start": "2022-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:perth", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "source_frame_sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "source_record_ref": "Table 1!AC105; original Persons header AC8; period header AA6=2022–2024; geography A105=5GPER, B105=Greater Perth", "universe": "Both sexes combined, as the original ABS Persons category, for published three-year period life expectancy at birth within the exact reviewed official GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age treatment and overseas-resident death allocation are not separately documented and remain explicit limitations of the published-value path.", "denominator": null, "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_label": "Published Persons period life expectancy at birth, 2022–2024", "geography": "Greater Perth · GCCSA2021", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:5GPER", "boundary_label": "Greater Perth · GCCSA2021", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the exact original numeric ABS Persons life-expectancy-at-birth cell with its original one-decimal published precision. No arithmetic mean of male/female or subarea life expectancies; no reconstruction of an unpublished mortality denominator, radix, CI or standard error.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported." }, "scope_notice": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "Life expectancy, 2022–2024 · Table 2, original Persons e0", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "ASGS Edition 3 · GCCSA2021 native GDA2020 boundaries", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy", "sex": "Persons", "age_basis": "at-birth", "source_value_literal": "84.3", "display_precision_decimals": 1, "pooled_years": 3, "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "workbook": { "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "sheet": "Table 1", "persons_cell": "AC105", "geography_code_cell": "A105", "geography_name_cell": "B105", "sex_header": "AC8", "period_header": "AA6" }, "geography": { "source_code": "5GPER", "source_name": "Greater Perth", "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_shape_content_sha256": "a947058575f82e64d8987fa1e1c0c71de14b0e0741815effeaae2f75415f8bfd", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "d4b1c4303b4ae9be0fad06caef44fbf622bb2713f5f409faeb0a44f570823b86", "native_record_number": 17 }, "coordinate_adapter": { "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "input_wgs84": [ 115.8605, -31.9505 ], "output_gda2020": [ 115.86051070536215, -31.950486607635455 ], "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "required_clearance_metres": 100, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 797.6800462154811 }, "method_qualification": { "gccsa_algorithm": null, "terminal_age": null, "overseas_death_rule": null, "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.", "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.", "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed." } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented", "label": "Published method detail limited", "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance." } ], "licence": { "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-perth", "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-perth", "observation_sha256": "e7c37392f881fb9665a3987b13d67ce424d82201405d2bd4670a0fe23eb93e5d", "evidence_review_sha256": "090100bb9dd30bdebe518059f71d3cd26fc9df2eead1e269de8ec469ed34295c", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "772a09f7478e63c8cfde7faf1caf81804950d1f0c32b80378a356c567c64d7cb", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:perth", "geography_sha256": "53bf2be54959e8d5686e314e49c79abf68d85fdbd34e699237df2b8317d19ec3", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "eed29f124852fbd955dd801ee7778e492d23cc74ae7a963fb8ee21c6c477be9f", "source_frame": { "id": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:12:17.472201+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:perth", "city_slug": "perth", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-functional-capital-city-region", "authority": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_geography_id": "5GPER", "source_name": "Greater Perth", "boundary_vintage": "2021", "geography_edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "version": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "crosswalk_method": "Original published GCCSA code/name joined to exact native GCCSA2021 DBF/SHP record. Canonical WGS84 destination point uses the archived named non-ballpark EPSG:4326 to EPSG:7844 adapter; original 3 m operation accuracy, unknown coordinate epoch and conservative 100 m native boundary-clearance guard are preserved.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "perth", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "input_wgs84": [ 115.8605, -31.9505 ], "output_gda2020": [ 115.86051070536215, -31.950486607635455 ], "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "allow_ballpark": false, "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "epoch_notice": "The city reference points do not supply a coordinate epoch or WGS84 realization. This is a documented destination-binding adapter with a conservative boundary-clearance guard, not a survey transformation or a relabelling of the native geometry.", "native_point_inside": true, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 797.6800462154811, "required_clearance_metres": 100 }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.life2022-2024.gccsa-source-review-v1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:5GPER", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GCCSA_2021_AUST_GDA2020.shp record 17; DBF GCC_CODE21=5GPER", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Greater Perth · GCCSA2021", "review_scope": "Life-expectancy published-value protocol only. Does not extend or replace PM/heat geography permissions.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "native_record_number": 17, "native_shape_content_sha256": "a947058575f82e64d8987fa1e1c0c71de14b0e0741815effeaae2f75415f8bfd", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "d4b1c4303b4ae9be0fad06caef44fbf622bb2713f5f409faeb0a44f570823b86", "native_member_proofs": { "dbf": { "sha256": "7b2aa6cf304e6907353f8418b502e993939522692c1849b2551afc08441a960b", "bytes": 16349 }, "shp": { "sha256": "53f4e0e9295414eb65a6b9c92988b23eab0d411247349eea61f33c1ed9a0c810", "bytes": 30778808 }, "shx": { "sha256": "78b8457acf9598656910f8a3735ab6b08a2936668395de145a6454eeb5e44777", "bytes": 380 }, "prj": { "sha256": "394fe7500c52df3a75d6832b9c61aae1b4391b34dbc71293674dd2219912321f", "bytes": 160 }, "xml": { "sha256": "c9a7b21d4c968a0d5d46b8807d397ea0886ab6d675bed35463c56b4524be1685", "bytes": 26094 } }, "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "interpretation": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:perth", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" } ] } }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "perth", "metric": "pm25", "value": 6.179239933712975, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:perth", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-360", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-360.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "76c337f5f96c63984f7230c9e0547a143168c963e8f82fc0a6e321c469c65d24", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-360.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 360", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 1772272.0295397, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Perth (360)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:360", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Perth (360)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2972, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2972, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 401, "total_known_modelled_population": 1772272.0295397, "pm_covered_population": 1772272.0295397, "weighted_concentration_sum": 10951294.098334255, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 6.182321265809422, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 6.1981710538372665, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Perth (source ID 360). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-perth", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-360.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-perth", "observation_sha256": "e0f694f22e21063239f9fa7da788e95511fade1eb9d31d3a6173a6d8f33345bb", "evidence_review_sha256": "fc581867f5fc58676fb26b90bd20c3b31d274be429ac8694eee323619aa12115", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:perth", "geography_sha256": "76f108dd95416cf42c4eb830e55997997c7f526399b564b9a8ef8e34925f2401", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-360", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "acb3ec1487acf11326e736345bdc8151010cada65a36d503f531ba11ec841fbc", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-360", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-360.npz", "sha256": "76c337f5f96c63984f7230c9e0547a143168c963e8f82fc0a6e321c469c65d24", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:perth", "city_slug": "perth", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "360", "source_name": "Perth", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "perth", "estimated_area_id": 360, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "AUS04F", "oecd_name": "Greater Perth", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2972, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 6436.6918694031965, "intersection_km2": 2837.413928495111, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9547153191437117, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.44081866680347914, "intersection_over_union": 0.43179027793534613, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 115.8605, "latitude": -31.9505, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_name": "Australia" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:360", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=360; fid=235", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 235, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "4445ed62ce4b1f52c54d132e6d0a37065bf4ceaa5604236f472c523169f23c54", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "afc8fc61c81391d040f94a88e9e46af4333e81b5ec4e2b56d4cb9f23ed248ed4", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 360, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "4445ed62ce4b1f52c54d132e6d0a37065bf4ceaa5604236f472c523169f23c54", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "fa74afe1bac47af169b03eba650329abc55f483fd07ea99e6ec7fe0b55b05651" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Perth (360)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:perth", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "perth", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 20.250444352229373, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:perth", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-360", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-360.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "cf8cc0af01b2c1817c931fb9a264a6da275832442a00b3d1bf4da4bb6fc5e282", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-360.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 360", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 1772272.0295397001, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Perth (360)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:360", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Perth (360)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2972, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2972, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 401, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1772272.0295397001, "weather_covered_population": 1772272.0295397001, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 35889296.11120631, "native_weather_points": 11, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Perth (source ID 360). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 9.294394511117043, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 16472195.42356005 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 2.9638756797936385, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5252793.9663312305 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 4.999150392914377, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 8859854.412824553 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.9930237684043126, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5304452.308490473 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1772272.0295397001, "strict_value": 20.250444352229373, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 35889296.11120631, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 9.294394511117043, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 16472195.42356005, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 2.9638756797936385, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5252793.9663312305, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 4.999150392914377, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 8859854.412824553, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.9930237684043126, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5304452.308490473, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-perth", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-360.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-perth", "observation_sha256": "96291fd76ede3c20e6e61845fa6b62c0f253c674b96d97f0df7c0bb6b63962df", "evidence_review_sha256": "465a97d42fea61e9ca9343c1e822b0166f1bf2b7edf3b325eaf3e5f980474b31", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:perth", "geography_sha256": "3ae06a393f34ea8f1675c50ffb622f0e21fb8a85e2fb415b2852f32c39d05084", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-360", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "a1824da19da008418a38cf1f5906780172ebd9eb0fe1392f99d3942a8d5c9249", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-360", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-360.npz", "sha256": "cf8cc0af01b2c1817c931fb9a264a6da275832442a00b3d1bf4da4bb6fc5e282", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:perth", "city_slug": "perth", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "360", "source_name": "Perth", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "perth", "estimated_area_id": 360, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "AUS04F", "oecd_name": "Greater Perth", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2972, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 6436.6918694031965, "intersection_km2": 2837.413928495111, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9547153191437117, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.44081866680347914, "intersection_over_union": 0.43179027793534613, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 115.8605, "latitude": -31.9505, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_name": "Australia" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:360", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=360; fid=235", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 235, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "4445ed62ce4b1f52c54d132e6d0a37065bf4ceaa5604236f472c523169f23c54", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "afc8fc61c81391d040f94a88e9e46af4333e81b5ec4e2b56d4cb9f23ed248ed4", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 360, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "4445ed62ce4b1f52c54d132e6d0a37065bf4ceaa5604236f472c523169f23c54", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "fa74afe1bac47af169b03eba650329abc55f483fd07ea99e6ec7fe0b55b05651" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Perth (360)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:perth", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:perth", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:perth", "city_slug": "perth", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-functional-capital-city-region", "authority": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_geography_id": "5GPER", "source_name": "Greater Perth", "boundary_vintage": "2021", "geography_edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "version": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "crosswalk_method": "Original published GCCSA code/name joined to exact native GCCSA2021 DBF/SHP record. Canonical WGS84 destination point uses the archived named non-ballpark EPSG:4326 to EPSG:7844 adapter; original 3 m operation accuracy, unknown coordinate epoch and conservative 100 m native boundary-clearance guard are preserved.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "perth", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "input_wgs84": [ 115.8605, -31.9505 ], "output_gda2020": [ 115.86051070536215, -31.950486607635455 ], "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "allow_ballpark": false, "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "epoch_notice": "The city reference points do not supply a coordinate epoch or WGS84 realization. This is a documented destination-binding adapter with a conservative boundary-clearance guard, not a survey transformation or a relabelling of the native geometry.", "native_point_inside": true, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 797.6800462154811, "required_clearance_metres": 100 }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.life2022-2024.gccsa-source-review-v1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:5GPER", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GCCSA_2021_AUST_GDA2020.shp record 17; DBF GCC_CODE21=5GPER", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Greater Perth · GCCSA2021", "review_scope": "Life-expectancy published-value protocol only. Does not extend or replace PM/heat geography permissions.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "native_record_number": 17, "native_shape_content_sha256": "a947058575f82e64d8987fa1e1c0c71de14b0e0741815effeaae2f75415f8bfd", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "d4b1c4303b4ae9be0fad06caef44fbf622bb2713f5f409faeb0a44f570823b86", "native_member_proofs": { "dbf": { "sha256": "7b2aa6cf304e6907353f8418b502e993939522692c1849b2551afc08441a960b", "bytes": 16349 }, "shp": { "sha256": "53f4e0e9295414eb65a6b9c92988b23eab0d411247349eea61f33c1ed9a0c810", "bytes": 30778808 }, "shx": { "sha256": "78b8457acf9598656910f8a3735ab6b08a2936668395de145a6454eeb5e44777", "bytes": 380 }, "prj": { "sha256": "394fe7500c52df3a75d6832b9c61aae1b4391b34dbc71293674dd2219912321f", "bytes": 160 }, "xml": { "sha256": "c9a7b21d4c968a0d5d46b8807d397ea0886ab6d675bed35463c56b4524be1685", "bytes": 26094 } }, "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "interpretation": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:perth", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "perth", "name": "Perth", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-f52ed717167821759da1f46e1c618a7d701db829af25b0044544f5c55f9a7796", "selected_evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-perth", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-f52ed717167821759da1f46e1c618a7d701db829af25b0044544f5c55f9a7796", "identity": { "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-perth", "observation_sha256": "e7c37392f881fb9665a3987b13d67ce424d82201405d2bd4670a0fe23eb93e5d", "evidence_review_sha256": "090100bb9dd30bdebe518059f71d3cd26fc9df2eead1e269de8ec469ed34295c", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "772a09f7478e63c8cfde7faf1caf81804950d1f0c32b80378a356c567c64d7cb", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:perth", "geography_sha256": "53bf2be54959e8d5686e314e49c79abf68d85fdbd34e699237df2b8317d19ec3", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "eed29f124852fbd955dd801ee7778e492d23cc74ae7a963fb8ee21c6c477be9f", "source_frame": { "id": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:12:17.472201+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "perth", "metric": "life-expectancy", "value": 84.3, "unit": "years", "period_start": "2022-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:perth", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "source_frame_sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "source_record_ref": "Table 1!AC105; original Persons header AC8; period header AA6=2022–2024; geography A105=5GPER, B105=Greater Perth", "universe": "Both sexes combined, as the original ABS Persons category, for published three-year period life expectancy at birth within the exact reviewed official GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age treatment and overseas-resident death allocation are not separately documented and remain explicit limitations of the published-value path.", "denominator": null, "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_label": "Published Persons period life expectancy at birth, 2022–2024", "geography": "Greater Perth · GCCSA2021", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:5GPER", "boundary_label": "Greater Perth · GCCSA2021", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the exact original numeric ABS Persons life-expectancy-at-birth cell with its original one-decimal published precision. No arithmetic mean of male/female or subarea life expectancies; no reconstruction of an unpublished mortality denominator, radix, CI or standard error.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported." }, "scope_notice": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "Life expectancy, 2022–2024 · Table 2, original Persons e0", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "ASGS Edition 3 · GCCSA2021 native GDA2020 boundaries", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy", "sex": "Persons", "age_basis": "at-birth", "source_value_literal": "84.3", "display_precision_decimals": 1, "pooled_years": 3, "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "workbook": { "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "sheet": "Table 1", "persons_cell": "AC105", "geography_code_cell": "A105", "geography_name_cell": "B105", "sex_header": "AC8", "period_header": "AA6" }, "geography": { "source_code": "5GPER", "source_name": "Greater Perth", "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_shape_content_sha256": "a947058575f82e64d8987fa1e1c0c71de14b0e0741815effeaae2f75415f8bfd", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "d4b1c4303b4ae9be0fad06caef44fbf622bb2713f5f409faeb0a44f570823b86", "native_record_number": 17 }, "coordinate_adapter": { "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "input_wgs84": [ 115.8605, -31.9505 ], "output_gda2020": [ 115.86051070536215, -31.950486607635455 ], "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "required_clearance_metres": 100, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 797.6800462154811 }, "method_qualification": { "gccsa_algorithm": null, "terminal_age": null, "overseas_death_rule": null, "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.", "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.", "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed." } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented", "label": "Published method detail limited", "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance." } ], "licence": { "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-perth", "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 1095, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-270a6ab345ddcbab477ac1e8b89fc84ea58c668ed44ab2aeb201f8cc3134c9f0", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-perth", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-270a6ab345ddcbab477ac1e8b89fc84ea58c668ed44ab2aeb201f8cc3134c9f0", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-perth", "observation_sha256": "e0f694f22e21063239f9fa7da788e95511fade1eb9d31d3a6173a6d8f33345bb", "evidence_review_sha256": "fc581867f5fc58676fb26b90bd20c3b31d274be429ac8694eee323619aa12115", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:perth", "geography_sha256": "76f108dd95416cf42c4eb830e55997997c7f526399b564b9a8ef8e34925f2401", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-360", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "acb3ec1487acf11326e736345bdc8151010cada65a36d503f531ba11ec841fbc", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-360", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-360.npz", "sha256": "76c337f5f96c63984f7230c9e0547a143168c963e8f82fc0a6e321c469c65d24", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "perth", "metric": "pm25", "value": 6.179239933712975, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:perth", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-360", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-360.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "76c337f5f96c63984f7230c9e0547a143168c963e8f82fc0a6e321c469c65d24", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-360.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 360", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 1772272.0295397, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Perth (360)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:360", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Perth (360)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2972, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2972, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 401, "total_known_modelled_population": 1772272.0295397, "pm_covered_population": 1772272.0295397, "weighted_concentration_sum": 10951294.098334255, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 6.182321265809422, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 6.1981710538372665, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Perth (source ID 360). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-perth", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-360.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-d7525b217411f86b5f5d7099bb3f343dfedd24387f4a52506a457b6a6ea720ea", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-perth", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-d7525b217411f86b5f5d7099bb3f343dfedd24387f4a52506a457b6a6ea720ea", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-perth", "observation_sha256": "96291fd76ede3c20e6e61845fa6b62c0f253c674b96d97f0df7c0bb6b63962df", "evidence_review_sha256": "465a97d42fea61e9ca9343c1e822b0166f1bf2b7edf3b325eaf3e5f980474b31", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:perth", "geography_sha256": "3ae06a393f34ea8f1675c50ffb622f0e21fb8a85e2fb415b2852f32c39d05084", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-360", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "a1824da19da008418a38cf1f5906780172ebd9eb0fe1392f99d3942a8d5c9249", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-360", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-360.npz", "sha256": "cf8cc0af01b2c1817c931fb9a264a6da275832442a00b3d1bf4da4bb6fc5e282", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "perth", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 20.250444352229373, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:perth", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-360", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-360.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "cf8cc0af01b2c1817c931fb9a264a6da275832442a00b3d1bf4da4bb6fc5e282", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-360.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 360", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 1772272.0295397001, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Perth (360)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:360", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Perth (360)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2972, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2972, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 401, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1772272.0295397001, "weather_covered_population": 1772272.0295397001, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 35889296.11120631, "native_weather_points": 11, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Perth (source ID 360). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 9.294394511117043, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 16472195.42356005 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 2.9638756797936385, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5252793.9663312305 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 4.999150392914377, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 8859854.412824553 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.9930237684043126, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5304452.308490473 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1772272.0295397001, "strict_value": 20.250444352229373, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 35889296.11120631, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 9.294394511117043, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 16472195.42356005, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 2.9638756797936385, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5252793.9663312305, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 4.999150392914377, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 8859854.412824553, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.9930237684043126, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5304452.308490473, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-perth", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-360.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "perth", "city_name": "Perth", "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 115.8605, "latitude": -31.9505, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "AUS04F", "country_iso3": "AUS", "source_name": "Greater Perth", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 185, "member_ids": [ "AUS502011021", "AUS502011022", "AUS502011023", "AUS502011024", "AUS502011025", "AUS502011026", "AUS502011027", "AUS502011028", "AUS502011029", "AUS503011030", "AUS503011031", "AUS503011032", "AUS503011033", "AUS503011034", "AUS503011035", "AUS503011036", "AUS503021037", "AUS503021038", "AUS503021039", "AUS503021040", "AUS503021042", "AUS503021043", "AUS503021295", "AUS503021296", "AUS503021297", "AUS504011044", "AUS504011045", "AUS504011046", "AUS504011047", "AUS504011048", "AUS504021049", "AUS504021050", "AUS504021051", "AUS504021052", "AUS504021053", "AUS504021054", "AUS504031055", "AUS504031056", "AUS504031057", "AUS504031058", "AUS504031060", "AUS504031061", "AUS504031062", "AUS504031063", "AUS504031064", "AUS504031065", "AUS504031066", "AUS504031067", "AUS504031068", "AUS504031069", "AUS504031298", "AUS504031299", "AUS504031300", "AUS505011070", "AUS505011071", "AUS505011072", "AUS505011073", "AUS505011074", "AUS505011075", "AUS505011076", "AUS505011077", "AUS505011078", "AUS505011079", "AUS505011080", "AUS505011081", "AUS505011082", "AUS505011083", "AUS505021084", "AUS505021085", "AUS505021087", "AUS505021088", "AUS505021089", "AUS505021090", "AUS505021091", "AUS505021092", "AUS505021093", "AUS505021094", "AUS505021095", "AUS505021096", "AUS505021097", "AUS505021301", "AUS505021302", "AUS505031098", "AUS505031099", "AUS505031100", "AUS505031101", "AUS505031102", "AUS505031104", "AUS505031105", "AUS505031106", "AUS505031107", "AUS505031255", "AUS505031256", "AUS505031257", "AUS505031258", "AUS505031303", "AUS505031304", "AUS505031305", "AUS505031306", "AUS506011110", "AUS506011111", "AUS506011112", "AUS506011114", "AUS506011115", "AUS506011116", "AUS506011117", "AUS506011307", "AUS506011308", "AUS506021118", "AUS506021119", "AUS506021120", "AUS506021121", "AUS506021123", "AUS506021309", "AUS506021310", "AUS506021311", "AUS506031124", "AUS506031125", "AUS506031126", "AUS506031127", "AUS506031128", "AUS506031129", "AUS506031130", "AUS506031131", "AUS506041132", "AUS506041133", "AUS506041134", "AUS506041135", "AUS506041136", "AUS506041137", "AUS506051138", "AUS506051139", "AUS506051140", "AUS506051141", "AUS506061142", "AUS506061143", "AUS506061144", "AUS506071145", "AUS506071146", "AUS506071147", "AUS507011148", "AUS507011150", "AUS507011151", "AUS507011152", "AUS507011153", "AUS507011154", "AUS507011155", "AUS507011158", "AUS507011159", "AUS507011160", "AUS507011161", "AUS507011163", "AUS507011259", "AUS507011260", "AUS507021164", "AUS507021165", "AUS507021166", "AUS507021167", "AUS507031169", "AUS507031170", "AUS507031172", "AUS507031173", "AUS507031174", "AUS507031261", "AUS507041175", "AUS507041176", "AUS507041177", "AUS507041178", "AUS507041179", "AUS507041180", "AUS507041181", "AUS507041182", "AUS507041183", "AUS507041184", "AUS507051186", "AUS507051187", "AUS507051188", "AUS507051189", "AUS507051190", "AUS507051191", "AUS507051192", "AUS507051193", "AUS507051312", "AUS507051313", "AUS507051314" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Statistical Area 2 (SA2)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Statistical Area 2 (SA2)": 185 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "3744ab6343fa27df8d5caa546a615af3e5d76c8c9cb64411ebc489ec12ceff67", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 360, "eFUA_name": "Perth", "Cntry_ISO": "AUS", "Cntry_name": "Australia", "UC_IDs": "11640", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "4445ed62ce4b1f52c54d132e6d0a37065bf4ceaa5604236f472c523169f23c54", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:perth", "city_slug": "perth", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "360", "source_name": "Perth", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "perth", "estimated_area_id": 360, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "AUS04F", "oecd_name": "Greater Perth", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2972, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 6436.6918694031965, "intersection_km2": 2837.413928495111, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9547153191437117, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.44081866680347914, "intersection_over_union": 0.43179027793534613, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 115.8605, "latitude": -31.9505, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_name": "Australia" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:360", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=360; fid=235", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 235, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "4445ed62ce4b1f52c54d132e6d0a37065bf4ceaa5604236f472c523169f23c54", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "afc8fc61c81391d040f94a88e9e46af4333e81b5ec4e2b56d4cb9f23ed248ed4", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 360, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "4445ed62ce4b1f52c54d132e6d0a37065bf4ceaa5604236f472c523169f23c54", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "fa74afe1bac47af169b03eba650329abc55f483fd07ea99e6ec7fe0b55b05651" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Perth (360)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:perth", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:perth", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:perth", "city_slug": "perth", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-functional-capital-city-region", "authority": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_geography_id": "5GPER", "source_name": "Greater Perth", "boundary_vintage": "2021", "geography_edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "version": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "crosswalk_method": "Original published GCCSA code/name joined to exact native GCCSA2021 DBF/SHP record. Canonical WGS84 destination point uses the archived named non-ballpark EPSG:4326 to EPSG:7844 adapter; original 3 m operation accuracy, unknown coordinate epoch and conservative 100 m native boundary-clearance guard are preserved.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "perth", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "input_wgs84": [ 115.8605, -31.9505 ], "output_gda2020": [ 115.86051070536215, -31.950486607635455 ], "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "allow_ballpark": false, "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "epoch_notice": "The city reference points do not supply a coordinate epoch or WGS84 realization. This is a documented destination-binding adapter with a conservative boundary-clearance guard, not a survey transformation or a relabelling of the native geometry.", "native_point_inside": true, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 797.6800462154811, "required_clearance_metres": 100 }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.life2022-2024.gccsa-source-review-v1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:5GPER", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GCCSA_2021_AUST_GDA2020.shp record 17; DBF GCC_CODE21=5GPER", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Greater Perth · GCCSA2021", "review_scope": "Life-expectancy published-value protocol only. Does not extend or replace PM/heat geography permissions.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "native_record_number": 17, "native_shape_content_sha256": "a947058575f82e64d8987fa1e1c0c71de14b0e0741815effeaae2f75415f8bfd", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "d4b1c4303b4ae9be0fad06caef44fbf622bb2713f5f409faeb0a44f570823b86", "native_member_proofs": { "dbf": { "sha256": "7b2aa6cf304e6907353f8418b502e993939522692c1849b2551afc08441a960b", "bytes": 16349 }, "shp": { "sha256": "53f4e0e9295414eb65a6b9c92988b23eab0d411247349eea61f33c1ed9a0c810", "bytes": 30778808 }, "shx": { "sha256": "78b8457acf9598656910f8a3735ab6b08a2936668395de145a6454eeb5e44777", "bytes": 380 }, "prj": { "sha256": "394fe7500c52df3a75d6832b9c61aae1b4391b34dbc71293674dd2219912321f", "bytes": 160 }, "xml": { "sha256": "c9a7b21d4c968a0d5d46b8807d397ea0886ab6d675bed35463c56b4524be1685", "bytes": 26094 } }, "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "interpretation": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:perth", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "perth", "city_name": "Perth", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:360", "source_area_id": "360", "source_area_name": "Perth", "value": 20.250444352229373, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:perth", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-perth", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Perth (source ID 360). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2972, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2972, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 401, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1772272.0295397001, "weather_covered_population": 1772272.0295397001, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 35889296.11120631, "native_weather_points": 11, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 9.294394511117043, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 16472195.42356005 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 2.9638756797936385, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5252793.9663312305 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 4.999150392914377, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 8859854.412824553 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.9930237684043126, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5304452.308490473 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1772272.0295397001, "strict_value": 20.250444352229373, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 35889296.11120631, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 9.294394511117043, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 16472195.42356005, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 2.9638756797936385, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5252793.9663312305, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 4.999150392914377, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 8859854.412824553, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.9930237684043126, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5304452.308490473, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-360.npz", "sha256": "cf8cc0af01b2c1817c931fb9a264a6da275832442a00b3d1bf4da4bb6fc5e282" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": { "city_slug": "perth", "value": 84.3, "unit": "years", "period_start": "2022-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:perth", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_record_ref": "Table 1!AC105; original Persons header AC8; period header AA6=2022–2024; geography A105=5GPER, B105=Greater Perth", "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_label": "Published Persons period life expectancy at birth, 2022–2024", "geography": "Greater Perth · GCCSA2021", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:5GPER", "boundary_label": "Greater Perth · GCCSA2021", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the exact original numeric ABS Persons life-expectancy-at-birth cell with its original one-decimal published precision. No arithmetic mean of male/female or subarea life expectancies; no reconstruction of an unpublished mortality denominator, radix, CI or standard error.", "scope_notice": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "derivation": { "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy", "sex": "Persons", "age_basis": "at-birth", "source_value_literal": "84.3", "display_precision_decimals": 1, "pooled_years": 3, "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "workbook": { "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "sheet": "Table 1", "persons_cell": "AC105", "geography_code_cell": "A105", "geography_name_cell": "B105", "sex_header": "AC8", "period_header": "AA6" }, "geography": { "source_code": "5GPER", "source_name": "Greater Perth", "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_shape_content_sha256": "a947058575f82e64d8987fa1e1c0c71de14b0e0741815effeaae2f75415f8bfd", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "d4b1c4303b4ae9be0fad06caef44fbf622bb2713f5f409faeb0a44f570823b86", "native_record_number": 17 }, "coordinate_adapter": { "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "input_wgs84": [ 115.8605, -31.9505 ], "output_gda2020": [ 115.86051070536215, -31.950486607635455 ], "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "required_clearance_metres": 100, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 797.6800462154811 }, "method_qualification": { "gccsa_algorithm": null, "terminal_age": null, "overseas_death_rule": null, "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.", "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.", "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed." } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented", "label": "Published method detail limited", "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance." } ], "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported." }, "licence": { "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "Life expectancy, 2022–2024 · Table 2, original Persons e0", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "ASGS Edition 3 · GCCSA2021 native GDA2020 boundaries", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-perth", "city_name": "Perth", "source_area_id": "5GPER", "source_area_name": "Greater Perth", "review_status": "accepted", "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "licence_source_refs": [ "source-54895d592300bdd2" ], "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" ], "notice": "Historical ABS Persons life expectancy at birth for the pooled 2022–2024 period, published to one decimal. It is not a forecast or a three-year average of sex/subarea estimates. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal age and overseas-resident death treatment remain explicitly undocumented; confidence intervals and standard errors are not supplied. Native GCCSA2021 geometry and the documented destination-point coordinate adapter are separate from PM/heat areas. Research-input review does not establish current engine admission, cross-country comparability or an official quarterly result." }, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "prague", "name": "Prague", "country": { "id": "country:CZE", "name": "Czechia", "iso_2": "CZ", "iso_3": "CZE", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/prague", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/prague.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 1, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "prague", "id": "560", "name": "Prague", "constituentNames": [ "Prague" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Czechia", "UN_WPP": "Czechia" }, "population2025": 1201277.711, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 263, "densityPerKm2": 4567.595859315589, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 50.0729155, "longitude": 14.4465493, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 50.0755, "longitude": 14.4378, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M226.44,28.22L216.22,28.22L216.22,48.67L226.44,48.67L226.44,58.89L246.89,58.89L246.89,48.67L257.11,48.67L257.11,69.11L267.33,69.11L257.11,130.44L267.33,130.44L267.33,140.67L287.78,140.67L287.78,150.89L246.89,150.89L236.67,171.33L206.0,171.33L206.0,181.56L195.78,181.56L195.78,202.0L185.56,202.0L185.56,191.78L154.89,191.78L154.89,202.0L144.67,202.0L134.44,181.56L114.0,181.56L114.0,171.33L93.56,171.33L83.33,150.89L62.89,150.89L52.67,130.44L32.22,130.44L32.22,120.22L52.67,110.0L52.67,89.56L73.11,89.56L73.11,79.33L93.56,69.11L93.56,28.22L103.78,28.22L103.78,38.44L134.44,38.44L134.44,28.22L175.33,38.44L175.33,28.22L195.78,28.22L195.78,18.0L226.44,18.0L226.44,28.22Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 155.89, "y": 106.16 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 163.07, "y": 108.92 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.06666666666666667, "accepted_metrics": 2, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0, "infrastructure": 0, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "unit": "PPP international $ / person / year", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 40000 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "pillar": "means", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "price-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median home price / household income", "unit": "ratio", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 3, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "prague", "metric": "pm25", "value": 12.825750226807447, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:prague", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-535", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-535.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "0b32c56a2ba883461ab11238ff1a92b306280a37e721546f2fb219587270b91c", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-535.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 535", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 1977776.2386603754, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Prague (535)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:535", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Prague (535)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2897, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2897, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 268, "total_known_modelled_population": 1977776.2386603754, "pm_covered_population": 1977776.2386603754, "weighted_concentration_sum": 25366464.04157269, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 12.828233770525284, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 12.675873186720473, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Prague (source ID 535). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-prague", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-535.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-prague", "observation_sha256": "5d96122df13f615945627288a93ed3392d1628bf650b058b77d8c78087a1c860", "evidence_review_sha256": "bd3d621d36d07414dc868c8e2b08ba399b28a5eb0aac438deabb5e73d7105687", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:prague", "geography_sha256": "48d6672c3eb93194742f97f26fea86299d7fe0b304a013919b92c35403f105e6", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-535", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "43439606f79da4963ba90169841a19c6dc1c511ac619987f20ec3d3b523aa41e", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-535", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-535.npz", "sha256": "0b32c56a2ba883461ab11238ff1a92b306280a37e721546f2fb219587270b91c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:prague", "city_slug": "prague", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "535", "source_name": "Prague", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "prague", "estimated_area_id": 535, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CZ001F", "oecd_name": "Praha", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2897, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 5756.832698759158, "intersection_km2": 2842.6401714900653, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9812358203279479, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.4937854407516089, "intersection_over_union": 0.48916640743718953, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 14.4378, "latitude": 50.0755, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CZE", "source_country_iso3": "CZE", "source_country_name": "CzechRepublic" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:535", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=535; fid=2580", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 2580, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "c7ef9980cb3b32f951e59629e57b263d75835d89e65a3ba4e77868ab5d801847", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "23bb31d0b2e57c39211801d8942bb136c9a4a2475eab453aae177282d1181c46", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 535, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "c7ef9980cb3b32f951e59629e57b263d75835d89e65a3ba4e77868ab5d801847", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "69baa237ec2cce9c42c3ecb9f11ce19a3e371148905a20dedf7b64fb75ce19e6" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Prague (535)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:prague", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "prague", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0.41193369499446075, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:prague", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-535", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-535.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "939f58c5020b651dfe12e8e074e283f398644fcf807fe32e4163b69615d318f5", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-535.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 535", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 1977776.2386603754, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Prague (535)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:535", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Prague (535)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2897, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2897, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 268, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1977776.2386603754, "weather_covered_population": 1977776.2386603754, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 814712.6738636149, "native_weather_points": 13, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Prague (source ID 535). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.0017687037240356948, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3498.1001986279152 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.41016499127042505, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 811214.573664987 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1977776.2386603754, "strict_value": 0.41193369499446075, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 814712.6738636149, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.0017687037240356948, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3498.1001986279152, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.41016499127042505, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 811214.573664987, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-prague", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-535.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-prague", "observation_sha256": "4a1e78ca6a86abc5040afd41795f61d440fc0ce1a391a0c8407186a3b201cbb6", "evidence_review_sha256": "164f0a05f6950e38c1e4fb8d6375d07afe913769f64d7e15cc201decc859c2cc", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:prague", "geography_sha256": "40e79f4e403765fa442b3ec0e4e9ce4b4e5fd7d448101bd91db00989f6ff5ca4", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-535", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "079da800eea86bbba23df2a6b43b0bf3d1f96ae688926d168f9ebc1936ed7865", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-535", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-535.npz", "sha256": "939f58c5020b651dfe12e8e074e283f398644fcf807fe32e4163b69615d318f5", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:prague", "city_slug": "prague", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "535", "source_name": "Prague", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "prague", "estimated_area_id": 535, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CZ001F", "oecd_name": "Praha", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2897, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 5756.832698759158, "intersection_km2": 2842.6401714900653, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9812358203279479, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.4937854407516089, "intersection_over_union": 0.48916640743718953, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 14.4378, "latitude": 50.0755, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CZE", "source_country_iso3": "CZE", "source_country_name": "CzechRepublic" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:535", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=535; fid=2580", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 2580, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "c7ef9980cb3b32f951e59629e57b263d75835d89e65a3ba4e77868ab5d801847", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "23bb31d0b2e57c39211801d8942bb136c9a4a2475eab453aae177282d1181c46", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 535, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "c7ef9980cb3b32f951e59629e57b263d75835d89e65a3ba4e77868ab5d801847", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "69baa237ec2cce9c42c3ecb9f11ce19a3e371148905a20dedf7b64fb75ce19e6" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Prague (535)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:prague", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:prague", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "prague", "name": "Prague", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-fe80324d1236e7038e8dbe0aa428f0b82203f63a4c65e46d4f72c627cf1d183e", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-prague", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-fe80324d1236e7038e8dbe0aa428f0b82203f63a4c65e46d4f72c627cf1d183e", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-prague", "observation_sha256": "5d96122df13f615945627288a93ed3392d1628bf650b058b77d8c78087a1c860", "evidence_review_sha256": "bd3d621d36d07414dc868c8e2b08ba399b28a5eb0aac438deabb5e73d7105687", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:prague", "geography_sha256": "48d6672c3eb93194742f97f26fea86299d7fe0b304a013919b92c35403f105e6", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-535", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "43439606f79da4963ba90169841a19c6dc1c511ac619987f20ec3d3b523aa41e", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-535", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-535.npz", "sha256": "0b32c56a2ba883461ab11238ff1a92b306280a37e721546f2fb219587270b91c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "prague", "metric": "pm25", "value": 12.825750226807447, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:prague", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-535", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-535.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "0b32c56a2ba883461ab11238ff1a92b306280a37e721546f2fb219587270b91c", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-535.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 535", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 1977776.2386603754, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Prague (535)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:535", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Prague (535)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2897, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2897, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 268, "total_known_modelled_population": 1977776.2386603754, "pm_covered_population": 1977776.2386603754, "weighted_concentration_sum": 25366464.04157269, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 12.828233770525284, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 12.675873186720473, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Prague (source ID 535). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-prague", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-535.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-2ec8ad188bafba34fc8b2b4f803a3dfac4ea20c34ea9f1a05d7fb5121b28ac26", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-prague", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-2ec8ad188bafba34fc8b2b4f803a3dfac4ea20c34ea9f1a05d7fb5121b28ac26", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-prague", "observation_sha256": "4a1e78ca6a86abc5040afd41795f61d440fc0ce1a391a0c8407186a3b201cbb6", "evidence_review_sha256": "164f0a05f6950e38c1e4fb8d6375d07afe913769f64d7e15cc201decc859c2cc", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:prague", "geography_sha256": "40e79f4e403765fa442b3ec0e4e9ce4b4e5fd7d448101bd91db00989f6ff5ca4", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-535", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "079da800eea86bbba23df2a6b43b0bf3d1f96ae688926d168f9ebc1936ed7865", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-535", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-535.npz", "sha256": "939f58c5020b651dfe12e8e074e283f398644fcf807fe32e4163b69615d318f5", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "prague", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0.41193369499446075, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:prague", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-535", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-535.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "939f58c5020b651dfe12e8e074e283f398644fcf807fe32e4163b69615d318f5", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-535.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 535", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 1977776.2386603754, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Prague (535)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:535", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Prague (535)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2897, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2897, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 268, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1977776.2386603754, "weather_covered_population": 1977776.2386603754, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 814712.6738636149, "native_weather_points": 13, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Prague (source ID 535). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.0017687037240356948, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3498.1001986279152 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.41016499127042505, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 811214.573664987 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1977776.2386603754, "strict_value": 0.41193369499446075, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 814712.6738636149, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.0017687037240356948, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3498.1001986279152, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.41016499127042505, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 811214.573664987, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-prague", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-535.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "prague", "source_city_name": "Praha", "source_country_name": "Czechia", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:prague:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "prague", "source_city_name": "Praha", "source_country_name": "Czechia", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "Praha", "country": "Czechia" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 12.874741554, "value_as_published": "12.874741554", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "1,324,277", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2019 for city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 64, "csv_line_end": 65, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "Praha", "Country": "Czechia", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "12.874741554", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2019 for city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "1,324,277" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "prague", "city_name": "Prague", "destination_country_iso3": "CZE", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 14.4378, "latitude": 50.0755, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "CZ001F", "country_iso3": "CZE", "source_name": "Praha", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 588, "member_ids": [ "CZE505781", "CZE512991", "CZE513032", "CZE513041", "CZE513113", "CZE513130", "CZE513288", 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"CZE570982", "CZE571199", "CZE571211", "CZE571261", "CZE571288", "CZE571318", "CZE571326", "CZE571334", "CZE571342", "CZE571351", "CZE571512", "CZE571521", "CZE571555", "CZE571598", "CZE571601", "CZE571644", "CZE571717", "CZE571784", "CZE571792", "CZE571954", "CZE598267", "CZE598283", "CZE598291", "CZE598305", "CZE598313", "CZE598372", "CZE598381", "CZE598402", "CZE598411", "CZE598429", "CZE599204", "CZE599221", "CZE599301", "CZE599417", "CZE599425", "CZE599433", "CZE599492", "CZE599620", "CZE599638", "CZE599719", "CZE599727", "CZE599735" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Obce)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Obce)": 588 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "3b2e9bc2364695bfb515dc79f97a487aef8b55c810ceeadfc8adb2c0547cbb0a", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 535, "eFUA_name": "Prague", "Cntry_ISO": "CZE", "Cntry_name": "CzechRepublic", "UC_IDs": "2927", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "c7ef9980cb3b32f951e59629e57b263d75835d89e65a3ba4e77868ab5d801847", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "CZ001F", "URAU_NAME": "Praha", "CNTR_CODE": "CZ" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:prague", "city_slug": "prague", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "535", "source_name": "Prague", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "prague", "estimated_area_id": 535, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CZ001F", "oecd_name": "Praha", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2897, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 5756.832698759158, "intersection_km2": 2842.6401714900653, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9812358203279479, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.4937854407516089, "intersection_over_union": 0.48916640743718953, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 14.4378, "latitude": 50.0755, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CZE", "source_country_iso3": "CZE", "source_country_name": "CzechRepublic" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:535", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=535; fid=2580", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 2580, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "c7ef9980cb3b32f951e59629e57b263d75835d89e65a3ba4e77868ab5d801847", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "23bb31d0b2e57c39211801d8942bb136c9a4a2475eab453aae177282d1181c46", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 535, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "c7ef9980cb3b32f951e59629e57b263d75835d89e65a3ba4e77868ab5d801847", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "69baa237ec2cce9c42c3ecb9f11ce19a3e371148905a20dedf7b64fb75ce19e6" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Prague (535)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:prague", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:prague", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "prague", "city_name": "Prague", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:535", "source_area_id": "535", "source_area_name": "Prague", "value": 0.41193369499446075, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:prague", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-prague", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Prague (source ID 535). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2897, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2897, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 268, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 1977776.2386603754, "weather_covered_population": 1977776.2386603754, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 814712.6738636149, "native_weather_points": 13, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.0017687037240356948, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3498.1001986279152 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.41016499127042505, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 811214.573664987 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 1977776.2386603754, "strict_value": 0.41193369499446075, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 814712.6738636149, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.0017687037240356948, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3498.1001986279152, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.41016499127042505, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 811214.573664987, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-535.npz", "sha256": "939f58c5020b651dfe12e8e074e283f398644fcf807fe32e4163b69615d318f5" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "rio-de-janeiro", "name": "Rio de Janeiro", "country": { "id": "country:BRA", "name": "Brazil", "iso_2": "BR", "iso_3": "BRA", "continent": "South America" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/rio-de-janeiro", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/rio-de-janeiro.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:rio-de-janeiro", "city_slug": "rio-de-janeiro", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "6961", "source_name": "Rio de Janeiro", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "rio-de-janeiro", "estimated_area_id": 6961, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": -43.1729, "latitude": -22.9068, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "BRA", "source_country_iso3": "BRA", "source_country_name": "Brazil" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6961", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=6961; fid=636", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 636, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "ac2425fca0b715a903d158cf22971de439973fd42ae8923935905ffdb57ee12e", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "717693347d0fc3e51074e721542bcb28fceda1e647629793122ea659b322cdf2", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 6961, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "24dc25d643b793ab9bd0ccca3712bfdaafb739952703a6d0bdc2e2cdab97f5e1", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "b9efa2a6e90d86a34b93d7443384ab4fe0d08a85d94c474bc54c644b4e2a5609" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rio de Janeiro (6961)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:rio-de-janeiro", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "rio-de-janeiro", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 60.74926863806754, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:rio-de-janeiro", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6961", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6961.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "c76bd24732a43834edead8efb1ca753e4848c3b41c86199d17b9b44c86322c2c", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6961.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 6961", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 11068998.792188132, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rio de Janeiro (6961)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6961", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rio de Janeiro (6961)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3598, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3598, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 601, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 11068998.792188132, "weather_covered_population": 11068998.792188132, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 672433581.181082, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Rio de Janeiro (source ID 6961). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.858000664449673, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 120187196.24037136 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 18.85663110093519, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 208724026.88098878 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 6.659377452498192, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 73712640.97842737 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.7249133597939192, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 19093063.896188065 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 2.2095335664835205, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 24457324.378705222 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.0532722775579413, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 33796667.15251036 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.3773351360253527, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 37383718.54147917 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 14.010205080323761, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 155078943.11241174 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 11068998.792188132, "strict_value": 60.74926863806754, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 672433581.181082, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.858000664449673, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 120187196.24037136, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 18.85663110093519, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 208724026.88098878, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 6.659377452498192, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 73712640.97842737, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.7249133597939192, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 19093063.896188065, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 2.2095335664835205, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 24457324.378705222, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.0532722775579413, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 33796667.15251036, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.3773351360253527, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 37383718.54147917, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 14.010205080323761, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 155078943.11241174, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-rio-de-janeiro", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6961.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-rio-de-janeiro", "observation_sha256": "8efecb943814eb4f265b39354109766db9050f9fd4d70ca536609886f2f66ab5", "evidence_review_sha256": "fe807c012561ea55cffedd78ccd887a2aea1c9982ccab8ed73501f71ec8ea104", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:rio-de-janeiro", "geography_sha256": "847268035ae25b5cb36d2af564b665730b8372152f7779a0dacbcfe4d9244066", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6961", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "e6dee6bd1da3b5e4a628eb192220315da929b305f681591db58c3554ea3fd776", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-6961", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6961.npz", "sha256": "c76bd24732a43834edead8efb1ca753e4848c3b41c86199d17b9b44c86322c2c", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "rio-de-janeiro", "metric": "pm25", "value": 16.954066127858244, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:rio-de-janeiro", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-6961", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6961.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "7d20d1577d726e840170a3079cac164e688e185d05288dbeb13af872e1461f1b", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-6961.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 6961", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 11068998.79218813, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rio de Janeiro (6961)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6961", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rio de Janeiro (6961)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 3598, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3598, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 601, "total_known_modelled_population": 11068998.79218813, "pm_covered_population": 11068998.79218813, "weighted_concentration_sum": 187664537.4919406, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 16.950543474577323, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 16.83281927863571, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Rio de Janeiro (source ID 6961). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-rio-de-janeiro", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6961.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-b99b5cdccfde02e21333cdfec300c852ea85ca2806d2e2e33d74d6b2aeeecb2b", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-rio-de-janeiro", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-b99b5cdccfde02e21333cdfec300c852ea85ca2806d2e2e33d74d6b2aeeecb2b", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-rio-de-janeiro", "observation_sha256": "8efecb943814eb4f265b39354109766db9050f9fd4d70ca536609886f2f66ab5", "evidence_review_sha256": "fe807c012561ea55cffedd78ccd887a2aea1c9982ccab8ed73501f71ec8ea104", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:rio-de-janeiro", "geography_sha256": "847268035ae25b5cb36d2af564b665730b8372152f7779a0dacbcfe4d9244066", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6961", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "e6dee6bd1da3b5e4a628eb192220315da929b305f681591db58c3554ea3fd776", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-6961", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6961.npz", "sha256": "c76bd24732a43834edead8efb1ca753e4848c3b41c86199d17b9b44c86322c2c", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "rio-de-janeiro", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 60.74926863806754, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:rio-de-janeiro", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6961", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6961.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "c76bd24732a43834edead8efb1ca753e4848c3b41c86199d17b9b44c86322c2c", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6961.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 6961", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 11068998.792188132, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rio de Janeiro (6961)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6961", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rio de Janeiro (6961)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3598, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3598, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 601, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 11068998.792188132, "weather_covered_population": 11068998.792188132, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 672433581.181082, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Rio de Janeiro (source ID 6961). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.858000664449673, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 120187196.24037136 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 18.85663110093519, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 208724026.88098878 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 6.659377452498192, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 73712640.97842737 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.7249133597939192, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 19093063.896188065 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 2.2095335664835205, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 24457324.378705222 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.0532722775579413, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 33796667.15251036 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.3773351360253527, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 37383718.54147917 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 14.010205080323761, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 155078943.11241174 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 11068998.792188132, "strict_value": 60.74926863806754, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 672433581.181082, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.858000664449673, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 120187196.24037136, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 18.85663110093519, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 208724026.88098878, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 6.659377452498192, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 73712640.97842737, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.7249133597939192, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 19093063.896188065, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 2.2095335664835205, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 24457324.378705222, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.0532722775579413, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 33796667.15251036, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.3773351360253527, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 37383718.54147917, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 14.010205080323761, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 155078943.11241174, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-rio-de-janeiro", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6961.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "rio-de-janeiro", "city_name": "Rio de Janeiro", "destination_country_iso3": "BRA", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -43.1729, "latitude": -22.9068, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 6961, "eFUA_name": "Rio de Janeiro", "Cntry_ISO": "BRA", "Cntry_name": "Brazil", "UC_IDs": "1360;1361;1363;1368", "UC_num": 4, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "ac2425fca0b715a903d158cf22971de439973fd42ae8923935905ffdb57ee12e", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:rio-de-janeiro", "city_slug": "rio-de-janeiro", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "6961", "source_name": "Rio de Janeiro", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "rio-de-janeiro", "estimated_area_id": 6961, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": -43.1729, "latitude": -22.9068, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "BRA", "source_country_iso3": "BRA", "source_country_name": "Brazil" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6961", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=6961; fid=636", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 636, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "ac2425fca0b715a903d158cf22971de439973fd42ae8923935905ffdb57ee12e", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "717693347d0fc3e51074e721542bcb28fceda1e647629793122ea659b322cdf2", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 6961, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "24dc25d643b793ab9bd0ccca3712bfdaafb739952703a6d0bdc2e2cdab97f5e1", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "b9efa2a6e90d86a34b93d7443384ab4fe0d08a85d94c474bc54c644b4e2a5609" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rio de Janeiro (6961)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:rio-de-janeiro", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "rio-de-janeiro", "city_name": "Rio de Janeiro", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6961", "source_area_id": "6961", "source_area_name": "Rio de Janeiro", "value": 16.954066127858244, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 3598, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3598, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 601, "total_known_modelled_population": 11068998.79218813, "pm_covered_population": 11068998.79218813, "weighted_concentration_sum": 187664537.4919406, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 11068998.79218813, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 16.950543474577323, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 16.83281927863571, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6961.npz", "sha256": "7d20d1577d726e840170a3079cac164e688e185d05288dbeb13af872e1461f1b" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:rio-de-janeiro", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-rio-de-janeiro", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Rio de Janeiro (source ID 6961). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. The current engine state separately applies age and all other checks." }, "scoring_boundaries": [ { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:rio-de-janeiro", "city_slug": "rio-de-janeiro", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "6961", "source_name": "Rio de Janeiro", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3598, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3598, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 601, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 11068998.792188132, "weather_covered_population": 11068998.792188132, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 672433581.181082, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.858000664449673, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 120187196.24037136 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 18.85663110093519, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 208724026.88098878 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 6.659377452498192, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 73712640.97842737 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.7249133597939192, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 19093063.896188065 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 2.2095335664835205, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 24457324.378705222 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.0532722775579413, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 33796667.15251036 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.3773351360253527, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 37383718.54147917 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 14.010205080323761, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 155078943.11241174 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 11068998.792188132, "strict_value": 60.74926863806754, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 672433581.181082, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.858000664449673, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 120187196.24037136, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 18.85663110093519, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 208724026.88098878, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 6.659377452498192, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 73712640.97842737, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.7249133597939192, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 19093063.896188065, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 2.2095335664835205, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 24457324.378705222, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.0532722775579413, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 33796667.15251036, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.3773351360253527, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 37383718.54147917, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 14.010205080323761, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 155078943.11241174, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. 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Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6961.npz", "sha256": "c76bd24732a43834edead8efb1ca753e4848c3b41c86199d17b9b44c86322c2c" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "rome", "name": "Rome", "country": { "id": "country:ITA", "name": "Italy", "iso_2": "IT", "iso_3": "ITA", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/rome", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/rome.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 1, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. 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The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "rome", "metric": "pm25", "value": 13.395308567112478, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:rome", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3881", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3881.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f685b09e8bc7ed184e9ba3a7a007af37ae46d7a203f1ac5d63188e5eaa1829d5", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3881.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3881", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 3684930.385352138, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European 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Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Rome (source ID 3881). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:rome", "city_slug": "rome", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "3881", "source_name": "Rome", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "rome", "estimated_area_id": 3881, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "IT001F", "oecd_name": "Roma", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2696, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 6161.5611096606945, "intersection_km2": 2685.833753066915, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9962291368942563, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.43590150373674036, "intersection_over_union": 0.43518347423390497, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 12.4964, "latitude": 41.9028, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "ITA", "source_country_iso3": "ITA", "source_country_name": "Italy" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3881", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=3881; fid=5769", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 5769, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "11c86c04925e861d651b1ca8a8469ed42060bc0e008b4bb9482649b3abdbcdf9", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "7c602e18756fe715da369a407e06e7538d5511c5428dbbaec2fa55c9d42d89eb", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 3881, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "c34bd7932aec073e16113c68c51eae795bfdf75fe149715c34d0751bd928befc", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "804463373d3881c883a09d670793a4c2fdb07630fc2fd9d2f761f8010c194ed6" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rome (3881)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:rome", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "rome", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 12.41680254453362, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:rome", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3881", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3881.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "592573315ed58d9d5d65a49b0d40a4628e9019f967ac82e727cdc4f49132f8be", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3881.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3881", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 3684930.3853521384, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rome (3881)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3881", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rome (3881)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2696, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2696, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 121, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 3684930.3853521384, "weather_covered_population": 3684930.3853521384, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 45755052.98526969, "native_weather_points": 12, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Rome (source ID 3881). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.825082905396483, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 14095164.22458654 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.155231579228238, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11626808.719120746 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 5.436488059908901, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 20033080.041562404 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 3684930.3853521384, "strict_value": 12.41680254453362, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 45755052.98526969, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.825082905396483, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 14095164.22458654, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.155231579228238, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11626808.719120746, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 5.436488059908901, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 20033080.041562404, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-rome", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3881.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-rome", "observation_sha256": "b99c86bec3578e99610d4c1e90bd98da02188ccd40ff209901a82e355521fde3", "evidence_review_sha256": "e9433e66b50d2bfa9c70ed92ccfa8ad57da1e7cf5842fe4fb8c0c69e86f21312", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:rome", "geography_sha256": "165c64f48a02f68f82356ba5590fe91a8e665e5316b9eeb73421295b59a3c5bd", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3881", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "ab73bf2ba94f0c0e040e5c3f8356a0ac5659e0e04c388a17656f8bf06af21a35", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-3881", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3881.npz", "sha256": "592573315ed58d9d5d65a49b0d40a4628e9019f967ac82e727cdc4f49132f8be", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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"geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3881", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "7705d3c90bf8b7335e6c4318b7dcf97ab65b090274cb0164a85b20ab6644e0bc", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-3881", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3881.npz", "sha256": "f685b09e8bc7ed184e9ba3a7a007af37ae46d7a203f1ac5d63188e5eaa1829d5", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "rome", "metric": "pm25", "value": 13.395308567112478, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:rome", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3881", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3881.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f685b09e8bc7ed184e9ba3a7a007af37ae46d7a203f1ac5d63188e5eaa1829d5", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3881.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3881", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 3684930.385352138, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rome (3881)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3881", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rome (3881)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2696, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2696, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 121, "total_known_modelled_population": 3684930.385352138, "pm_covered_population": 3684930.385352138, "weighted_concentration_sum": 49360779.560120575, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 13.385445406329081, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 13.055083657543886, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Rome (source ID 3881). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-rome", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3881.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-e1c83000fc55dd7c33c2deb56140166360c362150777ecba2763e4a116c85fa0", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-rome", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-e1c83000fc55dd7c33c2deb56140166360c362150777ecba2763e4a116c85fa0", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-rome", "observation_sha256": "b99c86bec3578e99610d4c1e90bd98da02188ccd40ff209901a82e355521fde3", "evidence_review_sha256": "e9433e66b50d2bfa9c70ed92ccfa8ad57da1e7cf5842fe4fb8c0c69e86f21312", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:rome", "geography_sha256": "165c64f48a02f68f82356ba5590fe91a8e665e5316b9eeb73421295b59a3c5bd", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3881", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "ab73bf2ba94f0c0e040e5c3f8356a0ac5659e0e04c388a17656f8bf06af21a35", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-3881", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3881.npz", "sha256": "592573315ed58d9d5d65a49b0d40a4628e9019f967ac82e727cdc4f49132f8be", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "rome", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 12.41680254453362, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:rome", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3881", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3881.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "592573315ed58d9d5d65a49b0d40a4628e9019f967ac82e727cdc4f49132f8be", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3881.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3881", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 3684930.3853521384, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rome (3881)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3881", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rome (3881)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2696, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2696, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 121, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 3684930.3853521384, "weather_covered_population": 3684930.3853521384, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 45755052.98526969, "native_weather_points": 12, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Rome (source ID 3881). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.825082905396483, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 14095164.22458654 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.155231579228238, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11626808.719120746 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 5.436488059908901, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 20033080.041562404 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 3684930.3853521384, "strict_value": 12.41680254453362, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 45755052.98526969, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.825082905396483, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 14095164.22458654, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.155231579228238, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11626808.719120746, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 5.436488059908901, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 20033080.041562404, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-rome", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3881.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "rome", "source_city_name": "Roma", "source_country_name": "Italy", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:rome:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "rome", "source_city_name": "Roma", "source_country_name": "Italy", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "Roma", "country": "Italy" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 12.538207054, "value_as_published": "12.538207054", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "2,808,293", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2020 for city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 375, "csv_line_end": 376, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "Roma", "Country": "Italy", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "12.538207054", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2020 for city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "2,808,293" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "rome", "city_name": "Rome", "destination_country_iso3": "ITA", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 12.4964, "latitude": 41.9028, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "IT001F", "country_iso3": "ITA", "source_name": "Roma", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 159, "member_ids": [ "ITA056005", "ITA056010", "ITA056014", "ITA056017", "ITA056025", "ITA056038", "ITA056039", "ITA056041", "ITA056045", "ITA056049", "ITA056056", "ITA057010", "ITA057011", "ITA057012", "ITA057014", "ITA057018", "ITA057021", "ITA057027", "ITA057029", "ITA057030", "ITA057038", "ITA057041", "ITA057044", "ITA057046", "ITA057047", "ITA057052", "ITA057053", "ITA057054", "ITA057055", "ITA057056", "ITA057058", "ITA057061", "ITA057063", "ITA057064", "ITA057065", "ITA057066", "ITA057067", "ITA057068", "ITA057069", "ITA057070", "ITA057071", "ITA058001", "ITA058002", "ITA058003", "ITA058005", "ITA058006", "ITA058007", "ITA058008", "ITA058009", "ITA058010", "ITA058011", "ITA058012", "ITA058013", "ITA058014", "ITA058015", "ITA058016", "ITA058017", "ITA058018", "ITA058019", "ITA058021", "ITA058022", "ITA058023", "ITA058024", "ITA058025", "ITA058026", "ITA058027", "ITA058028", "ITA058029", "ITA058030", "ITA058031", "ITA058033", "ITA058034", "ITA058035", "ITA058036", "ITA058037", "ITA058038", "ITA058039", "ITA058040", "ITA058042", "ITA058043", "ITA058044", "ITA058046", "ITA058047", "ITA058049", "ITA058050", "ITA058051", "ITA058052", "ITA058053", "ITA058054", "ITA058055", "ITA058056", "ITA058057", "ITA058058", "ITA058059", "ITA058060", "ITA058061", "ITA058063", "ITA058064", "ITA058065", "ITA058066", "ITA058067", "ITA058068", "ITA058069", "ITA058070", "ITA058071", "ITA058073", "ITA058074", "ITA058075", "ITA058076", "ITA058077", "ITA058078", "ITA058079", "ITA058080", "ITA058081", "ITA058082", "ITA058083", "ITA058084", "ITA058085", "ITA058086", "ITA058087", "ITA058088", "ITA058089", "ITA058090", "ITA058091", "ITA058092", "ITA058093", "ITA058094", "ITA058095", "ITA058096", "ITA058097", "ITA058098", "ITA058099", "ITA058100", "ITA058101", "ITA058103", "ITA058104", "ITA058106", "ITA058107", "ITA058109", "ITA058110", "ITA058111", "ITA058112", "ITA058113", "ITA058114", "ITA058115", "ITA058116", "ITA058117", "ITA058118", "ITA058119", "ITA058120", "ITA058122", "ITA059001", "ITA060046", "ITA060053", "ITA060071", "ITA060080", "ITA066023", "ITA066067", "ITA066080" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Comuni)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Comuni)": 159 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "12fbecd07f61c810dffbb51f3ee5699b73bcf98dac4dfc49db092ccf49f9180d", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 3881, "eFUA_name": "Rome", "Cntry_ISO": "ITA", "Cntry_name": "Italy", "UC_IDs": "2892;2895;2897;2912", "UC_num": 4, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "11c86c04925e861d651b1ca8a8469ed42060bc0e008b4bb9482649b3abdbcdf9", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "IT001F", "URAU_NAME": "Roma", "CNTR_CODE": "IT" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:rome", "city_slug": "rome", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "3881", "source_name": "Rome", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "rome", "estimated_area_id": 3881, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "IT001F", "oecd_name": "Roma", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2696, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 6161.5611096606945, "intersection_km2": 2685.833753066915, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9962291368942563, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.43590150373674036, "intersection_over_union": 0.43518347423390497, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 12.4964, "latitude": 41.9028, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "ITA", "source_country_iso3": "ITA", "source_country_name": "Italy" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3881", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=3881; fid=5769", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 5769, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "11c86c04925e861d651b1ca8a8469ed42060bc0e008b4bb9482649b3abdbcdf9", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "7c602e18756fe715da369a407e06e7538d5511c5428dbbaec2fa55c9d42d89eb", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 3881, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "c34bd7932aec073e16113c68c51eae795bfdf75fe149715c34d0751bd928befc", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "804463373d3881c883a09d670793a4c2fdb07630fc2fd9d2f761f8010c194ed6" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Rome (3881)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:rome", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:rome", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "rome", "city_name": "Rome", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3881", "source_area_id": "3881", "source_area_name": "Rome", "value": 12.41680254453362, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:rome", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-rome", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Rome (source ID 3881). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2696, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2696, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 121, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 3684930.3853521384, "weather_covered_population": 3684930.3853521384, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 45755052.98526969, "native_weather_points": 12, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.825082905396483, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 14095164.22458654 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.155231579228238, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11626808.719120746 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 5.436488059908901, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 20033080.041562404 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 3684930.3853521384, "strict_value": 12.41680254453362, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 45755052.98526969, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.825082905396483, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 14095164.22458654, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.155231579228238, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11626808.719120746, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 5.436488059908901, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 20033080.041562404, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3881.npz", "sha256": "592573315ed58d9d5d65a49b0d40a4628e9019f967ac82e727cdc4f49132f8be" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "san-francisco", "name": "San Francisco", "country": { "id": "country:USA", "name": "United States", "iso_2": "US", "iso_3": "USA", "continent": "North America" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/san-francisco", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/san-francisco.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 3, "agency_measurements": 3, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 1, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "san-francisco", "id": "1461", "name": "San Francisco", "constituentNames": [ "San Jose", "San Francisco", "Oakland", "Fremont", "Hayward", "Sunnyvale", "Santa Clara", "Berkeley", "Richmond", "San Mateo", "Daly City", "Redwood City", "Milpitas", "Mountain View", "Alameda", "Palo Alto", "South San Francisco", "Cupertino" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "United States", "UN_WPP": "United States of America" }, "population2025": 4718348.828, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 1614, "densityPerKm2": 2923.388369268897, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 37.5786833, "longitude": -122.0970634, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; 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The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 4648486, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:41860", "boundary_label": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. 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Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. 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"content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "5f1c8125cd93e38e1ddd28130e0fb40cb3db0e16c1bdfc597d97f6c8da375630" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "8df2af4146e0f820b57ce300d2678ac82f90eb3da8342dcd721768b8d378d7b6" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "aabbfc5b855a3c1352e0ccb2877220f267ff29b0262873335d7fa5a60f111803" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "ec4abeadaa46c6dc8acfab53983023407599dcb7b54d0b454333453f2f83cae9" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 4623434, "value": 5.5153809917044345, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 25500000, "denominator": 4623434, "reduced_fraction": "12750000/2311717" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 545, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 18, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 247, "9999": 8 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-san-francisco", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-san-francisco", "observation_sha256": "7ec1ea39b7a5280139f24c4c16f8f7c7764b8c2498824b7441307c3d03fe0269", "evidence_review_sha256": "fcc27bb398450ba6cd68cbd316de4bfa2932f7599271de1223740602050bde12", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "cada0ae696c1201d0333efdad9635dd78025c242ca7a692a246d32f283dfe604", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:san-francisco", "geography_sha256": "e33d096a2b82b0c850939814cf078bba99e07a2f61e9f7ec3c3a540fcfccfe9f", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "24f84d1694414c6ac35e3d47fd7f2791bcbc7790587322eba46be91f2283cab4", "source_frame": { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "5f1c8125cd93e38e1ddd28130e0fb40cb3db0e16c1bdfc597d97f6c8da375630", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "8df2af4146e0f820b57ce300d2678ac82f90eb3da8342dcd721768b8d378d7b6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:san-francisco", "city_slug": "san-francisco", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "41860", "source_name": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "san-francisco", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -122.4194, "latitude": 37.7749, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -122.4194, 37.7749 ], "transformed_point": [ -122.4194, 37.7749 ], "native_matches": [ "41860" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 14220.719993068731, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "5f1c8125cd93e38e1ddd28130e0fb40cb3db0e16c1bdfc597d97f6c8da375630" }, "county_fips": [ "06001", "06013", "06041", "06075", "06081" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:41860", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA41860; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record235", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "8df2af4146e0f820b57ce300d2678ac82f90eb3da8342dcd721768b8d378d7b6", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 235, "native_shp_record_number": 235, "native_cbsa_code": "41860", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US41860", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:san-francisco", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "8df2af4146e0f820b57ce300d2678ac82f90eb3da8342dcd721768b8d378d7b6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "san-francisco", "metric": "pm25", "value": 6.9864378470802, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:san-francisco", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1255", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1255.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "e9fbc0e3900dbd9a944a1a781f831cb4dee44ee97d0e7753355822ae1f03feac", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1255.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1255", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 5259987.4063209435, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: San Jose (1255)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1255", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: San Jose (1255)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 4038, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4038, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 886, "total_known_modelled_population": 5259987.4063209435, "pm_covered_population": 5259987.4063209435, "weighted_concentration_sum": 36748575.09068586, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 6.992108691879406, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 7.106184380456396, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area San Jose (source ID 1255). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-san-francisco", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1255.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-san-francisco", "observation_sha256": "91b6f5b36d48f5de3133d3f658495b8c90c4cbc955b603db7b8f15c3f63f870a", "evidence_review_sha256": "b20e4216f72e2880614ef3abdc3d0f3fb66d5f486721b9f1ccaad34371cea75a", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:san-francisco", "geography_sha256": "c7ab4fd00d91fa7b31f39c650108e6a9a16f8400bc3282762fe2060b7aac4c20", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1255", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "59c9dd02d92ffc6548456a978eafa2437c5bdd2c077de6a865842254fe3d3b31", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-1255", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1255.npz", "sha256": "e9fbc0e3900dbd9a944a1a781f831cb4dee44ee97d0e7753355822ae1f03feac", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:san-francisco", "city_slug": "san-francisco", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1255", "source_name": "San Jose", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "san-francisco", "estimated_area_id": 1255, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "USA05F", "oecd_name": "San Francisco (Greater)", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 4038, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 13668.525764596168, "intersection_km2": 3647.724545131775, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9033493177641839, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.26687037124223073, "intersection_over_union": 0.2594619902642556, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -122.4194, "latitude": 37.7749, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_name": "UnitedStates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1255", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1255; fid=8486", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8486, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "34b0a8382a2f0f376c836619519fc932daa05e38f8731f6144bede4ae6b59955", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "35f5933f7ae7dbe4048125cb10c7f48c0eee1a5d584745ea91835e66c1591997", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1255, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "34b0a8382a2f0f376c836619519fc932daa05e38f8731f6144bede4ae6b59955", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "582a1c2210757b292cf3860698199031b7daaf736c7faf142f51fc3d52d5316a" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: San Jose (1255)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:san-francisco", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "san-francisco", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0.4376705290771579, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:san-francisco", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1255", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1255.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "1c3f91fe44d6cdc124d12a031bd685f6a0efb85847a180f5281806132d0b5b61", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1255.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1255", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 5259987.4063209435, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: San Jose (1255)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1255", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: San Jose (1255)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 4038, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4038, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 886, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 5259987.4063209435, "weather_covered_population": 5259987.4063209435, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2302141.471063675, "native_weather_points": 17, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area San Jose (source ID 1255). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.0025586123703909675, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 13458.268845913466 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.0012793061851954838, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6729.134422956733 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.14280722996614864, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 751164.2311535206 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.2910253805554228, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1530789.836641284 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 5259987.4063209435, "strict_value": 0.4376705290771579, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2302141.471063675, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.0025586123703909675, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 13458.268845913466, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.0012793061851954838, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6729.134422956733, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.14280722996614864, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 751164.2311535206, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.2910253805554228, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1530789.836641284, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-san-francisco", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1255.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-san-francisco", "observation_sha256": "d42e5dbd7badaf7152a8eacc26c948711739b4091c3dee9a7b0bb223e107ed39", "evidence_review_sha256": "e62d922c8c281085f03486a3f552d6ea39fdd6e5686a5f57d5b17e20ae358fa1", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:san-francisco", "geography_sha256": "d10e002eb9c1dcb5145a3e743188018f23918e0a97a7be8d4172a858c9a3fee2", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1255", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "7a903c5565678e49a1fa543b68ede75205efb61e0a1b8236dceb576d00f7807b", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1255", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1255.npz", "sha256": "1c3f91fe44d6cdc124d12a031bd685f6a0efb85847a180f5281806132d0b5b61", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "san-francisco", "name": "San Francisco", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-6491bbb5bcbed6434786af6e41244c5e4745e946a623de7f68cab3ca33fefe49", "selected_evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-san-francisco", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-6491bbb5bcbed6434786af6e41244c5e4745e946a623de7f68cab3ca33fefe49", "identity": { "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-san-francisco", "observation_sha256": "7ec1ea39b7a5280139f24c4c16f8f7c7764b8c2498824b7441307c3d03fe0269", "evidence_review_sha256": "fcc27bb398450ba6cd68cbd316de4bfa2932f7599271de1223740602050bde12", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "cada0ae696c1201d0333efdad9635dd78025c242ca7a692a246d32f283dfe604", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:san-francisco", "geography_sha256": "e33d096a2b82b0c850939814cf078bba99e07a2f61e9f7ec3c3a540fcfccfe9f", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "24f84d1694414c6ac35e3d47fd7f2791bcbc7790587322eba46be91f2283cab4", "source_frame": { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "5f1c8125cd93e38e1ddd28130e0fb40cb3db0e16c1bdfc597d97f6c8da375630", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "8df2af4146e0f820b57ce300d2678ac82f90eb3da8342dcd721768b8d378d7b6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "san-francisco", "metric": "road-deaths", "value": 5.485657050489127, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:san-francisco", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population.json", "source_frame_sha256": "5f1c8125cd93e38e1ddd28130e0fb40cb3db0e16c1bdfc597d97f6c8da375630", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 41860 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 4648486, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:41860", "boundary_label": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 255, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 237, "midyear_resident_population": 4648486, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 25500000, "denominator": 4648486, "reduced_fraction": "12750000/2324243" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "41860", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US41860", "source_area_name": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 235, "county_count": 5, "county_fips": [ "06001", "06013", "06041", "06075", "06081" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -122.4194, 37.7749 ], "transformed_point": [ -122.4194, 37.7749 ], "native_matches": [ "41860" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 14220.719993068731, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 1319, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "41860", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA", "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area", "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "4753655", "POPESTIMATE2020": "4745673", "POPESTIMATE2021": "4621751", "POPESTIMATE2022": "4599793", "POPESTIMATE2023": 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"-7725", "RESIDUAL2022": "1259", "RESIDUAL2023": "349", "RESIDUAL2024": "102" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "5f1c8125cd93e38e1ddd28130e0fb40cb3db0e16c1bdfc597d97f6c8da375630" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "8df2af4146e0f820b57ce300d2678ac82f90eb3da8342dcd721768b8d378d7b6" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "aabbfc5b855a3c1352e0ccb2877220f267ff29b0262873335d7fa5a60f111803" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "ec4abeadaa46c6dc8acfab53983023407599dcb7b54d0b454333453f2f83cae9" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 4623434, "value": 5.5153809917044345, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 25500000, "denominator": 4623434, "reduced_fraction": "12750000/2311717" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 545, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 18, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 247, "9999": 8 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-san-francisco", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-9c3fbbc27f30e677e13baf29f6d3ed51d33cb268dd6aaf44c7a6490ec8e1e08b", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-san-francisco", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-9c3fbbc27f30e677e13baf29f6d3ed51d33cb268dd6aaf44c7a6490ec8e1e08b", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-san-francisco", "observation_sha256": "91b6f5b36d48f5de3133d3f658495b8c90c4cbc955b603db7b8f15c3f63f870a", "evidence_review_sha256": "b20e4216f72e2880614ef3abdc3d0f3fb66d5f486721b9f1ccaad34371cea75a", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:san-francisco", "geography_sha256": "c7ab4fd00d91fa7b31f39c650108e6a9a16f8400bc3282762fe2060b7aac4c20", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1255", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "59c9dd02d92ffc6548456a978eafa2437c5bdd2c077de6a865842254fe3d3b31", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-1255", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1255.npz", "sha256": "e9fbc0e3900dbd9a944a1a781f831cb4dee44ee97d0e7753355822ae1f03feac", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "san-francisco", "metric": "pm25", "value": 6.9864378470802, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:san-francisco", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1255", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1255.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "e9fbc0e3900dbd9a944a1a781f831cb4dee44ee97d0e7753355822ae1f03feac", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1255.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1255", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 5259987.4063209435, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: San Jose (1255)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1255", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: San Jose (1255)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 4038, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4038, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 886, "total_known_modelled_population": 5259987.4063209435, "pm_covered_population": 5259987.4063209435, "weighted_concentration_sum": 36748575.09068586, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 6.992108691879406, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 7.106184380456396, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area San Jose (source ID 1255). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-san-francisco", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1255.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-76d2be0a9b465a419e40f7710deb4bb6fab18384666759d38e3a5747bc86f4b4", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-san-francisco", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-76d2be0a9b465a419e40f7710deb4bb6fab18384666759d38e3a5747bc86f4b4", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-san-francisco", "observation_sha256": "d42e5dbd7badaf7152a8eacc26c948711739b4091c3dee9a7b0bb223e107ed39", "evidence_review_sha256": "e62d922c8c281085f03486a3f552d6ea39fdd6e5686a5f57d5b17e20ae358fa1", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:san-francisco", "geography_sha256": "d10e002eb9c1dcb5145a3e743188018f23918e0a97a7be8d4172a858c9a3fee2", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1255", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "7a903c5565678e49a1fa543b68ede75205efb61e0a1b8236dceb576d00f7807b", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1255", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1255.npz", "sha256": "1c3f91fe44d6cdc124d12a031bd685f6a0efb85847a180f5281806132d0b5b61", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "san-francisco", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0.4376705290771579, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:san-francisco", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1255", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1255.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "1c3f91fe44d6cdc124d12a031bd685f6a0efb85847a180f5281806132d0b5b61", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1255.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1255", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 5259987.4063209435, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: San Jose (1255)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1255", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: San Jose (1255)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 4038, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4038, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 886, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 5259987.4063209435, "weather_covered_population": 5259987.4063209435, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2302141.471063675, "native_weather_points": 17, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area San Jose (source ID 1255). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.0025586123703909675, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 13458.268845913466 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.0012793061851954838, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6729.134422956733 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.14280722996614864, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 751164.2311535206 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.2910253805554228, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1530789.836641284 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 5259987.4063209435, "strict_value": 0.4376705290771579, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2302141.471063675, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.0025586123703909675, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 13458.268845913466, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.0012793061851954838, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6729.134422956733, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.14280722996614864, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 751164.2311535206, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.2910253805554228, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1530789.836641284, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-san-francisco", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1255.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "monitor-annual-summary" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:10:54.281002+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "san-francisco", "epa_city_name": "San Francisco", "epa_state_code": "06", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "selected_year": 2024, "selected_monitor_records": 1, "selected_unique_sites": 1, "annual_coverage": { "2024": 1, "2025": 0 }, "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary.", "limitation": "No 2025 PM2.5 parameter 88101 rows exist for San Francisco city/county in the downloaded EPA snapshot. Actual 2024 evidence is retained without substituting another municipality." } ], "records": [ { "id": "epa:2024:06-075-0005-88101-3:24-hr-blk-avg:no-events", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "city_slug": "san-francisco", "source_city_name": "San Francisco", "source_state_name": "California", "geography_type": "monitoring-site", "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary.", "site_id": "06-075-0005", "monitor_id": "06-075-0005-88101-3", "parameter_code": "88101", "parameter_name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "poc": "3", "site_name": "San Francisco", "address": "10 ARKANSAS ST.", "coordinates": { "latitude": 37.765946, "longitude": -122.399044, "datum": "WGS84" }, "cbsa_name_as_published": "San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA", "year": 2024, "metric": "annual-measured-pm25-monitor-context", "measurement_kind": "annual ground-monitor daily-mean summary", "annual_single_year": true, "population_weighted": false, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "value": 6.69012, "value_as_published": "6.69012", "unit": "micrograms/m3 (local conditions)", "source_unit": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "sample_duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "metric_used": "Daily Mean", "pollutant_standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "method_name": "", "related_hourly_method_names": [ "Met One BAM-1020 Mass Monitor w/VSCC - Beta Attenuation" ], "related_hourly_source_csv_rows": [ 11721 ], "event_type": "No Events", "observation_count": 334, "observation_percent": 91, "completeness_indicator": "Y", "valid_day_count": 334, "required_day_count": 366, "exceptional_data_count": 0, "null_data_count": 0, "certification_indicator": "Certification not required", "source_date_of_last_change": "2025-11-06", "quality_flags": [ "monitor-statistic-not-city-exposure", "no-population-weighting", "no-reviewed-harmonized-fua-boundary", "no-city-level-aggregation", "certification-status-requires-reading", "calculated-daily-record-method-name-blank" ], "limitations": [ "Site/instrument statistic, not a city average or population-weighted exposure.", "Multiple instruments at one site are retained separately and are not independent areas.", "Completeness and certification are distinct; inspect the original reported fields." ], "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Site measurement is not harmonized FUA population-weighted exposure." }, "source": { "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "dataset": "AirData annual concentration by monitor", "url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2024.zip", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2024-8af92d1ec8ac.zip", "sha256": "8af92d1ec8ac9271babc84e3512cb2068e6a8849af438448c4170fd9e99ea5bb", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:10:54.281002+00:00", "csv_member": "annual_conc_by_monitor_2024.csv", "csv_sha256": "22acc3ec15bc1d94864e09607a6f53031b70efcbe9dedc35f64f796cc3017e8c", "csv_row_number": 11725, "documentation_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/FileFormats.html", "pm25_advisory_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/Data_Advisory_PM25_88101_Pregen_Files.pdf", "license_url": "https://edg.epa.gov/EPA_Data_License.htm", "source_ref": "source-d0a1bf6cc5e6084f", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2024-8af92d1ec8ac.zip" }, "raw_source_record": { "State Code": "06", "County Code": "075", "Site Num": "0005", "Parameter Code": "88101", "POC": "3", "Latitude": "37.765946", "Longitude": "-122.399044", "Datum": "WGS84", "Parameter Name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "Sample Duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "Pollutant Standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "Metric Used": "Daily Mean", "Method Name": "", "Year": "2024", "Units of Measure": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "Event Type": "No Events", "Observation Count": "334", "Observation Percent": "91", "Completeness Indicator": "Y", "Valid Day Count": "334", "Required Day Count": "366", "Exceptional Data Count": "0", "Null Data Count": "0", "Primary Exceedance Count": "0", "Secondary Exceedance Count": "0", "Certification Indicator": "Certification not required", "Num Obs Below MDL": "0", "Arithmetic Mean": "6.69012", "Arithmetic Standard Dev": "4.331295", "1st Max Value": "32.2", "1st Max DateTime": "2024-12-07 00:00", "2nd Max Value": "25.5", "2nd Max DateTime": "2024-10-03 00:00", "3rd Max Value": "23.5", "3rd Max DateTime": "2024-12-08 00:00", "4th Max Value": "21", "4th Max DateTime": "2024-10-04 00:00", "1st Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "1st NO Max DateTime": "", "2nd Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "2nd NO Max DateTime": "", "99th Percentile": "21", "98th Percentile": "18.8", "95th Percentile": "14.6", "90th Percentile": "11.8", "75th Percentile": "8.8", "50th Percentile": "5.9", "10th Percentile": "2.3", "Local Site Name": "San Francisco", "Address": "10 ARKANSAS ST.", "State Name": "California", "County Name": "San Francisco", "City Name": "San Francisco", "CBSA Name": "San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA", "Date of Last Change": "2025-11-06" }, "source_ref": "source-d0a1bf6cc5e6084f", "source_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2024.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:10:54.281002+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "monitor-annual-summary" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:10:54.281002+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "san-francisco", "epa_city_name": "San Francisco", "epa_state_code": "06", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "selected_year": 2024, "selected_monitor_records": 1, "selected_unique_sites": 1, "annual_coverage": { "2024": 1, "2025": 0 }, "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary.", "limitation": "No 2025 PM2.5 parameter 88101 rows exist for San Francisco city/county in the downloaded EPA snapshot. Actual 2024 evidence is retained without substituting another municipality." } ], "records": [ { "id": "epa:2024:06-075-0005-88101-3:24-hr-blk-avg:no-events", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "city_slug": "san-francisco", "source_city_name": "San Francisco", "source_state_name": "California", "geography_type": "monitoring-site", "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary.", "site_id": "06-075-0005", "monitor_id": "06-075-0005-88101-3", "parameter_code": "88101", "parameter_name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "poc": "3", "site_name": "San Francisco", "address": "10 ARKANSAS ST.", "coordinates": { "latitude": 37.765946, "longitude": -122.399044, "datum": "WGS84" }, "cbsa_name_as_published": "San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA", "year": 2024, "metric": "annual-measured-pm25-monitor-context", "measurement_kind": "annual ground-monitor daily-mean summary", "annual_single_year": true, "population_weighted": false, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "value": 6.69012, "value_as_published": "6.69012", "unit": "micrograms/m3 (local conditions)", "source_unit": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "sample_duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "metric_used": "Daily Mean", "pollutant_standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "method_name": "", "related_hourly_method_names": [ "Met One BAM-1020 Mass Monitor w/VSCC - Beta Attenuation" ], "related_hourly_source_csv_rows": [ 11721 ], "event_type": "No Events", "observation_count": 334, "observation_percent": 91, "completeness_indicator": "Y", "valid_day_count": 334, "required_day_count": 366, "exceptional_data_count": 0, "null_data_count": 0, "certification_indicator": "Certification not required", "source_date_of_last_change": "2025-11-06", "quality_flags": [ "monitor-statistic-not-city-exposure", "no-population-weighting", "no-reviewed-harmonized-fua-boundary", "no-city-level-aggregation", "certification-status-requires-reading", "calculated-daily-record-method-name-blank" ], "limitations": [ "Site/instrument statistic, not a city average or population-weighted exposure.", "Multiple instruments at one site are retained separately and are not independent areas.", "Completeness and certification are distinct; inspect the original reported fields." ], "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Site measurement is not harmonized FUA population-weighted exposure." }, "source": { "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "dataset": "AirData annual concentration by monitor", "url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2024.zip", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2024-8af92d1ec8ac.zip", "sha256": "8af92d1ec8ac9271babc84e3512cb2068e6a8849af438448c4170fd9e99ea5bb", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:10:54.281002+00:00", "csv_member": "annual_conc_by_monitor_2024.csv", "csv_sha256": "22acc3ec15bc1d94864e09607a6f53031b70efcbe9dedc35f64f796cc3017e8c", "csv_row_number": 11725, "documentation_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/FileFormats.html", "pm25_advisory_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/Data_Advisory_PM25_88101_Pregen_Files.pdf", "license_url": "https://edg.epa.gov/EPA_Data_License.htm", "source_ref": "source-d0a1bf6cc5e6084f", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2024-8af92d1ec8ac.zip" }, "raw_source_record": { "State Code": "06", "County Code": "075", "Site Num": "0005", "Parameter Code": "88101", "POC": "3", "Latitude": "37.765946", "Longitude": "-122.399044", "Datum": "WGS84", "Parameter Name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "Sample Duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "Pollutant Standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "Metric Used": "Daily Mean", "Method Name": "", "Year": "2024", "Units of Measure": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "Event Type": "No Events", "Observation Count": "334", "Observation Percent": "91", "Completeness Indicator": "Y", "Valid Day Count": "334", "Required Day Count": "366", "Exceptional Data Count": "0", "Null Data Count": "0", "Primary Exceedance Count": "0", "Secondary Exceedance Count": "0", "Certification Indicator": "Certification not required", "Num Obs Below MDL": "0", "Arithmetic Mean": "6.69012", "Arithmetic Standard Dev": "4.331295", "1st Max Value": "32.2", "1st Max DateTime": "2024-12-07 00:00", "2nd Max Value": "25.5", "2nd Max DateTime": "2024-10-03 00:00", "3rd Max Value": "23.5", "3rd Max DateTime": "2024-12-08 00:00", "4th Max Value": "21", "4th Max DateTime": "2024-10-04 00:00", "1st Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "1st NO Max DateTime": "", "2nd Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "2nd NO Max DateTime": "", "99th Percentile": "21", "98th Percentile": "18.8", "95th Percentile": "14.6", "90th Percentile": "11.8", "75th Percentile": "8.8", "50th Percentile": "5.9", "10th Percentile": "2.3", "Local Site Name": "San Francisco", "Address": "10 ARKANSAS ST.", "State Name": "California", "County Name": "San Francisco", "City Name": "San Francisco", "CBSA Name": "San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA", "Date of Last Change": "2025-11-06" }, "source_ref": "source-d0a1bf6cc5e6084f", "source_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2024.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:10:54.281002+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "san-francisco", "city_name": "San Francisco", "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -122.4194, "latitude": 37.7749, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "USA05F", "country_iso3": "USA", "source_name": "San Francisco (Greater)", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 450, "member_ids": [ "USA06001", "USA0600135", "USA0600190020", "USA0600190200", "USA0600191070", "USA0600191260", "USA0600191660", "USA0600192230", "USA0600562", "USA0600618", "USA0600674", "USA0600898", "USA06013", "USA0601390080", "USA0601390270", "USA0601390440", "USA0601390780", "USA0601393310", "USA0601393620", "USA0601416", "USA0601458", "USA0602252", "USA0602980", "USA0603092", "USA06041", "USA0604190256", "USA0604192200", "USA0604192205", "USA0604192670", "USA0604192880", "USA0604193140", "USA0604415", "USA0604470", "USA0604549", "USA0605108", "USA0605164", "USA0606000", "USA0606210", "USA06069", "USA0606928", "USA0606982", "USA0606991300", "USA0606992760", "USA0606992840", "USA0607316", "USA06075", "USA0607590195", "USA0607590734", "USA0607591964", "USA0607591976", "USA0607592605", "USA0607593067", "USA0607593267", "USA0607593625", "USA06081", "USA0608142", "USA0608191215", "USA0608192870", "USA0608193170", "USA0608310", "USA0608338", "USA06085", "USA0608590680", "USA0608591602", "USA0608591680", "USA0608592830", "USA0608593175", "USA0608593660", "USA0608968", "USA0609066", "USA0609346", "USA0610088", "USA0610301", "USA0610345", "USA0611915", "USA0611964", "USA0612902", "USA0613882", "USA0614232", "USA0614736", "USA0616000", "USA0616090", "USA0616462", "USA0617274", "USA0617610", "USA0617918", "USA0617988", "USA0619150", "USA0619262", "USA0619339", "USA0620018", "USA0620598", "USA0620956", "USA0621061", "USA0621796", "USA0621936", "USA0622454", "USA0622587", "USA0622594", "USA0623168", "USA0623350", "USA0625338", "USA0626000", "USA0627080", "USA0629504", "USA0631708", "USA0633000", "USA0633308", "USA0633632", "USA0633798", "USA0634120", "USA0636616", "USA0638086", "USA0638114", "USA0638772", "USA0639094", "USA0639122", "USA0639283", "USA0639318", "USA0640438", "USA0641282", "USA0641992", "USA0642384", "USA0643280", "USA0643294", "USA0644112", "USA0644378", "USA0644399", "USA0645820", "USA0646114", "USA0646870", "USA0647486", "USA0647710", "USA0647766", "USA0648718", "USA0648760", "USA0648956", "USA0649187", "USA0649278", "USA0649446", "USA0649651", "USA0649670", "USA0649950", "USA0650916", "USA0651280", "USA0651622", "USA0651840", "USA0651890", "USA0652162", "USA0652582", "USA0653000", "USA0653070", "USA0654232", "USA0654764", "USA0654806", "USA0655282", "USA0656756", "USA0656938", "USA0657288", "USA0657456", "USA0657764", "USA0657792", "USA0657960", "USA0658226", "USA0658380", "USA0660102", "USA0660279", "USA0660620", "USA0660706", "USA0662490", "USA0662700", "USA0662980", "USA0664434", "USA0665028", "USA0665070", "USA0667000", "USA0667070", "USA0668000", "USA0668014", "USA0668084", "USA0668112", "USA0668238", "USA0668252", "USA0668263", "USA0668294", "USA0668364", "USA0668378", "USA0669084", "USA0670154", "USA0670266", "USA0670280", "USA0670364", "USA0671362", "USA0672184", "USA0673262", "USA0673906", "USA0674172", "USA0675315", "USA0677000", "USA0677042", "USA0677805", "USA0677924", "USA0678666", "USA0678890", "USA0680364", "USA0681204", "USA0682842", "USA0683346", "USA0684536", "USA0686216", "USA0686440", "USA94002", "USA94005", "USA94010", "USA94014", "USA94015", "USA94018", "USA94019", "USA94020", "USA94021", "USA94022", "USA94024", "USA94025", "USA94027", "USA94028", "USA94030", "USA94037", "USA94038", "USA94040", "USA94041", "USA94043", "USA94044", "USA94060", "USA94061", "USA94062", "USA94063", "USA94065", "USA94066", "USA94070", "USA94074", "USA94080", "USA94085", "USA94086", "USA94087", "USA94089", "USA94102", "USA94103", "USA94104", "USA94105", "USA94107", "USA94108", "USA94109", "USA94110", "USA94111", "USA94112", "USA94114", "USA94115", "USA94116", "USA94117", "USA94118", "USA94121", "USA94122", "USA94123", "USA94124", "USA94127", "USA94128", "USA94129", "USA94130", "USA94131", "USA94132", "USA94133", "USA94134", "USA94158", "USA94188", "USA94301", "USA94303", "USA94304", "USA94305", "USA94306", "USA94401", "USA94402", "USA94403", "USA94404", "USA94501", "USA94502", "USA94505", "USA94506", "USA94507", "USA94509", "USA94511", "USA94513", "USA94514", "USA94516", "USA94517", "USA94518", "USA94519", "USA94520", "USA94521", "USA94523", "USA94525", "USA94526", "USA94528", "USA94530", "USA94531", "USA94536", "USA94538", "USA94539", "USA94541", "USA94542", "USA94544", "USA94545", "USA94546", "USA94547", "USA94548", "USA94549", "USA94550", "USA94551", "USA94552", "USA94553", "USA94555", "USA94556", "USA94560", "USA94561", "USA94563", "USA94564", "USA94565", "USA94566", "USA94568", "USA94569", "USA94572", "USA94575", "USA94577", "USA94578", "USA94579", "USA94580", "USA94582", "USA94583", "USA94586", "USA94587", "USA94588", "USA94595", "USA94596", "USA94597", "USA94598", "USA94601", "USA94602", "USA94603", "USA94605", "USA94606", "USA94607", "USA94608", "USA94609", "USA94610", "USA94611", "USA94612", "USA94613", "USA94618", "USA94619", "USA94621", "USA94702", "USA94703", "USA94704", "USA94705", "USA94706", "USA94707", "USA94708", "USA94709", "USA94710", "USA94720", "USA94801", "USA94803", "USA94804", "USA94805", "USA94806", "USA94901", "USA94903", "USA94904", "USA94920", "USA94924", "USA94925", "USA94929", "USA94930", "USA94933", "USA94937", "USA94938", "USA94939", "USA94940", "USA94941", "USA94945", "USA94946", "USA94947", "USA94949", "USA94950", "USA94956", "USA94957", "USA94960", "USA94963", "USA94964", "USA94965", "USA94970", "USA94971", "USA94973", "USA95002", "USA95008", "USA95013", "USA95014", "USA95020", "USA95023", "USA95030", "USA95032", "USA95035", "USA95037", "USA95043", "USA95045", "USA95046", "USA95050", "USA95051", "USA95053", "USA95054", "USA95070", "USA95075", "USA95110", "USA95111", "USA95112", "USA95113", "USA95116", "USA95117", "USA95118", "USA95119", "USA95120", "USA95121", "USA95122", "USA95123", "USA95124", "USA95125", "USA95126", "USA95127", "USA95128", "USA95129", "USA95130", "USA95131", "USA95132", "USA95133", "USA95134", "USA95135", "USA95136", "USA95138", "USA95139", "USA95140", "USA95148" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Counties", "Places", "Subcounties", "Zipcodes" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Counties": 7, "Places": 166, "Subcounties": 38, "Zipcodes": 239 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "de30eb94685127811fb9e9acb94f8256bf3d5e4e922ccbd55bc977ef6c35ea61", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1255, "eFUA_name": "San Jose", "Cntry_ISO": "USA", "Cntry_name": "UnitedStates", "UC_IDs": "10;13", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "34b0a8382a2f0f376c836619519fc932daa05e38f8731f6144bede4ae6b59955", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres.", "match_caveat": "The San Francisco reference point intersects the source eFUA named San Jose (1255). Preserve that source identity; do not silently rename the estimated area or claim equivalence to OECD USA05F." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "US OMB/Census Metropolitan statistical area", "name": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA", "id": "41860", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city": { "name": "San Francisco", "state_fips": "06", "place_fips": "67000" }, "member_type": "County or county equivalent", "member_ids": [ "06001", "06013", "06041", "06075", "06081" ], "source_frame": "us-cbsa-2023", "member_count": 5, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_comparison_notice": "The OECD correspondence includes overlapping Counties, Places, Subcounties and Zipcodes; this national MSA is delineated by whole counties. Its county membership cannot be equated to the complete mixed-level OECD correspondence or to a city-proper ACS estimate." }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" }, { "frame_id": "us-cbsa-2023", "file": "us-2023-cbsa-delineations.xlsx", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629", "bytes": 143798, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:06:36.735881+00:00", "last_modified": "Fri, 04 Aug 2023 14:36:17 GMT", "publisher": "United States Census Bureau / Office of Management and Budget", "label": "July 2023 CBSA delineations", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city_source_frame": { "file": "us-2023-principal-cities.xlsx", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list2_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "1e1091de28d1ad1423cebf18e7cdb6db4fbf2204fd357bc68c24e8261dcce161", "bytes": 79368, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:06:36.716958+00:00", "last_modified": "Fri, 04 Aug 2023 14:36:23 GMT" }, "licence": "US Census Bureau government data: public-domain government work; cite source.", "licence_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "source_ref": "source-b2291e17aab05222" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:san-francisco", "city_slug": "san-francisco", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1255", "source_name": "San Jose", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "san-francisco", "estimated_area_id": 1255, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "USA05F", "oecd_name": "San Francisco (Greater)", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 4038, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 13668.525764596168, "intersection_km2": 3647.724545131775, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9033493177641839, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.26687037124223073, "intersection_over_union": 0.2594619902642556, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -122.4194, "latitude": 37.7749, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_name": "UnitedStates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1255", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1255; fid=8486", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8486, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "34b0a8382a2f0f376c836619519fc932daa05e38f8731f6144bede4ae6b59955", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "35f5933f7ae7dbe4048125cb10c7f48c0eee1a5d584745ea91835e66c1591997", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1255, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "34b0a8382a2f0f376c836619519fc932daa05e38f8731f6144bede4ae6b59955", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "582a1c2210757b292cf3860698199031b7daaf736c7faf142f51fc3d52d5316a" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: San Jose (1255)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:san-francisco", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:san-francisco", "city_slug": "san-francisco", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "41860", "source_name": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "san-francisco", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -122.4194, "latitude": 37.7749, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -122.4194, 37.7749 ], "transformed_point": [ -122.4194, 37.7749 ], "native_matches": [ "41860" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 14220.719993068731, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "5f1c8125cd93e38e1ddd28130e0fb40cb3db0e16c1bdfc597d97f6c8da375630" }, "county_fips": [ "06001", "06013", "06041", "06075", "06081" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:41860", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA41860; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record235", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "8df2af4146e0f820b57ce300d2678ac82f90eb3da8342dcd721768b8d378d7b6", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 235, "native_shp_record_number": 235, "native_cbsa_code": "41860", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US41860", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:san-francisco", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "8df2af4146e0f820b57ce300d2678ac82f90eb3da8342dcd721768b8d378d7b6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "san-francisco", "city_name": "San Francisco", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1255", "source_area_id": "1255", "source_area_name": "San Jose", "value": 0.4376705290771579, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:san-francisco", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-san-francisco", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area San Jose (source ID 1255). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 4038, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4038, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 886, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 5259987.4063209435, "weather_covered_population": 5259987.4063209435, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2302141.471063675, "native_weather_points": 17, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.0025586123703909675, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 13458.268845913466 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.0012793061851954838, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6729.134422956733 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.14280722996614864, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 751164.2311535206 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.2910253805554228, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1530789.836641284 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 5259987.4063209435, "strict_value": 0.4376705290771579, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2302141.471063675, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.0025586123703909675, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 13458.268845913466, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.0012793061851954838, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6729.134422956733, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.14280722996614864, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 751164.2311535206, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.2910253805554228, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1530789.836641284, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1255.npz", "sha256": "1c3f91fe44d6cdc124d12a031bd685f6a0efb85847a180f5281806132d0b5b61" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": { "city_slug": "san-francisco", "value": 5.485657050489127, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:san-francisco", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 41860 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 4648486, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:41860", "boundary_label": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 255, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 237, "midyear_resident_population": 4648486, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 25500000, "denominator": 4648486, "reduced_fraction": "12750000/2324243" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "41860", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US41860", "source_area_name": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 235, "county_count": 5, "county_fips": [ "06001", "06013", "06041", "06075", "06081" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -122.4194, 37.7749 ], "transformed_point": [ -122.4194, 37.7749 ], "native_matches": [ "41860" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 14220.719993068731, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 1319, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "41860", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA", "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area", "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "4753655", "POPESTIMATE2020": "4745673", "POPESTIMATE2021": "4621751", "POPESTIMATE2022": "4599793", "POPESTIMATE2023": "4609445", "POPESTIMATE2024": "4648486", "NPOPCHG2020": "-7982", "NPOPCHG2021": "-123922", "NPOPCHG2022": "-21958", "NPOPCHG2023": "9652", "NPOPCHG2024": "39041", "BIRTHS2020": "11802", "BIRTHS2021": "45657", "BIRTHS2022": "46095", "BIRTHS2023": "44037", "BIRTHS2024": "43208", "DEATHS2020": "8352", "DEATHS2021": "35445", "DEATHS2022": "33691", "DEATHS2023": "33179", "DEATHS2024": "32039", "NATURALCHG2020": "3450", "NATURALCHG2021": "10212", "NATURALCHG2022": "12404", "NATURALCHG2023": "10858", "NATURALCHG2024": "11169", "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "478", "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "10054", "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "45782", "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "55387", "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "67708", "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-11891", "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-136463", "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-81403", "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-56942", "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-39938", "NETMIG2020": "-11413", "NETMIG2021": "-126409", "NETMIG2022": "-35621", "NETMIG2023": "-1555", "NETMIG2024": "27770", "RESIDUAL2020": "-19", "RESIDUAL2021": "-7725", "RESIDUAL2022": "1259", "RESIDUAL2023": "349", "RESIDUAL2024": "102" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "5f1c8125cd93e38e1ddd28130e0fb40cb3db0e16c1bdfc597d97f6c8da375630" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "8df2af4146e0f820b57ce300d2678ac82f90eb3da8342dcd721768b8d378d7b6" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "aabbfc5b855a3c1352e0ccb2877220f267ff29b0262873335d7fa5a60f111803" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "ec4abeadaa46c6dc8acfab53983023407599dcb7b54d0b454333453f2f83cae9" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 4623434, "value": 5.5153809917044345, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 25500000, "denominator": 4623434, "reduced_fraction": "12750000/2311717" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 545, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 18, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 247, "9999": 8 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 0, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-san-francisco", "city_name": "San Francisco", "source_area_id": "41860", "source_area_name": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA", "review_status": "accepted", "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "5f1c8125cd93e38e1ddd28130e0fb40cb3db0e16c1bdfc597d97f6c8da375630" }, "numerator_person_fatalities": 255, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 237, "midyear_resident_population": 4648486, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_boundary": { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:san-francisco", "city_slug": "san-francisco", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "41860", "source_name": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "san-francisco", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -122.4194, "latitude": 37.7749, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -122.4194, 37.7749 ], "transformed_point": [ -122.4194, 37.7749 ], "native_matches": [ "41860" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 14220.719993068731, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "5f1c8125cd93e38e1ddd28130e0fb40cb3db0e16c1bdfc597d97f6c8da375630" }, "county_fips": [ "06001", "06013", "06041", "06075", "06081" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:41860", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA41860; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record235", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "8df2af4146e0f820b57ce300d2678ac82f90eb3da8342dcd721768b8d378d7b6", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 235, "native_shp_record_number": 235, "native_cbsa_code": "41860", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US41860", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:san-francisco", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-san-francisco-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "8df2af4146e0f820b57ce300d2678ac82f90eb3da8342dcd721768b8d378d7b6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. 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Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "licence_source_refs": [ "source-81cbb49139c6b6e8", "source-ca5172f562a17a92" ], "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ], "notice": "Territorial 2024 FARS motor-vehicle-involved traffic fatal-person counts per July 1, 2024 resident population, on complete OMB July 2023 metropolitan county sets. A motor vehicle in transport is required; eligible victims include occupants, pedestrians and cyclists, while nonmotor-only events are outside this initial global convention. The 2024 Annual Report File is provisional. The 30-day public-access trafficway classification is source-reported; unknown individual death timestamps are retained. Public access does not mean government road ownership or every publicly accessible parking area: qualifying parking lot ways are distinct from stalls and aisles. This is not resident lifetime risk, deaths per distance travelled, a municipal measure, a global comparison or an official quarterly result. Native NAD83 boundaries and the reviewed destination-point adapter are distinct from PM and heat geographies. Historical source review does not by itself establish current engine admission." } }, { "slug": "santiago", "name": "Santiago", "country": { "id": "country:CHL", "name": "Chile", "iso_2": "CL", "iso_3": "CHL", "continent": "South America" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/santiago", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/santiago.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "santiago", "id": "2334", "name": "Santiago", "constituentNames": [ "Santiago" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Chile", "UN_WPP": "Chile" }, "population2025": 6633766.609, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 801, "densityPerKm2": 8281.855941323345, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": -33.500472, "longitude": -70.6536751, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": -33.4489, "longitude": -70.6693, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M101.66,22.49L110.63,22.49L110.63,35.95L115.12,35.95L115.12,40.44L128.59,40.44L133.07,49.41L146.54,49.41L146.54,53.9L151.02,53.9L155.51,62.88L168.98,62.88L168.98,58.39L173.46,58.39L173.46,44.93L168.98,44.93L168.98,26.98L173.46,26.98L173.46,31.46L186.93,31.46L186.93,35.95L191.41,35.95L191.41,40.44L200.39,44.93L200.39,53.9L204.88,53.9L204.88,89.8L209.37,89.8L209.37,103.27L213.85,103.27L213.85,121.22L218.34,121.22L218.34,148.15L227.32,152.63L227.32,161.61L231.8,161.61L231.8,166.1L240.78,166.1L245.27,184.05L231.8,184.05L231.8,188.54L222.83,188.54L218.34,197.51L200.39,197.51L200.39,193.02L195.9,193.02L191.41,184.05L182.44,184.05L182.44,188.54L177.95,188.54L177.95,197.51L182.44,197.51L182.44,202.0L168.98,202.0L168.98,193.02L160.0,188.54L160.0,170.59L155.51,170.59L155.51,166.1L151.02,166.1L146.54,157.12L133.07,157.12L133.07,161.61L128.59,161.61L124.1,170.59L110.63,170.59L110.63,157.12L115.12,157.12L115.12,143.66L110.63,143.66L110.63,134.68L106.15,134.68L110.63,107.76L106.15,107.76L106.15,103.27L74.73,103.27L74.73,94.29L88.2,94.29L88.2,89.8L97.17,85.32L97.17,71.85L88.2,67.37L88.2,58.39L92.68,58.39L92.68,35.95L88.2,35.95L88.2,18.0L101.66,18.0L101.66,22.49Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 148.15, "y": 97.91 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 164.96, "y": 124.62 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. 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"metric": "pm25", "value": 24.37080176119189, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:santiago", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2072", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2072.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "fdfef808feefe93e6a0f8d5e0092bf48c24d6b1b1453cf779f4a34c6f8644e86", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2072.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2072", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 7394880.052780694, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and 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Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Santiago (source ID 2072). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-santiago", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2072.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-santiago", "observation_sha256": "1daa305bf5366a29c1a5d6ce3e7646f75a1741cdd8d12ca91a61f14ab2fc605b", "evidence_review_sha256": "e28806f373baa47c94dffe4e14d9de73451305f022876652caee74fbc8947e3c", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:santiago", "geography_sha256": "ebbfea6321a795bf5b7759798df269fd2ac3223b68929954d28d768e716231e4", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2072", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "7b9e6a67600392c5397aa01016249a7f22c5e0e1b68fccfc4d9b0f12c1aa669e", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-2072", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2072.npz", "sha256": "fdfef808feefe93e6a0f8d5e0092bf48c24d6b1b1453cf779f4a34c6f8644e86", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:santiago", "city_slug": "santiago", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2072", "source_name": "Santiago", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "santiago", "estimated_area_id": 2072, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CL011F", "oecd_name": "Santiago", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2923, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 11396.534205939863, "intersection_km2": 2875.5819230947104, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.983777599416596, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.25232073814124645, "intersection_over_union": 0.25127524582615557, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -70.6693, "latitude": -33.4489, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CHL", "source_country_iso3": "CHL", "source_country_name": "Chile" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2072", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=2072; fid=908", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 908, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "2b49694c30037371e70aa5fea45ae81574f3712bfe72b02dcefbfbff71f79f46", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "59cc3b575ce3543c3b80327881c263c0238099d17ca32ac8e51880cab9553292", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 2072, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "2b49694c30037371e70aa5fea45ae81574f3712bfe72b02dcefbfbff71f79f46", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "792ef3f1966d5d89274fd07a22ef6abaa2a37b3510010ad0536a3ae18e8d4418" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Santiago (2072)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:santiago", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "santiago", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0.05407275738730921, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:santiago", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2072", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2072.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f6e90e29a5d8c29a720fd745cc6e658ac1587d62b21f4056cb52e0b1b4153a10", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2072.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2072", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 7394880.052780694, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Santiago (2072)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2072", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Santiago (2072)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2923, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2923, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 553, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 7394880.052780694, "weather_covered_population": 7394880.052780694, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 399861.5550022628, "native_weather_points": 13, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Santiago (source ID 2072). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.05407275738730921, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 399861.5550022628 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 7394880.052780694, "strict_value": 0.05407275738730921, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 399861.5550022628, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.05407275738730921, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 399861.5550022628, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-santiago", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2072.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-santiago", "observation_sha256": "749c6eeba1e0be16bde4d54cad6e86977f1eead430ba91d1f824ffcc54be8e03", "evidence_review_sha256": "6040139af3f4b75f767587037a42331eecb07a3907c9ac395526a472cdec232d", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:santiago", "geography_sha256": "cee4d9b56f344a0a044e53657283b5787dff71b218f65164f60a7f848f8da6b9", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2072", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "b473d8c7b4133bfac7a3dbf7c9b080a687939954daccea16dd7c5cf8e0abef60", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-2072", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2072.npz", "sha256": "f6e90e29a5d8c29a720fd745cc6e658ac1587d62b21f4056cb52e0b1b4153a10", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:santiago", "city_slug": "santiago", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2072", "source_name": "Santiago", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "santiago", "estimated_area_id": 2072, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CL011F", "oecd_name": "Santiago", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2923, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 11396.534205939863, "intersection_km2": 2875.5819230947104, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.983777599416596, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.25232073814124645, "intersection_over_union": 0.25127524582615557, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -70.6693, "latitude": -33.4489, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CHL", "source_country_iso3": "CHL", "source_country_name": "Chile" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2072", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=2072; fid=908", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 908, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "2b49694c30037371e70aa5fea45ae81574f3712bfe72b02dcefbfbff71f79f46", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "59cc3b575ce3543c3b80327881c263c0238099d17ca32ac8e51880cab9553292", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 2072, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "2b49694c30037371e70aa5fea45ae81574f3712bfe72b02dcefbfbff71f79f46", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "792ef3f1966d5d89274fd07a22ef6abaa2a37b3510010ad0536a3ae18e8d4418" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Santiago (2072)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:santiago", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:santiago", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "santiago", "name": "Santiago", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, 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null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "santiago", "metric": "pm25", "value": 24.37080176119189, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:santiago", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2072", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2072.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "fdfef808feefe93e6a0f8d5e0092bf48c24d6b1b1453cf779f4a34c6f8644e86", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2072.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2072", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 7394880.052780694, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Santiago (2072)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2072", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Santiago (2072)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2923, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2923, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 553, "total_known_modelled_population": 7394880.052780694, "pm_covered_population": 7394880.052780694, "weighted_concentration_sum": 180219155.81411052, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 24.353756286696356, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 23.234180177212103, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Santiago (source ID 2072). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "santiago", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0.05407275738730921, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:santiago", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2072", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2072.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f6e90e29a5d8c29a720fd745cc6e658ac1587d62b21f4056cb52e0b1b4153a10", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2072.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2072", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 7394880.052780694, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Santiago (2072)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2072", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Santiago (2072)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2923, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2923, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 553, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 7394880.052780694, "weather_covered_population": 7394880.052780694, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 399861.5550022628, "native_weather_points": 13, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Santiago (source ID 2072). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.05407275738730921, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 399861.5550022628 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 7394880.052780694, "strict_value": 0.05407275738730921, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 399861.5550022628, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.05407275738730921, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 399861.5550022628, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-santiago", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2072.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "santiago", "city_name": "Santiago", "destination_country_iso3": "CHL", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -70.6693, "latitude": -33.4489, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "CL011F", "country_iso3": "CHL", "source_name": "Santiago", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 47, "member_ids": [ "CHL13101", "CHL13102", "CHL13103", "CHL13104", "CHL13105", "CHL13106", "CHL13107", "CHL13108", "CHL13109", "CHL13110", "CHL13111", "CHL13112", "CHL13113", "CHL13114", "CHL13115", "CHL13116", "CHL13117", "CHL13118", "CHL13119", "CHL13120", "CHL13121", "CHL13122", "CHL13123", "CHL13124", "CHL13125", "CHL13126", "CHL13127", "CHL13128", "CHL13129", "CHL13130", "CHL13131", "CHL13132", "CHL13201", "CHL13202", "CHL13203", "CHL13301", "CHL13302", "CHL13401", "CHL13402", "CHL13403", "CHL13404", "CHL13503", "CHL13601", "CHL13602", "CHL13603", "CHL13604", "CHL13605" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Comuna)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Comuna)": 47 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "040b3c7ee39f01a7a8d623afb982c3de123d23552cea2964af76091a66a42ff0", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 2072, "eFUA_name": "Santiago", "Cntry_ISO": "CHL", "Cntry_name": "Chile", "UC_IDs": "930;931;932", "UC_num": 3, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "2b49694c30037371e70aa5fea45ae81574f3712bfe72b02dcefbfbff71f79f46", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:santiago", "city_slug": "santiago", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2072", "source_name": "Santiago", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "santiago", "estimated_area_id": 2072, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CL011F", "oecd_name": "Santiago", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2923, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 11396.534205939863, "intersection_km2": 2875.5819230947104, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.983777599416596, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.25232073814124645, "intersection_over_union": 0.25127524582615557, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -70.6693, "latitude": -33.4489, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CHL", "source_country_iso3": "CHL", "source_country_name": "Chile" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2072", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=2072; fid=908", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 908, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "2b49694c30037371e70aa5fea45ae81574f3712bfe72b02dcefbfbff71f79f46", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "59cc3b575ce3543c3b80327881c263c0238099d17ca32ac8e51880cab9553292", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 2072, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "2b49694c30037371e70aa5fea45ae81574f3712bfe72b02dcefbfbff71f79f46", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "792ef3f1966d5d89274fd07a22ef6abaa2a37b3510010ad0536a3ae18e8d4418" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Santiago (2072)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:santiago", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:santiago", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "santiago", "city_name": "Santiago", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2072", "source_area_id": "2072", "source_area_name": "Santiago", "value": 0.05407275738730921, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:santiago", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-santiago", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Santiago (source ID 2072). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2923, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2923, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 553, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 7394880.052780694, "weather_covered_population": 7394880.052780694, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 399861.5550022628, "native_weather_points": 13, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.05407275738730921, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 399861.5550022628 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 7394880.052780694, "strict_value": 0.05407275738730921, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 399861.5550022628, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.05407275738730921, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 399861.5550022628, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2072.npz", "sha256": "f6e90e29a5d8c29a720fd745cc6e658ac1587d62b21f4056cb52e0b1b4153a10" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "sao-paulo", "name": "São Paulo", "country": { "id": "country:BRA", "name": "Brazil", "iso_2": "BR", "iso_3": "BRA", "continent": "South America" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/sao-paulo", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/sao-paulo.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:sao-paulo", "city_slug": "sao-paulo", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "6567", "source_name": "São Paulo", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "sao-paulo", "estimated_area_id": 6567, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": -46.6333, "latitude": -23.5505, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "BRA", "source_country_iso3": "BRA", "source_country_name": "Brazil" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6567", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=6567; fid=592", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 592, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f7241d9bfd31802b8a8122221ab8054b087be67d31c86a214a432ed4ad4e67c1", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "592137fe8496ac55d5cd9a02a45b73a14965a65d5944dc65c323e4ba8079545f", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 6567, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "f7241d9bfd31802b8a8122221ab8054b087be67d31c86a214a432ed4ad4e67c1", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "8c2421fbf05fb565fcfe5e609f15e88b5e8ee627a895b395d9219f35568fe8fb" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: São Paulo (6567)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:sao-paulo", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "sao-paulo", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 2.853240056641495, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:sao-paulo", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6567", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6567.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "a539162d1ac20b5b6b010e3aa5537d5011f57456aa40dc61c7a4ab06b13a521b", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6567.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 6567", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 21671856.66410414, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: São Paulo (6567)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6567", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: São Paulo (6567)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 6077, "population_grid_valid_cells": 6077, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 378, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 21671856.66410414, "weather_covered_population": 21671856.66410414, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 61835009.53581487, "native_weather_points": 18, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area São Paulo (source ID 6567). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.0033138656149938337, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 71817.62061224968 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.007599566816855324, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 164696.72276417076 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.004584084422927069, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 99345.62054982799 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.001021823403530299, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22144.810337335686 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.0010853516625349616, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 23521.58566060482 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.0022920422114635344, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 49672.810274913994 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.83334332250919, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 61403810.36561576 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 21671856.66410414, "strict_value": 2.853240056641495, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 61835009.53581487, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.0033138656149938337, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 71817.62061224968, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.007599566816855324, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 164696.72276417076, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.004584084422927069, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 99345.62054982799, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.001021823403530299, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 22144.810337335686, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.0010853516625349616, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 23521.58566060482, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.0022920422114635344, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 49672.810274913994, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.83334332250919, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 61403810.36561576, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-sao-paulo", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6567.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-sao-paulo", "observation_sha256": "990f2212d392a447ee6bcf9e9411897d993ef848f79bf31fa8d4de8cf4807196", "evidence_review_sha256": "2b4bb0df4d022f53ceb1be5e51d923d4cf157c6eac0d79a8fb292b434d393702", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:sao-paulo", "geography_sha256": "fccdb0d98cb036416148236473981ff62f5d3a73bddb38ff63305cfaba9ff422", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6567", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "3404035b18c464d12308e599b08cd52189243a7dff3afc3858df8aef8566abcb", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-6567", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6567.npz", "sha256": "a539162d1ac20b5b6b010e3aa5537d5011f57456aa40dc61c7a4ab06b13a521b", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "sao-paulo", "metric": "pm25", "value": 18.345879486665147, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:sao-paulo", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-6567", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6567.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "8adaee75bf57b0334cb4e6374be59fabadeec3752d599be66f02906df8234e2d", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-6567.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 6567", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 21671856.66410414, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: São Paulo (6567)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6567", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: São Paulo (6567)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 6077, "population_grid_valid_cells": 6077, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 378, "total_known_modelled_population": 21671856.66410414, "pm_covered_population": 21671856.66410414, "weighted_concentration_sum": 397589270.61193556, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 18.34478470331252, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 18.35256109564962, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area São Paulo (source ID 6567). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-sao-paulo", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6567.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-c3fde526af75fd793aa25978f29fddbc445193a61fbaf7723ee3235d86ebca45", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-sao-paulo", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-c3fde526af75fd793aa25978f29fddbc445193a61fbaf7723ee3235d86ebca45", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-sao-paulo", "observation_sha256": "990f2212d392a447ee6bcf9e9411897d993ef848f79bf31fa8d4de8cf4807196", "evidence_review_sha256": "2b4bb0df4d022f53ceb1be5e51d923d4cf157c6eac0d79a8fb292b434d393702", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:sao-paulo", "geography_sha256": "fccdb0d98cb036416148236473981ff62f5d3a73bddb38ff63305cfaba9ff422", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6567", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "3404035b18c464d12308e599b08cd52189243a7dff3afc3858df8aef8566abcb", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-6567", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6567.npz", "sha256": "a539162d1ac20b5b6b010e3aa5537d5011f57456aa40dc61c7a4ab06b13a521b", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "sao-paulo", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 2.853240056641495, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:sao-paulo", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6567", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6567.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "a539162d1ac20b5b6b010e3aa5537d5011f57456aa40dc61c7a4ab06b13a521b", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-6567.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 6567", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 21671856.66410414, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: São Paulo (6567)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6567", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: São Paulo (6567)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 6077, "population_grid_valid_cells": 6077, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 378, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 21671856.66410414, "weather_covered_population": 21671856.66410414, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 61835009.53581487, "native_weather_points": 18, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area São Paulo (source ID 6567). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.0033138656149938337, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 71817.62061224968 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.007599566816855324, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 164696.72276417076 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.004584084422927069, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 99345.62054982799 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.001021823403530299, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22144.810337335686 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.0010853516625349616, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 23521.58566060482 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.0022920422114635344, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 49672.810274913994 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.83334332250919, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 61403810.36561576 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 21671856.66410414, "strict_value": 2.853240056641495, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 61835009.53581487, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.0033138656149938337, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 71817.62061224968, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.007599566816855324, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 164696.72276417076, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.004584084422927069, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 99345.62054982799, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.001021823403530299, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 22144.810337335686, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.0010853516625349616, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 23521.58566060482, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.0022920422114635344, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 49672.810274913994, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.83334332250919, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 61403810.36561576, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-sao-paulo", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6567.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "sao-paulo", "city_name": "São Paulo", "destination_country_iso3": "BRA", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -46.6333, "latitude": -23.5505, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 6567, "eFUA_name": "São Paulo", "Cntry_ISO": "BRA", "Cntry_name": "Brazil", "UC_IDs": "1300;1302;1303;1306;1308;1309;1310;1311;1317;1318", "UC_num": 10, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f7241d9bfd31802b8a8122221ab8054b087be67d31c86a214a432ed4ad4e67c1", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:sao-paulo", "city_slug": "sao-paulo", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "6567", "source_name": "São Paulo", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "sao-paulo", "estimated_area_id": 6567, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": -46.6333, "latitude": -23.5505, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "BRA", "source_country_iso3": "BRA", "source_country_name": "Brazil" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6567", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=6567; fid=592", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 592, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f7241d9bfd31802b8a8122221ab8054b087be67d31c86a214a432ed4ad4e67c1", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "592137fe8496ac55d5cd9a02a45b73a14965a65d5944dc65c323e4ba8079545f", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 6567, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "f7241d9bfd31802b8a8122221ab8054b087be67d31c86a214a432ed4ad4e67c1", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "8c2421fbf05fb565fcfe5e609f15e88b5e8ee627a895b395d9219f35568fe8fb" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: São Paulo (6567)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:sao-paulo", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "sao-paulo", "city_name": "São Paulo", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:6567", "source_area_id": "6567", "source_area_name": "São Paulo", "value": 18.345879486665147, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 6077, "population_grid_valid_cells": 6077, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 378, "total_known_modelled_population": 21671856.66410414, "pm_covered_population": 21671856.66410414, "weighted_concentration_sum": 397589270.61193556, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 21671856.66410414, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 18.34478470331252, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 18.35256109564962, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-6567.npz", "sha256": "8adaee75bf57b0334cb4e6374be59fabadeec3752d599be66f02906df8234e2d" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:sao-paulo", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-sao-paulo", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area São Paulo (source ID 6567). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. The current engine state separately applies age and all other checks." }, "scoring_boundaries": [ { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:sao-paulo", "city_slug": "sao-paulo", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "6567", "source_name": "São Paulo", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 6077, "population_grid_valid_cells": 6077, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 378, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 21671856.66410414, "weather_covered_population": 21671856.66410414, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 61835009.53581487, "native_weather_points": 18, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.0033138656149938337, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 71817.62061224968 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.007599566816855324, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 164696.72276417076 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.004584084422927069, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 99345.62054982799 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.001021823403530299, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22144.810337335686 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.0010853516625349616, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 23521.58566060482 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.0022920422114635344, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 49672.810274913994 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.83334332250919, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 61403810.36561576 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 21671856.66410414, "strict_value": 2.853240056641495, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 61835009.53581487, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.0033138656149938337, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 71817.62061224968, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.007599566816855324, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 164696.72276417076, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.004584084422927069, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 99345.62054982799, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.001021823403530299, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 22144.810337335686, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.0010853516625349616, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 23521.58566060482, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.0022920422114635344, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 49672.810274913994, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.83334332250919, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 61403810.36561576, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. 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Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-6567.npz", "sha256": "a539162d1ac20b5b6b010e3aa5537d5011f57456aa40dc61c7a4ab06b13a521b" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "seattle", "name": "Seattle", "country": { "id": "country:USA", "name": "United States", "iso_2": "US", "iso_3": "USA", "continent": "North America" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/seattle", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/seattle.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 3, "agency_measurements": 3, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 3, "air_monitor_records": 3, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "seattle", "id": "5098", "name": "Seattle", "constituentNames": [ "Seattle", "Bellevue" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "United States", "UN_WPP": "United States of America" }, "population2025": 2099643.254, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 1123, "densityPerKm2": 1869.6734229741764, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 47.6295145, "longitude": -122.2756004, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 47.6062, "longitude": -122.3321, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M271.89,20.49L274.38,20.49L274.38,22.97L271.89,22.97L271.89,27.95L266.92,27.95L266.92,30.43L264.43,30.43L264.43,37.89L266.92,37.89L266.92,42.86L261.95,42.86L259.46,47.84L249.51,47.84L249.51,50.32L247.03,50.32L244.54,55.3L239.57,55.3L239.57,57.78L237.08,57.78L237.08,62.76L234.59,62.76L234.59,60.27L229.62,60.27L229.62,62.76L227.14,62.76L227.14,67.73L222.16,70.22L222.16,77.68L217.19,80.16L217.19,85.14L219.68,85.14L222.16,90.11L219.68,90.11L219.68,92.59L214.7,95.08L214.7,100.05L209.73,100.05L209.73,102.54L204.76,105.03L204.76,110.0L199.78,110.0L197.3,114.97L192.32,114.97L192.32,117.46L187.35,119.95L187.35,124.92L184.86,124.92L184.86,119.95L182.38,119.95L179.89,114.97L172.43,114.97L172.43,112.49L169.95,112.49L169.95,107.51L167.46,107.51L164.97,112.49L160.0,112.49L160.0,114.97L157.51,114.97L157.51,117.46L152.54,119.95L152.54,124.92L150.05,124.92L150.05,127.41L152.54,127.41L152.54,134.86L155.03,134.86L157.51,139.84L155.03,139.84L155.03,144.81L152.54,144.81L152.54,147.3L145.08,147.3L145.08,149.78L142.59,149.78L145.08,159.73L142.59,159.73L142.59,157.24L130.16,157.24L130.16,159.73L127.68,159.73L127.68,164.7L122.7,167.19L122.7,172.16L117.73,174.65L117.73,179.62L115.24,179.62L115.24,182.11L105.3,182.11L105.3,179.62L102.81,179.62L100.32,174.65L95.35,174.65L95.35,177.14L90.38,177.14L90.38,179.62L87.89,179.62L87.89,184.59L85.41,184.59L85.41,187.08L77.95,187.08L75.46,192.05L68.0,192.05L65.51,197.03L58.05,197.03L58.05,199.51L50.59,199.51L50.59,202.0L45.62,199.51L45.62,189.57L50.59,189.57L50.59,187.08L60.54,187.08L60.54,184.59L68.0,184.59L68.0,182.11L75.46,182.11L75.46,179.62L77.95,179.62L77.95,177.14L80.43,177.14L80.43,174.65L82.92,174.65L82.92,172.16L85.41,172.16L85.41,169.68L90.38,167.19L90.38,162.22L95.35,159.73L95.35,157.24L92.86,157.24L92.86,152.27L100.32,152.27L100.32,149.78L102.81,149.78L102.81,147.3L107.78,144.81L107.78,137.35L110.27,137.35L110.27,134.86L112.76,134.86L112.76,132.38L115.24,132.38L115.24,129.89L117.73,129.89L117.73,127.41L122.7,124.92L122.7,119.95L127.68,119.95L127.68,117.46L132.65,117.46L132.65,114.97L142.59,117.46L142.59,114.97L147.57,112.49L147.57,110.0L142.59,110.0L142.59,100.05L145.08,100.05L145.08,97.57L150.05,97.57L152.54,92.59L157.51,92.59L160.0,87.62L164.97,87.62L164.97,85.14L174.92,82.65L174.92,80.16L177.41,80.16L177.41,75.19L182.38,72.7L182.38,67.73L184.86,67.73L184.86,65.24L189.84,65.24L189.84,62.76L192.32,62.76L194.81,57.78L199.78,57.78L199.78,55.3L204.76,55.3L204.76,52.81L209.73,52.81L209.73,50.32L219.68,47.84L219.68,45.35L222.16,45.35L222.16,42.86L227.14,42.86L227.14,40.38L229.62,40.38L229.62,37.89L232.11,37.89L234.59,32.92L237.08,32.92L239.57,37.89L247.03,37.89L247.03,35.41L252.0,32.92L252.0,27.95L259.46,27.95L259.46,25.46L261.95,25.46L261.95,20.49L264.43,20.49L264.43,18.0L271.89,18.0L271.89,20.49Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 149.39, "y": 113.64 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 167.09, "y": 107.46 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.1, "accepted_metrics": 3, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0, "infrastructure": 0.16666666666666666, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "unit": "PPP international $ / person / year", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 40000 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "pillar": "means", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "price-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median home price / household income", "unit": "ratio", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 3, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "seattle", "metric": "road-deaths", "value": 7.670979622693942, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:seattle", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population.json", "source_frame_sha256": "a7f1ae06c9ab85f7312aa640fdd3491c011e02338609c8b42bc6c05562fe635f", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 42660 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 4145494, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:42660", "boundary_label": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 318, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 293, "midyear_resident_population": 4145494, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 31800000, "denominator": 4145494, "reduced_fraction": "15900000/2072747" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "42660", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US42660", "source_area_name": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 251, "county_count": 3, "county_fips": [ "53033", "53053", "53061" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -122.3321, 47.6062 ], "transformed_point": [ -122.3321, 47.6062 ], "native_matches": [ "42660" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 8629.426910953325, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 1349, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "42660", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA", "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area", "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "4018783", "POPESTIMATE2020": "4027979", "POPESTIMATE2021": "4017215", "POPESTIMATE2022": "4040080", "POPESTIMATE2023": "4078828", "POPESTIMATE2024": "4145494", "NPOPCHG2020": "9196", "NPOPCHG2021": "-10764", "NPOPCHG2022": "22865", "NPOPCHG2023": "38748", "NPOPCHG2024": "66666", "BIRTHS2020": "11186", "BIRTHS2021": "43707", "BIRTHS2022": "44370", "BIRTHS2023": "43532", "BIRTHS2024": "43132", "DEATHS2020": "6872", "DEATHS2021": "28775", "DEATHS2022": "30716", "DEATHS2023": "30129", "DEATHS2024": "28960", "NATURALCHG2020": "4314", "NATURALCHG2021": "14932", "NATURALCHG2022": "13654", "NATURALCHG2023": "13403", "NATURALCHG2024": "14172", "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "564", "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "11020", "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "35641", "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "52558", "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "63849", "DOMESTICMIG2020": "3338", "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-37232", "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-23559", "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-26540", "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-11483", "NETMIG2020": "3902", "NETMIG2021": "-26212", "NETMIG2022": "12082", "NETMIG2023": "26018", "NETMIG2024": "52366", "RESIDUAL2020": "980", "RESIDUAL2021": "516", "RESIDUAL2022": "-2871", "RESIDUAL2023": "-673", "RESIDUAL2024": "128" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "a7f1ae06c9ab85f7312aa640fdd3491c011e02338609c8b42bc6c05562fe635f" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-seattle-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "6e7e869b9885e9abcea50ea117e34dbab98c1dd7b67a251310a0abe4f916138a" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-seattle-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "74ec72d077d6e3ea66cdb96b1fb321e69e598b220187b191b4224427fea8fc5c" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-seattle-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "e22a813b67c16a8d6f15fc7d021a851319c4d666af75adbaf13e28c21f96f335" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 4118815, "value": 7.720667230744765, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 31800000, "denominator": 4118815, "reduced_fraction": "6360000/823763" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 775, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 35, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 313, "2025": 2, "9999": 3 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-seattle", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-seattle", "observation_sha256": "c23cce2cada97fbc2d64781028bfa1254924ec5cbd2745625c2c1904989100c5", "evidence_review_sha256": "74c64e09bd30cf3eb1beeab3cd99cd27561e82caf2039f6c561063f1044dcdeb", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "cada0ae696c1201d0333efdad9635dd78025c242ca7a692a246d32f283dfe604", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:seattle", "geography_sha256": "7e2d09a522a8ff3175f63a234b925330bff6e5fbdeeb6f7363e06262bbc180e3", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "54679602830baa17113e6adb44363ae6cb3d44f7875f746e5d15bd43405e50f5", "source_frame": { "id": "road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "a7f1ae06c9ab85f7312aa640fdd3491c011e02338609c8b42bc6c05562fe635f", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-seattle-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "6e7e869b9885e9abcea50ea117e34dbab98c1dd7b67a251310a0abe4f916138a", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:seattle", "city_slug": "seattle", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "42660", "source_name": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-seattle-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "seattle", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -122.3321, "latitude": 47.6062, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -122.3321, 47.6062 ], "transformed_point": [ -122.3321, 47.6062 ], "native_matches": [ "42660" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 8629.426910953325, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "a7f1ae06c9ab85f7312aa640fdd3491c011e02338609c8b42bc6c05562fe635f" }, "county_fips": [ "53033", "53053", "53061" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:42660", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA42660; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record251", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "6e7e869b9885e9abcea50ea117e34dbab98c1dd7b67a251310a0abe4f916138a", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 251, "native_shp_record_number": 251, "native_cbsa_code": "42660", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US42660", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:seattle", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-seattle-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "6e7e869b9885e9abcea50ea117e34dbab98c1dd7b67a251310a0abe4f916138a", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "seattle", "metric": "pm25", "value": 4.916366356001811, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:seattle", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4510", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4510.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "97ad0dd9a87f8df64a85cea9adc323f29cd1ba5bfbae22b10e8227e8b144faa4", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4510.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 4510", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 4209772.909507131, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seattle (4510)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4510", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seattle (4510)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 8328, "population_grid_valid_cells": 8328, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1183, "total_known_modelled_population": 4209772.909507131, "pm_covered_population": 4209772.909507131, "weighted_concentration_sum": 20696785.898708716, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 4.914310171073327, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 4.94325083883346, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Seattle (source ID 4510). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-seattle", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4510.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-seattle", "observation_sha256": "dbf8cfc8cb40b2e3ea916377fc1aa9c1f62127027dd64c3a860ff7aaf0eb9102", "evidence_review_sha256": "fa77521602823fda6ccaf140b52db6c1f7436b881b85c354f939b7f232a213f3", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:seattle", "geography_sha256": "31c179027a055cc592ddaae4d3ffbdbc3c0fda67e993c762489c6d06f7049ecf", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4510", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "b74af12be609697297355ff0767880bb97a7befd6688d82017096be2428b2593", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-4510", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4510.npz", "sha256": "97ad0dd9a87f8df64a85cea9adc323f29cd1ba5bfbae22b10e8227e8b144faa4", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:seattle", "city_slug": "seattle", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "4510", "source_name": "Seattle", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "seattle", "estimated_area_id": 4510, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "USA14F", "oecd_name": "Seattle", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 8328, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 15575.487314190936, "intersection_km2": 6297.670850733482, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.7562044729507064, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.40433218708962193, "intersection_over_union": 0.357703993098241, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -122.3321, "latitude": 47.6062, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_name": "UnitedStates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4510", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=4510; fid=8531", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8531, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "770f9c3847ac2415310c53201a1d1b73e377cfd9d45650d465a851e2dbeb82c8", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "3e1c3fc633c564a71654a2829f8cd364d1c4f750a94fa0219f8b6e6a96e404e5", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 4510, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "770f9c3847ac2415310c53201a1d1b73e377cfd9d45650d465a851e2dbeb82c8", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "c7a20e5e75cd5897bdbeda8820927ec08369041a23159226f0f1344ce68654e5" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seattle (4510)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:seattle", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "seattle", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:seattle", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4510", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4510.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "df825bf64476f8452cc4de544a74c0b37ccf4b0673b9e4c8349546c5f2bf15c0", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4510.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 4510", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 4209772.909507131, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seattle (4510)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4510", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seattle (4510)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 8328, "population_grid_valid_cells": 8328, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1183, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 4209772.909507131, "weather_covered_population": 4209772.909507131, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 28, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Seattle (source ID 4510). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 4209772.909507131, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-seattle", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4510.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-seattle", "observation_sha256": "5dba08d6c5072f256fe34adaac66c862994f6a98f0d0af7472946c5c7ede6bae", "evidence_review_sha256": "86e746c038e59978c5e7b07cc702ceaaa1a736ae6cd452f3dbcdc2d1470cf07d", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:seattle", "geography_sha256": "aae51175940cf94967752311e0ba3fcb11871f7ff2b7ba04eaa0141e3b4fb93a", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4510", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "68efee43e800cd2ed409d016458fc465c73f023197d0f806623f7bc6ea274e62", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-4510", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4510.npz", "sha256": "df825bf64476f8452cc4de544a74c0b37ccf4b0673b9e4c8349546c5f2bf15c0", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:seattle", "city_slug": "seattle", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "4510", "source_name": "Seattle", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "seattle", "name": "Seattle", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-4eeb08aa2de23468ef73275001f34e2d37ea122ad4da141d4d14109debaa0375", "selected_evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-seattle", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-4eeb08aa2de23468ef73275001f34e2d37ea122ad4da141d4d14109debaa0375", "identity": { "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-seattle", "observation_sha256": "c23cce2cada97fbc2d64781028bfa1254924ec5cbd2745625c2c1904989100c5", "evidence_review_sha256": "74c64e09bd30cf3eb1beeab3cd99cd27561e82caf2039f6c561063f1044dcdeb", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "cada0ae696c1201d0333efdad9635dd78025c242ca7a692a246d32f283dfe604", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:seattle", "geography_sha256": "7e2d09a522a8ff3175f63a234b925330bff6e5fbdeeb6f7363e06262bbc180e3", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "54679602830baa17113e6adb44363ae6cb3d44f7875f746e5d15bd43405e50f5", "source_frame": { "id": "road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "a7f1ae06c9ab85f7312aa640fdd3491c011e02338609c8b42bc6c05562fe635f", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-seattle-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "6e7e869b9885e9abcea50ea117e34dbab98c1dd7b67a251310a0abe4f916138a", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "seattle", "metric": "road-deaths", "value": 7.670979622693942, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:seattle", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population.json", "source_frame_sha256": "a7f1ae06c9ab85f7312aa640fdd3491c011e02338609c8b42bc6c05562fe635f", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 42660 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 4145494, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:42660", "boundary_label": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 318, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 293, "midyear_resident_population": 4145494, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 31800000, "denominator": 4145494, "reduced_fraction": "15900000/2072747" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "42660", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US42660", "source_area_name": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 251, "county_count": 3, "county_fips": [ "53033", "53053", "53061" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -122.3321, 47.6062 ], "transformed_point": [ -122.3321, 47.6062 ], "native_matches": [ "42660" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 8629.426910953325, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 1349, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "42660", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA", "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area", "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "4018783", "POPESTIMATE2020": "4027979", "POPESTIMATE2021": "4017215", "POPESTIMATE2022": "4040080", "POPESTIMATE2023": "4078828", "POPESTIMATE2024": "4145494", 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"RESIDUAL2024": "128" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false 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"/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "a7f1ae06c9ab85f7312aa640fdd3491c011e02338609c8b42bc6c05562fe635f" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-seattle-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "6e7e869b9885e9abcea50ea117e34dbab98c1dd7b67a251310a0abe4f916138a" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-seattle-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "74ec72d077d6e3ea66cdb96b1fb321e69e598b220187b191b4224427fea8fc5c" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-seattle-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "e22a813b67c16a8d6f15fc7d021a851319c4d666af75adbaf13e28c21f96f335" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 4118815, "value": 7.720667230744765, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 31800000, "denominator": 4118815, "reduced_fraction": "6360000/823763" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 775, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 35, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 313, "2025": 2, "9999": 3 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-seattle", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-6e95d2379dcac9b180cc984ceb8050300ba4a628727242ee83e129d8a6d19e5a", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-seattle", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-6e95d2379dcac9b180cc984ceb8050300ba4a628727242ee83e129d8a6d19e5a", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-seattle", "observation_sha256": "dbf8cfc8cb40b2e3ea916377fc1aa9c1f62127027dd64c3a860ff7aaf0eb9102", "evidence_review_sha256": "fa77521602823fda6ccaf140b52db6c1f7436b881b85c354f939b7f232a213f3", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:seattle", "geography_sha256": "31c179027a055cc592ddaae4d3ffbdbc3c0fda67e993c762489c6d06f7049ecf", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4510", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "b74af12be609697297355ff0767880bb97a7befd6688d82017096be2428b2593", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-4510", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4510.npz", "sha256": "97ad0dd9a87f8df64a85cea9adc323f29cd1ba5bfbae22b10e8227e8b144faa4", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "seattle", "metric": "pm25", "value": 4.916366356001811, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:seattle", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4510", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4510.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "97ad0dd9a87f8df64a85cea9adc323f29cd1ba5bfbae22b10e8227e8b144faa4", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-4510.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 4510", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 4209772.909507131, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seattle (4510)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4510", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seattle (4510)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 8328, "population_grid_valid_cells": 8328, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1183, "total_known_modelled_population": 4209772.909507131, "pm_covered_population": 4209772.909507131, "weighted_concentration_sum": 20696785.898708716, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 4.914310171073327, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 4.94325083883346, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Seattle (source ID 4510). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-seattle", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4510.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-c4031a250c924875f3cae4b7f43385e60e21e970642bddc94574208fc536b341", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-seattle", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-c4031a250c924875f3cae4b7f43385e60e21e970642bddc94574208fc536b341", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-seattle", "observation_sha256": "5dba08d6c5072f256fe34adaac66c862994f6a98f0d0af7472946c5c7ede6bae", "evidence_review_sha256": "86e746c038e59978c5e7b07cc702ceaaa1a736ae6cd452f3dbcdc2d1470cf07d", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:seattle", "geography_sha256": "aae51175940cf94967752311e0ba3fcb11871f7ff2b7ba04eaa0141e3b4fb93a", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4510", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "68efee43e800cd2ed409d016458fc465c73f023197d0f806623f7bc6ea274e62", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-4510", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4510.npz", "sha256": "df825bf64476f8452cc4de544a74c0b37ccf4b0673b9e4c8349546c5f2bf15c0", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "seattle", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:seattle", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4510", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4510.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "df825bf64476f8452cc4de544a74c0b37ccf4b0673b9e4c8349546c5f2bf15c0", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-4510.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 4510", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 4209772.909507131, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seattle (4510)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4510", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seattle (4510)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 8328, "population_grid_valid_cells": 8328, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1183, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 4209772.909507131, "weather_covered_population": 4209772.909507131, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 28, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Seattle (source ID 4510). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 4209772.909507131, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-seattle", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4510.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 3, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "monitor-annual-summary" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "seattle", "epa_city_name": "Seattle", "epa_state_code": "53", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "selected_year": 2025, "selected_monitor_records": 3, "selected_unique_sites": 2, "annual_coverage": { "2024": 5, "2025": 3 }, "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary." } ], "records": [ { "id": "epa:2025:53-033-0030-88101-5:24-hr-blk-avg:no-events", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "city_slug": "seattle", "source_city_name": "Seattle", "source_state_name": "Washington", "geography_type": "monitoring-site", "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; 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zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. 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inspect the original reported fields." ], "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Site measurement is not harmonized FUA population-weighted exposure." }, "source": { "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "dataset": "AirData annual concentration by monitor", "url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip", "sha256": "7af948b3dcaf2d214e7d8fdcfb8ab7b4b6dd9865a43ead6f1e21955bcc326cb8", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "csv_member": "annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.csv", "csv_sha256": "4ab9dc5135f81cf781f68837a0cf04d3e0223086d46a10eff550d85dcbb433d6", "csv_row_number": 61508, "documentation_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/FileFormats.html", "pm25_advisory_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/Data_Advisory_PM25_88101_Pregen_Files.pdf", "license_url": "https://edg.epa.gov/EPA_Data_License.htm", "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip" }, "raw_source_record": { "State Code": "53", "County Code": "033", "Site Num": "0057", "Parameter Code": "88101", "POC": "5", "Latitude": "47.55975", "Longitude": "-122.338265", "Datum": "WGS84", "Parameter Name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "Sample Duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "Pollutant Standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "Metric Used": "Daily Mean", "Method Name": "", "Year": "2025", "Units of Measure": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "Event Type": "No Events", "Observation Count": "356", "Observation Percent": "98", "Completeness Indicator": "Y", "Valid Day Count": "356", "Required Day Count": "365", "Exceptional Data Count": "0", "Null Data Count": "0", "Primary Exceedance Count": "0", "Secondary Exceedance Count": "0", "Certification Indicator": "Certification not required", "Num Obs Below MDL": "0", "Arithmetic Mean": "5.915449", "Arithmetic Standard Dev": "3.085269", "1st Max Value": "19.2", "1st Max DateTime": "2025-01-29 00:00", "2nd Max Value": "19.2", "2nd Max DateTime": "2025-01-30 00:00", "3rd Max Value": "18", "3rd Max DateTime": "2025-01-28 00:00", "4th Max Value": "17.1", "4th Max DateTime": "2025-01-21 00:00", "1st Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "1st NO Max DateTime": "", "2nd Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "2nd NO Max DateTime": "", "99th Percentile": "17.1", "98th Percentile": "13.9", "95th Percentile": "12", "90th Percentile": "10", "75th Percentile": "7.5", "50th Percentile": "5.2", "10th Percentile": "2.8", "Local Site Name": "SEATTLE - DUWAMISH", "Address": "4700 East Marginal Way South", "State Name": "Washington", "County Name": "King", "City Name": "Seattle", "CBSA Name": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA", "Date of Last Change": "2026-04-02" }, "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "source_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. 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Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "seattle", "city_name": "Seattle", "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -122.3321, "latitude": 47.6062, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "USA14F", "country_iso3": "USA", "source_name": "Seattle", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 404, "member_ids": [ "USA5301045", "USA5301150", "USA5301185", "USA5301290", "USA5301920", "USA5302060", 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"USA98402", "USA98403", "USA98404", "USA98405", "USA98406", "USA98407", "USA98408", "USA98409", "USA98416", "USA98418", "USA98421", "USA98422", "USA98424", "USA98430", "USA98433", "USA98438", "USA98439", "USA98443", "USA98444", "USA98445", "USA98446", "USA98447", "USA98465", "USA98466", "USA98467", "USA98498", "USA98499", "USA98558", "USA98580" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Counties", "Places", "Subcounties", "Zipcodes" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Counties": 3, "Places": 200, "Subcounties": 31, "Zipcodes": 170 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "6efbea614118f59b599be4a2bd2f43d20a9954c78ef32d44fb77d0c375b0336a", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 4510, "eFUA_name": "Seattle", "Cntry_ISO": "USA", "Cntry_name": "UnitedStates", "UC_IDs": "140", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "770f9c3847ac2415310c53201a1d1b73e377cfd9d45650d465a851e2dbeb82c8", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "US OMB/Census Metropolitan statistical area", "name": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA", "id": "42660", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city": { "name": "Seattle", "state_fips": "53", "place_fips": "63000" }, "member_type": "County or county equivalent", "member_ids": [ "53033", "53053", "53061" ], "source_frame": "us-cbsa-2023", "member_count": 3, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_comparison_notice": "The OECD correspondence includes overlapping Counties, Places, Subcounties and Zipcodes; this national MSA is delineated by whole counties. Its county membership cannot be equated to the complete mixed-level OECD correspondence or to a city-proper ACS estimate." }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" }, { "frame_id": "us-cbsa-2023", "file": "us-2023-cbsa-delineations.xlsx", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629", "bytes": 143798, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:06:36.735881+00:00", "last_modified": "Fri, 04 Aug 2023 14:36:17 GMT", "publisher": "United States Census Bureau / Office of Management and Budget", "label": "July 2023 CBSA delineations", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city_source_frame": { "file": "us-2023-principal-cities.xlsx", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list2_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "1e1091de28d1ad1423cebf18e7cdb6db4fbf2204fd357bc68c24e8261dcce161", "bytes": 79368, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:06:36.716958+00:00", "last_modified": "Fri, 04 Aug 2023 14:36:23 GMT" }, "licence": "US Census Bureau government data: public-domain government work; cite source.", "licence_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "source_ref": "source-b2291e17aab05222" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:seattle", "city_slug": "seattle", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "4510", "source_name": "Seattle", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "seattle", "estimated_area_id": 4510, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "USA14F", "oecd_name": "Seattle", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 8328, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 15575.487314190936, "intersection_km2": 6297.670850733482, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.7562044729507064, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.40433218708962193, "intersection_over_union": 0.357703993098241, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -122.3321, "latitude": 47.6062, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_name": "UnitedStates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4510", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=4510; fid=8531", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8531, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "770f9c3847ac2415310c53201a1d1b73e377cfd9d45650d465a851e2dbeb82c8", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "3e1c3fc633c564a71654a2829f8cd364d1c4f750a94fa0219f8b6e6a96e404e5", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 4510, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "770f9c3847ac2415310c53201a1d1b73e377cfd9d45650d465a851e2dbeb82c8", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "c7a20e5e75cd5897bdbeda8820927ec08369041a23159226f0f1344ce68654e5" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seattle (4510)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:seattle", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "seattle", "city_name": "Seattle", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4510", "source_area_id": "4510", "source_area_name": "Seattle", "value": 4.916366356001811, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 8328, "population_grid_valid_cells": 8328, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1183, "total_known_modelled_population": 4209772.909507131, "pm_covered_population": 4209772.909507131, "weighted_concentration_sum": 20696785.898708716, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 4209772.909507131, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 4.914310171073327, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 4.94325083883346, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-4510.npz", "sha256": "97ad0dd9a87f8df64a85cea9adc323f29cd1ba5bfbae22b10e8227e8b144faa4" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:seattle", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-seattle", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Seattle (source ID 4510). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:seattle", "city_slug": "seattle", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "42660", "source_name": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-seattle-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "seattle", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -122.3321, "latitude": 47.6062, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -122.3321, 47.6062 ], "transformed_point": [ -122.3321, 47.6062 ], "native_matches": [ "42660" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 8629.426910953325, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "a7f1ae06c9ab85f7312aa640fdd3491c011e02338609c8b42bc6c05562fe635f" }, "county_fips": [ "53033", "53053", "53061" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:42660", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA42660; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record251", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "6e7e869b9885e9abcea50ea117e34dbab98c1dd7b67a251310a0abe4f916138a", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 251, "native_shp_record_number": 251, "native_cbsa_code": "42660", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US42660", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:seattle", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. 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Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-seattle-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "6e7e869b9885e9abcea50ea117e34dbab98c1dd7b67a251310a0abe4f916138a", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "seattle", "city_name": "Seattle", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:4510", "source_area_id": "4510", "source_area_name": "Seattle", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:seattle", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-seattle", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Seattle (source ID 4510). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 8328, "population_grid_valid_cells": 8328, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1183, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 4209772.909507131, "weather_covered_population": 4209772.909507131, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 28, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 4209772.909507131, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-4510.npz", "sha256": "df825bf64476f8452cc4de544a74c0b37ccf4b0673b9e4c8349546c5f2bf15c0" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": { "city_slug": "seattle", "value": 7.670979622693942, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:seattle", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 42660 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 4145494, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:42660", "boundary_label": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 318, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 293, "midyear_resident_population": 4145494, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 31800000, "denominator": 4145494, "reduced_fraction": "15900000/2072747" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "42660", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US42660", "source_area_name": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 251, "county_count": 3, "county_fips": [ "53033", "53053", "53061" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -122.3321, 47.6062 ], "transformed_point": [ -122.3321, 47.6062 ], "native_matches": [ "42660" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 8629.426910953325, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 1349, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "42660", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA", "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area", "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "4018783", "POPESTIMATE2020": "4027979", "POPESTIMATE2021": "4017215", "POPESTIMATE2022": "4040080", "POPESTIMATE2023": "4078828", "POPESTIMATE2024": "4145494", "NPOPCHG2020": "9196", "NPOPCHG2021": "-10764", "NPOPCHG2022": "22865", "NPOPCHG2023": "38748", "NPOPCHG2024": "66666", "BIRTHS2020": "11186", "BIRTHS2021": "43707", "BIRTHS2022": "44370", "BIRTHS2023": "43532", "BIRTHS2024": "43132", "DEATHS2020": "6872", "DEATHS2021": "28775", "DEATHS2022": "30716", "DEATHS2023": "30129", "DEATHS2024": "28960", "NATURALCHG2020": "4314", "NATURALCHG2021": "14932", "NATURALCHG2022": "13654", "NATURALCHG2023": "13403", "NATURALCHG2024": "14172", "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "564", "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "11020", "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "35641", "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "52558", "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "63849", "DOMESTICMIG2020": "3338", "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-37232", "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-23559", "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-26540", "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-11483", "NETMIG2020": "3902", "NETMIG2021": "-26212", "NETMIG2022": "12082", "NETMIG2023": "26018", "NETMIG2024": "52366", "RESIDUAL2020": "980", "RESIDUAL2021": "516", "RESIDUAL2022": "-2871", "RESIDUAL2023": "-673", "RESIDUAL2024": "128" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "a7f1ae06c9ab85f7312aa640fdd3491c011e02338609c8b42bc6c05562fe635f" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-seattle-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "6e7e869b9885e9abcea50ea117e34dbab98c1dd7b67a251310a0abe4f916138a" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-seattle-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "74ec72d077d6e3ea66cdb96b1fb321e69e598b220187b191b4224427fea8fc5c" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-seattle-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "e22a813b67c16a8d6f15fc7d021a851319c4d666af75adbaf13e28c21f96f335" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 4118815, "value": 7.720667230744765, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 31800000, "denominator": 4118815, "reduced_fraction": "6360000/823763" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 775, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 35, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 313, "2025": 2, "9999": 3 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-seattle", "city_name": "Seattle", "source_area_id": "42660", "source_area_name": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA", "review_status": "accepted", "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "a7f1ae06c9ab85f7312aa640fdd3491c011e02338609c8b42bc6c05562fe635f" }, "numerator_person_fatalities": 318, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 293, "midyear_resident_population": 4145494, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_boundary": { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:seattle", "city_slug": "seattle", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "42660", "source_name": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-seattle-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "seattle", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -122.3321, "latitude": 47.6062, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -122.3321, 47.6062 ], "transformed_point": [ -122.3321, 47.6062 ], "native_matches": [ "42660" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 8629.426910953325, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "a7f1ae06c9ab85f7312aa640fdd3491c011e02338609c8b42bc6c05562fe635f" }, "county_fips": [ "53033", "53053", "53061" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:42660", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA42660; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record251", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "6e7e869b9885e9abcea50ea117e34dbab98c1dd7b67a251310a0abe4f916138a", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 251, "native_shp_record_number": 251, "native_cbsa_code": "42660", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US42660", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:seattle", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-seattle-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "6e7e869b9885e9abcea50ea117e34dbab98c1dd7b67a251310a0abe4f916138a", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-seattle-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "licence_source_refs": [ "source-81cbb49139c6b6e8", "source-ca5172f562a17a92" ], "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ], "notice": "Territorial 2024 FARS motor-vehicle-involved traffic fatal-person counts per July 1, 2024 resident population, on complete OMB July 2023 metropolitan county sets. A motor vehicle in transport is required; eligible victims include occupants, pedestrians and cyclists, while nonmotor-only events are outside this initial global convention. The 2024 Annual Report File is provisional. The 30-day public-access trafficway classification is source-reported; unknown individual death timestamps are retained. Public access does not mean government road ownership or every publicly accessible parking area: qualifying parking lot ways are distinct from stalls and aisles. This is not resident lifetime risk, deaths per distance travelled, a municipal measure, a global comparison or an official quarterly result. Native NAD83 boundaries and the reviewed destination-point adapter are distinct from PM and heat geographies. Historical source review does not by itself establish current engine admission." } }, { "slug": "seoul", "name": "Seoul", "country": { "id": "country:KOR", "name": "South Korea", "iso_2": "KR", "iso_3": "KOR", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/seoul", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/seoul.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "seoul", "id": "348", "name": "Seoul", "constituentNames": [ "Seoul", "Incheon", "Suwon", "Goyang", "Seongnam", "Bucheon", "Namyangju", "Ansan-si", "Anyang", "Uijeongbu", "Siheung", "Gwangmyeong", "Gunpo", "Hanam", "Osan", "Guri", "Uiwang", "Gwacheon" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "South Korea", "UN_WPP": "Republic of Korea" }, "population2025": 22261691.61, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 2282, "densityPerKm2": 9755.342510955303, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 37.487751, "longitude": 126.9452705, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 37.5665, "longitude": 126.978, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; 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The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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"pm25", "value": 24.528811714043485, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:seoul", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-94", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-94.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "49da26ac162999fc969b3c006fa048b4b54863999c6344c984088da33cfc3a45", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-94.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 94", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 25199125.371400096, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European 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SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-seoul", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-94.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-seoul", "observation_sha256": "92186d04132dd9588c86b257cc16a9f769788e0ef8475374b79c4619db3522c7", "evidence_review_sha256": "b9a8ac82f6241b28cf8f76fb82aec8a01804aa4738629d4ed0401fb8d36786fe", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:seoul", "geography_sha256": "b33d14fae0b44c5a6e589523c63e319202e9a2708b5559276869e000e75ea7c5", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-94", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "0dc93a4a0f03bf9801649fb720b12092c82108bcee2737c2bb3b4e695971564e", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-94", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-94.npz", "sha256": "49da26ac162999fc969b3c006fa048b4b54863999c6344c984088da33cfc3a45", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:seoul", "city_slug": "seoul", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "94", "source_name": "Seoul", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "seoul", "estimated_area_id": 94, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "KOR01F", "oecd_name": "Seoul", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 7053, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 6691.20297267327, "intersection_km2": 5111.638471863918, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.7247466995411765, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.7639341524595413, "intersection_over_union": 0.5921344081917572, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 126.978, "latitude": 37.5665, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "KOR", "source_country_iso3": "KOR", "source_country_name": "SouthKorea" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:94", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=94; fid=7760", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7760, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "96a76ce6df385cdbdefd5540ad5ddc9c1b6a57d740189cbb689b535c2f35b1d6", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "045ea373e64a34b93fd4b9b106bf6cb08db0c09091ae03b6dcd353fd6899e9bb", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 94, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "e17f13e6c16ed182cb4f061344dd499a6dd0d2d7ed768264492e6e982293e871", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "15f2887960e2a30877320a6d1d57cd61c8aae8cb440b9c8195537dadaa7c9457" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seoul (94)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:seoul", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "seoul", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 10.59215900495182, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:seoul", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-94", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-94.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "13e5decf5d5cf25eb02f3f431b488f628ee096932d3df6dfe0e1f8223ab10a7a", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-94.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 94", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 25199125.3714001, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seoul (94)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:94", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seoul (94)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 7053, "population_grid_valid_cells": 7051, "missing_cells": 2, "zero_cells": 357, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9997164327236637, "total_known_modelled_population": 25199125.3714001, "weather_covered_population": 25199125.3714001, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 266913142.71958545, "native_weather_points": 23, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Seoul (source ID 94). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 9.307398839269972, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 234538310.23238778 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.2847601656818481, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 32374832.487197656 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 25199125.3714001, "strict_value": 10.59215900495182, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 266913142.71958545, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 9.307398839269972, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 234538310.23238778, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.2847601656818481, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 32374832.487197656, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-seoul", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-94.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-seoul", "observation_sha256": "6f13152f6f64c9f2ffcbe4e4522d58481fa288637aeb93623fa97c11081fa53d", "evidence_review_sha256": "8215cd189006aac4159d1187a38ced14d3f54d2925a88251a4c1ea799e3d9ace", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:seoul", "geography_sha256": "e61b8e8a1d7c8998856b3b87ce083cc14a8b54aa9a22d0a587a42a84d0988dda", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-94", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "abe25395c71f8f07057db2cef9d50ac3452a48a3511d85bdc33eecbc1a130340", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-94", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-94.npz", "sha256": "13e5decf5d5cf25eb02f3f431b488f628ee096932d3df6dfe0e1f8223ab10a7a", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:seoul", "city_slug": "seoul", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "94", "source_name": "Seoul", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "seoul", "estimated_area_id": 94, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "KOR01F", "oecd_name": "Seoul", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 7053, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 6691.20297267327, "intersection_km2": 5111.638471863918, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.7247466995411765, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.7639341524595413, "intersection_over_union": 0.5921344081917572, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 126.978, "latitude": 37.5665, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "KOR", "source_country_iso3": "KOR", "source_country_name": "SouthKorea" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:94", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=94; fid=7760", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7760, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "96a76ce6df385cdbdefd5540ad5ddc9c1b6a57d740189cbb689b535c2f35b1d6", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "045ea373e64a34b93fd4b9b106bf6cb08db0c09091ae03b6dcd353fd6899e9bb", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 94, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "e17f13e6c16ed182cb4f061344dd499a6dd0d2d7ed768264492e6e982293e871", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "15f2887960e2a30877320a6d1d57cd61c8aae8cb440b9c8195537dadaa7c9457" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seoul (94)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:seoul", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:seoul", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "seoul", "name": "Seoul", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, 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null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "seoul", "metric": "pm25", "value": 24.528811714043485, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:seoul", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-94", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-94.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "49da26ac162999fc969b3c006fa048b4b54863999c6344c984088da33cfc3a45", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-94.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 94", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 25199125.371400096, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seoul (94)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:94", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seoul (94)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9997164327236637, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 7053, "population_grid_valid_cells": 7051, "population_grid_missing_cells": 2, "population_grid_zero_cells": 357, "total_known_modelled_population": 25199125.371400096, "pm_covered_population": 25199125.371400096, "weighted_concentration_sum": 618104601.593649, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 24.523095908554474, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 24.40026725497703, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Seoul (source ID 94). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "seoul", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 10.59215900495182, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:seoul", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-94", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-94.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "13e5decf5d5cf25eb02f3f431b488f628ee096932d3df6dfe0e1f8223ab10a7a", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-94.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 94", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 25199125.3714001, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seoul (94)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:94", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seoul (94)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 7053, "population_grid_valid_cells": 7051, "missing_cells": 2, "zero_cells": 357, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9997164327236637, "total_known_modelled_population": 25199125.3714001, "weather_covered_population": 25199125.3714001, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 266913142.71958545, "native_weather_points": 23, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Seoul (source ID 94). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 9.307398839269972, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 234538310.23238778 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.2847601656818481, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 32374832.487197656 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 25199125.3714001, "strict_value": 10.59215900495182, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 266913142.71958545, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 9.307398839269972, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 234538310.23238778, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.2847601656818481, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 32374832.487197656, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-seoul", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-94.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "seoul", "city_name": "Seoul", "destination_country_iso3": "KOR", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 126.978, "latitude": 37.5665, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "KOR01F", "country_iso3": "KOR", "source_name": "Seoul", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 1080, "member_ids": [ "KOR11010", "KOR11010530", "KOR11010540", "KOR11010550", "KOR11010560", "KOR11010570", "KOR11010580", "KOR11010600", "KOR11010610", "KOR11010630", "KOR11010640", "KOR11010670", "KOR11010680", "KOR11010690", "KOR11010700", "KOR11010710", "KOR11010720", "KOR11010730", "KOR11020", "KOR11020520", "KOR11020540", "KOR11020550", "KOR11020570", "KOR11020580", "KOR11020590", "KOR11020600", "KOR11020650", "KOR11020670", "KOR11020680", "KOR11020690", "KOR11020700", "KOR11020710", "KOR11020720", "KOR11020730", "KOR11030", "KOR11030510", "KOR11030520", "KOR11030530", "KOR11030570", "KOR11030580", "KOR11030590", "KOR11030630", "KOR11030640", "KOR11030650", "KOR11030660", "KOR11030690", "KOR11030700", "KOR11030710", "KOR11030720", "KOR11030730", "KOR11030740", "KOR11040", "KOR11040520", "KOR11040540", "KOR11040550", "KOR11040560", "KOR11040570", "KOR11040580", "KOR11040590", "KOR11040620", "KOR11040650", "KOR11040660", "KOR11040670", "KOR11040680", "KOR11040690", "KOR11040700", "KOR11040710", "KOR11040720", "KOR11040730", "KOR11050", "KOR11050530", "KOR11050540", "KOR11050550", "KOR11050560", "KOR11050570", "KOR11050580", "KOR11050590", "KOR11050600", "KOR11050610", "KOR11050620", "KOR11050630", "KOR11050640", "KOR11050650", "KOR11050660", "KOR11050670", "KOR11060", "KOR11060710", "KOR11060720", "KOR11060730", "KOR11060800", "KOR11060810", "KOR11060820", "KOR11060830", "KOR11060840", "KOR11060860", "KOR11060870", "KOR11060880", "KOR11060890", "KOR11060900", "KOR11060910", "KOR11070", "KOR11070520", "KOR11070540", "KOR11070550", "KOR11070570", "KOR11070590", "KOR11070600", "KOR11070610", "KOR11070620", "KOR11070640", "KOR11070650", "KOR11070680", "KOR11070690", "KOR11070700", "KOR11070710", "KOR11070720", "KOR11070730", "KOR11080", "KOR11080580", "KOR11080590", "KOR11080600", "KOR11080610", "KOR11080620", "KOR11080630", "KOR11080640", "KOR11080650", "KOR11080660", "KOR11080680", "KOR11080710", "KOR11080720", "KOR11080760", "KOR11080770", "KOR11080780", "KOR11080810", "KOR11080820", "KOR11080830", "KOR11080840", "KOR11080850", "KOR11090", "KOR11090600", "KOR11090610", "KOR11090620", "KOR11090630", "KOR11090640", "KOR11090650", "KOR11090690", "KOR11090700", "KOR11090710", "KOR11090720", "KOR11090730", "KOR11090740", "KOR11090750", "KOR11100", "KOR11100510", "KOR11100520", "KOR11100530", "KOR11100540", "KOR11100550", "KOR11100560", "KOR11100570", "KOR11100590", "KOR11100600", "KOR11100610", "KOR11100620", "KOR11100630", "KOR11100640", "KOR11100650", "KOR11110", "KOR11110510", "KOR11110520", "KOR11110530", "KOR11110560", "KOR11110580", "KOR11110590", "KOR11110600", "KOR11110610", "KOR11110640", "KOR11110650", "KOR11110660", "KOR11110690", "KOR11110720", "KOR11110730", "KOR11110740", "KOR11110760", "KOR11110770", "KOR11110780", "KOR11110790", "KOR11120", "KOR11120510", "KOR11120520", "KOR11120550", "KOR11120560", "KOR11120570", "KOR11120580", "KOR11120590", "KOR11120600", "KOR11120650", "KOR11120660", "KOR11120670", "KOR11120680", "KOR11120710", "KOR11120720", "KOR11120730", "KOR11120740", "KOR11130", "KOR11130520", "KOR11130620", "KOR11130640", "KOR11130650", "KOR11130660", "KOR11130680", "KOR11130690", "KOR11130700", "KOR11130710", "KOR11130720", "KOR11130730", "KOR11130740", "KOR11130750", "KOR11130760", "KOR11140", "KOR11140590", "KOR11140600", "KOR11140610", "KOR11140630", "KOR11140660", "KOR11140680", "KOR11140690", "KOR11140700", "KOR11140710", "KOR11140720", "KOR11140730", "KOR11140740", "KOR11140750", "KOR11140760", "KOR11140770", "KOR11140780", "KOR11150", "KOR11150510", "KOR11150520", "KOR11150530", "KOR11150540", "KOR11150570", "KOR11150580", "KOR11150590", "KOR11150600", "KOR11150610", "KOR11150620", "KOR11150630", "KOR11150640", "KOR11150650", "KOR11150660", "KOR11150690", "KOR11150700", "KOR11150710", "KOR11150720", "KOR11160", "KOR11160510", "KOR11160520", "KOR11160530", "KOR11160540", "KOR11160550", "KOR11160570", "KOR11160580", "KOR11160590", "KOR11160610", "KOR11160630", "KOR11160640", "KOR11160650", "KOR11160660", "KOR11160670", "KOR11160690", "KOR11160700", "KOR11160710", "KOR11160720", "KOR11160730", "KOR11160740", "KOR11170", "KOR11170510", "KOR11170520", "KOR11170540", "KOR11170550", "KOR11170560", "KOR11170610", "KOR11170620", "KOR11170640", "KOR11170650", "KOR11170670", "KOR11170690", "KOR11170700", "KOR11170710", "KOR11170720", "KOR11170730", "KOR11170740", "KOR11180", "KOR11180510", "KOR11180520", "KOR11180530", "KOR11180540", "KOR11180550", "KOR11180570", "KOR11180580", "KOR11180590", "KOR11180600", "KOR11180610", "KOR11190", "KOR11190540", "KOR11190550", "KOR11190560", "KOR11190610", "KOR11190620", "KOR11190630", "KOR11190650", "KOR11190660", "KOR11190670", "KOR11190680", "KOR11190690", "KOR11190700", "KOR11190710", "KOR11190720", "KOR11190730", "KOR11190740", "KOR11190750", "KOR11190760", "KOR11200", "KOR11200520", "KOR11200530", "KOR11200540", "KOR11200550", "KOR11200560", "KOR11200630", "KOR11200650", "KOR11200660", "KOR11200670", "KOR11200680", "KOR11200690", "KOR11200700", "KOR11200710", "KOR11200720", "KOR11200730", "KOR11210", "KOR11210520", "KOR11210540", "KOR11210570", "KOR11210580", "KOR11210610", "KOR11210620", "KOR11210630", "KOR11210640", "KOR11210650", "KOR11210660", "KOR11210680", "KOR11210690", "KOR11210710", "KOR11210720", "KOR11210730", "KOR11210780", "KOR11210790", "KOR11210800", "KOR11210810", "KOR11210820", "KOR11210830", "KOR11220", "KOR11220510", "KOR11220520", "KOR11220530", "KOR11220540", "KOR11220550", "KOR11220560", "KOR11220570", "KOR11220580", "KOR11220590", "KOR11220600", "KOR11220610", "KOR11220620", "KOR11220630", "KOR11220640", "KOR11220650", "KOR11220660", "KOR11220670", "KOR11220680", "KOR11230", "KOR11230510", "KOR11230511", "KOR11230520", "KOR11230530", "KOR11230580", "KOR11230590", "KOR11230600", "KOR11230630", "KOR11230640", "KOR11230650", "KOR11230660", "KOR11230670", "KOR11230680", "KOR11230710", "KOR11230720", "KOR11230730", "KOR11230750", "KOR11230760", "KOR11230770", "KOR11230780", "KOR11230790", "KOR11230800", "KOR11240", "KOR11240510", "KOR11240520", "KOR11240530", "KOR11240540", "KOR11240550", "KOR11240560", "KOR11240570", "KOR11240580", "KOR11240590", "KOR11240600", "KOR11240610", "KOR11240620", "KOR11240630", "KOR11240640", "KOR11240650", "KOR11240660", "KOR11240670", "KOR11240680", "KOR11240690", "KOR11240710", "KOR11240750", "KOR11240770", "KOR11240780", "KOR11240790", "KOR11240800", "KOR11240810", "KOR11240820", "KOR11250", "KOR11250530", "KOR11250540", "KOR11250550", "KOR11250560", "KOR11250580", "KOR11250590", "KOR11250610", "KOR11250630", "KOR11250650", "KOR11250660", "KOR11250670", "KOR11250700", "KOR11250710", "KOR11250720", "KOR11250730", "KOR11250740", "KOR11250750", "KOR11250760", "KOR11250770", "KOR23020", "KOR23020510", "KOR23020520", "KOR23020530", "KOR23020550", "KOR23020570", "KOR23020580", "KOR23020590", "KOR23020600", "KOR23020610", "KOR23020630", "KOR23020640", "KOR23040", "KOR23040510", "KOR23040520", "KOR23040530", "KOR23040540", "KOR23040550", "KOR23040560", "KOR23040570", "KOR23040580", "KOR23040590", "KOR23040600", "KOR23040640", "KOR23040650", "KOR23040660", "KOR23040680", "KOR23040690", "KOR23050", "KOR23050510", "KOR23050521", "KOR23050530", "KOR23050540", "KOR23050550", "KOR23050561", "KOR23050570", "KOR23050580", "KOR23050590", "KOR23050600", "KOR23050610", "KOR23050620", "KOR23050630", "KOR23050640", "KOR23050670", "KOR23050720", "KOR23050730", "KOR23050740", "KOR23050750", "KOR23050760", "KOR23060", "KOR23060510", "KOR23060520", "KOR23060530", "KOR23060540", "KOR23060550", "KOR23060560", "KOR23060570", "KOR23060580", "KOR23060590", "KOR23060600", "KOR23060610", "KOR23060620", "KOR23060630", "KOR23060640", "KOR23060650", "KOR23060660", "KOR23060670", "KOR23060680", "KOR23060690", "KOR23060700", "KOR23060710", "KOR23060720", "KOR23070", "KOR23070510", "KOR23070520", "KOR23070530", "KOR23070540", "KOR23070550", "KOR23070560", "KOR23070570", "KOR23070580", "KOR23070610", "KOR23070620", "KOR23070630", "KOR23070640", "KOR23080", "KOR23080510", "KOR23080530", "KOR23080540", "KOR23080550", "KOR23080560", "KOR23080580", "KOR23080590", "KOR23080600", "KOR23080620", "KOR23080630", "KOR23080640", "KOR23080650", "KOR23080730", "KOR23080740", "KOR23080780", "KOR23080790", "KOR23080800", "KOR23080810", "KOR23080840", "KOR23080850", "KOR23080860", "KOR23080870", "KOR23080880", "KOR23090", "KOR23090520", "KOR23090540", "KOR23090560", "KOR23090570", "KOR23090590", "KOR23090600", "KOR23090610", "KOR23090620", "KOR23090650", "KOR23090660", "KOR23090670", "KOR23090680", "KOR23090690", "KOR23090700", "KOR23090710", "KOR23090720", "KOR23090730", "KOR23090740", "KOR23090750", "KOR23090760", "KOR23090770", "KOR31011", "KOR31011540", "KOR31011550", "KOR31011560", "KOR31011570", "KOR31011580", "KOR31011590", "KOR31011600", "KOR31011610", "KOR31011620", "KOR31011630", "KOR31012", "KOR31012520", "KOR31012530", "KOR31012540", "KOR31012550", "KOR31012560", "KOR31012570", "KOR31012600", "KOR31012610", "KOR31012620", "KOR31012640", "KOR31012650", "KOR31012660", "KOR31013", "KOR31013530", "KOR31013540", "KOR31013550", "KOR31013560", "KOR31013670", "KOR31013680", "KOR31013690", "KOR31013700", "KOR31013710", "KOR31013720", "KOR31014", "KOR31014510", "KOR31014520", "KOR31014530", "KOR31014540", "KOR31014600", "KOR31014620", "KOR31014630", "KOR31014640", "KOR31014650", "KOR31014660", "KOR31014670", "KOR31014680", "KOR31021", "KOR31021510", "KOR31021520", "KOR31021530", "KOR31021540", "KOR31021550", "KOR31021560", "KOR31021570", "KOR31021580", "KOR31021590", "KOR31021600", "KOR31021610", "KOR31021620", "KOR31021640", "KOR31021650", "KOR31021660", "KOR31021670", "KOR31021680", "KOR31022", "KOR31022510", "KOR31022530", "KOR31022540", "KOR31022550", "KOR31022560", "KOR31022570", "KOR31022580", "KOR31022590", "KOR31022600", "KOR31022610", "KOR31022620", "KOR31023", "KOR31023510", "KOR31023520", "KOR31023530", "KOR31023540", "KOR31023550", "KOR31023560", "KOR31023580", "KOR31023590", "KOR31023600", "KOR31023610", "KOR31023620", "KOR31023630", "KOR31023640", "KOR31023670", "KOR31023680", "KOR31023710", "KOR31023720", "KOR31023740", "KOR31023750", "KOR31023760", "KOR31023770", "KOR31023780", "KOR31030", "KOR31030520", "KOR31030550", "KOR31030560", "KOR31030570", "KOR31030580", "KOR31030590", "KOR31030600", "KOR31030640", "KOR31030650", "KOR31030670", "KOR31030680", "KOR31030690", "KOR31030700", "KOR31030710", "KOR31041", "KOR31041510", "KOR31041520", "KOR31041530", "KOR31041540", "KOR31041550", "KOR31041560", "KOR31041570", "KOR31041580", "KOR31041590", "KOR31041600", "KOR31041610", "KOR31041620", "KOR31041630", "KOR31041640", "KOR31042", "KOR31042510", "KOR31042520", "KOR31042530", "KOR31042540", "KOR31042550", "KOR31042560", "KOR31042570", "KOR31042580", "KOR31042590", "KOR31042600", "KOR31042610", "KOR31042620", "KOR31042630", "KOR31042640", "KOR31042650", "KOR31042660", "KOR31042670", "KOR31050", "KOR31050870", "KOR31050880", "KOR31050890", "KOR31050900", "KOR31050910", "KOR31050920", "KOR31050930", "KOR31050940", "KOR31050950", "KOR31050960", "KOR31060", "KOR31060510", "KOR31060520", "KOR31060530", "KOR31060540", "KOR31060550", "KOR31060560", "KOR31060570", "KOR31060580", "KOR31060590", "KOR31060600", "KOR31060610", "KOR31060620", "KOR31060630", "KOR31060640", "KOR31060650", "KOR31060660", "KOR31060680", "KOR31060690", "KOR31060700", "KOR31091", "KOR31091510", "KOR31091540", "KOR31091550", "KOR31091560", "KOR31091570", "KOR31091580", "KOR31091620", "KOR31091710", "KOR31091730", "KOR31091740", "KOR31091760", "KOR31091770", "KOR31091780", "KOR31092", "KOR31092590", "KOR31092660", "KOR31092680", "KOR31092690", "KOR31092700", "KOR31092720", "KOR31092730", "KOR31092740", "KOR31092750", "KOR31092760", "KOR31092770", "KOR31092780", "KOR31101", "KOR31101510", "KOR31101511", "KOR31101512", "KOR31101513", "KOR31101514", "KOR31101515", "KOR31101520", "KOR31101540", "KOR31101550", "KOR31101560", "KOR31101580", "KOR31101590", "KOR31101600", "KOR31101610", "KOR31101620", "KOR31101630", "KOR31101640", "KOR31101650", "KOR31101660", "KOR31101670", "KOR31101680", "KOR31103", "KOR31103510", "KOR31103511", "KOR31103512", "KOR31103530", "KOR31103540", "KOR31103550", "KOR31103560", "KOR31103570", "KOR31103580", "KOR31103590", "KOR31103600", "KOR31103610", "KOR31104", "KOR31104510", "KOR31104511", "KOR31104512", "KOR31104513", "KOR31104514", "KOR31104520", "KOR31104530", "KOR31104550", "KOR31104560", "KOR31104570", "KOR31104580", "KOR31110", "KOR31110510", "KOR31110521", "KOR31110522", "KOR31110530", "KOR31110540", "KOR31110550", "KOR31110560", "KOR31120", "KOR31120510", "KOR31120520", "KOR31120530", "KOR31120540", "KOR31120550", "KOR31120560", "KOR31120570", "KOR31120580", "KOR31130", "KOR31130110", "KOR31130111", "KOR31130120", "KOR31130140", "KOR31130150", "KOR31130160", "KOR31130310", "KOR31130340", "KOR31130350", "KOR31130510", "KOR31130520", "KOR31130530", "KOR31130540", "KOR31130570", "KOR31130580", "KOR31130590", "KOR31140", "KOR31140510", "KOR31140520", "KOR31140530", "KOR31140540", "KOR31140550", "KOR31140560", "KOR31150", "KOR31150510", "KOR31150520", "KOR31150530", "KOR31150540", "KOR31150550", "KOR31150560", "KOR31150590", "KOR31150610", "KOR31150620", "KOR31150640", "KOR31150650", "KOR31150670", "KOR31150680", "KOR31150690", "KOR31150700", "KOR31150710", "KOR31150720", "KOR31150740", "KOR31150750", "KOR31160", "KOR31160510", "KOR31160520", "KOR31160540", "KOR31160550", "KOR31160560", "KOR31160570", "KOR31160580", "KOR31160590", "KOR31160600", "KOR31160610", "KOR31160630", "KOR31160640", "KOR31170", "KOR31170510", "KOR31170520", "KOR31170530", "KOR31170540", "KOR31170550", "KOR31170560", "KOR31180", "KOR31180510", "KOR31180520", "KOR31180530", "KOR31180540", "KOR31180550", "KOR31180560", "KOR31180590", "KOR31180600", "KOR31180611", "KOR31180620", "KOR31180630", "KOR31180650", "KOR31180660", "KOR31180670", "KOR31191", "KOR31191110", "KOR31191120", "KOR31191130", "KOR31191140", "KOR31191340", "KOR31191350", "KOR31191360", "KOR31191510", "KOR31191530", "KOR31191540", "KOR31191550", "KOR31191560", "KOR31192", "KOR31192520", "KOR31192540", "KOR31192550", "KOR31192560", "KOR31192570", "KOR31192590", "KOR31192600", "KOR31192610", "KOR31192630", "KOR31192640", "KOR31192650", "KOR31192660", "KOR31192670", "KOR31192680", "KOR31192690", "KOR31193", "KOR31193510", "KOR31193520", "KOR31193530", "KOR31193550", "KOR31193560", "KOR31193580", "KOR31193590", "KOR31193600", "KOR31193610", "KOR31193620", "KOR31193630", "KOR31200", "KOR31200110", "KOR31200120", "KOR31200130", "KOR31200150", "KOR31200310", "KOR31200320", "KOR31200350", "KOR31200360", "KOR31200370", "KOR31200390", "KOR31200511", "KOR31200512", "KOR31200513", "KOR31200514", "KOR31200515", "KOR31200516", "KOR31200520", "KOR31200530", "KOR31200540", "KOR31200570", "KOR31230", "KOR31230110", "KOR31230120", "KOR31230130", "KOR31230340", "KOR31230350", "KOR31230360", "KOR31230530", "KOR31230540", "KOR31230560", "KOR31230600", "KOR31230610", "KOR31230620", "KOR31230630", "KOR31230640", "KOR31240", "KOR31240120", "KOR31240130", "KOR31240140", "KOR31240150", "KOR31240310", "KOR31240330", "KOR31240350", "KOR31240360", "KOR31240370", "KOR31240380", "KOR31240390", "KOR31240420", "KOR31240430", "KOR31240520", "KOR31240530", "KOR31240540", "KOR31240550", "KOR31240560", "KOR31240570", "KOR31240600", "KOR31240610", "KOR31240620", "KOR31240640", "KOR31240650", "KOR31240691", "KOR31240700", "KOR31240710", "KOR31240720", "KOR31250", "KOR31250120", "KOR31250140", "KOR31250340", "KOR31250350", "KOR31250360", "KOR31250380", "KOR31250511", "KOR31250512", "KOR31250513", "KOR31250514", "KOR31250540", "KOR31250550", "KOR31250560", "KOR31250570", "KOR31250580", "KOR31250590", "KOR31260", "KOR31260110", "KOR31260310", "KOR31260320", "KOR31260330", "KOR31260340", "KOR31260510", "KOR31260520", "KOR31260530", "KOR31260540", "KOR31260550", "KOR31260560", "KOR31580", "KOR31580110", "KOR31580310", "KOR31580320", "KOR31580330", "KOR31580340", "KOR31580350", "KOR31580360", "KOR31580370", "KOR31580380", "KOR31580390", "KOR31580400", "KOR31580410" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (시군구)", "Towns, townships, neighbourhoods (읍면동)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (시군구)": 66, "Towns, townships, neighbourhoods (읍면동)": 1014 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "4547b98f8c9d76478fbdcbaf6e3f7b02ac8dcdbe78c8e9adc1e78a3117cc4170", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 94, "eFUA_name": "Seoul", "Cntry_ISO": "KOR", "Cntry_name": "SouthKorea", "UC_IDs": "12389;12431;12453;12462;12477", "UC_num": 5, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "96a76ce6df385cdbdefd5540ad5ddc9c1b6a57d740189cbb689b535c2f35b1d6", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:seoul", "city_slug": "seoul", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "94", "source_name": "Seoul", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "seoul", "estimated_area_id": 94, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "KOR01F", "oecd_name": "Seoul", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 7053, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 6691.20297267327, "intersection_km2": 5111.638471863918, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.7247466995411765, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.7639341524595413, "intersection_over_union": 0.5921344081917572, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 126.978, "latitude": 37.5665, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "KOR", "source_country_iso3": "KOR", "source_country_name": "SouthKorea" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:94", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=94; fid=7760", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7760, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "96a76ce6df385cdbdefd5540ad5ddc9c1b6a57d740189cbb689b535c2f35b1d6", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "045ea373e64a34b93fd4b9b106bf6cb08db0c09091ae03b6dcd353fd6899e9bb", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 94, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "e17f13e6c16ed182cb4f061344dd499a6dd0d2d7ed768264492e6e982293e871", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "15f2887960e2a30877320a6d1d57cd61c8aae8cb440b9c8195537dadaa7c9457" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Seoul (94)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:seoul", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:seoul", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "seoul", "city_name": "Seoul", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:94", "source_area_id": "94", "source_area_name": "Seoul", "value": 10.59215900495182, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:seoul", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-seoul", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Seoul (source ID 94). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 7053, "population_grid_valid_cells": 7051, "missing_cells": 2, "zero_cells": 357, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9997164327236637, "total_known_modelled_population": 25199125.3714001, "weather_covered_population": 25199125.3714001, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 266913142.71958545, "native_weather_points": 23, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 9.307398839269972, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 234538310.23238778 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.2847601656818481, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 32374832.487197656 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 25199125.3714001, "strict_value": 10.59215900495182, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 266913142.71958545, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 9.307398839269972, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 234538310.23238778, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.2847601656818481, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 32374832.487197656, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-94.npz", "sha256": "13e5decf5d5cf25eb02f3f431b488f628ee096932d3df6dfe0e1f8223ab10a7a" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "shanghai", "name": "Shanghai", "country": { "id": "country:CHN", "name": "China", "iso_2": "CN", "iso_3": "CHN", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/shanghai", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/shanghai.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "shanghai", "id": "11345", "name": "Shanghai", "constituentNames": [ "Shanghai", "Pudong", "Taicang", "Baoshan District", "Putuo District", "Changning District", "Jing'an District", "Xuhui District", "Hongkou District", "Huangpu District", "Yangpu District", "Qingpu", "Songjiang", "Minhang", "Jiading", "Fengxian District" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "China", "UN_WPP": "China" }, "population2025": 30678616.23, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 3128, "densityPerKm2": 9807.74176150895, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 31.2121105, "longitude": 121.4371736, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; 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The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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"metric": "pm25", "value": 34.64893217496383, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:shanghai", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-10097", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-10097.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "c51354e470e15a48cd123801eebcc370082a7417a36555305fa4fbc2472d5673", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-10097.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 10097", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 30504083.43388525, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and 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SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-shanghai", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-10097.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-shanghai", "observation_sha256": "aa287c272bcdce616aa2c6a64e0123fa7c5a22acdff4e07579ac601257da9115", "evidence_review_sha256": "fb5d3dda1912b7d138ba5d572001cec0eab2d1a5978eae6deada04235bfc4c04", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:shanghai", "geography_sha256": "75a325f98b9c7a9c5f21b6645068d7900a232fe12ebc38c27bfbc51d5e49a264", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-10097", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "51984da47aaf2c092fc7c446f3d8ab01410e12b19c8ed0556e692222d79820bb", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-10097", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-10097.npz", "sha256": "c51354e470e15a48cd123801eebcc370082a7417a36555305fa4fbc2472d5673", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:shanghai", "city_slug": "shanghai", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "10097", "source_name": "Shanghai", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "shanghai", "estimated_area_id": 10097, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 121.4737, "latitude": 31.2304, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CHN", "source_country_iso3": "CHN", "source_country_name": "China" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:10097", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=10097; fid=2359", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 2359, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "78949f7a18d6dd855323a9c90051228e97b502ebbfec2a0357b2732a20d46214", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "2ecccf5cad26f5eb71a84072523eb7d96c3ebaa3e460c686db1c65d4447024c3", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 10097, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "2b55fe097cb67ed6137bf9a53d64913df591079ae3de1cca561fbcf96c6c28ea", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "239fb835f7d7215e3a7c2393a56b22097ac6069a341c81c3e89472e738a075fd" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Shanghai (10097)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:shanghai", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "shanghai", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 32.15249567269988, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:shanghai", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-10097", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-10097.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "8ba0296407c3c6ca1c23063aead534f826ec40ffdbf67f054bd636dd657ff295", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-10097.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 10097", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 30504083.43388525, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Shanghai (10097)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:10097", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Shanghai (10097)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5878, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5878, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 154, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 30504083.43388525, "weather_covered_population": 30504083.43388525, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 980782410.6076716, "native_weather_points": 17, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Shanghai (source ID 10097). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.0700707909212333, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 93649695.55419537 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.2786191661080917, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 100011272.59089652 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 15.473066381605609, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 471991707.88254243 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 8.209152214145332, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 250412664.06175306 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.1215871199196146, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 64717070.51828424 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 30504083.43388525, "strict_value": 32.076935444299316, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 978477515.0962573, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0.07556022840056578, "equality_weighted_person_days": 2304895.5114142844, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.0700707909212333, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 93649695.55419537, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.2786191661080917, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 100011272.59089652, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 15.473066381605609, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 471991707.88254243, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 8.209152214145332, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 250412664.06175306, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.046026891519049, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 62412175.00686996, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0.07556022840056578, "equality_weighted_person_days": 2304895.5114142844 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-shanghai", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-10097.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-shanghai", "observation_sha256": "1f50f6dbb8ff3d197c5d236bacee4200dc7653670fe5d926c9f3208178a7e19a", "evidence_review_sha256": "3fd2b5f01a9fbc51c3218f01843fe6876dbd70ccc6498ca5d8e522ba00550f60", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:shanghai", "geography_sha256": "7514f42cbf6e1ee5c150cad8684692259df3cb6513c8f5e721c7395420a0b6a7", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-10097", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "8e7b4cea23c517ee061d324c7d4c355f6a6d4c07a7bcd56ecdb0b449b1025c2c", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-10097", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-10097.npz", "sha256": "8ba0296407c3c6ca1c23063aead534f826ec40ffdbf67f054bd636dd657ff295", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "shanghai", "metric": "pm25", "value": 34.64893217496383, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:shanghai", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-10097", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-10097.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "c51354e470e15a48cd123801eebcc370082a7417a36555305fa4fbc2472d5673", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-10097.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 10097", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 30504083.43388525, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Shanghai (10097)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:10097", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Shanghai (10097)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 5878, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5878, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 154, "total_known_modelled_population": 30504083.43388525, "pm_covered_population": 30504083.43388525, "weighted_concentration_sum": 1056933917.9601278, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 34.66134385462788, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 34.49393353636665, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Shanghai (source ID 10097). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-shanghai", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-10097.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-83c0161fe9fa923cc04badeb5627303797788a864843e116a8c7c16bd4578fe6", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-shanghai", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-83c0161fe9fa923cc04badeb5627303797788a864843e116a8c7c16bd4578fe6", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-shanghai", "observation_sha256": "1f50f6dbb8ff3d197c5d236bacee4200dc7653670fe5d926c9f3208178a7e19a", "evidence_review_sha256": "3fd2b5f01a9fbc51c3218f01843fe6876dbd70ccc6498ca5d8e522ba00550f60", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:shanghai", "geography_sha256": "7514f42cbf6e1ee5c150cad8684692259df3cb6513c8f5e721c7395420a0b6a7", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-10097", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "8e7b4cea23c517ee061d324c7d4c355f6a6d4c07a7bcd56ecdb0b449b1025c2c", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-10097", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-10097.npz", "sha256": "8ba0296407c3c6ca1c23063aead534f826ec40ffdbf67f054bd636dd657ff295", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "shanghai", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 32.15249567269988, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:shanghai", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-10097", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-10097.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "8ba0296407c3c6ca1c23063aead534f826ec40ffdbf67f054bd636dd657ff295", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-10097.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 10097", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 30504083.43388525, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Shanghai (10097)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:10097", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Shanghai (10097)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5878, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5878, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 154, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 30504083.43388525, "weather_covered_population": 30504083.43388525, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 980782410.6076716, "native_weather_points": 17, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Shanghai (source ID 10097). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.0700707909212333, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 93649695.55419537 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.2786191661080917, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 100011272.59089652 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 15.473066381605609, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 471991707.88254243 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 8.209152214145332, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 250412664.06175306 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.1215871199196146, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 64717070.51828424 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 30504083.43388525, "strict_value": 32.076935444299316, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 978477515.0962573, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0.07556022840056578, "equality_weighted_person_days": 2304895.5114142844, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.0700707909212333, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 93649695.55419537, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.2786191661080917, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 100011272.59089652, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 15.473066381605609, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 471991707.88254243, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 8.209152214145332, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 250412664.06175306, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.046026891519049, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 62412175.00686996, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0.07556022840056578, "equality_weighted_person_days": 2304895.5114142844 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-shanghai", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-10097.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "shanghai", "city_name": "Shanghai", "destination_country_iso3": "CHN", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 121.4737, "latitude": 31.2304, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 10097, "eFUA_name": "Shanghai", "Cntry_ISO": "CHN", "Cntry_name": "China", "UC_IDs": "12400;12406;12443;12455;12465;12471;12500", "UC_num": 7, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "78949f7a18d6dd855323a9c90051228e97b502ebbfec2a0357b2732a20d46214", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:shanghai", "city_slug": "shanghai", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "10097", "source_name": "Shanghai", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "shanghai", "estimated_area_id": 10097, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 121.4737, "latitude": 31.2304, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CHN", "source_country_iso3": "CHN", "source_country_name": "China" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:10097", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=10097; fid=2359", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 2359, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "78949f7a18d6dd855323a9c90051228e97b502ebbfec2a0357b2732a20d46214", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "2ecccf5cad26f5eb71a84072523eb7d96c3ebaa3e460c686db1c65d4447024c3", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 10097, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "2b55fe097cb67ed6137bf9a53d64913df591079ae3de1cca561fbcf96c6c28ea", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "239fb835f7d7215e3a7c2393a56b22097ac6069a341c81c3e89472e738a075fd" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Shanghai (10097)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:shanghai", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "shanghai", "city_name": "Shanghai", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:10097", "source_area_id": "10097", "source_area_name": "Shanghai", "value": 34.64893217496383, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 5878, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5878, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 154, "total_known_modelled_population": 30504083.43388525, "pm_covered_population": 30504083.43388525, "weighted_concentration_sum": 1056933917.9601278, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 30504083.43388525, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 34.66134385462788, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 34.49393353636665, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-10097.npz", "sha256": "c51354e470e15a48cd123801eebcc370082a7417a36555305fa4fbc2472d5673" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:shanghai", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-shanghai", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Shanghai (source ID 10097). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. 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This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 5878, "population_grid_valid_cells": 5878, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 154, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 30504083.43388525, "weather_covered_population": 30504083.43388525, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 980782410.6076716, "native_weather_points": 17, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.0700707909212333, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 93649695.55419537 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.2786191661080917, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 100011272.59089652 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 15.473066381605609, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 471991707.88254243 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 8.209152214145332, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 250412664.06175306 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.1215871199196146, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 64717070.51828424 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 30504083.43388525, "strict_value": 32.076935444299316, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 978477515.0962573, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0.07556022840056578, "equality_weighted_person_days": 2304895.5114142844, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.0700707909212333, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 93649695.55419537, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.2786191661080917, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 100011272.59089652, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 15.473066381605609, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 471991707.88254243, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 8.209152214145332, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 250412664.06175306, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.046026891519049, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 62412175.00686996, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0.07556022840056578, "equality_weighted_person_days": 2304895.5114142844 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. 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These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "singapore", "name": "Singapore", "country": { "id": "country:SGP", "name": "Singapore", "iso_2": "SG", "iso_3": "SGP", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/singapore", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/singapore.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "singapore", "id": "178", "name": "Singapore", "constituentNames": [ "Singapore" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Singapore", "UN_WPP": "Singapore" }, "population2025": 5117758.838, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 438, "densityPerKm2": 11684.3809086758, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 1.3516131, "longitude": 103.8441932, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 1.3521, "longitude": 103.8198, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M125.46,29.41L117.78,29.41L117.78,44.76L125.46,44.76L125.46,60.11L133.14,60.11L133.14,67.78L148.49,75.46L148.49,90.81L171.51,90.81L171.51,75.46L179.19,75.46L186.86,60.11L209.89,60.11L209.89,52.43L225.24,44.76L225.24,29.41L232.92,29.41L232.92,37.08L248.27,37.08L248.27,52.43L263.62,52.43L263.62,67.78L294.32,67.78L294.32,83.14L302.0,83.14L302.0,90.81L294.32,90.81L294.32,129.19L286.65,129.19L286.65,144.54L271.3,144.54L271.3,152.22L255.95,152.22L255.95,159.89L232.92,159.89L225.24,175.24L209.89,175.24L209.89,182.92L202.22,182.92L202.22,198.27L171.51,198.27L171.51,190.59L140.81,198.27L140.81,182.92L133.14,182.92L133.14,175.24L117.78,175.24L125.46,159.89L102.43,159.89L102.43,167.57L79.41,167.57L79.41,159.89L64.05,159.89L64.05,167.57L56.38,167.57L56.38,159.89L18.0,159.89L18.0,152.22L25.68,152.22L25.68,121.51L33.35,121.51L33.35,113.84L41.03,113.84L41.03,121.51L56.38,121.51L64.05,106.16L79.41,106.16L79.41,98.49L94.76,98.49L94.76,90.81L102.43,90.81L102.43,75.46L110.11,75.46L110.11,21.73L125.46,21.73L125.46,29.41Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 173.96, "y": 104.82 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 192.73, "y": 105.29 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "singapore", "metric": "pm25", "value": 13.416822778026273, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:singapore", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-154", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-154.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "7d690aec39ad1b4a8077f33f9c1e57a18900a392ddc7610a5a02a33803550f68", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-154.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 154", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 5908522.0477144765, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and 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Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Singapore (source ID 154). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:singapore", "city_slug": "singapore", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "154", "source_name": "Singapore", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "singapore", "estimated_area_id": 154, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 103.8198, "latitude": 1.3521, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "SGP", "source_country_iso3": "SGP", "source_country_name": "Singapore" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:154", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=154; fid=7672", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7672, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "06b5cf82e0c0d7de6b633642294184ac25c422caba736e8d172cb37e3835644f", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "9672587c4ee245bf1591a5d5e3a87c73a866e5000cf61c87e70e4d06beab0e36", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 154, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "06b5cf82e0c0d7de6b633642294184ac25c422caba736e8d172cb37e3835644f", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "310a5e25a93ad2b9979bf12eae5a6a47a9b8f4ed5f8e2dd1ab7b2d0e21162977" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Singapore (154)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:singapore", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "singapore", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 21.289742565556697, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:singapore", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-154", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-154.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "8fdf5c86b753e82b097a406fc0c40d259d5753a3cf927fc5e1f279e4bf0f5eeb", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-154.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 154", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 5908522.0477144765, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Singapore (154)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:154", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Singapore (154)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 637, "population_grid_valid_cells": 637, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 178, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 5908522.0477144765, "weather_covered_population": 5908522.0477144765, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 125790913.3387571, "native_weather_points": 5, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Singapore (source ID 154). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.096689827717338, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 18296860.122001033 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.806293426970008, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 34306612.728751935 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 5.0321209700406735, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 29732397.698251676 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.1612586853940015, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.1612586853940015, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.935431142323336, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11435537.576250644 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.548344913858669, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.548344913858669, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 5908522.0477144765, "strict_value": 21.289742565556697, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 125790913.3387571, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.096689827717338, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 18296860.122001033, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.806293426970008, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 34306612.728751935, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 5.0321209700406735, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 29732397.698251676, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.1612586853940015, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.1612586853940015, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.935431142323336, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11435537.576250644, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.548344913858669, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.548344913858669, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-singapore", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-154.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-singapore", "observation_sha256": "7a5e6556b9fdd400260da44faa4063a491d784177979c295127804393604e9b9", "evidence_review_sha256": "cf19c64da7b9a9f44aa8df290b833eddfcbece47753adcf7f79af822ba4a96a3", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:singapore", "geography_sha256": "5b84603f4aa0d597e8bdd478f89c9754c9a3767716a9ac34a0f0594bb0d80cf4", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-154", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "d025d3c04919c3a0b96f61bf2f52c834c0ee0fbd266ef45356f6047812141358", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-154", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-154.npz", "sha256": "8fdf5c86b753e82b097a406fc0c40d259d5753a3cf927fc5e1f279e4bf0f5eeb", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "singapore", "metric": "pm25", "value": 13.416822778026273, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:singapore", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-154", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-154.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "7d690aec39ad1b4a8077f33f9c1e57a18900a392ddc7610a5a02a33803550f68", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-154.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 154", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 5908522.0477144765, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Singapore (154)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:154", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Singapore (154)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 637, "population_grid_valid_cells": 637, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 178, "total_known_modelled_population": 5908522.0477144765, "pm_covered_population": 5908522.0477144765, "weighted_concentration_sum": 79273593.19424602, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 13.431894090910005, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 13.475740694521546, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Singapore (source ID 154). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-singapore", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-154.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-d2a90064bd6d6e6f1e4361f386d80432c7e11d184b3c18420814e76cdaa5e335", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-singapore", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-d2a90064bd6d6e6f1e4361f386d80432c7e11d184b3c18420814e76cdaa5e335", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-singapore", "observation_sha256": "7a5e6556b9fdd400260da44faa4063a491d784177979c295127804393604e9b9", "evidence_review_sha256": "cf19c64da7b9a9f44aa8df290b833eddfcbece47753adcf7f79af822ba4a96a3", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:singapore", "geography_sha256": "5b84603f4aa0d597e8bdd478f89c9754c9a3767716a9ac34a0f0594bb0d80cf4", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-154", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "d025d3c04919c3a0b96f61bf2f52c834c0ee0fbd266ef45356f6047812141358", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-154", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-154.npz", "sha256": "8fdf5c86b753e82b097a406fc0c40d259d5753a3cf927fc5e1f279e4bf0f5eeb", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "singapore", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 21.289742565556697, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:singapore", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-154", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-154.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "8fdf5c86b753e82b097a406fc0c40d259d5753a3cf927fc5e1f279e4bf0f5eeb", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-154.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 154", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 5908522.0477144765, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Singapore (154)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:154", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Singapore (154)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 637, "population_grid_valid_cells": 637, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 178, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 5908522.0477144765, "weather_covered_population": 5908522.0477144765, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 125790913.3387571, "native_weather_points": 5, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Singapore (source ID 154). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.096689827717338, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 18296860.122001033 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.806293426970008, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 34306612.728751935 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 5.0321209700406735, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 29732397.698251676 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.1612586853940015, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.1612586853940015, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.935431142323336, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11435537.576250644 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.548344913858669, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.548344913858669, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 5908522.0477144765, "strict_value": 21.289742565556697, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 125790913.3387571, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.096689827717338, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 18296860.122001033, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.806293426970008, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 34306612.728751935, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 5.0321209700406735, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 29732397.698251676, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.1612586853940015, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.1612586853940015, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.935431142323336, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11435537.576250644, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.548344913858669, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.548344913858669, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-singapore", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-154.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "singapore", "city_name": "Singapore", "destination_country_iso3": "SGP", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 103.8198, "latitude": 1.3521, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 154, "eFUA_name": "Singapore", "Cntry_ISO": "SGP", "Cntry_name": "Singapore", "UC_IDs": "11498", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "06b5cf82e0c0d7de6b633642294184ac25c422caba736e8d172cb37e3835644f", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:singapore", "city_slug": "singapore", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "154", "source_name": "Singapore", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "singapore", "estimated_area_id": 154, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 103.8198, "latitude": 1.3521, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "SGP", "source_country_iso3": "SGP", "source_country_name": "Singapore" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:154", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=154; fid=7672", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7672, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "06b5cf82e0c0d7de6b633642294184ac25c422caba736e8d172cb37e3835644f", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "9672587c4ee245bf1591a5d5e3a87c73a866e5000cf61c87e70e4d06beab0e36", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 154, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "06b5cf82e0c0d7de6b633642294184ac25c422caba736e8d172cb37e3835644f", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "310a5e25a93ad2b9979bf12eae5a6a47a9b8f4ed5f8e2dd1ab7b2d0e21162977" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Singapore (154)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:singapore", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "singapore", "city_name": "Singapore", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:154", "source_area_id": "154", "source_area_name": "Singapore", "value": 13.416822778026273, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 637, "population_grid_valid_cells": 637, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 178, "total_known_modelled_population": 5908522.0477144765, "pm_covered_population": 5908522.0477144765, "weighted_concentration_sum": 79273593.19424602, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 5908522.0477144765, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 13.431894090910005, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 13.475740694521546, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-154.npz", "sha256": "7d690aec39ad1b4a8077f33f9c1e57a18900a392ddc7610a5a02a33803550f68" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:singapore", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-singapore", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Singapore (source ID 154). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. The current engine state separately applies age and all other checks." }, "scoring_boundaries": [ { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:singapore", "city_slug": "singapore", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "154", "source_name": "Singapore", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 637, "population_grid_valid_cells": 637, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 178, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 5908522.0477144765, "weather_covered_population": 5908522.0477144765, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 125790913.3387571, "native_weather_points": 5, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.096689827717338, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 18296860.122001033 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 5.806293426970008, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 34306612.728751935 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 5.0321209700406735, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 29732397.698251676 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.1612586853940015, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.1612586853940015, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.935431142323336, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 11435537.576250644 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 1.548344913858669, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.548344913858669, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 5908522.0477144765, "strict_value": 21.289742565556697, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 125790913.3387571, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.096689827717338, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 18296860.122001033, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 5.806293426970008, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 34306612.728751935, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 5.0321209700406735, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 29732397.698251676, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.1612586853940015, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.1612586853940015, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 6861322.545750387, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.935431142323336, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 11435537.576250644, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 1.548344913858669, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.548344913858669, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9148430.061000517, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-154.npz", "sha256": "8fdf5c86b753e82b097a406fc0c40d259d5753a3cf927fc5e1f279e4bf0f5eeb" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "stockholm", "name": "Stockholm", "country": { "id": "country:SWE", "name": "Sweden", "iso_2": "SE", "iso_3": "SWE", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/stockholm", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/stockholm.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 1, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "stockholm", "id": "1693", "name": "Stockholm", "constituentNames": [ "Stockholm" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Sweden", "UN_WPP": "Sweden" }, "population2025": 1543891.723, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 339, "densityPerKm2": 4554.25287020649, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 59.3318145, "longitude": 18.0062294, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 59.3293, "longitude": 18.0686, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M41.17,25.67L56.5,33.33L56.5,48.67L64.17,48.67L64.17,56.33L87.17,56.33L87.17,48.67L94.83,48.67L94.83,33.33L110.17,25.67L110.17,33.33L117.83,33.33L117.83,41.0L133.17,48.67L133.17,71.67L140.83,71.67L140.83,79.33L148.5,79.33L148.5,87.0L156.17,87.0L163.83,102.33L194.5,102.33L202.17,87.0L232.83,87.0L232.83,110.0L240.5,110.0L240.5,117.67L294.17,117.67L294.17,133.0L301.83,133.0L301.83,140.67L240.5,140.67L240.5,148.33L232.83,148.33L232.83,179.0L225.17,179.0L225.17,194.33L209.83,194.33L202.17,179.0L186.83,179.0L186.83,186.67L179.17,186.67L171.5,202.0L148.5,202.0L133.17,171.33L102.5,171.33L102.5,163.67L94.83,163.67L94.83,156.0L110.17,156.0L110.17,148.33L117.83,148.33L117.83,133.0L110.17,133.0L102.5,117.67L87.17,117.67L79.5,102.33L48.83,102.33L48.83,94.67L33.5,87.0L33.5,71.67L25.83,71.67L25.83,64.0L33.5,64.0L33.5,48.67L25.83,48.67L25.83,33.33L18.17,33.33L18.17,25.67L25.83,25.67L25.83,18.0L41.17,18.0L41.17,25.67Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 186.12, "y": 121.88 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 154.28, "y": 120.03 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", 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submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "stockholm", "metric": "pm25", "value": 5.962643953866693, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:stockholm", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1445", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1445.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "742d8face701c5beab900d859fc9a0b96ba80225bc59238649aa4603474d7332", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1445.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1445", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2241651.3560709828, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and 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Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Stockholm (source ID 1445). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:stockholm", "city_slug": "stockholm", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1445", "source_name": "Stockholm", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "stockholm", "estimated_area_id": 1445, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "SE001F", "oecd_name": "Stockholm", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2536, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 7068.5692073311375, "intersection_km2": 2324.2324031258963, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9164954271001169, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.32881228646885546, "intersection_over_union": 0.31924792295095217, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 18.0686, "latitude": 59.3293, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "SWE", "source_country_iso3": "SWE", "source_country_name": "Sweden" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1445", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1445; fid=7972", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7972, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "54d75334ce7a8403f6df30103856037a25e240f4abe0aaa1f32ac4f5be57d0fd", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "12435b17283d24d7fe56ecf5e59525484b6e2b8390b99d53ec8d8909d2245db6", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1445, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "54d75334ce7a8403f6df30103856037a25e240f4abe0aaa1f32ac4f5be57d0fd", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "2b17f7b541ed3d7e1f5895235ee7ec4e395ffef801bb5e17cea940d84f60d619" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Stockholm (1445)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:stockholm", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "stockholm", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:stockholm", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1445", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1445.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "33b355c84f20124af86ec9ebb7f93470172548fae7347d7f821b1de4f4fd5ced", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1445.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1445", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2241651.3560709828, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Stockholm (1445)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1445", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Stockholm (1445)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2536, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2536, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 316, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2241651.3560709828, "weather_covered_population": 2241651.3560709828, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 15, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Stockholm (source ID 1445). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2241651.3560709828, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-stockholm", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1445.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-stockholm", "observation_sha256": "0f4cc9695ca3535ea4230cfe0ff8730e7fd88a926d9fe6fa91d1000aacbd77c7", "evidence_review_sha256": "750aa482253ea75e13574d2076af0d07eb5d78266f59c95fed91468c5507a275", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:stockholm", "geography_sha256": "264d342e740cd89835686cbf0a0eeab328ed0c663900358c6f3d596e04a20634", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1445", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "157b9bcda52d5eb59cef4d99f540482fb350eb8c61d97d0c0c249c36285a5235", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1445", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1445.npz", "sha256": "33b355c84f20124af86ec9ebb7f93470172548fae7347d7f821b1de4f4fd5ced", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:stockholm", "city_slug": "stockholm", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1445", "source_name": "Stockholm", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "stockholm", "metric": "pm25", "value": 5.962643953866693, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:stockholm", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1445", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1445.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "742d8face701c5beab900d859fc9a0b96ba80225bc59238649aa4603474d7332", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1445.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1445", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2241651.3560709828, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Stockholm (1445)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1445", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Stockholm (1445)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2536, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2536, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 316, "total_known_modelled_population": 2241651.3560709828, "pm_covered_population": 2241651.3560709828, "weighted_concentration_sum": 13366168.904953718, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 5.954755871878652, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 5.890397786700122, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Stockholm (source ID 1445). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-stockholm", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1445.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-d9209cc154ec4bb0df12552c1ce6db0e828f28352aef0a5e898bc2207b4d1346", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-stockholm", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-d9209cc154ec4bb0df12552c1ce6db0e828f28352aef0a5e898bc2207b4d1346", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-stockholm", "observation_sha256": "0f4cc9695ca3535ea4230cfe0ff8730e7fd88a926d9fe6fa91d1000aacbd77c7", "evidence_review_sha256": "750aa482253ea75e13574d2076af0d07eb5d78266f59c95fed91468c5507a275", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:stockholm", "geography_sha256": "264d342e740cd89835686cbf0a0eeab328ed0c663900358c6f3d596e04a20634", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1445", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "157b9bcda52d5eb59cef4d99f540482fb350eb8c61d97d0c0c249c36285a5235", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1445", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1445.npz", "sha256": "33b355c84f20124af86ec9ebb7f93470172548fae7347d7f821b1de4f4fd5ced", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "stockholm", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:stockholm", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1445", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1445.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "33b355c84f20124af86ec9ebb7f93470172548fae7347d7f821b1de4f4fd5ced", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1445.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1445", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2241651.3560709828, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Stockholm (1445)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1445", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Stockholm (1445)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2536, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2536, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 316, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2241651.3560709828, "weather_covered_population": 2241651.3560709828, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 15, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Stockholm (source ID 1445). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2241651.3560709828, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-stockholm", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1445.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "stockholm", "source_city_name": "Stockholm", "source_country_name": "Sweden", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:stockholm:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "stockholm", "source_city_name": "Stockholm", "source_country_name": "Sweden", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "Stockholm", "country": "Sweden" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 5.660761833, "value_as_published": "5.660761833", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "949,761", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2018 for city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 742, "csv_line_end": 743, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "Stockholm", "Country": "Sweden", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "5.660761833", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2018 for city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "949,761" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "stockholm", "city_name": "Stockholm", "destination_country_iso3": "SWE", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 18.0686, "latitude": 59.3293, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "SE001F", "country_iso3": "SWE", "source_name": "Stockholm", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 26, "member_ids": [ "SWE0114", "SWE0115", "SWE0117", "SWE0120", "SWE0123", "SWE0125", "SWE0126", "SWE0127", "SWE0128", "SWE0136", "SWE0138", "SWE0139", "SWE0140", "SWE0160", "SWE0162", "SWE0163", "SWE0180", "SWE0181", "SWE0182", "SWE0183", "SWE0184", "SWE0186", "SWE0187", "SWE0188", "SWE0191", "SWE0192" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Kommuner)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Kommuner)": 26 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "a5906d19c608b9d21f11cee6e5991098f19bc7c695d4618a9c4d6cbe87ae8009", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1445, "eFUA_name": "Stockholm", "Cntry_ISO": "SWE", "Cntry_name": "Sweden", "UC_IDs": "2973;2988", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "54d75334ce7a8403f6df30103856037a25e240f4abe0aaa1f32ac4f5be57d0fd", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "SE001F", "URAU_NAME": "Stockholm", "CNTR_CODE": "SE" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:stockholm", "city_slug": "stockholm", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1445", "source_name": "Stockholm", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "stockholm", "estimated_area_id": 1445, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "SE001F", "oecd_name": "Stockholm", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2536, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 7068.5692073311375, "intersection_km2": 2324.2324031258963, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9164954271001169, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.32881228646885546, "intersection_over_union": 0.31924792295095217, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 18.0686, "latitude": 59.3293, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "SWE", "source_country_iso3": "SWE", "source_country_name": "Sweden" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1445", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1445; fid=7972", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7972, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "54d75334ce7a8403f6df30103856037a25e240f4abe0aaa1f32ac4f5be57d0fd", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "12435b17283d24d7fe56ecf5e59525484b6e2b8390b99d53ec8d8909d2245db6", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1445, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "54d75334ce7a8403f6df30103856037a25e240f4abe0aaa1f32ac4f5be57d0fd", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "2b17f7b541ed3d7e1f5895235ee7ec4e395ffef801bb5e17cea940d84f60d619" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Stockholm (1445)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:stockholm", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:stockholm", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "stockholm", "city_name": "Stockholm", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1445", "source_area_id": "1445", "source_area_name": "Stockholm", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:stockholm", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-stockholm", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Stockholm (source ID 1445). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2536, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2536, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 316, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2241651.3560709828, "weather_covered_population": 2241651.3560709828, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 15, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2241651.3560709828, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1445.npz", "sha256": "33b355c84f20124af86ec9ebb7f93470172548fae7347d7f821b1de4f4fd5ced" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "sydney", "name": "Sydney", "country": { "id": "country:AUS", "name": "Australia", "iso_2": "AU", "iso_3": "AUS", "continent": "Oceania" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/sydney", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/sydney.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "sydney", "id": "2324", "name": "Sydney", "constituentNames": [ "Sydney" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Australia", "UN_WPP": "Australia" }, "population2025": 4375394.497, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 1378, "densityPerKm2": 3175.1774288824386, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": -33.8539757, "longitude": 151.0728557, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": -33.8688, "longitude": 151.2093, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M169.79,29.74L173.7,29.74L173.7,33.66L185.45,33.66L185.45,37.57L197.19,37.57L197.19,41.49L205.02,41.49L205.02,37.57L208.94,37.57L208.94,33.66L212.85,33.66L216.77,25.83L228.51,25.83L228.51,33.66L232.43,33.66L232.43,37.57L240.26,37.57L240.26,41.49L244.17,41.49L248.09,49.32L271.57,45.4L271.57,41.49L279.4,37.57L279.4,29.74L287.23,29.74L291.15,37.57L287.23,37.57L287.23,41.49L279.4,45.4L279.4,53.23L271.57,53.23L271.57,57.15L267.66,57.15L267.66,64.98L259.83,64.98L259.83,68.89L252.0,72.81L252.0,80.64L228.51,84.55L228.51,92.38L232.43,92.38L232.43,96.3L228.51,96.3L228.51,104.13L224.6,104.13L224.6,108.04L220.68,108.04L220.68,111.96L216.77,111.96L216.77,115.87L212.85,115.87L208.94,123.7L201.11,123.7L201.11,127.62L197.19,127.62L197.19,131.53L193.28,131.53L193.28,135.45L189.36,135.45L189.36,139.36L185.45,139.36L181.53,147.19L173.7,147.19L173.7,155.02L169.79,155.02L169.79,158.94L165.87,158.94L161.96,166.77L154.13,162.85L154.13,155.02L150.21,155.02L150.21,151.11L138.47,151.11L138.47,155.02L134.55,155.02L134.55,158.94L130.64,158.94L126.72,166.77L118.89,166.77L122.81,174.6L118.89,174.6L118.89,170.68L111.06,170.68L111.06,174.6L107.15,174.6L107.15,190.26L103.23,190.26L103.23,198.09L99.32,198.09L99.32,202.0L75.83,202.0L75.83,198.09L71.91,198.09L71.91,190.26L68.0,190.26L68.0,186.34L60.17,186.34L60.17,174.6L64.09,174.6L64.09,170.68L71.91,170.68L71.91,166.77L79.74,162.85L79.74,155.02L75.83,155.02L75.83,151.11L60.17,151.11L60.17,147.19L52.34,147.19L52.34,151.11L40.6,151.11L40.6,147.19L32.77,147.19L32.77,151.11L28.85,151.11L28.85,139.36L36.68,139.36L40.6,131.53L48.43,131.53L56.26,115.87L64.09,115.87L68.0,108.04L75.83,108.04L75.83,104.13L79.74,104.13L79.74,100.21L83.66,100.21L87.57,92.38L99.32,92.38L103.23,84.55L91.49,84.55L91.49,80.64L75.83,76.72L75.83,80.64L71.91,80.64L68.0,88.47L60.17,88.47L60.17,80.64L64.09,80.64L64.09,76.72L71.91,72.81L71.91,64.98L79.74,61.06L79.74,53.23L83.66,53.23L83.66,49.32L95.4,49.32L99.32,41.49L111.06,41.49L111.06,45.4L130.64,45.4L134.55,37.57L150.21,33.66L150.21,29.74L154.13,29.74L158.04,21.91L165.87,21.91L165.87,18.0L169.79,18.0L169.79,29.74ZM208.94,100.21L205.02,100.21L205.02,104.13L208.94,104.13L208.94,100.21Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 190.89, "y": 108.93 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 148.9, "y": 102.24 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. 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65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "sydney", "metric": "life-expectancy", "value": 84.3, "unit": "years", "period_start": "2022-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:sydney", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "source_frame_sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "source_record_ref": "Table 1!AC27; original Persons header AC8; period header AA6=2022–2024; geography A27=1GSYD, B27=Greater Sydney", "universe": "Both sexes combined, as the original ABS Persons category, for published three-year period life expectancy at birth within the exact reviewed official GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region. 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No arithmetic mean of male/female or subarea life expectancies; no reconstruction of an unpublished mortality denominator, radix, CI or standard error.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported." }, "scope_notice": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "Life expectancy, 2022–2024 · Table 2, original Persons e0", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "ASGS Edition 3 · GCCSA2021 native GDA2020 boundaries", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy", "sex": "Persons", "age_basis": "at-birth", "source_value_literal": "84.3", "display_precision_decimals": 1, "pooled_years": 3, "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "workbook": { "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "sheet": "Table 1", "persons_cell": "AC27", "geography_code_cell": "A27", "geography_name_cell": "B27", "sex_header": "AC8", "period_header": "AA6" }, "geography": { "source_code": "1GSYD", "source_name": "Greater Sydney", "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_shape_content_sha256": "fea204070fad9e82065f12d49c61b220821cadc61181c6beb036a4d261f8bf9e", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "f917f9674b4a753d3d777c1e2798c4aad9d15a4bee1f0ad725909f803cb09851", "native_record_number": 1 }, "coordinate_adapter": { "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "input_wgs84": [ 151.2093, -33.8688 ], "output_gda2020": [ 151.20930542980767, -33.868787317733016 ], "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "required_clearance_metres": 100, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 585.8715606090714 }, "method_qualification": { "gccsa_algorithm": null, "terminal_age": null, "overseas_death_rule": null, "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.", "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.", "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed." } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented", "label": "Published method detail limited", "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance." } ], "licence": { "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-sydney", "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-sydney", "observation_sha256": "2c694dde242f04b725504a51e6c24cbf085c08a8868ea3b4f5acea80f334bcac", "evidence_review_sha256": "79a68a80f95d70c8947d74d7107abb21e67efe66af1b399d82aeff13768ea4d5", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "772a09f7478e63c8cfde7faf1caf81804950d1f0c32b80378a356c567c64d7cb", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:sydney", "geography_sha256": "3697146fe5058c12437aa3f6b7e5bc86c92d7e8a35e48cda9deac521fd55687e", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "eed29f124852fbd955dd801ee7778e492d23cc74ae7a963fb8ee21c6c477be9f", "source_frame": { "id": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:12:17.472201+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:sydney", "city_slug": "sydney", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-functional-capital-city-region", "authority": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_geography_id": "1GSYD", "source_name": "Greater Sydney", "boundary_vintage": "2021", "geography_edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "version": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "crosswalk_method": "Original published GCCSA code/name joined to exact native GCCSA2021 DBF/SHP record. Canonical WGS84 destination point uses the archived named non-ballpark EPSG:4326 to EPSG:7844 adapter; original 3 m operation accuracy, unknown coordinate epoch and conservative 100 m native boundary-clearance guard are preserved.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "sydney", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "input_wgs84": [ 151.2093, -33.8688 ], "output_gda2020": [ 151.20930542980767, -33.868787317733016 ], "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "allow_ballpark": false, "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "epoch_notice": "The city reference points do not supply a coordinate epoch or WGS84 realization. This is a documented destination-binding adapter with a conservative boundary-clearance guard, not a survey transformation or a relabelling of the native geometry.", "native_point_inside": true, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 585.8715606090714, "required_clearance_metres": 100 }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.life2022-2024.gccsa-source-review-v1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:1GSYD", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GCCSA_2021_AUST_GDA2020.shp record 1; DBF GCC_CODE21=1GSYD", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Greater Sydney · GCCSA2021", "review_scope": "Life-expectancy published-value protocol only. Does not extend or replace PM/heat geography permissions.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "native_record_number": 1, "native_shape_content_sha256": "fea204070fad9e82065f12d49c61b220821cadc61181c6beb036a4d261f8bf9e", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "f917f9674b4a753d3d777c1e2798c4aad9d15a4bee1f0ad725909f803cb09851", "native_member_proofs": { "dbf": { "sha256": "7b2aa6cf304e6907353f8418b502e993939522692c1849b2551afc08441a960b", "bytes": 16349 }, "shp": { "sha256": "53f4e0e9295414eb65a6b9c92988b23eab0d411247349eea61f33c1ed9a0c810", "bytes": 30778808 }, "shx": { "sha256": "78b8457acf9598656910f8a3735ab6b08a2936668395de145a6454eeb5e44777", "bytes": 380 }, "prj": { "sha256": "394fe7500c52df3a75d6832b9c61aae1b4391b34dbc71293674dd2219912321f", "bytes": 160 }, "xml": { "sha256": "c9a7b21d4c968a0d5d46b8807d397ea0886ab6d675bed35463c56b4524be1685", "bytes": 26094 } }, "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "interpretation": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:sydney", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" } ] } }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "sydney", "metric": "pm25", "value": 5.743625709411895, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:sydney", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1830", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1830.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "47e40a9217d52d2a844c2c69902e71645c4f6643bd73f9a4f12087b86b949cdf", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1830.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1830", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 4784217.805250018, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Sydney (1830)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1830", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Sydney (1830)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 3881, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3881, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 693, "total_known_modelled_population": 4784217.805250018, "pm_covered_population": 4784217.805250018, "weighted_concentration_sum": 27478756.385660153, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 5.747319395548073, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 5.783263563278759, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Sydney (source ID 1830). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-sydney", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1830.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-sydney", "observation_sha256": "bf5fd4169ae6b5556d8f108677fe3243c3a07ada517bab6d0d3e479a8a9e7ee9", "evidence_review_sha256": "bf77168e3f4d70419cf100c06d19575f66d6a13d8f7a34d89cb84de682a9ee47", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:sydney", "geography_sha256": "1a16e3f4c8b9e8c45d316ce5f35245ca58decc23191c1a994fec38bfcba210a5", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1830", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "d43c278fcff33cb1c632c66bc41d67b49a653078717e156287850de056461017", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-1830", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1830.npz", "sha256": "47e40a9217d52d2a844c2c69902e71645c4f6643bd73f9a4f12087b86b949cdf", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:sydney", "city_slug": "sydney", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1830", "source_name": "Sydney", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "sydney", "estimated_area_id": 1830, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "AUS01F", "oecd_name": "Greater Sydney", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 3881, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 12399.852225801287, "intersection_km2": 3545.4602755666133, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9135429723181173, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.28592762324935717, "intersection_over_union": 0.27839428024052937, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 151.2093, "latitude": -33.8688, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_name": "Australia" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1830", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1830; fid=245", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 245, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "5b0000ea13b88313b3ecb224a7f6e3b4c863a51460dca209c8c156665c9d8b69", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "8ff6ace527d1199eddaa252fcb12cf6912f258156812a1ef38c2705651c6a0b4", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1830, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "5b0000ea13b88313b3ecb224a7f6e3b4c863a51460dca209c8c156665c9d8b69", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "f34f232b354e79597b1f1b64729fe15a7d13fc4c0c629ca338f637d1816fc79b" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Sydney (1830)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:sydney", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "sydney", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 8.79453460083655, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:sydney", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1830", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1830.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "726c88021acb47669ad5233e254a286d3f31375ef5444fcd5c8cc0615d747270", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1830.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1830", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 4784217.805250018, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Sydney (1830)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1830", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Sydney (1830)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3881, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3881, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 693, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 4784217.805250018, "weather_covered_population": 4784217.805250018, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 42074969.026209585, "native_weather_points": 16, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Sydney (source ID 1830). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.5599213109412626, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 12247221.115844157 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.6256459741724335, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2993226.6094187493 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.6251531791299564, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2990868.970602191 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.2301410650588607, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5885262.786423822 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.6150705325294303, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2942631.393211911 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.138602539004608, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 15015758.15070876 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 4784217.805250018, "strict_value": 8.79453460083655, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 42074969.026209585, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.5599213109412626, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 12247221.115844157, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.6256459741724335, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2993226.6094187493, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.6251531791299564, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2990868.970602191, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.2301410650588607, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5885262.786423822, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.6150705325294303, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2942631.393211911, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.138602539004608, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 15015758.15070876, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-sydney", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1830.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-sydney", "observation_sha256": "74a01db63d1b848b8a3243ccf4e9a044c00f77ca9a80787aa783b13e3560a6f6", "evidence_review_sha256": "4f9d506f8b3888043a4c498e00d85a67e2286bb2fc1ccb842a555d95054c7a0b", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:sydney", "geography_sha256": "1007eaa4d5563a6ca038d6527ebeb9f9ad70a1eb99624220e205beaff8428805", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1830", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "3d509dfca63f194857e49d92ff1217e1108c7b57aa15f2f32d074602f332eb16", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1830", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1830.npz", "sha256": "726c88021acb47669ad5233e254a286d3f31375ef5444fcd5c8cc0615d747270", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:sydney", "city_slug": "sydney", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1830", "source_name": "Sydney", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:sydney", "city_slug": "sydney", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1830", "source_name": "Sydney", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "sydney", "estimated_area_id": 1830, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "AUS01F", "oecd_name": "Greater Sydney", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 3881, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 12399.852225801287, "intersection_km2": 3545.4602755666133, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9135429723181173, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.28592762324935717, "intersection_over_union": 0.27839428024052937, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 151.2093, "latitude": -33.8688, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_name": "Australia" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1830", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1830; fid=245", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 245, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "5b0000ea13b88313b3ecb224a7f6e3b4c863a51460dca209c8c156665c9d8b69", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "8ff6ace527d1199eddaa252fcb12cf6912f258156812a1ef38c2705651c6a0b4", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1830, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "5b0000ea13b88313b3ecb224a7f6e3b4c863a51460dca209c8c156665c9d8b69", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "f34f232b354e79597b1f1b64729fe15a7d13fc4c0c629ca338f637d1816fc79b" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Sydney (1830)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:sydney", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:sydney", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:sydney", "city_slug": "sydney", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-functional-capital-city-region", "authority": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_geography_id": "1GSYD", "source_name": "Greater Sydney", "boundary_vintage": "2021", "geography_edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "version": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "crosswalk_method": "Original published GCCSA code/name joined to exact native GCCSA2021 DBF/SHP record. Canonical WGS84 destination point uses the archived named non-ballpark EPSG:4326 to EPSG:7844 adapter; original 3 m operation accuracy, unknown coordinate epoch and conservative 100 m native boundary-clearance guard are preserved.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "sydney", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "input_wgs84": [ 151.2093, -33.8688 ], "output_gda2020": [ 151.20930542980767, -33.868787317733016 ], "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "allow_ballpark": false, "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "epoch_notice": "The city reference points do not supply a coordinate epoch or WGS84 realization. This is a documented destination-binding adapter with a conservative boundary-clearance guard, not a survey transformation or a relabelling of the native geometry.", "native_point_inside": true, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 585.8715606090714, "required_clearance_metres": 100 }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.life2022-2024.gccsa-source-review-v1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:1GSYD", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GCCSA_2021_AUST_GDA2020.shp record 1; DBF GCC_CODE21=1GSYD", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Greater Sydney · GCCSA2021", "review_scope": "Life-expectancy published-value protocol only. Does not extend or replace PM/heat geography permissions.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "native_record_number": 1, "native_shape_content_sha256": "fea204070fad9e82065f12d49c61b220821cadc61181c6beb036a4d261f8bf9e", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "f917f9674b4a753d3d777c1e2798c4aad9d15a4bee1f0ad725909f803cb09851", "native_member_proofs": { "dbf": { "sha256": "7b2aa6cf304e6907353f8418b502e993939522692c1849b2551afc08441a960b", "bytes": 16349 }, "shp": { "sha256": "53f4e0e9295414eb65a6b9c92988b23eab0d411247349eea61f33c1ed9a0c810", "bytes": 30778808 }, "shx": { "sha256": "78b8457acf9598656910f8a3735ab6b08a2936668395de145a6454eeb5e44777", "bytes": 380 }, "prj": { "sha256": "394fe7500c52df3a75d6832b9c61aae1b4391b34dbc71293674dd2219912321f", "bytes": 160 }, "xml": { "sha256": "c9a7b21d4c968a0d5d46b8807d397ea0886ab6d675bed35463c56b4524be1685", "bytes": 26094 } }, "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "interpretation": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:sydney", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "sydney", "name": "Sydney", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-e4165b1d4ef062c7b45353a5270a676bb3e289959f1a8e13e8dc8cb1e4ebbbbc", "selected_evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-sydney", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-e4165b1d4ef062c7b45353a5270a676bb3e289959f1a8e13e8dc8cb1e4ebbbbc", "identity": { "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-sydney", "observation_sha256": "2c694dde242f04b725504a51e6c24cbf085c08a8868ea3b4f5acea80f334bcac", "evidence_review_sha256": "79a68a80f95d70c8947d74d7107abb21e67efe66af1b399d82aeff13768ea4d5", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "772a09f7478e63c8cfde7faf1caf81804950d1f0c32b80378a356c567c64d7cb", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:sydney", "geography_sha256": "3697146fe5058c12437aa3f6b7e5bc86c92d7e8a35e48cda9deac521fd55687e", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "eed29f124852fbd955dd801ee7778e492d23cc74ae7a963fb8ee21c6c477be9f", "source_frame": { "id": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:12:17.472201+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "sydney", "metric": "life-expectancy", "value": 84.3, "unit": "years", "period_start": "2022-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:sydney", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-2022-2024-workbook", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "source_frame_sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "source_record_ref": "Table 1!AC27; original Persons header AC8; period header AA6=2022–2024; geography A27=1GSYD, B27=Greater Sydney", "universe": "Both sexes combined, as the original ABS Persons category, for published three-year period life expectancy at birth within the exact reviewed official GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age treatment and overseas-resident death allocation are not separately documented and remain explicit limitations of the published-value path.", "denominator": null, "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_label": "Published Persons period life expectancy at birth, 2022–2024", "geography": "Greater Sydney · GCCSA2021", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:1GSYD", "boundary_label": "Greater Sydney · GCCSA2021", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the exact original numeric ABS Persons life-expectancy-at-birth cell with its original one-decimal published precision. No arithmetic mean of male/female or subarea life expectancies; no reconstruction of an unpublished mortality denominator, radix, CI or standard error.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported." }, "scope_notice": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "Life expectancy, 2022–2024 · Table 2, original Persons e0", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "ASGS Edition 3 · GCCSA2021 native GDA2020 boundaries", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy", "sex": "Persons", "age_basis": "at-birth", "source_value_literal": "84.3", "display_precision_decimals": 1, "pooled_years": 3, "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "workbook": { "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "sheet": "Table 1", "persons_cell": "AC27", "geography_code_cell": "A27", "geography_name_cell": "B27", "sex_header": "AC8", "period_header": "AA6" }, "geography": { "source_code": "1GSYD", "source_name": "Greater Sydney", "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_shape_content_sha256": "fea204070fad9e82065f12d49c61b220821cadc61181c6beb036a4d261f8bf9e", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "f917f9674b4a753d3d777c1e2798c4aad9d15a4bee1f0ad725909f803cb09851", "native_record_number": 1 }, "coordinate_adapter": { "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "input_wgs84": [ 151.2093, -33.8688 ], "output_gda2020": [ 151.20930542980767, -33.868787317733016 ], "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "required_clearance_metres": 100, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 585.8715606090714 }, "method_qualification": { "gccsa_algorithm": null, "terminal_age": null, "overseas_death_rule": null, "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.", "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.", "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed." } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented", "label": "Published method detail limited", "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance." } ], "licence": { "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-sydney", "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 1095, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-3be8f5f45853f7f8b3791a515e0acf451a1efb959dff2c9d2db1600e595dbeb9", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-sydney", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-3be8f5f45853f7f8b3791a515e0acf451a1efb959dff2c9d2db1600e595dbeb9", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-sydney", "observation_sha256": "bf5fd4169ae6b5556d8f108677fe3243c3a07ada517bab6d0d3e479a8a9e7ee9", "evidence_review_sha256": "bf77168e3f4d70419cf100c06d19575f66d6a13d8f7a34d89cb84de682a9ee47", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:sydney", "geography_sha256": "1a16e3f4c8b9e8c45d316ce5f35245ca58decc23191c1a994fec38bfcba210a5", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1830", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "d43c278fcff33cb1c632c66bc41d67b49a653078717e156287850de056461017", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-1830", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1830.npz", "sha256": "47e40a9217d52d2a844c2c69902e71645c4f6643bd73f9a4f12087b86b949cdf", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "sydney", "metric": "pm25", "value": 5.743625709411895, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:sydney", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1830", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1830.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "47e40a9217d52d2a844c2c69902e71645c4f6643bd73f9a4f12087b86b949cdf", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1830.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1830", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 4784217.805250018, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Sydney (1830)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1830", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Sydney (1830)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 3881, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3881, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 693, "total_known_modelled_population": 4784217.805250018, "pm_covered_population": 4784217.805250018, "weighted_concentration_sum": 27478756.385660153, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 5.747319395548073, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 5.783263563278759, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Sydney (source ID 1830). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-sydney", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1830.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-7e206a15c6bbe66277ef672d70e96fe6f728de13c74b568d28973082732449e3", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-sydney", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-7e206a15c6bbe66277ef672d70e96fe6f728de13c74b568d28973082732449e3", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-sydney", "observation_sha256": "74a01db63d1b848b8a3243ccf4e9a044c00f77ca9a80787aa783b13e3560a6f6", "evidence_review_sha256": "4f9d506f8b3888043a4c498e00d85a67e2286bb2fc1ccb842a555d95054c7a0b", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:sydney", "geography_sha256": "1007eaa4d5563a6ca038d6527ebeb9f9ad70a1eb99624220e205beaff8428805", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1830", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "3d509dfca63f194857e49d92ff1217e1108c7b57aa15f2f32d074602f332eb16", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1830", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1830.npz", "sha256": "726c88021acb47669ad5233e254a286d3f31375ef5444fcd5c8cc0615d747270", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "sydney", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 8.79453460083655, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:sydney", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1830", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1830.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "726c88021acb47669ad5233e254a286d3f31375ef5444fcd5c8cc0615d747270", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1830.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1830", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 4784217.805250018, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Sydney (1830)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1830", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Sydney (1830)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3881, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3881, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 693, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 4784217.805250018, "weather_covered_population": 4784217.805250018, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 42074969.026209585, "native_weather_points": 16, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Sydney (source ID 1830). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.5599213109412626, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 12247221.115844157 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.6256459741724335, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2993226.6094187493 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.6251531791299564, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2990868.970602191 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.2301410650588607, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5885262.786423822 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.6150705325294303, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2942631.393211911 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.138602539004608, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 15015758.15070876 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 4784217.805250018, "strict_value": 8.79453460083655, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 42074969.026209585, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.5599213109412626, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 12247221.115844157, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.6256459741724335, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2993226.6094187493, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.6251531791299564, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2990868.970602191, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.2301410650588607, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5885262.786423822, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.6150705325294303, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2942631.393211911, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.138602539004608, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 15015758.15070876, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-sydney", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1830.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "sydney", "city_name": "Sydney", "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 151.2093, "latitude": -33.8688, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "AUS01F", "country_iso3": "AUS", "source_name": "Greater Sydney", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 373, "member_ids": [ "AUS102011028", "AUS102011029", "AUS102011030", "AUS102011031", "AUS102011032", "AUS102011033", "AUS102011034", "AUS102011035", "AUS102011036", "AUS102011037", "AUS102011038", "AUS102011039", "AUS102011040", "AUS102011041", "AUS102011042", "AUS102011043", "AUS102021044", "AUS102021045", "AUS102021046", "AUS102021047", "AUS102021048", "AUS102021049", "AUS102021050", "AUS102021051", "AUS102021052", "AUS102021053", "AUS102021054", "AUS102021055", "AUS102021056", "AUS102021057", "AUS115011290", "AUS115011291", "AUS115011294", "AUS115011296", "AUS115011553", "AUS115011554", "AUS115011555", "AUS115011556", "AUS115011557", "AUS115011558", "AUS115011621", "AUS115011622", "AUS115021297", "AUS115021298", "AUS115031299", "AUS115031300", "AUS115041301", "AUS115041623", "AUS115041624", "AUS115041625", "AUS116011303", "AUS116011304", "AUS116011306", "AUS116011307", "AUS116011560", "AUS116011561", "AUS116011626", "AUS116011627", "AUS116021309", "AUS116021562", "AUS116021563", "AUS116021628", "AUS116021629", "AUS116021630", "AUS116021631", "AUS116021632", "AUS116021633", "AUS116031313", "AUS116031314", "AUS116031315", "AUS116031316", "AUS116031317", "AUS116031318", "AUS116031319", "AUS117011320", "AUS117011321", "AUS117011323", "AUS117011324", "AUS117011325", "AUS117011634", "AUS117011635", "AUS117021327", "AUS117021328", "AUS117021636", "AUS117021637", "AUS117031329", "AUS117031330", "AUS117031331", "AUS117031333", "AUS117031336", "AUS117031638", "AUS117031639", "AUS117031640", "AUS117031641", "AUS117031642", "AUS117031643", "AUS117031644", "AUS117031645", "AUS117031646", "AUS117031647", "AUS117031648", "AUS118011339", "AUS118011340", "AUS118011341", "AUS118011342", "AUS118011344", "AUS118011345", "AUS118011346", "AUS118011347", "AUS118011649", "AUS118011650", "AUS118021564", "AUS118021565", "AUS118021566", "AUS118021567", "AUS118021568", "AUS118021569", "AUS118021570", "AUS118021651", "AUS118021652", "AUS118021653", "AUS118021654", "AUS119011354", "AUS119011355", "AUS119011356", "AUS119011358", "AUS119011360", "AUS119011361", "AUS119011571", 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"AUS121011687", "AUS121021403", "AUS121021404", "AUS121021406", "AUS121021577", "AUS121021578", "AUS121021579", "AUS121031407", "AUS121031408", "AUS121031409", "AUS121031410", "AUS121031411", "AUS121031412", "AUS121041413", "AUS121041414", "AUS121041416", "AUS121041417", "AUS121041688", "AUS121041689", "AUS122011418", "AUS122011419", "AUS122021420", "AUS122021421", "AUS122021422", "AUS122021690", "AUS122021691", "AUS122031424", "AUS122031425", "AUS122031427", "AUS122031429", "AUS122031430", "AUS122031432", "AUS122031692", "AUS122031693", "AUS122031694", "AUS122031695", "AUS122031696", "AUS122031697", "AUS123011433", "AUS123011698", "AUS123011699", "AUS123011700", "AUS123011701", "AUS123011702", "AUS123021436", "AUS123021437", "AUS123021438", "AUS123021439", "AUS123021441", "AUS123021443", "AUS123021444", "AUS123021703", "AUS123021704", "AUS123021705", "AUS123021706", "AUS123031445", "AUS123031446", "AUS123031447", "AUS123031448", "AUS124011449", "AUS124011450", "AUS124011451", "AUS124011452", "AUS124011453", "AUS124011454", "AUS124011455", "AUS124021456", "AUS124031457", "AUS124031459", "AUS124031460", "AUS124031461", "AUS124031462", "AUS124031463", "AUS124031464", "AUS124031465", "AUS124031707", "AUS124031708", "AUS124041466", "AUS124041467", "AUS124041468", "AUS124051469", "AUS124051470", "AUS124051580", "AUS124051581", "AUS125011475", "AUS125011582", "AUS125011583", "AUS125011584", "AUS125011585", "AUS125011586", "AUS125011587", "AUS125011709", "AUS125011710", "AUS125021477", "AUS125021478", "AUS125021711", "AUS125021712", "AUS125031479", "AUS125031480", "AUS125031481", "AUS125031483", "AUS125031484", "AUS125031486", "AUS125031487", "AUS125031713", "AUS125031714", "AUS125031715", "AUS125031716", "AUS125041489", "AUS125041490", "AUS125041491", "AUS125041493", "AUS125041494", "AUS125041588", "AUS125041589", "AUS125041717", "AUS125041718", "AUS125041719", "AUS126011496", "AUS126011720", "AUS126011721", "AUS126021498", "AUS126021499", "AUS126021500", "AUS126021501", "AUS126021503", "AUS126021590", "AUS126021722", "AUS126021723", "AUS126021724", "AUS126021725", "AUS127011504", "AUS127011505", "AUS127011592", "AUS127011593", "AUS127011594", "AUS127011595", "AUS127011596", "AUS127011597", "AUS127011726", "AUS127011727", "AUS127011728", "AUS127011729", "AUS127021509", "AUS127021510", "AUS127021511", "AUS127021512", "AUS127021513", "AUS127021514", "AUS127021515", "AUS127021516", "AUS127021517", "AUS127021518", "AUS127021519", "AUS127021520", "AUS127021521", "AUS127031522", "AUS127031523", "AUS127031524", "AUS127031599", "AUS127031601", "AUS127031730", "AUS127031731", "AUS127031732", "AUS127031733", "AUS128011529", "AUS128011530", "AUS128011531", "AUS128011602", "AUS128011603", "AUS128011604", "AUS128011605", "AUS128011606", "AUS128021533", "AUS128021534", "AUS128021535", "AUS128021536", "AUS128021537", "AUS128021538", "AUS128021607", "AUS128021608", "AUS128021609" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Statistical Area 2 (SA2)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Statistical Area 2 (SA2)": 373 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "56e05be1633d01474099a1890bd57d27a6e496918910df0e94d6124201da401e", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1830, "eFUA_name": "Sydney", "Cntry_ISO": "AUS", "Cntry_name": "Australia", "UC_IDs": "13042;13043", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "5b0000ea13b88313b3ecb224a7f6e3b4c863a51460dca209c8c156665c9d8b69", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:sydney", "city_slug": "sydney", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1830", "source_name": "Sydney", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:sydney", "city_slug": "sydney", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1830", "source_name": "Sydney", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "sydney", "estimated_area_id": 1830, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "AUS01F", "oecd_name": "Greater Sydney", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 3881, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 12399.852225801287, "intersection_km2": 3545.4602755666133, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9135429723181173, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.28592762324935717, "intersection_over_union": 0.27839428024052937, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 151.2093, "latitude": -33.8688, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_iso3": "AUS", "source_country_name": "Australia" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1830", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1830; fid=245", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 245, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "5b0000ea13b88313b3ecb224a7f6e3b4c863a51460dca209c8c156665c9d8b69", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "8ff6ace527d1199eddaa252fcb12cf6912f258156812a1ef38c2705651c6a0b4", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1830, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "5b0000ea13b88313b3ecb224a7f6e3b4c863a51460dca209c8c156665c9d8b69", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "f34f232b354e79597b1f1b64729fe15a7d13fc4c0c629ca338f637d1816fc79b" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Sydney (1830)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:sydney", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:sydney", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:sydney", "city_slug": "sydney", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-functional-capital-city-region", "authority": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_geography_id": "1GSYD", "source_name": "Greater Sydney", "boundary_vintage": "2021", "geography_edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "version": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "crosswalk_method": "Original published GCCSA code/name joined to exact native GCCSA2021 DBF/SHP record. Canonical WGS84 destination point uses the archived named non-ballpark EPSG:4326 to EPSG:7844 adapter; original 3 m operation accuracy, unknown coordinate epoch and conservative 100 m native boundary-clearance guard are preserved.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "sydney", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "input_wgs84": [ 151.2093, -33.8688 ], "output_gda2020": [ 151.20930542980767, -33.868787317733016 ], "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "allow_ballpark": false, "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "epoch_notice": "The city reference points do not supply a coordinate epoch or WGS84 realization. This is a documented destination-binding adapter with a conservative boundary-clearance guard, not a survey transformation or a relabelling of the native geometry.", "native_point_inside": true, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 585.8715606090714, "required_clearance_metres": 100 }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.life2022-2024.gccsa-source-review-v1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:1GSYD", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GCCSA_2021_AUST_GDA2020.shp record 1; DBF GCC_CODE21=1GSYD", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Greater Sydney · GCCSA2021", "review_scope": "Life-expectancy published-value protocol only. Does not extend or replace PM/heat geography permissions.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "native_record_number": 1, "native_shape_content_sha256": "fea204070fad9e82065f12d49c61b220821cadc61181c6beb036a4d261f8bf9e", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "f917f9674b4a753d3d777c1e2798c4aad9d15a4bee1f0ad725909f803cb09851", "native_member_proofs": { "dbf": { "sha256": "7b2aa6cf304e6907353f8418b502e993939522692c1849b2551afc08441a960b", "bytes": 16349 }, "shp": { "sha256": "53f4e0e9295414eb65a6b9c92988b23eab0d411247349eea61f33c1ed9a0c810", "bytes": 30778808 }, "shx": { "sha256": "78b8457acf9598656910f8a3735ab6b08a2936668395de145a6454eeb5e44777", "bytes": 380 }, "prj": { "sha256": "394fe7500c52df3a75d6832b9c61aae1b4391b34dbc71293674dd2219912321f", "bytes": 160 }, "xml": { "sha256": "c9a7b21d4c968a0d5d46b8807d397ea0886ab6d675bed35463c56b4524be1685", "bytes": 26094 } }, "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "interpretation": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:sydney", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "life-gccsa2021-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:18:55.121766+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" }, { "id": "life-gccsa2021-point-adapter", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/greater-capital-city-statistical-areas" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "source_ref": "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "sydney", "city_name": "Sydney", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1830", "source_area_id": "1830", "source_area_name": "Sydney", "value": 8.79453460083655, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:sydney", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-sydney", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Sydney (source ID 1830). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3881, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3881, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 693, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 4784217.805250018, "weather_covered_population": 4784217.805250018, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 42074969.026209585, "native_weather_points": 16, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.5599213109412626, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 12247221.115844157 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0.6256459741724335, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2993226.6094187493 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.6251531791299564, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2990868.970602191 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.2301410650588607, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5885262.786423822 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.6150705325294303, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2942631.393211911 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.138602539004608, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 15015758.15070876 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 4784217.805250018, "strict_value": 8.79453460083655, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 42074969.026209585, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.5599213109412626, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 12247221.115844157, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0.6256459741724335, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2993226.6094187493, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.6251531791299564, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2990868.970602191, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.2301410650588607, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5885262.786423822, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.6150705325294303, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2942631.393211911, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.138602539004608, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 15015758.15070876, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1830.npz", "sha256": "726c88021acb47669ad5233e254a286d3f31375ef5444fcd5c8cc0615d747270" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": { "city_slug": "sydney", "value": 84.3, "unit": "years", "period_start": "2022-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "abs-gccsa2021-life-v1-0:sydney", "protocol_ref": "civometra.life-expectancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_record_ref": "Table 1!AC27; original Persons header AC8; period header AA6=2022–2024; geography A27=1GSYD, B27=Greater Sydney", "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "source_label": "Published Persons period life expectancy at birth, 2022–2024", "geography": "Greater Sydney · GCCSA2021", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "abs-gccsa2021:1GSYD", "boundary_label": "Greater Sydney · GCCSA2021", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the exact original numeric ABS Persons life-expectancy-at-birth cell with its original one-decimal published precision. No arithmetic mean of male/female or subarea life expectancies; no reconstruction of an unpublished mortality denominator, radix, CI or standard error.", "scope_notice": "Official ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA2021 functional capital-city region, not the municipality, a 2025 urban centre or the historical 2015 estimated FUA used for PM and heat. Native geometry remains GDA2020 EPSG:7844; only destination points use the separately reviewed coordinate adapter.", "derivation": { "kind": "published-three-year-life-expectancy", "sex": "Persons", "age_basis": "at-birth", "source_value_literal": "84.3", "display_precision_decimals": 1, "pooled_years": 3, "calculation": "original-published-persons-cell", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "workbook": { "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0", "sheet": "Table 1", "persons_cell": "AC27", "geography_code_cell": "A27", "geography_name_cell": "B27", "sex_header": "AC8", "period_header": "AA6" }, "geography": { "source_code": "1GSYD", "source_name": "Greater Sydney", "edition": "ASGS Edition 3 / GCCSA 2021", "native_crs": "EPSG:7844", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-native-gda2020.zip", "archive_sha256": "cc48b928d33ccd90cebd556e2cce696b132ac86519b7416588e011394e4518e7", "native_shape_content_sha256": "fea204070fad9e82065f12d49c61b220821cadc61181c6beb036a4d261f8bf9e", "native_dbf_record_sha256": "f917f9674b4a753d3d777c1e2798c4aad9d15a4bee1f0ad725909f803cb09851", "native_record_number": 1 }, "coordinate_adapter": { "url": "/data/source-frames/life-gccsa2021-point-adapter.json", "sha256": "cc8bddee507bd6cb67cb0424e90382ee58e06ebe03af35d7b5830f1d973a237c", "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:7844", "operation_description": "axis order change (2D) + WGS 84 to GDA2020 (3) + axis order change (2D)", "operation_definition": "proj=pipeline step proj=unitconvert xy_in=deg xy_out=rad step proj=push v_3 step proj=cart ellps=WGS84 step proj=helmert x=0.06155 y=-0.01087 z=-0.04019 rx=-0.0394924 ry=-0.0327221 rz=-0.0328979 s=-0.009994 convention=coordinate_frame step inv proj=cart ellps=GRS80 step proj=pop v_3 step proj=unitconvert xy_in=rad xy_out=deg", "operation_accuracy_metres": 3, "input_wgs84": [ 151.2093, -33.8688 ], "output_gda2020": [ 151.20930542980767, -33.868787317733016 ], "source_coordinate_epoch": null, "required_clearance_metres": 100, "conservative_native_boundary_clearance_metres": 585.8715606090714 }, "method_qualification": { "gccsa_algorithm": null, "terminal_age": null, "overseas_death_rule": null, "notice": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance.", "death_time_basis": "The life-method narrative specifies deaths occurring in 2022–2024 for national/state/territory rates. A separate GCCSA time-allocation algorithm is not supplied; do not substitute the annual registration-year Deaths release.", "resident_basis": "Published official GCCSA regional Persons e0. The life-method narrative does not separately document GCCSA residence allocation or overseas-resident death treatment; these remain unknown rather than assumed." } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "gccsa-method-details-not-separately-documented", "label": "Published method detail limited", "meaning": "The official workbook publishes Persons e0 for GCCSA rows. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal-age method and overseas-resident death rule are not separately documented. The narrative describes Brass Logit smoothing for SA4, which is not asserted as the GCCSA method. These are authoritative published regional estimates under the reviewed published-value path, with no quarterly comparability clearance." } ], "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "confidence_interval": null, "standard_error": null, "note": "The acquired Table 2 supplies no numeric CI or standard error for these Persons cells. One-decimal publication precision is not an uncertainty interval. GCCSA-specific technical details remain explicitly unreported." }, "licence": { "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "acknowledgement": "Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Life expectancy, 2022–2024, Table 2, original Persons cells; Australian Statistical Geography Standard Edition 3, GCCSA2021.", "derived_notice": "Original published Persons e0 cells and native geometry are unchanged. Source selection, destination-point bindings and evidence presentation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; this is not an endorsement by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "Life expectancy, 2022–2024 · Table 2, original Persons e0", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-expectancy/2022-2024/3302055001DO002_20222024.xlsx", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "title": "ASGS Edition 3 · GCCSA2021 native GDA2020 boundaries", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs/edition-3-july-2021-june-2026/access-and-downloads/digital-boundary-files/GCCSA_2021_AUST_SHP_GDA2020.zip", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "evidence_id": "life-2022-2024-gccsa2021-sydney", "city_name": "Sydney", "source_area_id": "1GSYD", "source_area_name": "Greater Sydney", "review_status": "accepted", "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/life-2022-2024-abs-persons.xlsx", "sha256": "7736d2cf390e6fcdd71cace5dcc56c999797e87d77ae75c5e18261d727606ea0" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "source_ref": "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "licence_source_refs": [ "source-54895d592300bdd2" ], "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-9daf1db0d6677387", "source-2b076ff9fcaa7878" ], "notice": "Historical ABS Persons life expectancy at birth for the pooled 2022–2024 period, published to one decimal. It is not a forecast or a three-year average of sex/subarea estimates. The GCCSA-specific algorithm, terminal age and overseas-resident death treatment remain explicitly undocumented; confidence intervals and standard errors are not supplied. Native GCCSA2021 geometry and the documented destination-point coordinate adapter are separate from PM/heat areas. Research-input review does not establish current engine admission, cross-country comparability or an official quarterly result." }, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "taipei", "name": "Taipei", "country": { "id": "country:TWN", "name": "Taiwan", "iso_2": "TW", "iso_3": "TWN", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/taipei", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/taipei.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 0, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "taipei", "id": "1142", "name": "Taipei", "constituentNames": [ "New Taipei", "Taipei", "Taoyuan", "Keelung" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Taiwan", "UN_WPP": "China, Taiwan Province of China" }, "population2025": 9686521.352, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 972, "densityPerKm2": 9965.556946502058, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 25.0214227, "longitude": 121.4620672, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 25.033, "longitude": 121.5654, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M114.98,21.91L118.89,21.91L118.89,33.66L122.81,33.66L122.81,37.57L126.72,37.57L126.72,41.49L130.64,41.49L134.55,49.32L150.21,49.32L150.21,45.4L154.13,45.4L154.13,49.32L161.96,49.32L161.96,45.4L165.87,45.4L169.79,53.23L177.62,53.23L177.62,72.81L181.53,72.81L181.53,76.72L197.19,76.72L197.19,80.64L208.94,80.64L208.94,76.72L228.51,76.72L228.51,72.81L232.43,72.81L232.43,64.98L228.51,64.98L228.51,61.06L224.6,61.06L224.6,57.15L216.77,53.23L216.77,49.32L220.68,49.32L224.6,41.49L248.09,41.49L252.0,49.32L259.83,49.32L259.83,61.06L263.74,61.06L267.66,68.89L263.74,68.89L263.74,72.81L252.0,72.81L252.0,76.72L240.26,76.72L240.26,80.64L236.34,80.64L236.34,84.55L232.43,84.55L232.43,88.47L228.51,88.47L228.51,92.38L224.6,92.38L224.6,96.3L220.68,96.3L220.68,100.21L212.85,104.13L212.85,111.96L216.77,111.96L216.77,115.87L224.6,115.87L224.6,119.79L220.68,119.79L220.68,123.7L216.77,123.7L216.77,127.62L208.94,131.53L208.94,139.36L212.85,139.36L212.85,143.28L205.02,143.28L205.02,147.19L201.11,147.19L201.11,143.28L193.28,143.28L193.28,147.19L181.53,147.19L177.62,139.36L165.87,139.36L165.87,143.28L161.96,143.28L161.96,151.11L154.13,155.02L154.13,166.77L146.3,166.77L146.3,155.02L142.38,155.02L142.38,151.11L126.72,151.11L126.72,155.02L122.81,155.02L122.81,162.85L130.64,166.77L130.64,174.6L134.55,174.6L134.55,186.34L126.72,186.34L126.72,190.26L122.81,190.26L122.81,202.0L118.89,202.0L118.89,198.09L107.15,198.09L107.15,202.0L99.32,202.0L99.32,194.17L95.4,194.17L95.4,182.43L91.49,182.43L91.49,178.51L87.57,178.51L83.66,170.68L64.09,170.68L64.09,166.77L56.26,166.77L56.26,155.02L64.09,151.11L64.09,143.28L60.17,143.28L60.17,139.36L52.34,139.36L52.34,131.53L68.0,131.53L68.0,127.62L71.91,127.62L71.91,119.79L68.0,119.79L64.09,111.96L68.0,111.96L68.0,108.04L75.83,104.13L75.83,76.72L83.66,76.72L83.66,84.55L87.57,84.55L87.57,88.47L91.49,88.47L91.49,92.38L95.4,92.38L95.4,96.3L99.32,96.3L99.32,100.21L103.23,100.21L103.23,104.13L107.15,104.13L111.06,111.96L122.81,111.96L122.81,115.87L130.64,115.87L130.64,131.53L134.55,131.53L134.55,135.45L142.38,135.45L142.38,131.53L146.3,131.53L146.3,119.79L142.38,119.79L142.38,115.87L130.64,115.87L130.64,111.96L134.55,111.96L134.55,104.13L138.47,104.13L138.47,96.3L134.55,96.3L134.55,80.64L126.72,76.72L126.72,72.81L134.55,68.89L134.55,61.06L126.72,57.15L126.72,49.32L122.81,49.32L122.81,45.4L114.98,45.4L111.06,53.23L107.15,53.23L107.15,49.32L99.32,49.32L99.32,45.4L91.49,45.4L91.49,37.57L99.32,37.57L99.32,21.91L103.23,21.91L103.23,18.0L114.98,18.0L114.98,21.91ZM107.15,37.57L103.23,37.57L103.23,41.49L107.15,41.49L107.15,37.57Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 195.03, "y": 103.14 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 159.51, "y": 108.53 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. 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submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "taipei", "metric": "pm25", "value": 14.864406405024601, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:taipei", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1141", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1141.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "5297d68d0a4c925f39b56f735d1700392f398418c449540c78f0313f95402263", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1141.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1141", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 10048037.07281363, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New Taipei [Taipei] (1141)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1141", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New Taipei [Taipei] (1141)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2463, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2463, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 112, "total_known_modelled_population": 10048037.07281363, "pm_covered_population": 10048037.07281363, "weighted_concentration_sum": 149358106.62305558, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 14.852941764770524, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 14.609844284860856, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area New Taipei [Taipei] (source ID 1141). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-taipei", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1141.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-taipei", "observation_sha256": "f14ea36f110d92cd6ad6afb03933ea4d2612b7f6f636b59cd7b5d00f44b8263c", "evidence_review_sha256": "97f47d0b86ab809c62548af672083ab88c13a1cae977e0cdd47836602162586d", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:taipei", "geography_sha256": "2e5d62bf1fc138997a42722d2cce89a88ad6edcf8dd0e94762f62db57d99cc84", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1141", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "9d97a892ebc145dc1fc0e0fec2172db1a1622e3da8547e563c828f01ddc75582", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-1141", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1141.npz", "sha256": "5297d68d0a4c925f39b56f735d1700392f398418c449540c78f0313f95402263", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:taipei", "city_slug": "taipei", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1141", "source_name": "New Taipei [Taipei]", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "taipei", "estimated_area_id": 1141, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 121.5654, "latitude": 25.033, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "TWN", "source_country_iso3": "TWN", "source_country_name": "Taiwan" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1141", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1141; fid=8013", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8013, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "41f112d61cf438c03b80319f6d0c345d5f88e2da502f6390e4d71d6cdd7b5a8d", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "47e786d2c6e0e671479c1cc1948bad48567cfc432d402303f758cfb4514e3d80", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1141, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "41f112d61cf438c03b80319f6d0c345d5f88e2da502f6390e4d71d6cdd7b5a8d", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "dd20dbafadddd16f8872528202df630a54a9a57f8d94f021b8357bae707a620e" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New Taipei [Taipei] (1141)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:taipei", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "taipei", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 19.18442117386954, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:taipei", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1141", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1141.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "765d276d6de10467f241b2829fa53a00db2f7268dc2df8c6e57e1e28c2775822", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1141.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1141", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 10048037.072813628, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New Taipei [Taipei] (1141)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1141", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New Taipei [Taipei] (1141)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2463, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2463, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 112, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 10048037.072813628, "weather_covered_population": 10048037.072813628, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 192765775.1755119, "native_weather_points": 12, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area New Taipei [Taipei] (source ID 1141). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.124007342732472, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 31390141.59551787 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.3809220367169948, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 33971629.96522492 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.713405979991883, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 37312440.953366265 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 6.564317319419194, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 65958503.783236645 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.401768495008996, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 24133058.878166188 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 10048037.072813628, "strict_value": 19.18442117386954, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 192765775.1755119, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.124007342732472, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 31390141.59551787, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.3809220367169948, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 33971629.96522492, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.713405979991883, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 37312440.953366265, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 6.564317319419194, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 65958503.783236645, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.401768495008996, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 24133058.878166188, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-taipei", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1141.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-taipei", "observation_sha256": "f2ce853801254b7a80a7512373b6678aad13e5e333a0369f00cddd395a27527e", "evidence_review_sha256": "fdb178a8e7af9e8cee7e541f033129cd99a98f3a16e974726426273432cfcb91", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:taipei", "geography_sha256": "19940dcd78b9097b97e11fcbbaa1046d1f0a7eeff73e22b5f45ad6c1f983bc4b", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1141", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "832e12f83c9d787936989b38fa1efd20f839bedb2e133b480b912cfc173ac273", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1141", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1141.npz", "sha256": "765d276d6de10467f241b2829fa53a00db2f7268dc2df8c6e57e1e28c2775822", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:taipei", "city_slug": "taipei", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1141", "source_name": "New Taipei [Taipei]", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "taipei", "estimated_area_id": 1141, "oecd_crosswalk": [], "oecd_status": "unresolved-no-official-oecd-identity", "reference_point": { "longitude": 121.5654, "latitude": 25.033, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "TWN", "source_country_iso3": "TWN", "source_country_name": "Taiwan" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1141", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1141; fid=8013", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8013, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "41f112d61cf438c03b80319f6d0c345d5f88e2da502f6390e4d71d6cdd7b5a8d", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "47e786d2c6e0e671479c1cc1948bad48567cfc432d402303f758cfb4514e3d80", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1141, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "41f112d61cf438c03b80319f6d0c345d5f88e2da502f6390e4d71d6cdd7b5a8d", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "dd20dbafadddd16f8872528202df630a54a9a57f8d94f021b8357bae707a620e" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New Taipei [Taipei] (1141)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:taipei", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:taipei", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "taipei", "metric": "pm25", "value": 14.864406405024601, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:taipei", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1141", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1141.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "5297d68d0a4c925f39b56f735d1700392f398418c449540c78f0313f95402263", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1141.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1141", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 10048037.07281363, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New Taipei [Taipei] (1141)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1141", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New Taipei [Taipei] (1141)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). 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Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "taipei", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 19.18442117386954, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:taipei", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1141", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1141.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "765d276d6de10467f241b2829fa53a00db2f7268dc2df8c6e57e1e28c2775822", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1141.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1141", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 10048037.072813628, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New Taipei [Taipei] (1141)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1141", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: New Taipei [Taipei] (1141)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2463, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2463, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 112, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 10048037.072813628, "weather_covered_population": 10048037.072813628, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 192765775.1755119, "native_weather_points": 12, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area New Taipei [Taipei] (source ID 1141). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.124007342732472, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 31390141.59551787 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.3809220367169948, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 33971629.96522492 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.713405979991883, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 37312440.953366265 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 6.564317319419194, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 65958503.783236645 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.401768495008996, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 24133058.878166188 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 10048037.072813628, "strict_value": 19.18442117386954, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 192765775.1755119, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.124007342732472, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 31390141.59551787, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.3809220367169948, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 33971629.96522492, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.713405979991883, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 37312440.953366265, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 6.564317319419194, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 65958503.783236645, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.401768495008996, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 24133058.878166188, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-taipei", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1141.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "taipei", "city_name": "Taipei", "destination_country_iso3": "TWN", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 121.5654, "latitude": 25.033, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [], "unresolved_reason": "No country-qualified OECD FUA identity or boundary match was established from the archived OECD sources; no name-based FUA ID invented.", "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1141, "eFUA_name": "New Taipei [Taipei]", "Cntry_ISO": "TWN", "Cntry_name": "Taiwan", "UC_IDs": "12696;12701", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "41f112d61cf438c03b80319f6d0c345d5f88e2da502f6390e4d71d6cdd7b5a8d", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:taipei", "city_slug": "taipei", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1141", "source_name": "New Taipei [Taipei]", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "taipei", "city_name": "Taipei", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1141", "source_area_id": "1141", "source_area_name": "New Taipei [Taipei]", "value": 19.18442117386954, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:taipei", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-taipei", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area New Taipei [Taipei] (source ID 1141). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2463, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2463, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 112, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 10048037.072813628, "weather_covered_population": 10048037.072813628, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 192765775.1755119, "native_weather_points": 12, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 3.124007342732472, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 31390141.59551787 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.3809220367169948, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 33971629.96522492 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 3.713405979991883, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 37312440.953366265 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 6.564317319419194, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 65958503.783236645 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 2.401768495008996, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 24133058.878166188 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 10048037.072813628, "strict_value": 19.18442117386954, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 192765775.1755119, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 3.124007342732472, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 31390141.59551787, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.3809220367169948, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 33971629.96522492, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 3.713405979991883, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 37312440.953366265, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 6.564317319419194, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 65958503.783236645, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 2.401768495008996, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 24133058.878166188, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1141.npz", "sha256": "765d276d6de10467f241b2829fa53a00db2f7268dc2df8c6e57e1e28c2775822" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "tel-aviv", "name": "Tel Aviv", "country": { "id": "country:ISR", "name": "Israel", "iso_2": "IL", "iso_3": "ISR", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/tel-aviv", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/tel-aviv.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "tel-aviv", "id": "457", "name": "Tel Aviv", "constituentNames": [ "Tel Aviv", "Rishon LeZion", "Petah Tikva", "Holon", "Bat Yam", "Raanana", "Kfar Saba" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Israel", "UN_WPP": "Israel" }, "population2025": 2628335.102, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 333, "densityPerKm2": 7892.898204204204, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 32.0691963, "longitude": 34.8248453, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 32.0853, "longitude": 34.7818, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M186.71,23.94L204.52,23.94L204.52,41.74L192.65,47.68L192.65,65.48L186.71,65.48L186.71,77.35L192.65,77.35L192.65,83.29L198.58,83.29L198.58,89.23L210.45,95.16L210.45,107.03L198.58,112.97L204.52,136.71L186.71,136.71L186.71,142.65L174.84,142.65L174.84,148.58L168.9,148.58L168.9,166.39L174.84,166.39L174.84,172.32L186.71,178.26L186.71,184.19L180.77,184.19L180.77,202.0L174.84,202.0L174.84,196.06L168.9,196.06L168.9,190.13L157.03,190.13L157.03,184.19L145.16,184.19L145.16,190.13L139.23,190.13L133.29,166.39L127.35,166.39L127.35,160.45L109.55,160.45L109.55,154.52L115.48,154.52L115.48,112.97L121.42,112.97L121.42,77.35L127.35,77.35L127.35,71.42L121.42,71.42L121.42,65.48L127.35,65.48L127.35,47.68L121.42,47.68L127.35,23.94L151.1,23.94L151.1,18.0L186.71,18.0L186.71,23.94Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 131.27, "y": 95.42 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 156.43, "y": 106.52 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.06666666666666667, "accepted_metrics": 2, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0, "infrastructure": 0, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after 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observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", 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65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "tel-aviv", "metric": "pm25", "value": 19.672686967683383, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:tel-aviv", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-419", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-419.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "fd36dab1046196d459fd470167a866d49c8b97530140b4f3201fd08dfeac7833", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-419.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 419", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 3174056.626333899, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tel Aviv (419)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:419", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tel Aviv (419)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 1102, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1102, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 70, "total_known_modelled_population": 3174056.626333899, "pm_covered_population": 3174056.626333899, "weighted_concentration_sum": 62442222.427567974, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 19.69151323546726, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 19.737466311190072, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Tel Aviv (source ID 419). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-tel-aviv", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-419.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-tel-aviv", "observation_sha256": "d3577a867f7824b80fee704c8af708f15dc1bd471fdd3bc0838bff068a133d80", "evidence_review_sha256": "a00222c8f19e6af076dee5566ab0fc565575038c92a6263147fc22961507e9fe", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:tel-aviv", "geography_sha256": "3d9a6d9c583fa209f7e014707649c7f4dc4bde263106fb7fcaef942cfc92aa98", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-419", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "208a1529e12120e5aa0eaa20735a2138c2c29207e03a03513b643dd431c32595", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-419", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-419.npz", "sha256": "fd36dab1046196d459fd470167a866d49c8b97530140b4f3201fd08dfeac7833", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:tel-aviv", "city_slug": "tel-aviv", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "419", "source_name": "Tel Aviv", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "tel-aviv", "estimated_area_id": 419, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "ISR10F", "status": "identity-only-no-comparable-boundary", "boundary_vintage": null } ], "oecd_status": "identity-only", "reference_point": { "longitude": 34.7818, "latitude": 32.0853, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "ISR", "source_country_iso3": "ISR", "source_country_name": "Israel" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:419", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=419; fid=5717", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 5717, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "e7ea5aa0762f942e6f340e9c0dc9b13c1417db82ae6ff91f89d1f38ec8e7d321", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "259942bd5eb86011e214e2ad3b707ee9ac4e4483c282e9ded824e5b5e3297d9d", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 419, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "e7ea5aa0762f942e6f340e9c0dc9b13c1417db82ae6ff91f89d1f38ec8e7d321", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "4e61fc4348c214aa74214279cf2ce2fa75a8abf2dca4daf7c5dbe7a4bd050658" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tel Aviv (419)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:tel-aviv", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "tel-aviv", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 6.939257389555657, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tel-aviv", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-419", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-419.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "a4976ff2ef452efce761492055cee80bb6c63b648fa66fceafbd51263fc9dd1f", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-419.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 419", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 3174056.626333899, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tel Aviv (419)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:419", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tel Aviv (419)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1102, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1102, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 70, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 3174056.626333899, "weather_covered_population": 3174056.626333899, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22025595.899155606, "native_weather_points": 6, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Tel Aviv (source ID 419). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.17849976630985812, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 566568.3660548576 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.5737971004726137, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1821264.4889262775 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.015380944999498358, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 48819.99039493501 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.220928662415943, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3875296.7112223078 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 4.642219042122139, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 14734666.111541182 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.0215333229992977, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 68347.98655290902 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.28689855023630684, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 910632.2444631387 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 3174056.626333899, "strict_value": 6.939257389555657, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 22025595.899155606, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.17849976630985812, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 566568.3660548576, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.5737971004726137, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1821264.4889262775, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.015380944999498358, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 48819.99039493501, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.220928662415943, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3875296.7112223078, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 4.642219042122139, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 14734666.111541182, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.0215333229992977, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 68347.98655290902, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.28689855023630684, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 910632.2444631387, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-tel-aviv", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-419.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-tel-aviv", "observation_sha256": "f29861722373b7c70f5c02c851973789ba71996264d0048cca0c0b58c14eaad3", "evidence_review_sha256": "e7cf9d4ae8043f77f623b6fbb46e4e321d0115e68aa8f2306cf4b54b0a8c2990", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tel-aviv", "geography_sha256": "c5075c86e1f2f190c2dae5c18dec3333b8e6d296f8d7cfcddc923da6e00db2df", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-419", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "9db46f55526e82d5d9c998598d727ac8492f4df185f3fa7d59cffe820b5853b8", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-419", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-419.npz", "sha256": "a4976ff2ef452efce761492055cee80bb6c63b648fa66fceafbd51263fc9dd1f", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tel-aviv", "city_slug": "tel-aviv", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "419", "source_name": "Tel Aviv", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "tel-aviv", "estimated_area_id": 419, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "ISR10F", "status": "identity-only-no-comparable-boundary", "boundary_vintage": null } ], "oecd_status": "identity-only", "reference_point": { "longitude": 34.7818, "latitude": 32.0853, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "ISR", "source_country_iso3": "ISR", "source_country_name": "Israel" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:419", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=419; fid=5717", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 5717, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "e7ea5aa0762f942e6f340e9c0dc9b13c1417db82ae6ff91f89d1f38ec8e7d321", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "259942bd5eb86011e214e2ad3b707ee9ac4e4483c282e9ded824e5b5e3297d9d", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 419, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "e7ea5aa0762f942e6f340e9c0dc9b13c1417db82ae6ff91f89d1f38ec8e7d321", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "4e61fc4348c214aa74214279cf2ce2fa75a8abf2dca4daf7c5dbe7a4bd050658" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tel Aviv (419)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:tel-aviv", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tel-aviv", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "tel-aviv", "name": "Tel Aviv", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, 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null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "tel-aviv", "metric": "pm25", "value": 19.672686967683383, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:tel-aviv", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-419", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-419.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "fd36dab1046196d459fd470167a866d49c8b97530140b4f3201fd08dfeac7833", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-419.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 419", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 3174056.626333899, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tel Aviv (419)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:419", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tel Aviv (419)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). 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Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Tel Aviv (source ID 419). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "tel-aviv", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 6.939257389555657, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tel-aviv", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-419", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-419.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "a4976ff2ef452efce761492055cee80bb6c63b648fa66fceafbd51263fc9dd1f", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-419.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 419", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 3174056.626333899, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tel Aviv (419)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:419", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tel Aviv (419)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1102, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1102, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 70, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 3174056.626333899, "weather_covered_population": 3174056.626333899, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22025595.899155606, "native_weather_points": 6, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Tel Aviv (source ID 419). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.17849976630985812, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 566568.3660548576 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.5737971004726137, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1821264.4889262775 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.015380944999498358, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 48819.99039493501 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.220928662415943, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3875296.7112223078 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 4.642219042122139, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 14734666.111541182 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.0215333229992977, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 68347.98655290902 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.28689855023630684, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 910632.2444631387 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 3174056.626333899, "strict_value": 6.939257389555657, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 22025595.899155606, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.17849976630985812, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 566568.3660548576, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.5737971004726137, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1821264.4889262775, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.015380944999498358, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 48819.99039493501, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.220928662415943, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3875296.7112223078, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 4.642219042122139, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 14734666.111541182, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.0215333229992977, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 68347.98655290902, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.28689855023630684, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 910632.2444631387, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-tel-aviv", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-419.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "tel-aviv", "city_name": "Tel Aviv", "destination_country_iso3": "ISR", "status": "unresolved", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 34.7818, "latitude": 32.0853, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "ISR10F", "country_iso3": "ISR", "source_name": "Tel Aviv - Yafo", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "not_in_retrieved_boundary_package", "boundary_source_frame": null, "boundary_archive_generation": null, "member_count": 0, "member_ids": [], "member_geography_levels": [], "member_count_by_geography_level": {}, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": null, "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "unresolved_reason": "Official country-qualified codelist identity exists; no containing polygon in retrieved OECD boundary package.", "membership_identifier_mismatch": { "codelist_id": "ISR10F", "membership_file_id": "ISR10", "reason": "The membership file omits the F suffix and area name. Equivalence is not assumed or silently repaired." }, "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 419, "eFUA_name": "Tel Aviv", "Cntry_ISO": "ISR", "Cntry_name": "Israel", "UC_IDs": "4309", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "e7ea5aa0762f942e6f340e9c0dc9b13c1417db82ae6ff91f89d1f38ec8e7d321", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:tel-aviv", "city_slug": "tel-aviv", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "419", "source_name": "Tel Aviv", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "tel-aviv", "city_name": "Tel Aviv", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:419", "source_area_id": "419", "source_area_name": "Tel Aviv", "value": 6.939257389555657, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tel-aviv", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-tel-aviv", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Tel Aviv (source ID 419). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1102, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1102, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 70, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 3174056.626333899, "weather_covered_population": 3174056.626333899, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 22025595.899155606, "native_weather_points": 6, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.17849976630985812, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 566568.3660548576 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.5737971004726137, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1821264.4889262775 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.015380944999498358, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 48819.99039493501 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.220928662415943, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3875296.7112223078 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 4.642219042122139, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 14734666.111541182 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.0215333229992977, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 68347.98655290902 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.28689855023630684, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 910632.2444631387 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 3174056.626333899, "strict_value": 6.939257389555657, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 22025595.899155606, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.17849976630985812, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 566568.3660548576, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.5737971004726137, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1821264.4889262775, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.015380944999498358, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 48819.99039493501, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.220928662415943, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3875296.7112223078, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 4.642219042122139, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 14734666.111541182, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.0215333229992977, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 68347.98655290902, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.28689855023630684, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 910632.2444631387, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-419.npz", "sha256": "a4976ff2ef452efce761492055cee80bb6c63b648fa66fceafbd51263fc9dd1f" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "tokyo", "name": "Tokyo", "country": { "id": "country:JPN", "name": "Japan", "iso_2": "JP", "iso_3": "JPN", "continent": "Asia" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/tokyo", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/tokyo.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "tokyo", "id": "5929", "name": "Tokyo", "constituentNames": [ "Tokyo", "Yokohama", "Kawasaki", "Saitama", "Chiba", "Setagaya", "Ota", "Nerima", "Adachi", "Edogawa", "Funabashi", "Kawaguchi", "Itabashi", "Hachioji", "Suginami", "Koto", "Ichikawa", "Matsudo", "Katsushika", "Fujisawa", "Machida", "Shinagawa", "Kashiwa", "Yokosuka", "Kawagoe", "Kita", "Shinjuku", "Koshigaya", "Tokorozawa", "Nakano", "Toshima", "Meguro", "Sumida", "Ichihara", "Fuchu", "Hiratsuka", "Minato", "Soka", "Chigasaki", "Yamato", "Kasukabe", "Chofu", "Shibuya", "Bunkyo", "Ageo", "Atsugi", "Arakawa", "Taito", "Nishitokyo", "Yachiyo", "Kodaira", "Mitaka", "Odawara", "Nagareyama", "Tachikawa", "Narashino", "Kamakura", "Sakura", "Hino", "Hadano", "Urayasu", "Niiza", "Chuo", "Noda", "Sayama", "Kuki", "Higashimurayama", "Iruma", "Tama", "Asaka", "Musashino", "Koga", "Misato", "Toda", "Abiko", "Ebina", "Zama", "Kokubunji", "Koganei", 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observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "tokyo", "metric": "pm25", "value": 12.907995602808032, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:tokyo", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5129", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5129.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "4f0d6280620ab857695c96370145c4f70bc5241ae13c8c577326097db9f60083", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5129.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 5129", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 36697548.9260917, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tokyo (5129)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5129", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tokyo (5129)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9971598028569042, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 11971, "population_grid_valid_cells": 11937, "population_grid_missing_cells": 34, "population_grid_zero_cells": 934, "total_known_modelled_population": 36697548.9260917, "pm_covered_population": 36697548.9260917, "weighted_concentration_sum": 473691800.17182434, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 12.907096731928107, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 12.889587420219799, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Tokyo (source ID 5129). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-tokyo", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5129.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-tokyo", "observation_sha256": "3b7623d8554029122a478a3faab4a4ec134a4eef516290a7b550f134f440e120", "evidence_review_sha256": "efd55759f001ea80d978d0628a016f0d1e8e1d1c8a22d99ca80f4327192d63aa", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:tokyo", "geography_sha256": "22c523a3aaf1eae919e058aba2f1d5b6d8e75a526c2861ecfd36474daab61331", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5129", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "78f81d90943e6387459465c3fc1af9e3fc240076dc936107248d73474242644e", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-5129", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5129.npz", "sha256": "4f0d6280620ab857695c96370145c4f70bc5241ae13c8c577326097db9f60083", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:tokyo", "city_slug": "tokyo", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "5129", "source_name": "Tokyo", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "tokyo", "estimated_area_id": 5129, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "JPN01F", "oecd_name": "Tokyo", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 11971, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 11329.412471922402, "intersection_km2": 9681.531908892248, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8087488020125511, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.8545484536718843, "intersection_over_union": 0.7108904336215238, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 139.6503, "latitude": 35.6762, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "JPN", "source_country_iso3": "JPN", "source_country_name": "Japan" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5129", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=5129; fid=5886", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 5886, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "48a22203c281dea4beaec496ad4f3aacf5dda2a5e0a9bd7ddcf5d5935c24165e", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "bb6dc57064eb417d3e0597746809b4a88d7618f936f67a74058c1a2490fc3ecc", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 5129, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "d0e2bd09cc85c912684eae1641fef5e1aad86bdd6bb26124d3662b772fd76ce7", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "ec8276a792adc0e402d1f1ed047d1141ed2811a07e3670ac85ff92b6b17fa520" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tokyo (5129)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:tokyo", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "tokyo", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 29.44000849449062, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tokyo", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5129", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5129.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "d64332f7607272912a095070a090e36047f1c95ce75a0af74d82d7d8db41d1d3", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5129.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 5129", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 36697548.9260917, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tokyo (5129)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5129", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tokyo (5129)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 11971, "population_grid_valid_cells": 11937, "missing_cells": 34, "zero_cells": 934, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9971598028569042, "total_known_modelled_population": 36697548.9260917, "weather_covered_population": 36697548.9260917, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1080376152.1111248, "native_weather_points": 33, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Tokyo (source ID 5129). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.25519059874306943, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9364869.482852425 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 8.804585907445192, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 323106722.11244744 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 15.854601605423266, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 581825018.1187123 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 4.52563038287909, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 166079542.39711252 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 36697548.9260917, "strict_value": 29.44000849449062, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1080376152.1111248, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.25519059874306943, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9364869.482852425, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 8.804585907445192, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 323106722.11244744, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 15.854601605423266, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 581825018.1187123, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 4.52563038287909, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 166079542.39711252, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-tokyo", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5129.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-tokyo", "observation_sha256": "6611bef8ec41b24329c0bed030ea05a5d9a093a9c91e21ef972739dd76c9a54f", "evidence_review_sha256": "f4bcf9c1a793f52de6859dd0ed8809177a0916a5de9a59f97cc0bc98d6cc8002", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tokyo", "geography_sha256": "3b108ca9810246a055e8bc537f8d8f115c75b5d48e672faa1a413d655e30844d", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5129", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "60a04b4614d3a0223e6b680de1b69596d92e435c839f2d6d827d80a91ffcbaa8", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-5129", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5129.npz", "sha256": "d64332f7607272912a095070a090e36047f1c95ce75a0af74d82d7d8db41d1d3", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tokyo", "city_slug": "tokyo", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "5129", "source_name": "Tokyo", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "tokyo", "estimated_area_id": 5129, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "JPN01F", "oecd_name": "Tokyo", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 11971, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 11329.412471922402, "intersection_km2": 9681.531908892248, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8087488020125511, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.8545484536718843, "intersection_over_union": 0.7108904336215238, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 139.6503, "latitude": 35.6762, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "JPN", "source_country_iso3": "JPN", "source_country_name": "Japan" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5129", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=5129; fid=5886", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 5886, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "48a22203c281dea4beaec496ad4f3aacf5dda2a5e0a9bd7ddcf5d5935c24165e", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "bb6dc57064eb417d3e0597746809b4a88d7618f936f67a74058c1a2490fc3ecc", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 5129, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "d0e2bd09cc85c912684eae1641fef5e1aad86bdd6bb26124d3662b772fd76ce7", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "ec8276a792adc0e402d1f1ed047d1141ed2811a07e3670ac85ff92b6b17fa520" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tokyo (5129)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:tokyo", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tokyo", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "tokyo", "name": "Tokyo", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, 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null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": 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"geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5129", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "78f81d90943e6387459465c3fc1af9e3fc240076dc936107248d73474242644e", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-5129", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5129.npz", "sha256": "4f0d6280620ab857695c96370145c4f70bc5241ae13c8c577326097db9f60083", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "tokyo", "metric": "pm25", "value": 12.907995602808032, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:tokyo", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5129", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-5129.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "4f0d6280620ab857695c96370145c4f70bc5241ae13c8c577326097db9f60083", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-5129.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 5129", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 36697548.9260917, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tokyo (5129)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5129", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tokyo (5129)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9971598028569042, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 11971, "population_grid_valid_cells": 11937, "population_grid_missing_cells": 34, "population_grid_zero_cells": 934, "total_known_modelled_population": 36697548.9260917, "pm_covered_population": 36697548.9260917, "weighted_concentration_sum": 473691800.17182434, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 12.907096731928107, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 12.889587420219799, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Tokyo (source ID 5129). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "tokyo", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 29.44000849449062, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tokyo", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5129", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5129.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "d64332f7607272912a095070a090e36047f1c95ce75a0af74d82d7d8db41d1d3", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-5129.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 5129", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 36697548.9260917, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tokyo (5129)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5129", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tokyo (5129)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 11971, "population_grid_valid_cells": 11937, "missing_cells": 34, "zero_cells": 934, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9971598028569042, "total_known_modelled_population": 36697548.9260917, "weather_covered_population": 36697548.9260917, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1080376152.1111248, "native_weather_points": 33, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Tokyo (source ID 5129). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.25519059874306943, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9364869.482852425 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 8.804585907445192, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 323106722.11244744 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 15.854601605423266, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 581825018.1187123 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 4.52563038287909, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 166079542.39711252 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 36697548.9260917, "strict_value": 29.44000849449062, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1080376152.1111248, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.25519059874306943, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9364869.482852425, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 8.804585907445192, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 323106722.11244744, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 15.854601605423266, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 581825018.1187123, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 4.52563038287909, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 166079542.39711252, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-tokyo", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5129.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "tokyo", "city_name": "Tokyo", "destination_country_iso3": "JPN", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 139.6503, "latitude": 35.6762, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "JPN01F", "country_iso3": "JPN", "source_name": "Tokyo", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 228, "member_ids": [ "JPN08204", "JPN08208", "JPN08217", "JPN08219", "JPN08224", "JPN08235", "JPN08542", "JPN08564", "JPN09364", "JPN11101", "JPN11102", "JPN11103", "JPN11104", "JPN11105", "JPN11106", "JPN11107", "JPN11108", "JPN11109", "JPN11110", "JPN11201", "JPN11202", "JPN11203", "JPN11206", "JPN11208", "JPN11209", "JPN11210", "JPN11212", "JPN11214", "JPN11215", "JPN11216", "JPN11217", "JPN11218", "JPN11219", "JPN11221", "JPN11222", "JPN11223", "JPN11224", "JPN11225", "JPN11227", "JPN11228", "JPN11229", "JPN11230", "JPN11231", "JPN11232", "JPN11233", "JPN11234", "JPN11235", "JPN11237", "JPN11238", "JPN11239", "JPN11240", "JPN11241", "JPN11242", "JPN11243", "JPN11245", "JPN11246", "JPN11301", "JPN11324", "JPN11326", "JPN11327", "JPN11341", "JPN11342", "JPN11343", "JPN11346", "JPN11347", "JPN11348", "JPN11349", "JPN11369", "JPN11408", "JPN11442", "JPN11464", "JPN11465", "JPN12101", "JPN12102", "JPN12103", "JPN12104", "JPN12105", "JPN12106", "JPN12203", "JPN12204", "JPN12206", "JPN12207", "JPN12208", "JPN12210", "JPN12211", "JPN12212", "JPN12213", "JPN12216", "JPN12217", "JPN12219", "JPN12220", "JPN12221", "JPN12222", "JPN12224", "JPN12225", "JPN12226", "JPN12227", "JPN12228", "JPN12229", "JPN12230", "JPN12231", "JPN12232", "JPN12233", "JPN12237", "JPN12239", "JPN12322", "JPN12329", "JPN12403", "JPN12421", "JPN12422", "JPN12423", "JPN12424", "JPN12426", "JPN12427", "JPN12441", "JPN12463", "JPN13101", "JPN13102", "JPN13103", "JPN13104", "JPN13105", "JPN13106", "JPN13107", "JPN13108", "JPN13109", "JPN13110", "JPN13111", "JPN13112", "JPN13113", "JPN13114", "JPN13115", "JPN13116", "JPN13117", "JPN13118", "JPN13119", "JPN13120", "JPN13121", "JPN13122", "JPN13123", "JPN13201", "JPN13202", "JPN13203", "JPN13204", "JPN13205", "JPN13206", "JPN13207", "JPN13208", "JPN13209", "JPN13210", "JPN13211", "JPN13212", "JPN13213", "JPN13214", "JPN13215", "JPN13218", "JPN13219", "JPN13220", "JPN13221", "JPN13222", "JPN13223", "JPN13224", "JPN13225", "JPN13227", "JPN13228", "JPN13229", "JPN13303", "JPN13305", "JPN13307", "JPN13308", "JPN14101", "JPN14102", "JPN14103", "JPN14104", "JPN14105", "JPN14106", "JPN14107", "JPN14108", "JPN14109", "JPN14110", "JPN14111", "JPN14112", "JPN14113", "JPN14114", "JPN14115", "JPN14116", "JPN14117", "JPN14118", "JPN14131", "JPN14132", "JPN14133", "JPN14134", "JPN14135", "JPN14136", "JPN14137", "JPN14151", "JPN14152", "JPN14153", "JPN14201", "JPN14203", "JPN14204", "JPN14205", "JPN14206", "JPN14207", "JPN14208", "JPN14210", "JPN14211", "JPN14212", "JPN14213", "JPN14214", "JPN14215", "JPN14216", "JPN14217", "JPN14218", "JPN14301", "JPN14321", "JPN14341", "JPN14342", "JPN14361", "JPN14362", "JPN14363", "JPN14364", "JPN14366", "JPN14383", "JPN14384", "JPN14401", "JPN14402", "JPN19206", "JPN19212" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (市区町村)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (市区町村)": 228 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "b5ca1cdd69d0966e8f48bba7a8d64cbe01f0cde5680d1472337a10e02a06c3f9", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 5129, "eFUA_name": "Tokyo", "Cntry_ISO": "JPN", "Cntry_name": "Japan", "UC_IDs": "12962;12964;12966;12989;12995", "UC_num": 5, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "48a22203c281dea4beaec496ad4f3aacf5dda2a5e0a9bd7ddcf5d5935c24165e", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tokyo", "city_slug": "tokyo", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "5129", "source_name": "Tokyo", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "tokyo", "estimated_area_id": 5129, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "JPN01F", "oecd_name": "Tokyo", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 11971, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 11329.412471922402, "intersection_km2": 9681.531908892248, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8087488020125511, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.8545484536718843, "intersection_over_union": 0.7108904336215238, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 139.6503, "latitude": 35.6762, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "JPN", "source_country_iso3": "JPN", "source_country_name": "Japan" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5129", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=5129; fid=5886", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 5886, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "48a22203c281dea4beaec496ad4f3aacf5dda2a5e0a9bd7ddcf5d5935c24165e", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "bb6dc57064eb417d3e0597746809b4a88d7618f936f67a74058c1a2490fc3ecc", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 5129, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "d0e2bd09cc85c912684eae1641fef5e1aad86bdd6bb26124d3662b772fd76ce7", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "ec8276a792adc0e402d1f1ed047d1141ed2811a07e3670ac85ff92b6b17fa520" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Tokyo (5129)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:tokyo", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tokyo", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "tokyo", "city_name": "Tokyo", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:5129", "source_area_id": "5129", "source_area_name": "Tokyo", "value": 29.44000849449062, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:tokyo", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-tokyo", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Tokyo (source ID 5129). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 11971, "population_grid_valid_cells": 11937, "missing_cells": 34, "zero_cells": 934, "population_grid_area_coverage": 0.9971598028569042, "total_known_modelled_population": 36697548.9260917, "weather_covered_population": 36697548.9260917, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1080376152.1111248, "native_weather_points": 33, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.25519059874306943, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9364869.482852425 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 8.804585907445192, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 323106722.11244744 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 15.854601605423266, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 581825018.1187123 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 4.52563038287909, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 166079542.39711252 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 36697548.9260917, "strict_value": 29.44000849449062, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1080376152.1111248, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.25519059874306943, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9364869.482852425, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 8.804585907445192, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 323106722.11244744, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 15.854601605423266, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 581825018.1187123, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 4.52563038287909, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 166079542.39711252, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-5129.npz", "sha256": "d64332f7607272912a095070a090e36047f1c95ce75a0af74d82d7d8db41d1d3" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "toronto", "name": "Toronto", "country": { "id": "country:CAN", "name": "Canada", "iso_2": "CA", "iso_3": "CAN", "continent": "North America" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/toronto", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/toronto.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 11, "agency_measurements": 6, "derived_agency_changes": 5, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "toronto", "id": "2869", "name": "Toronto", "constituentNames": [ "Toronto", "Mississauga", "Brampton", "Markham", "Vaughan", "Richmond Hill", "Oakville" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Canada", "UN_WPP": "Canada" }, "population2025": 5566381.566, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 1620, "densityPerKm2": 3436.0380037037035, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 43.7121211, "longitude": -79.4891904, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 43.6532, "longitude": -79.3832, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M238.67,23.33L233.33,23.33L233.33,26.0L230.67,26.0L230.67,28.67L225.33,31.33L225.33,36.67L228.0,36.67L228.0,39.33L225.33,39.33L225.33,42.0L220.0,44.67L220.0,52.67L222.67,52.67L222.67,55.33L228.0,55.33L228.0,52.67L230.67,52.67L233.33,58.0L238.67,58.0L241.33,52.67L254.67,52.67L254.67,50.0L260.0,50.0L260.0,52.67L262.67,52.67L262.67,58.0L260.0,58.0L260.0,60.67L257.33,60.67L257.33,66.0L252.0,68.67L252.0,76.67L254.67,76.67L254.67,79.33L260.0,79.33L260.0,82.0L265.33,84.67L265.33,90.0L260.0,90.0L257.33,95.33L249.33,95.33L249.33,98.0L244.0,98.0L241.33,103.33L230.67,106.0L230.67,108.67L228.0,108.67L225.33,114.0L214.67,116.67L212.0,122.0L206.67,122.0L206.67,124.67L196.0,124.67L193.33,130.0L188.0,130.0L188.0,132.67L185.33,132.67L185.33,135.33L180.0,135.33L180.0,138.0L172.0,138.0L169.33,132.67L161.33,132.67L161.33,135.33L158.67,135.33L158.67,138.0L153.33,138.0L150.67,143.33L145.33,143.33L145.33,146.0L134.67,146.0L134.67,151.33L132.0,151.33L132.0,154.0L124.0,154.0L121.33,159.33L116.0,159.33L116.0,162.0L113.33,162.0L113.33,167.33L110.67,167.33L110.67,170.0L108.0,170.0L105.33,175.33L100.0,175.33L100.0,178.0L97.33,178.0L97.33,180.67L92.0,180.67L92.0,183.33L89.33,183.33L86.67,188.67L81.33,188.67L81.33,191.33L78.67,191.33L78.67,194.0L76.0,194.0L76.0,196.67L73.33,196.67L70.67,202.0L62.67,202.0L62.67,196.67L60.0,196.67L60.0,194.0L54.67,194.0L54.67,191.33L57.33,191.33L57.33,188.67L60.0,188.67L60.0,186.0L62.67,186.0L62.67,183.33L65.33,183.33L68.0,178.0L78.67,175.33L78.67,172.67L81.33,172.67L81.33,170.0L86.67,167.33L86.67,162.0L84.0,162.0L84.0,156.67L81.33,156.67L81.33,148.67L78.67,148.67L78.67,146.0L84.0,143.33L84.0,138.0L86.67,138.0L86.67,140.67L92.0,140.67L92.0,138.0L94.67,138.0L94.67,132.67L97.33,132.67L97.33,127.33L94.67,127.33L94.67,124.67L89.33,124.67L89.33,116.67L86.67,116.67L86.67,111.33L92.0,111.33L92.0,108.67L94.67,108.67L94.67,106.0L100.0,103.33L100.0,98.0L113.33,98.0L113.33,95.33L118.67,95.33L118.67,92.67L121.33,92.67L121.33,90.0L124.0,90.0L126.67,84.67L132.0,84.67L132.0,87.33L140.0,87.33L140.0,84.67L148.0,84.67L148.0,87.33L153.33,87.33L153.33,84.67L158.67,82.0L158.67,76.67L161.33,76.67L161.33,74.0L172.0,74.0L174.67,68.67L180.0,68.67L182.67,63.33L190.67,63.33L190.67,60.67L193.33,60.67L193.33,63.33L198.67,63.33L201.33,58.0L206.67,58.0L206.67,55.33L209.33,55.33L209.33,47.33L212.0,47.33L212.0,42.0L214.67,42.0L214.67,36.67L217.33,36.67L217.33,31.33L220.0,31.33L222.67,20.67L233.33,20.67L233.33,18.0L238.67,18.0L238.67,23.33Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 182.93, "y": 125.99 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 170.47, "y": 108.8 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.13333333333333333, "accepted_metrics": 4, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0.16666666666666666, "infrastructure": 0, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0.16666666666666666 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "unit": "PPP international $ / person / year", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 40000 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "pillar": "means", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "toronto", "metric": "rental-vacancy", "value": 3, "unit": "%", "period_start": "2025-10-01", "period_end": "2025-10-31", "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-toronto-2025-en.xlsx?rev=f107330e-4620-4462-9027-8c6ff1522f1a", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:toronto", "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-toronto", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-toronto-99ad5966bead.xlsx", "source_frame_sha256": "99ad5966bead408ce75761a8a9540d2748cd28deb764a42d16ffde32facf9f6d", "source_record_ref": "Table 3.1.1 X54 (Oct-25, Total), Y54 (quality); Table 3.1.3 K54 (Oct-25, Total universe); Toronto CMA; 2021 census geographic definitions.", "universe": "Completed, privately initiated purpose-built long-term rental apartment and row/townhouse units in structures/projects with at least three rental units, on the market for at least three months; all bedroom types combined. Social/affordable housing, owner-occupied units and condominium/secondary rental stock are excluded. Vacant units are physically unoccupied and immediately rentable at the survey.", "denominator": 343539, "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "source_label": "Official combined private apartment-and-row rental vacancy", "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:535", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535)", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe.", "uncertainty": { "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null }, "scope_notice": "Official October 2025 weighted vacancy estimate for private apartment and row rental units combined in the exact 2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535). One-decimal published precision; not apartment-only, all-rental-stock, availability or a 2026 market reading. The exact survey day and vacant-unit numerator are unknown. This source-specific CMA2021 binding is separate from the PM2015 area; no CMHC/Statistics Canada endorsement.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025; combined private apartment and row units", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-toronto-2025-en.xlsx?rev=f107330e-4620-4462-9027-8c6ff1522f1a", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files; original CMA2021 identities and polygons", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "temporal_basis": { "precision": "month", "source_period": "2025-10", "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.", "exact_reference_date": null, "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01", "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31", "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01", "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date." }, "derivation": { "kind": "published-survey-rate", "published_rate": 3, "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1, "reported_universe_units": 343539, "vacant_unit_estimate": null, "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.", "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe." }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "a", "label": "Excellent", "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval." } ], "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-toronto", "source_ref": "source-98dd8b2c9fcc36a6", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-toronto-99ad5966bead.xlsx", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-98dd8b2c9fcc36a6", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-toronto", "observation_sha256": "54553082db637b0953501a53e2cc4d103a68cc122009b11288858cb234153a6b", "evidence_review_sha256": "1bbdb19204505a8a582ad23e06d356591b89b2dc3f63ee49ca079af2054e40c5", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "09c03b5e31b033cee3906e246b5f7d901152dd1468f429343b3b41915e96fb83", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:toronto", "geography_sha256": "a1f6e5eb86431276533e0b07c2c31dd18f7064dd8b2c540e776fe0b41d31d28f", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-toronto", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "3c56cb7738831a3609656b1545b6ecbd7a237c51d17ec04fd00eee2c4f4cb72c", "source_frame": { "id": "cmhc-rms-2025-toronto", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-toronto-99ad5966bead.xlsx", "sha256": "99ad5966bead408ce75761a8a9540d2748cd28deb764a42d16ffde32facf9f6d", "source_urls": [ "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-toronto-2025-en.xlsx?rev=f107330e-4620-4462-9027-8c6ff1522f1a", "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/market-reports/rental-market-reports-major-centres", "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-research/surveys/methods/methodology-rental-market-survey" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:27:13.274145+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-535-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-native-f5247aa133f6.json", "sha256": "f5247aa133f66d1ea3f6c4a3f146b04f55e324f10fcce365dc83b6090e764f25", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27535%27&outFields=*&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:33:10.179435+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement." }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84-0d916fc3c20c.json", "sha256": "0d916fc3c20c029028d20faf236ef2fbee3cdeff40e48a0afde8b8d691303d8a", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27535%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:01.033999+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:toronto", "city_slug": "toronto", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "535", "source_name": "Toronto", "source_cmap_uid": "35535", "source_dguid": "2021S050535535", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050535535", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-535-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Exact source CMA name and 2021-definition note in the original CMHC tables, original CMAUID/CMAPUID/DGUID, complete 156-part layer and independent strict destination-point intersection with original agency WGS84 geometry.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "toronto", "source_cma_uid": "535", "source_cmap_uid": "35535", "source_dguid": "2021S050535535", "reference_point": { "latitude": 43.6532, "longitude": -79.3832, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b" } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:535", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-rental-vacancy-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct publisher-reported CMA2021 rental aggregate, reviewed only for this rental protocol. Separate from PM2015; no OECD geometric equivalence, source-point proxy or CSD aggregation is claimed.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:toronto", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-535-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-native-f5247aa133f6.json", "sha256": "f5247aa133f66d1ea3f6c4a3f146b04f55e324f10fcce365dc83b6090e764f25", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27535%27&outFields=*&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:33:10.179435+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-native-f5247aa133f6.json", "source_ref": "source-42f61a389a4d1bac" }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84-0d916fc3c20c.json", "sha256": "0d916fc3c20c029028d20faf236ef2fbee3cdeff40e48a0afde8b8d691303d8a", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27535%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:01.033999+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84-0d916fc3c20c.json", "source_ref": "source-0ec7343ff696a7d8" } ] } }, { "id": "price-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median home price / household income", "unit": "ratio", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 3, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "toronto", "metric": "pm25", "value": 7.436258516437588, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:toronto", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2626", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2626.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "01da7808702b23d88e0f9937906e04cb0a5eb4237d374b9b4ea8d5c5cd3cfd86", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2626.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2626", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 7480038.247888051, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Toronto (2626)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2626", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Toronto (2626)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 8223, "population_grid_valid_cells": 8223, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 695, "total_known_modelled_population": 7480038.247888051, "pm_covered_population": 7480038.247888051, "weighted_concentration_sum": 55623498.12413642, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 7.439659413893029, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 7.3685864451226815, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Toronto (source ID 2626). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-toronto", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2626.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-toronto", "observation_sha256": "0f53e3fb6adaff1c909a767b4dbe745feaeb01af8f9c8360a54b68b4ecdf9ef7", "evidence_review_sha256": "2d196ca0dab134d2e104d142e58c9a6745982f45ce9d85d826da93eacbb173da", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:toronto", "geography_sha256": "f9163b8b79bbd124ceeed1f349a7902579f70e8159cfda5808cfe0a9f67a999d", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2626", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "6b436281e9589cab4d434459986fbb21545522ff310745f865ccd7b638d55b81", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-2626", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2626.npz", "sha256": "01da7808702b23d88e0f9937906e04cb0a5eb4237d374b9b4ea8d5c5cd3cfd86", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:toronto", "city_slug": "toronto", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2626", "source_name": "Toronto", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Toronto (2626)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:toronto", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "toronto", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0.5964887244391212, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:toronto", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2626", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2626.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "ff088c3583813b23d8668120018e958d9292783bc834e47b9ab224cc366c4fbb", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2626.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2626", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 7480038.24788805, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Toronto (2626)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2626", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Toronto (2626)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 8223, "population_grid_valid_cells": 8223, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 695, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 7480038.24788805, "weather_covered_population": 7480038.24788805, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4461758.473238582, "native_weather_points": 28, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Toronto (source ID 2626). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.5323121656928872, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3981715.3591989176 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.06417655874623396, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 480043.11403966433 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 7480038.24788805, "strict_value": 0.5964887244391212, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4461758.473238582, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.5323121656928872, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3981715.3591989176, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.06417655874623396, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 480043.11403966433, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-toronto", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2626.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-toronto", "observation_sha256": "af756ab4e37cac5e529009529b7304ebb3f07ab0b28bece59fe16e613adae73d", "evidence_review_sha256": "c4212047b59422c7c07cb7c813fb4d4979bbb2e8137fdac4e240e08c5fde7056", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:toronto", "geography_sha256": "37fd5e701c952d18ec9274913a099d438942935611f0ae86129ca16b33dabbb1", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2626", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "483e1093ae2dbf674904137bf9489dc5ee3fd9f69b7665d1a19ee3f143d323c0", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-2626", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2626.npz", "sha256": "ff088c3583813b23d8668120018e958d9292783bc834e47b9ab224cc366c4fbb", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:toronto", "city_slug": "toronto", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2626", "source_name": "Toronto", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "toronto", "estimated_area_id": 2626, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CAN01F", "oecd_name": "Toronto", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 8223, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 15807.989147110888, "intersection_km2": 5881.561213232946, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.715257352940891, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.3720625791489664, "intersection_over_union": 0.3240631734873778, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -79.3832, "latitude": 43.6532, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_name": "Canada" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2626", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=2626; fid=840", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 840, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "16116d160a6ec025abc7bd50c53fa0a53e2ebe8b2f969056818d96b08d2a4d58", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "ec0e840db666d36ea32cbe3e94ec52e0c37ac47fbcd39617b941e5d4da69b4b9", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 2626, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "16116d160a6ec025abc7bd50c53fa0a53e2ebe8b2f969056818d96b08d2a4d58", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "ad570d95f0fc9118ee36b0bc81543e86fc6624f48020f008a9f49912b5dd9ce0" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Toronto (2626)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:toronto", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:toronto", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 30 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "unit": "hours", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 500, 5000 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "emissions", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "unit": "tonnes CO2e/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 1, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "employment", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 45, 85 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "job-growth", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ -3, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "skills", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 70 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "business-formation", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "unit": "per 1000", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "culture-access", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "housing-supply", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "unit": "per 1000", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "toronto", "metric": "housing-supply", "value": 5.072955295029846, "unit": "per 1000", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:toronto", "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-minimal", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json", "source_frame_sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f", "source_record_ref": "CMHC Table A6_1 K44 / Table F6-4 G43; Statistics Canada annual v42127965, monthly January–December 2025, population v1589887692 (July 1,2025); native Notes!A2 SGC2021 adapter.", "universe": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.", "denominator": 7108874, "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation / Statistics Canada", "source_label": "Gross dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 population estimate", "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:535", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535)", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "population_reference_year": 2025, "calculation_method": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. 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For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption. Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025; all intended markets", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "Table 17-10-0148-01, July 1,2025 population estimates; preliminary postcensal", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "CMA2021 digital boundaries; original whole-CMA provincial-part identity proof", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "gross-completions-per-midyear-resident", "calculation": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. 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No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "source_cma_uid": "535", "source_cmap_uid": "35535", "source_provincial_part_dguid": "2021S050535535", "source_completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503535", "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503535", "completion_by_dwelling_type": { "Single-detached units": 4298, "Semi-detached units": 326, "Row units": 4448, "Apartment and other unit types": 26991 }, "completion_by_intended_market": { "homeownership": { "raw": "8244", "value": 8244, "source_cell": "C43" }, "rental": { "raw": "3860", "value": 3860, "source_cell": "D43" }, "condominium": { "raw": "23959", "value": 23959, "source_cell": "E43" }, "cooperative": { "raw": "-", "value": 0, "source_cell": "F43" } }, "original_source_records": { "annual": { "filename": "statcan-34100134-eng.zip", "sha256": "b72f17d6d9f419cd5881500e60e9f7399f1a50c06aa88ef3e629705ac2b8b95f", "member": "34100134.csv", "csv_data_row_1based": 30862, "csv_line_1based": 30863, "raw_source_record": { 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This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-34100134-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100134-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100134-eng.zip", "bytes": 407521, "sha256": "b72f17d6d9f419cd5881500e60e9f7399f1a50c06aa88ef3e629705ac2b8b95f", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:11.913110+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:08 GMT", "last_modified": "Wed, 21 Jan 2026 15:53:22 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } }, "monthly": { "id": "housing-2025-monthly", "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-monthly-0b6bfd429925.zip", "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "source_urls": [ "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-34100154-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "bytes": 4276016, "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:13.410900+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:09 GMT", "last_modified": "Mon, 19 Oct 2026 12:30:46 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } }, "population": { "id": "housing-2025-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-population-7b007a0ff50b.zip", "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "source_urls": [ "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-17100148-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "bytes": 22688780, "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:15.274494+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:11 GMT", "last_modified": "Wed, 14 Jan 2026 13:30:47 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } } }, "original_source_precision": { "completion_published_decimals": 0, "population_published_decimals": 0, "completion_unit": "Units", "population_unit": "Persons", "scalar_factor": "units", "note": "Integer source operands; derived rate has no independently measured decimal precision." }, "revision_status": { "annual_table_release": "2026-01-21", "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19", "population_table_release": "2026-01-14", "completion_observation_flags": "Blank original STATUS/SYMBOL; no finality assertion", "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true, "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final", "xlsx_http_last_modified": "Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:09:06 GMT", "xlsx_internal_modified": "2026-01-16T17:28:52Z", "xlsx_internal_modified_notice": "Document metadata timestamp, not the observation period, retrieval date or independently verified publication date" }, "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "population_licence": { "name": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "acknowledgement": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence" }, "native_scope_note": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" } }, "quality_flags": [], "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. 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No endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:toronto", "city_slug": "toronto", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "535", "source_name": "Toronto", "source_cmap_uid": "35535", "source_dguid": "2021S050535535", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050535535", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-535-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "toronto", "source_cma_uid": "535", "source_cmap_uid": "35535", "source_dguid": "2021S050535535", "reference_point": { "latitude": 43.6532, "longitude": -79.3832, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b", "inventory_scope": "Complete original 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory; 42 type B CMA, 105 type D CA, 9 type K tracted CA features.", "selected_cma_type": "B" }, "housing_source_adapter": { "cmhc_notes": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" }, "completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503535", "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503535", "notice": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed." } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. 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No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:01.033999+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84-0d916fc3c20c.json", "source_ref": "source-0ec7343ff696a7d8" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:toronto", "city_slug": "toronto", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2626", "source_name": "Toronto", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:toronto", "city_slug": "toronto", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "535", "source_name": "Toronto", "source_cmap_uid": "35535", "source_dguid": "2021S050535535", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050535535", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-535-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. 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No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "toronto", "source_cma_uid": "535", "source_cmap_uid": "35535", "source_dguid": "2021S050535535", "reference_point": { "latitude": 43.6532, "longitude": -79.3832, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b", "inventory_scope": "Complete original 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory; 42 type B CMA, 105 type D CA, 9 type K tracted CA features.", "selected_cma_type": "B" }, "housing_source_adapter": { "cmhc_notes": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" }, "completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503535", "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503535", "notice": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed." } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:535", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-housing-supply-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct official calendar 2025 CMHC gross completions and July 1 population in publisher CMA2021 geography, approved only for the housing-supply protocol. No estimated-FUA2015 or OECD geometric equivalence.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:toronto", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "toronto", "name": "Toronto", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-2d8f2228b748cf07cde28a1443478991ff2aca11ff875707bd58232b5f5f7608", "selected_evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-toronto", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-2d8f2228b748cf07cde28a1443478991ff2aca11ff875707bd58232b5f5f7608", "identity": { "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-toronto", "observation_sha256": "54553082db637b0953501a53e2cc4d103a68cc122009b11288858cb234153a6b", "evidence_review_sha256": "1bbdb19204505a8a582ad23e06d356591b89b2dc3f63ee49ca079af2054e40c5", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "09c03b5e31b033cee3906e246b5f7d901152dd1468f429343b3b41915e96fb83", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:toronto", "geography_sha256": "a1f6e5eb86431276533e0b07c2c31dd18f7064dd8b2c540e776fe0b41d31d28f", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-toronto", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "3c56cb7738831a3609656b1545b6ecbd7a237c51d17ec04fd00eee2c4f4cb72c", "source_frame": { "id": "cmhc-rms-2025-toronto", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-toronto-99ad5966bead.xlsx", "sha256": "99ad5966bead408ce75761a8a9540d2748cd28deb764a42d16ffde32facf9f6d", "source_urls": [ "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-toronto-2025-en.xlsx?rev=f107330e-4620-4462-9027-8c6ff1522f1a", "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/market-reports/rental-market-reports-major-centres", "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-research/surveys/methods/methodology-rental-market-survey" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:27:13.274145+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-535-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-native-f5247aa133f6.json", "sha256": "f5247aa133f66d1ea3f6c4a3f146b04f55e324f10fcce365dc83b6090e764f25", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27535%27&outFields=*&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:33:10.179435+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement." }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84-0d916fc3c20c.json", "sha256": "0d916fc3c20c029028d20faf236ef2fbee3cdeff40e48a0afde8b8d691303d8a", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27535%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:01.033999+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "toronto", "metric": "rental-vacancy", "value": 3, "unit": "%", "period_start": "2025-10-01", "period_end": "2025-10-31", "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-toronto-2025-en.xlsx?rev=f107330e-4620-4462-9027-8c6ff1522f1a", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:toronto", "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-toronto", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-toronto-99ad5966bead.xlsx", "source_frame_sha256": "99ad5966bead408ce75761a8a9540d2748cd28deb764a42d16ffde32facf9f6d", "source_record_ref": "Table 3.1.1 X54 (Oct-25, Total), Y54 (quality); Table 3.1.3 K54 (Oct-25, Total universe); Toronto CMA; 2021 census geographic definitions.", "universe": "Completed, privately initiated purpose-built long-term rental apartment and row/townhouse units in structures/projects with at least three rental units, on the market for at least three months; all bedroom types combined. Social/affordable housing, owner-occupied units and condominium/secondary rental stock are excluded. Vacant units are physically unoccupied and immediately rentable at the survey.", "denominator": 343539, "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "source_label": "Official combined private apartment-and-row rental vacancy", "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:535", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535)", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe.", "uncertainty": { "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null }, "scope_notice": "Official October 2025 weighted vacancy estimate for private apartment and row rental units combined in the exact 2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535). One-decimal published precision; not apartment-only, all-rental-stock, availability or a 2026 market reading. The exact survey day and vacant-unit numerator are unknown. This source-specific CMA2021 binding is separate from the PM2015 area; no CMHC/Statistics Canada endorsement.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025; combined private apartment and row units", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-toronto-2025-en.xlsx?rev=f107330e-4620-4462-9027-8c6ff1522f1a", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files; original CMA2021 identities and polygons", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "temporal_basis": { "precision": "month", "source_period": "2025-10", "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.", "exact_reference_date": null, "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01", "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31", "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01", "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date." }, "derivation": { "kind": "published-survey-rate", "published_rate": 3, "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1, "reported_universe_units": 343539, "vacant_unit_estimate": null, "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.", "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe." }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "a", "label": "Excellent", "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval." } ], "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-toronto", "source_ref": "source-98dd8b2c9fcc36a6", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-toronto-99ad5966bead.xlsx", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-98dd8b2c9fcc36a6", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-10-01", "reference_kind": "earliest-day-of-source-month", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 391, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-10-01", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-10-02", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-95750ebefb8c5214744adfb22b6722c651bcb85f9b08c7d255a8be19d3e06c4a", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-toronto", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-95750ebefb8c5214744adfb22b6722c651bcb85f9b08c7d255a8be19d3e06c4a", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-toronto", "observation_sha256": "0f53e3fb6adaff1c909a767b4dbe745feaeb01af8f9c8360a54b68b4ecdf9ef7", "evidence_review_sha256": "2d196ca0dab134d2e104d142e58c9a6745982f45ce9d85d826da93eacbb173da", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:toronto", "geography_sha256": "f9163b8b79bbd124ceeed1f349a7902579f70e8159cfda5808cfe0a9f67a999d", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2626", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "6b436281e9589cab4d434459986fbb21545522ff310745f865ccd7b638d55b81", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-2626", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2626.npz", "sha256": "01da7808702b23d88e0f9937906e04cb0a5eb4237d374b9b4ea8d5c5cd3cfd86", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "toronto", "metric": "pm25", "value": 7.436258516437588, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:toronto", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2626", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2626.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "01da7808702b23d88e0f9937906e04cb0a5eb4237d374b9b4ea8d5c5cd3cfd86", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-2626.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 2626", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 7480038.247888051, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Toronto (2626)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2626", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Toronto (2626)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 8223, "population_grid_valid_cells": 8223, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 695, "total_known_modelled_population": 7480038.247888051, "pm_covered_population": 7480038.247888051, "weighted_concentration_sum": 55623498.12413642, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 7.439659413893029, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 7.3685864451226815, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Toronto (source ID 2626). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-toronto", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-2626.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-61700c4f4c25494af2bcae8658cf95cab696983f132fa7703c943fb705ab75d4", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-toronto", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-61700c4f4c25494af2bcae8658cf95cab696983f132fa7703c943fb705ab75d4", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-toronto", "observation_sha256": "af756ab4e37cac5e529009529b7304ebb3f07ab0b28bece59fe16e613adae73d", "evidence_review_sha256": "c4212047b59422c7c07cb7c813fb4d4979bbb2e8137fdac4e240e08c5fde7056", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:toronto", "geography_sha256": "37fd5e701c952d18ec9274913a099d438942935611f0ae86129ca16b33dabbb1", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2626", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "483e1093ae2dbf674904137bf9489dc5ee3fd9f69b7665d1a19ee3f143d323c0", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-2626", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2626.npz", "sha256": "ff088c3583813b23d8668120018e958d9292783bc834e47b9ab224cc366c4fbb", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "toronto", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0.5964887244391212, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:toronto", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2626", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2626.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "ff088c3583813b23d8668120018e958d9292783bc834e47b9ab224cc366c4fbb", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-2626.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 2626", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 7480038.24788805, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Toronto (2626)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2626", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Toronto (2626)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 8223, "population_grid_valid_cells": 8223, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 695, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 7480038.24788805, "weather_covered_population": 7480038.24788805, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4461758.473238582, "native_weather_points": 28, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Toronto (source ID 2626). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.5323121656928872, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3981715.3591989176 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.06417655874623396, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 480043.11403966433 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 7480038.24788805, "strict_value": 0.5964887244391212, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4461758.473238582, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.5323121656928872, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3981715.3591989176, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.06417655874623396, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 480043.11403966433, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-toronto", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2626.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-a4dd3ff29411e7ca581264969c6119e7663cdc6e45d5fa02ca97cf5b95f6ccda", "selected_evidence_id": "housing-supply-2025-cma2021-toronto", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-a4dd3ff29411e7ca581264969c6119e7663cdc6e45d5fa02ca97cf5b95f6ccda", "identity": { "evidence_id": "housing-supply-2025-cma2021-toronto", "observation_sha256": "e26fd4481af20204229464b36f1255a5b4abfbfe3c440b96b3fe40441937722a", "evidence_review_sha256": "35eef13d99b176bdda9bb3426ef938bdfc0691ff65047f7d3ceb8da6fdef3186", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "c2038a7688c7a4db3b5747086f2a677d4f37ef7b077a052384cee52b03782d6d", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:toronto", "geography_sha256": "dd32c5ec13cb3245c88a155889441b64e97096944ce6fcb50d8dd475c24f828b", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-minimal", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "db5b98890d74a32d17bd51348db85037430d6d117fe01dec58d64d1d897a806c", "source_frame": { "id": "housing-2025-minimal", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json", "sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f", "source_urls": [ "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/starts-completions--intended-market-cma-ca-12-25-en.xlsx", "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100134-eng.zip", "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data and Statistics Canada Open Licence, source-specific", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. 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This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-34100134-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100134-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100134-eng.zip", "bytes": 407521, "sha256": "b72f17d6d9f419cd5881500e60e9f7399f1a50c06aa88ef3e629705ac2b8b95f", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:11.913110+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:08 GMT", "last_modified": "Wed, 21 Jan 2026 15:53:22 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } }, "monthly": { "id": "housing-2025-monthly", "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-monthly-0b6bfd429925.zip", "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "source_urls": [ "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-34100154-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "bytes": 4276016, "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:13.410900+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:09 GMT", "last_modified": "Mon, 19 Oct 2026 12:30:46 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } }, "population": { "id": "housing-2025-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-population-7b007a0ff50b.zip", "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "source_urls": [ "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-17100148-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "bytes": 22688780, "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:15.274494+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:11 GMT", "last_modified": "Wed, 14 Jan 2026 13:30:47 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } } }, "original_source_precision": { "completion_published_decimals": 0, "population_published_decimals": 0, "completion_unit": "Units", "population_unit": "Persons", "scalar_factor": "units", "note": "Integer source operands; derived rate has no independently measured decimal precision." }, "revision_status": { "annual_table_release": "2026-01-21", "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19", "population_table_release": "2026-01-14", "completion_observation_flags": "Blank original STATUS/SYMBOL; no finality assertion", "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true, "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final", "xlsx_http_last_modified": "Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:09:06 GMT", "xlsx_internal_modified": "2026-01-16T17:28:52Z", "xlsx_internal_modified_notice": "Document metadata timestamp, not the observation period, retrieval date or independently verified publication date" }, "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "population_licence": { "name": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "acknowledgement": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence" }, "native_scope_note": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" } }, "quality_flags": [], "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "housing-supply-2025-cma2021-toronto", "source_ref": "source-60dc249871b8d194", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-60dc249871b8d194", "source-b1d092b64a16e632", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "toronto", "city_name": "Toronto", "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -79.3832, "latitude": 43.6532, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "CAN01F", "country_iso3": "CAN", "source_name": "Toronto", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 44, "member_ids": [ "CAN3514019", "CAN3514020", "CAN3516010", "CAN3518001", "CAN3518005", "CAN3518009", "CAN3518013", "CAN3518017", "CAN3518020", "CAN3518022", "CAN3518029", "CAN3518039", "CAN3519028", "CAN3519036", "CAN3519038", "CAN3519044", "CAN3519046", "CAN3519048", "CAN3519049", "CAN3519054", "CAN3519070", "CAN3519076", "CAN3520005", "CAN3521005", "CAN3521010", "CAN3521024", "CAN3522001", "CAN3522010", "CAN3522012", "CAN3522014", "CAN3522016", "CAN3523017", "CAN3524001", "CAN3524002", "CAN3524009", "CAN3524015", "CAN3542005", "CAN3543007", "CAN3543009", "CAN3543014", "CAN3543017", "CAN3543021", "CAN3543023", "CAN3543042" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Census Subdivisions" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Census Subdivisions": 44 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "bf5b029221b2bdef200a5180f2e8d9e8e65a3643fb86d83bc5b4e9b2034a2d58", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 2626, "eFUA_name": "Toronto", "Cntry_ISO": "CAN", "Cntry_name": "Canada", "UC_IDs": "875;881;893;899", "UC_num": 4, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "16116d160a6ec025abc7bd50c53fa0a53e2ebe8b2f969056818d96b08d2a4d58", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "Statistics Canada Census metropolitan area", "name": "Toronto", "id": "535", "dguid": "2021S0503535", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "member_type": "Census subdivision", "member_ids": [ "3518001", "3518005", "3518029", "3519028", "3519036", "3519038", "3519044", "3519046", "3519048", "3519049", "3519054", "3519070", "3519076", "3520005", "3521005", "3521010", "3521024", "3522012", "3522014", "3524001", "3524009", "3524015", "3543007", "3543014" ], "source_frame": "statcan-cma-2021", "member_count": 24, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_member_set_comparison": { "oecd_only_ids": [ "3514019", "3514020", "3516010", "3518009", "3518013", "3518017", "3518020", "3518022", "3518039", "3522001", "3522010", "3522016", "3523017", "3524002", "3542005", "3543009", "3543017", "3543021", "3543023", "3543042" ], "national_only_ids": [], "same_identifier_membership": false, "notice": "Identifier set comparison only. Unknown OECD boundary vintage and geometry differences still require review; matching sets are not scoring approval." } }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:toronto", "city_slug": "toronto", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "535", "source_name": "Toronto", "source_cmap_uid": "35535", "source_dguid": "2021S050535535", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050535535", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-535-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Exact source CMA name and 2021-definition note in the original CMHC tables, original CMAUID/CMAPUID/DGUID, complete 156-part layer and independent strict destination-point intersection with original agency WGS84 geometry.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "toronto", "source_cma_uid": "535", "source_cmap_uid": "35535", "source_dguid": "2021S050535535", "reference_point": { "latitude": 43.6532, "longitude": -79.3832, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b" } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:535", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-rental-vacancy-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct publisher-reported CMA2021 rental aggregate, reviewed only for this rental protocol. Separate from PM2015; no OECD geometric equivalence, source-point proxy or CSD aggregation is claimed.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:toronto", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-535-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-native-f5247aa133f6.json", "sha256": "f5247aa133f66d1ea3f6c4a3f146b04f55e324f10fcce365dc83b6090e764f25", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27535%27&outFields=*&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. 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No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:01.033999+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84-0d916fc3c20c.json", "source_ref": "source-0ec7343ff696a7d8" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:toronto", "city_slug": "toronto", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "2626", "source_name": "Toronto", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "toronto", "estimated_area_id": 2626, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CAN01F", "oecd_name": "Toronto", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 8223, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 15807.989147110888, "intersection_km2": 5881.561213232946, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.715257352940891, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.3720625791489664, "intersection_over_union": 0.3240631734873778, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -79.3832, "latitude": 43.6532, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_name": "Canada" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2626", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=2626; fid=840", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 840, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "16116d160a6ec025abc7bd50c53fa0a53e2ebe8b2f969056818d96b08d2a4d58", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "ec0e840db666d36ea32cbe3e94ec52e0c37ac47fbcd39617b941e5d4da69b4b9", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 2626, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "16116d160a6ec025abc7bd50c53fa0a53e2ebe8b2f969056818d96b08d2a4d58", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "ad570d95f0fc9118ee36b0bc81543e86fc6624f48020f008a9f49912b5dd9ce0" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Toronto (2626)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:toronto", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:toronto", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:toronto", "city_slug": "toronto", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "535", "source_name": "Toronto", "source_cmap_uid": "35535", "source_dguid": "2021S050535535", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050535535", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-535-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "toronto", "source_cma_uid": "535", "source_cmap_uid": "35535", "source_dguid": "2021S050535535", "reference_point": { "latitude": 43.6532, "longitude": -79.3832, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b", "inventory_scope": "Complete original 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory; 42 type B CMA, 105 type D CA, 9 type K tracted CA features.", "selected_cma_type": "B" }, "housing_source_adapter": { "cmhc_notes": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" }, "completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503535", "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503535", "notice": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed." } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:535", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-housing-supply-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct official calendar 2025 CMHC gross completions and July 1 population in publisher CMA2021 geography, approved only for the housing-supply protocol. No estimated-FUA2015 or OECD geometric equivalence.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:toronto", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-535-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-native-f5247aa133f6.json", "sha256": "f5247aa133f66d1ea3f6c4a3f146b04f55e324f10fcce365dc83b6090e764f25", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27535%27&outFields=*&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:33:10.179435+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-native-f5247aa133f6.json", "source_ref": "source-42f61a389a4d1bac" }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84-0d916fc3c20c.json", "sha256": "0d916fc3c20c029028d20faf236ef2fbee3cdeff40e48a0afde8b8d691303d8a", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27535%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:01.033999+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84-0d916fc3c20c.json", "source_ref": "source-0ec7343ff696a7d8" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "toronto", "city_name": "Toronto", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:2626", "source_area_id": "2626", "source_area_name": "Toronto", "value": 0.5964887244391212, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:toronto", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-toronto", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Toronto (source ID 2626). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 8223, "population_grid_valid_cells": 8223, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 695, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 7480038.24788805, "weather_covered_population": 7480038.24788805, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 4461758.473238582, "native_weather_points": 28, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.5323121656928872, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 3981715.3591989176 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.06417655874623396, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 480043.11403966433 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 7480038.24788805, "strict_value": 0.5964887244391212, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 4461758.473238582, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.5323121656928872, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 3981715.3591989176, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.06417655874623396, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 480043.11403966433, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-2626.npz", "sha256": "ff088c3583813b23d8668120018e958d9292783bc834e47b9ab224cc366c4fbb" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": { "city_slug": "toronto", "city_name": "Toronto", "value": 3, "unit": "%", "period_start": "2025-10-01", "period_end": "2025-10-31", "temporal_basis": { "precision": "month", "source_period": "2025-10", "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.", "exact_reference_date": null, "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01", "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31", "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01", "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date." }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:toronto", "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-toronto", "source_area_id": "535", "source_area_name": "Toronto", "source_cma_uid": "535", "source_cmap_uid": "35535", "source_dguid": "2021S050535535", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "survey_month": "2025-10", "reported_universe_units": 343539, "vacant_unit_estimate": null, "original_published_value": "3.0", "quality_flags": [ { "code": "a", "label": "Excellent", "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval." } ], "uncertainty": { "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null }, "derivation": { "kind": "published-survey-rate", "published_rate": 3, "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1, "reported_universe_units": 343539, "vacant_unit_estimate": null, "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.", "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-toronto-99ad5966bead.xlsx", "sha256": "99ad5966bead408ce75761a8a9540d2748cd28deb764a42d16ffde32facf9f6d" }, "geography_frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84-0d916fc3c20c.json", "sha256": "0d916fc3c20c029028d20faf236ef2fbee3cdeff40e48a0afde8b8d691303d8a" }, "native_geography_frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-native-f5247aa133f6.json", "sha256": "f5247aa133f66d1ea3f6c4a3f146b04f55e324f10fcce365dc83b6090e764f25" }, "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-toronto-2025-en.xlsx?rev=f107330e-4620-4462-9027-8c6ff1522f1a", "source_record_ref": "Table 3.1.1 X54 (Oct-25, Total), Y54 (quality); Table 3.1.3 K54 (Oct-25, Total universe); Toronto CMA; 2021 census geographic definitions.", "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025; combined private apartment and row units", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-toronto-2025-en.xlsx?rev=f107330e-4620-4462-9027-8c6ff1522f1a", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files; original CMA2021 identities and polygons", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Official October 2025 weighted vacancy estimate for private apartment and row rental units combined in the exact 2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535). One-decimal published precision; not apartment-only, all-rental-stock, availability or a 2026 market reading. The exact survey day and vacant-unit numerator are unknown. This source-specific CMA2021 binding is separate from the PM2015 area; no CMHC/Statistics Canada endorsement.", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_refs": { "survey_source_ref": "source-997e9b2334882590", "licence_source_ref": "source-cdf1ed360db5ae6f", "downstream_conditions_source_ref": "source-cdf1ed360db5ae6f" }, "source_ref": "source-98dd8b2c9fcc36a6", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-98dd8b2c9fcc36a6", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ], "scoring_boundary": { "id": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:toronto", "city_slug": "toronto", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "535", "source_name": "Toronto", "source_cmap_uid": "35535", "source_dguid": "2021S050535535", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050535535", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-535-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Exact source CMA name and 2021-definition note in the original CMHC tables, original CMAUID/CMAPUID/DGUID, complete 156-part layer and independent strict destination-point intersection with original agency WGS84 geometry.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "toronto", "source_cma_uid": "535", "source_cmap_uid": "35535", "source_dguid": "2021S050535535", "reference_point": { "latitude": 43.6532, "longitude": -79.3832, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b" } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:535", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-rental-vacancy-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct publisher-reported CMA2021 rental aggregate, reviewed only for this rental protocol. Separate from PM2015; no OECD geometric equivalence, source-point proxy or CSD aggregation is claimed.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:toronto", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-535-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-native-f5247aa133f6.json", "sha256": "f5247aa133f66d1ea3f6c4a3f146b04f55e324f10fcce365dc83b6090e764f25", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27535%27&outFields=*&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:33:10.179435+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-native-f5247aa133f6.json", "source_ref": "source-42f61a389a4d1bac" }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84-0d916fc3c20c.json", "sha256": "0d916fc3c20c029028d20faf236ef2fbee3cdeff40e48a0afde8b8d691303d8a", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27535%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:01.033999+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84-0d916fc3c20c.json", "source_ref": "source-0ec7343ff696a7d8" } ] }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical source review approval, not a guarantee of current admission.", "notice": "A scoped Canadian CMHC survey cohort, not a global vacancy ranking or a measure of all rental housing. Rates describe the combined private apartment and row structures covered by the survey. Preserve the seasonal month, original CMA2021 identifiers, source quality and one-decimal precision. No exact fieldwork day, vacant-unit numerator or numeric confidence interval is invented. 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This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-34100154-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "bytes": 4276016, "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:13.410900+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:09 GMT", "last_modified": "Mon, 19 Oct 2026 12:30:46 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } }, "population": { "id": "housing-2025-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-population-7b007a0ff50b.zip", "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "source_urls": [ "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-17100148-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "bytes": 22688780, "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:15.274494+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:11 GMT", "last_modified": "Wed, 14 Jan 2026 13:30:47 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } } }, "original_source_precision": { "completion_published_decimals": 0, "population_published_decimals": 0, "completion_unit": "Units", "population_unit": "Persons", "scalar_factor": "units", "note": "Integer source operands; derived rate has no independently measured decimal precision." }, "revision_status": { "annual_table_release": "2026-01-21", "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19", "population_table_release": "2026-01-14", "completion_observation_flags": "Blank original STATUS/SYMBOL; no finality assertion", "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true, "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final", "xlsx_http_last_modified": "Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:09:06 GMT", "xlsx_internal_modified": "2026-01-16T17:28:52Z", "xlsx_internal_modified_notice": "Document metadata timestamp, not the observation period, retrieval date or independently verified publication date" }, "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "population_licence": { "name": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "acknowledgement": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence" }, "native_scope_note": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" } }, "revision_status": { "annual_table_release": "2026-01-21", "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19", "population_table_release": "2026-01-14", "completion_observation_flags": "Blank original STATUS/SYMBOL; no finality assertion", "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true, "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final", "xlsx_http_last_modified": "Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:09:06 GMT", "xlsx_internal_modified": "2026-01-16T17:28:52Z", "xlsx_internal_modified_notice": "Document metadata timestamp, not the observation period, retrieval date or independently verified publication date" }, "quality_flags": [], "uncertainty": { "status": "numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null, "note": "Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Completion rows carry blank original quality/revision symbols; blank does not imply zero uncertainty or finality." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json", "sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f" }, "geography_frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-wgs84-0d916fc3c20c.json", "sha256": "0d916fc3c20c029028d20faf236ef2fbee3cdeff40e48a0afde8b8d691303d8a" }, "native_geography_frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-535-native-f5247aa133f6.json", "sha256": "f5247aa133f66d1ea3f6c4a3f146b04f55e324f10fcce365dc83b6090e764f25" }, "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "source_record_ref": "CMHC Table A6_1 K44 / Table F6-4 G43; Statistics Canada annual v42127965, monthly January–December 2025, population v1589887692 (July 1,2025); native Notes!A2 SGC2021 adapter.", "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "population_licence": { "name": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "acknowledgement": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025; all intended markets", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "Table 17-10-0148-01, July 1,2025 population estimates; preliminary postcensal", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "CMA2021 digital boundaries; original whole-CMA provincial-part identity proof", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Official 2025 gross CMHC dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 residents in 2021 official census metropolitan area: Toronto (CMAUID 535). Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption. Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "source_ref": "source-60dc249871b8d194", "licence_source_refs": [ "source-cdf1ed360db5ae6f", "source-022c94e4a8032a40" ], "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-60dc249871b8d194", "source-b1d092b64a16e632", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ], "notice": "Reviewed historical gross new-build construction completions per 1,000 preliminary July 1 residents. CMHC uses a structural milestone that can allow up to 10% unfinished work. Original completion, population and geometry identifiers have different source roles and are preserved. Current engine admission, source review and an official quarterly result are separate." }, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "vancouver", "name": "Vancouver", "country": { "id": "country:CAN", "name": "Canada", "iso_2": "CA", "iso_3": "CAN", "continent": "North America" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/vancouver", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/vancouver.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 11, "agency_measurements": 6, "derived_agency_changes": 5, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 0, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "id": "358", "name": "Vancouver", "constituentNames": [ "Vancouver", "Surrey", "Burnaby", "Richmond", "Coquitlam", "Port Coquitlam", "New Westminster", "West Vancouver", "Port Moody", "North Vancouver" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Canada", "UN_WPP": "Canada" }, "population2025": 2198106.667, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 649, "densityPerKm2": 3386.9132003081663, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 49.2288805, "longitude": -122.9929635, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 49.2827, "longitude": -123.1207, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M214.22,42.87L234.87,42.87L234.87,53.2L245.2,58.36L245.2,73.85L250.36,73.85L250.36,79.02L260.69,79.02L260.69,73.85L276.18,73.85L276.18,68.69L296.84,68.69L296.84,63.53L302.0,63.53L302.0,89.35L296.84,89.35L296.84,94.51L286.51,94.51L286.51,99.67L276.18,99.67L276.18,104.84L265.85,104.84L265.85,110.0L255.53,110.0L255.53,115.16L245.2,120.33L245.2,135.82L229.71,135.82L229.71,140.98L219.38,146.15L219.38,156.47L209.05,156.47L209.05,161.64L203.89,161.64L203.89,156.47L188.4,156.47L188.4,161.64L183.24,161.64L183.24,171.96L172.91,171.96L167.75,182.29L131.6,182.29L131.6,166.8L136.76,166.8L136.76,156.47L131.6,156.47L126.44,146.15L136.76,146.15L136.76,140.98L141.93,140.98L141.93,130.65L136.76,130.65L136.76,125.49L126.44,125.49L126.44,130.65L110.95,130.65L105.78,140.98L85.13,140.98L85.13,146.15L74.8,151.31L74.8,161.64L69.64,161.64L64.47,171.96L59.31,171.96L59.31,166.8L38.65,166.8L33.49,177.13L28.33,177.13L28.33,171.96L18.0,171.96L18.0,166.8L23.16,166.8L23.16,161.64L28.33,161.64L33.49,151.31L43.82,151.31L48.98,140.98L79.96,140.98L79.96,135.82L90.29,130.65L90.29,115.16L85.13,115.16L85.13,110.0L90.29,110.0L90.29,104.84L100.62,99.67L100.62,84.18L141.93,84.18L141.93,73.85L147.09,73.85L147.09,68.69L157.42,63.53L157.42,48.04L178.07,48.04L178.07,53.2L188.4,53.2L188.4,48.04L198.73,48.04L203.89,37.71L214.22,37.71L214.22,42.87ZM219.38,73.85L214.22,73.85L214.22,79.02L219.38,79.02L219.38,73.85ZM178.07,73.85L167.75,73.85L167.75,79.02L178.07,79.02L178.07,73.85Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 150.18, "y": 83.41 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 167.29, "y": 112.67 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.13333333333333333, "accepted_metrics": 4, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0.16666666666666666, "infrastructure": 0, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0.16666666666666666 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "unit": "PPP international $ / person / year", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 40000 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "pillar": "means", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "metric": "rental-vacancy", "value": 3.7, "unit": "%", "period_start": "2025-10-01", "period_end": "2025-10-31", "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-vancouver-2025-en.xlsx?rev=9c12f2db-c0c8-4d06-83e1-cc3e06da8d36", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:vancouver", "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-vancouver", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-vancouver-2fda7bea9ad4.xlsx", "source_frame_sha256": "2fda7bea9ad42787c1820dd4d60f11091ff2455c4eec1732b14acc97660c3258", "source_record_ref": "Table 3.1.1 X36 (Oct-25, Total), Y36 (quality); Table 3.1.3 K36 (Oct-25, Total universe); Vancouver CMA; 2021 census geographic definitions.", "universe": "Completed, privately initiated purpose-built long-term rental apartment and row/townhouse units in structures/projects with at least three rental units, on the market for at least three months; all bedroom types combined. Social/affordable housing, owner-occupied units and condominium/secondary rental stock are excluded. Vacant units are physically unoccupied and immediately rentable at the survey.", "denominator": 129351, "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "source_label": "Official combined private apartment-and-row rental vacancy", "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:933", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933)", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe.", "uncertainty": { "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null }, "scope_notice": "Official October 2025 weighted vacancy estimate for private apartment and row rental units combined in the exact 2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933). One-decimal published precision; not apartment-only, all-rental-stock, availability or a 2026 market reading. The exact survey day and vacant-unit numerator are unknown. This source-specific CMA2021 binding is separate from the PM2015 area; no CMHC/Statistics Canada endorsement.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025; combined private apartment and row units", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-vancouver-2025-en.xlsx?rev=9c12f2db-c0c8-4d06-83e1-cc3e06da8d36", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files; original CMA2021 identities and polygons", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "temporal_basis": { "precision": "month", "source_period": "2025-10", "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.", "exact_reference_date": null, "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01", "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31", "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01", "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date." }, "derivation": { "kind": "published-survey-rate", "published_rate": 3.7, "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1, "reported_universe_units": 129351, "vacant_unit_estimate": null, "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.", "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe." }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "a", "label": "Excellent", "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval." } ], "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-vancouver", "source_ref": "source-85a93333571949d9", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-vancouver-2fda7bea9ad4.xlsx", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-85a93333571949d9", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-vancouver", "observation_sha256": "2e1d50d3f272c8d1ebddfbc0b44cef702d5b146424922a6f86f3dc3f4aad092f", "evidence_review_sha256": "7ac92828406f5f79a4573f9e861a2e514705a2262040daf121a7e179f4a1df17", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "09c03b5e31b033cee3906e246b5f7d901152dd1468f429343b3b41915e96fb83", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_sha256": "7e6e34060458da03e34b8a1e0cf52d4c9f0ed25a792cb646778507dbd085baaf", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-vancouver", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "ce89fed608f1efba99d2eb49849d59545204af554d38935d270bcbca737ee63f", "source_frame": { "id": "cmhc-rms-2025-vancouver", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-vancouver-2fda7bea9ad4.xlsx", "sha256": "2fda7bea9ad42787c1820dd4d60f11091ff2455c4eec1732b14acc97660c3258", "source_urls": [ "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-vancouver-2025-en.xlsx?rev=9c12f2db-c0c8-4d06-83e1-cc3e06da8d36", "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/market-reports/rental-market-reports-major-centres", "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-research/surveys/methods/methodology-rental-market-survey" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:27:14.022828+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-933-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-native-065b84da8d99.json", "sha256": "065b84da8d997845a3d2b5fa4b75b3fbec5a15ac807b79cd9c2cab5f3554f4a1", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27933%27&outFields=*&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:33:10.605365+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement." }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84-f0d1bc3effd4.json", "sha256": "f0d1bc3effd454a5566b872e1b8fd1d5bab528a99141b0a8ce956ce41d5112de", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27933%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:01.496246+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:vancouver", "city_slug": "vancouver", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "933", "source_name": "Vancouver", "source_cmap_uid": "59933", "source_dguid": "2021S050559933", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050559933", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-933-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Exact source CMA name and 2021-definition note in the original CMHC tables, original CMAUID/CMAPUID/DGUID, complete 156-part layer and independent strict destination-point intersection with original agency WGS84 geometry.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "source_cma_uid": "933", "source_cmap_uid": "59933", "source_dguid": "2021S050559933", "reference_point": { "latitude": 49.2827, "longitude": -123.1207, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b" } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:933", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-rental-vacancy-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct publisher-reported CMA2021 rental aggregate, reviewed only for this rental protocol. Separate from PM2015; no OECD geometric equivalence, source-point proxy or CSD aggregation is claimed.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-933-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-native-065b84da8d99.json", "sha256": "065b84da8d997845a3d2b5fa4b75b3fbec5a15ac807b79cd9c2cab5f3554f4a1", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27933%27&outFields=*&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:33:10.605365+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-native-065b84da8d99.json", "source_ref": "source-b7ae4be9ade05d5e" }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84-f0d1bc3effd4.json", "sha256": "f0d1bc3effd454a5566b872e1b8fd1d5bab528a99141b0a8ce956ce41d5112de", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27933%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:01.496246+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84-f0d1bc3effd4.json", "source_ref": "source-3c433377bda4a46a" } ] } }, { "id": "price-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median home price / household income", "unit": "ratio", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 3, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "metric": "pm25", "value": 5.393363920419621, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:vancouver", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-375", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-375.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "d0014739517b793332d827bf92a877613a377fad8070d18099b62c0403273b9f", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-375.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 375", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2507138.354084499, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vancouver (375)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:375", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vancouver (375)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 1601, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1601, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 212, "total_known_modelled_population": 2507138.354084499, "pm_covered_population": 2507138.354084499, "weighted_concentration_sum": 13521909.542419571, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 5.395355326842808, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 5.406431635670564, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Vancouver (source ID 375). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-vancouver", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-375.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-vancouver", "observation_sha256": "54024212984f06fcf4df65ac634e64a32da061a9485c7baca228ca404ecb64aa", "evidence_review_sha256": "ac359f9bab0a590770de90f5e68240295ca82f33bc27f86a288f9e2d8e402695", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_sha256": "b62afac5277b26414d08075a0e2be4bbeeaf92a803b3685e7fed1f33d2f48ae9", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-375", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "5112f51b688865752a34e43d326c46f302a6a72aeb20e6f2696bd634c8384e04", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-375", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-375.npz", "sha256": "d0014739517b793332d827bf92a877613a377fad8070d18099b62c0403273b9f", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:vancouver", "city_slug": "vancouver", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "375", "source_name": "Vancouver", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "estimated_area_id": 375, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CAN03F", "oecd_name": "Vancouver", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 1601, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 2986.3798459076315, "intersection_km2": 1435.790186538185, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8968083613605153, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.4807794924365405, "intersection_over_union": 0.45557650002743405, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -123.1207, "latitude": 49.2827, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_name": "Canada" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:375", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=375; fid=822", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 822, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "6259e87512258416416d80a7bfe1cc3aa958fcf609d1244d2bdf66bba0f28dae", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "11883c4a959a4d9b030babb2d58e64055bc28c67b86cd3ad70742fe914bae3a2", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 375, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "6259e87512258416416d80a7bfe1cc3aa958fcf609d1244d2bdf66bba0f28dae", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "d1d1404c83401766cfa5d2b8467ce9a1d4d220550e91d2b894abd52dbcb8d28b" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vancouver (375)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:vancouver", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-375", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-375.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "3cf200bf5e1bfe8bc0373dd8e6b4170150437c08e315b162a2fbebd2a4147e42", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-375.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 375", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2507138.354084499, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vancouver (375)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:375", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vancouver (375)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1601, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1601, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 212, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2507138.354084499, "weather_covered_population": 2507138.354084499, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 11, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Vancouver (source ID 375). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2507138.354084499, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-vancouver", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-375.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-vancouver", "observation_sha256": "49a9df0cd22f1f59e558b4e2c0f34e8da087b987c1d29a8e213818fa5e09a205", "evidence_review_sha256": "a269d3bd3c4a52f7b66d98c4475de514b4011488f3503286b247b3702ee8cf9a", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_sha256": "dc3405a9b20b6dd476036624c06153b2668a158874ca12031c32eae3e00edad7", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-375", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "cc228a67243027c52f317a8f9e3600973c52915c741cbebf7055e623d9282939", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-375", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-375.npz", "sha256": "3cf200bf5e1bfe8bc0373dd8e6b4170150437c08e315b162a2fbebd2a4147e42", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:vancouver", "city_slug": "vancouver", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "375", "source_name": "Vancouver", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "estimated_area_id": 375, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CAN03F", "oecd_name": "Vancouver", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 1601, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 2986.3798459076315, "intersection_km2": 1435.790186538185, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8968083613605153, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.4807794924365405, "intersection_over_union": 0.45557650002743405, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -123.1207, "latitude": 49.2827, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_name": "Canada" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:375", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=375; fid=822", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 822, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "6259e87512258416416d80a7bfe1cc3aa958fcf609d1244d2bdf66bba0f28dae", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "11883c4a959a4d9b030babb2d58e64055bc28c67b86cd3ad70742fe914bae3a2", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 375, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "6259e87512258416416d80a7bfe1cc3aa958fcf609d1244d2bdf66bba0f28dae", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "d1d1404c83401766cfa5d2b8467ce9a1d4d220550e91d2b894abd52dbcb8d28b" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vancouver (375)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 30 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "unit": "hours", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 500, 5000 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "emissions", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "unit": "tonnes CO2e/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 1, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "employment", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 45, 85 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "job-growth", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ -3, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "skills", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 70 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "business-formation", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "unit": "per 1000", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "culture-access", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "housing-supply", "pillar": "opportunity", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "unit": "per 1000", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "metric": "housing-supply", "value": 9.991787660506548, "unit": "per 1000", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:vancouver", "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-minimal", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json", "source_frame_sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f", "source_record_ref": "CMHC Table A6_1 K46 / Table F6-4 G45; Statistics Canada annual v42127995, monthly January–December 2025, population v1589917707 (July 1,2025); native Notes!A2 SGC2021 adapter.", "universe": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). Denominator: the official Statistics Canada all-age, total-gender July 1 population estimate in the exact same CMA2021 source area. Existing-foundation conversions/alterations, net-stock adjustments, demolitions, seasonal/transient and collective accommodation are excluded from the numerator.", "denominator": 3088036, "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation / Statistics Canada", "source_label": "Gross dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 population estimate", "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:933", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933)", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "population_reference_year": 2025, "calculation_method": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. Retain exact integer operands and rational arithmetic; no net additions, starts, permits, conversions or seasonal annualization.", "uncertainty": { "status": "numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null, "note": "Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Completion rows carry blank original quality/revision symbols; blank does not imply zero uncertainty or finality." }, "scope_notice": "Official 2025 gross CMHC dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 residents in 2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933). Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption. Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025; all intended markets", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "Table 17-10-0148-01, July 1,2025 population estimates; preliminary postcensal", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "CMA2021 digital boundaries; original whole-CMA provincial-part identity proof", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "gross-completions-per-midyear-resident", "calculation": "1000 * gross CMHC calendar-year new-dwelling completions / Statistics Canada July 1 resident population estimate in the same reviewed CMA2021 area. 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This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-34100154-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "bytes": 4276016, "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:13.410900+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:09 GMT", "last_modified": "Mon, 19 Oct 2026 12:30:46 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } }, "population": { "id": "housing-2025-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-population-7b007a0ff50b.zip", "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "source_urls": [ "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-17100148-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "bytes": 22688780, "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:15.274494+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:11 GMT", "last_modified": "Wed, 14 Jan 2026 13:30:47 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } } }, "original_source_precision": { "completion_published_decimals": 0, "population_published_decimals": 0, "completion_unit": "Units", "population_unit": "Persons", "scalar_factor": "units", "note": "Integer source operands; derived rate has no independently measured decimal precision." }, "revision_status": { "annual_table_release": "2026-01-21", "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19", "population_table_release": "2026-01-14", "completion_observation_flags": "Blank original STATUS/SYMBOL; no finality assertion", "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true, "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final", "xlsx_http_last_modified": "Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:09:06 GMT", "xlsx_internal_modified": "2026-01-16T17:28:52Z", "xlsx_internal_modified_notice": "Document metadata timestamp, not the observation period, retrieval date or independently verified publication date" }, "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "population_licence": { "name": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "acknowledgement": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence" }, "native_scope_note": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" } }, "quality_flags": [], "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. 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This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-933-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-native-065b84da8d99.json", "sha256": "065b84da8d997845a3d2b5fa4b75b3fbec5a15ac807b79cd9c2cab5f3554f4a1", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27933%27&outFields=*&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:33:10.605365+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement." }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84-f0d1bc3effd4.json", "sha256": "f0d1bc3effd454a5566b872e1b8fd1d5bab528a99141b0a8ce956ce41d5112de", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27933%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:01.496246+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:vancouver", "city_slug": "vancouver", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "933", "source_name": "Vancouver", "source_cmap_uid": "59933", "source_dguid": "2021S050559933", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050559933", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-933-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "source_cma_uid": "933", "source_cmap_uid": "59933", "source_dguid": "2021S050559933", "reference_point": { "latitude": 49.2827, "longitude": -123.1207, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b", "inventory_scope": "Complete original 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory; 42 type B CMA, 105 type D CA, 9 type K tracted CA features.", "selected_cma_type": "B" }, "housing_source_adapter": { "cmhc_notes": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" }, "completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503933", "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503933", "notice": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed." } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:933", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-housing-supply-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct official calendar 2025 CMHC gross completions and July 1 population in publisher CMA2021 geography, approved only for the housing-supply protocol. No estimated-FUA2015 or OECD geometric equivalence.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-933-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-native-065b84da8d99.json", "sha256": "065b84da8d997845a3d2b5fa4b75b3fbec5a15ac807b79cd9c2cab5f3554f4a1", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27933%27&outFields=*&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. 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No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:01.496246+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84-f0d1bc3effd4.json", "source_ref": "source-3c433377bda4a46a" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:vancouver", "city_slug": "vancouver", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "375", "source_name": "Vancouver", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vancouver (375)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:vancouver", "city_slug": "vancouver", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "933", "source_name": "Vancouver", "source_cmap_uid": "59933", "source_dguid": "2021S050559933", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050559933", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-933-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "source_cma_uid": "933", "source_cmap_uid": "59933", "source_dguid": "2021S050559933", "reference_point": { "latitude": 49.2827, "longitude": -123.1207, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b", "inventory_scope": "Complete original 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory; 42 type B CMA, 105 type D CA, 9 type K tracted CA features.", "selected_cma_type": "B" }, "housing_source_adapter": { "cmhc_notes": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" }, "completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503933", "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503933", "notice": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed." } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:933", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-housing-supply-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct official calendar 2025 CMHC gross completions and July 1 population in publisher CMA2021 geography, approved only for the housing-supply protocol. No estimated-FUA2015 or OECD geometric equivalence.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-933-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-native-065b84da8d99.json", "sha256": "065b84da8d997845a3d2b5fa4b75b3fbec5a15ac807b79cd9c2cab5f3554f4a1", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27933%27&outFields=*&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:33:10.605365+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-native-065b84da8d99.json", "source_ref": "source-b7ae4be9ade05d5e" }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84-f0d1bc3effd4.json", "sha256": "f0d1bc3effd454a5566b872e1b8fd1d5bab528a99141b0a8ce956ce41d5112de", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27933%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:01.496246+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84-f0d1bc3effd4.json", "source_ref": "source-3c433377bda4a46a" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "vancouver", "name": "Vancouver", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-d06e8c57dd100a33fac9c77acb581b3668443e935fdfe1070b1f5af860fb2e8c", "selected_evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-vancouver", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-d06e8c57dd100a33fac9c77acb581b3668443e935fdfe1070b1f5af860fb2e8c", "identity": { "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-vancouver", "observation_sha256": "2e1d50d3f272c8d1ebddfbc0b44cef702d5b146424922a6f86f3dc3f4aad092f", "evidence_review_sha256": "7ac92828406f5f79a4573f9e861a2e514705a2262040daf121a7e179f4a1df17", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "09c03b5e31b033cee3906e246b5f7d901152dd1468f429343b3b41915e96fb83", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_sha256": "7e6e34060458da03e34b8a1e0cf52d4c9f0ed25a792cb646778507dbd085baaf", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-vancouver", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "ce89fed608f1efba99d2eb49849d59545204af554d38935d270bcbca737ee63f", "source_frame": { "id": "cmhc-rms-2025-vancouver", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-vancouver-2fda7bea9ad4.xlsx", "sha256": "2fda7bea9ad42787c1820dd4d60f11091ff2455c4eec1732b14acc97660c3258", "source_urls": [ "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-vancouver-2025-en.xlsx?rev=9c12f2db-c0c8-4d06-83e1-cc3e06da8d36", "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/market-reports/rental-market-reports-major-centres", "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-research/surveys/methods/methodology-rental-market-survey" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:27:14.022828+00:00", "attribution": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-933-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-native-065b84da8d99.json", "sha256": "065b84da8d997845a3d2b5fa4b75b3fbec5a15ac807b79cd9c2cab5f3554f4a1", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27933%27&outFields=*&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:33:10.605365+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement." }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84-f0d1bc3effd4.json", "sha256": "f0d1bc3effd454a5566b872e1b8fd1d5bab528a99141b0a8ce956ce41d5112de", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27933%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:01.496246+00:00", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "metric": "rental-vacancy", "value": 3.7, "unit": "%", "period_start": "2025-10-01", "period_end": "2025-10-31", "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-vancouver-2025-en.xlsx?rev=9c12f2db-c0c8-4d06-83e1-cc3e06da8d36", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:vancouver", "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "cmhc-rms-2025-vancouver", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-vancouver-2fda7bea9ad4.xlsx", "source_frame_sha256": "2fda7bea9ad42787c1820dd4d60f11091ff2455c4eec1732b14acc97660c3258", "source_record_ref": "Table 3.1.1 X36 (Oct-25, Total), Y36 (quality); Table 3.1.3 K36 (Oct-25, Total universe); Vancouver CMA; 2021 census geographic definitions.", "universe": "Completed, privately initiated purpose-built long-term rental apartment and row/townhouse units in structures/projects with at least three rental units, on the market for at least three months; all bedroom types combined. Social/affordable housing, owner-occupied units and condominium/secondary rental stock are excluded. Vacant units are physically unoccupied and immediately rentable at the survey.", "denominator": 129351, "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "source_label": "Official combined private apartment-and-row rental vacancy", "geography": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:933", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933)", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "calculation_method": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe.", "uncertainty": { "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null }, "scope_notice": "Official October 2025 weighted vacancy estimate for private apartment and row rental units combined in the exact 2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933). One-decimal published precision; not apartment-only, all-rental-stock, availability or a 2026 market reading. The exact survey day and vacant-unit numerator are unknown. This source-specific CMA2021 binding is separate from the PM2015 area; no CMHC/Statistics Canada endorsement.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025; combined private apartment and row units", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-vancouver-2025-en.xlsx?rev=9c12f2db-c0c8-4d06-83e1-cc3e06da8d36", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files; original CMA2021 identities and polygons", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "temporal_basis": { "precision": "month", "source_period": "2025-10", "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.", "exact_reference_date": null, "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01", "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31", "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01", "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date." }, "derivation": { "kind": "published-survey-rate", "published_rate": 3.7, "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1, "reported_universe_units": 129351, "vacant_unit_estimate": null, "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.", "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe." }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "a", "label": "Excellent", "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval." } ], "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-vancouver", "source_ref": "source-85a93333571949d9", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-vancouver-2fda7bea9ad4.xlsx", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-85a93333571949d9", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-10-01", "reference_kind": "earliest-day-of-source-month", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 391, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-10-01", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-10-02", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-c269509a6385b948352fff1a4e7f80469751cc78bf5c6069ec657af85d76b04e", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-vancouver", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-c269509a6385b948352fff1a4e7f80469751cc78bf5c6069ec657af85d76b04e", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-vancouver", "observation_sha256": "54024212984f06fcf4df65ac634e64a32da061a9485c7baca228ca404ecb64aa", "evidence_review_sha256": "ac359f9bab0a590770de90f5e68240295ca82f33bc27f86a288f9e2d8e402695", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_sha256": "b62afac5277b26414d08075a0e2be4bbeeaf92a803b3685e7fed1f33d2f48ae9", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-375", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "5112f51b688865752a34e43d326c46f302a6a72aeb20e6f2696bd634c8384e04", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-375", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-375.npz", "sha256": "d0014739517b793332d827bf92a877613a377fad8070d18099b62c0403273b9f", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "metric": "pm25", "value": 5.393363920419621, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:vancouver", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-375", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-375.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "d0014739517b793332d827bf92a877613a377fad8070d18099b62c0403273b9f", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-375.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 375", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2507138.354084499, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vancouver (375)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:375", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vancouver (375)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 1601, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1601, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 212, "total_known_modelled_population": 2507138.354084499, "pm_covered_population": 2507138.354084499, "weighted_concentration_sum": 13521909.542419571, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 5.395355326842808, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 5.406431635670564, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Vancouver (source ID 375). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-vancouver", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-375.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-fa897a12d00257a42c5691dff6164a0412413b230743ffc8224363e8485f7882", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-vancouver", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-fa897a12d00257a42c5691dff6164a0412413b230743ffc8224363e8485f7882", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-vancouver", "observation_sha256": "49a9df0cd22f1f59e558b4e2c0f34e8da087b987c1d29a8e213818fa5e09a205", "evidence_review_sha256": "a269d3bd3c4a52f7b66d98c4475de514b4011488f3503286b247b3702ee8cf9a", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_sha256": "dc3405a9b20b6dd476036624c06153b2668a158874ca12031c32eae3e00edad7", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-375", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "cc228a67243027c52f317a8f9e3600973c52915c741cbebf7055e623d9282939", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-375", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-375.npz", "sha256": "3cf200bf5e1bfe8bc0373dd8e6b4170150437c08e315b162a2fbebd2a4147e42", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:vancouver", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-375", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-375.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "3cf200bf5e1bfe8bc0373dd8e6b4170150437c08e315b162a2fbebd2a4147e42", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-375.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 375", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2507138.354084499, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vancouver (375)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:375", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vancouver (375)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1601, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1601, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 212, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2507138.354084499, "weather_covered_population": 2507138.354084499, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 11, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Vancouver (source ID 375). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2507138.354084499, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-vancouver", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-375.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-c40c68dbd859f453a0c99fd6878d8ee5075e1912029c566c2cce0edb835cebb2", "selected_evidence_id": "housing-supply-2025-cma2021-vancouver", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-c40c68dbd859f453a0c99fd6878d8ee5075e1912029c566c2cce0edb835cebb2", "identity": { "evidence_id": "housing-supply-2025-cma2021-vancouver", "observation_sha256": "d82ca564aa6f2a53de77adc7eebb5c0c245491096c6081876b4d7901d395bb23", "evidence_review_sha256": "237b67422235f6bf93dedac5ab710448a8aadd91c49155473b0cf976673245f0", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "c2038a7688c7a4db3b5747086f2a677d4f37ef7b077a052384cee52b03782d6d", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_sha256": "55e871e498bb6c7977130d1bfcb3c66fcf6a0bf13a5a93ea9a7618b35a1321cf", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-minimal", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "db5b98890d74a32d17bd51348db85037430d6d117fe01dec58d64d1d897a806c", "source_frame": { "id": "housing-2025-minimal", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json", "sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f", "source_urls": [ "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/starts-completions--intended-market-cma-ca-12-25-en.xlsx", "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100134-eng.zip", "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data and Statistics Canada Open Licence, source-specific", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. 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No endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "metric": "housing-supply", "value": 9.991787660506548, "unit": "per 1000", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:vancouver", "protocol_ref": "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-minimal", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json", "source_frame_sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f", "source_record_ref": "CMHC Table A6_1 K46 / Table F6-4 G45; Statistics Canada annual v42127995, monthly January–December 2025, population v1589917707 (July 1,2025); native Notes!A2 SGC2021 adapter.", "universe": "Gross new self-contained dwelling units on new permanent foundations, designed for non-transient year-round occupancy, completed under the official CMHC structural milestone, all intended markets (homeownership, rental, condominium and co-operative). 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This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-34100134-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100134-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100134-eng.zip", "bytes": 407521, "sha256": "b72f17d6d9f419cd5881500e60e9f7399f1a50c06aa88ef3e629705ac2b8b95f", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:11.913110+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:08 GMT", "last_modified": "Wed, 21 Jan 2026 15:53:22 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } }, "monthly": { "id": "housing-2025-monthly", "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-monthly-0b6bfd429925.zip", "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "source_urls": [ "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip" ], "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "licence_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-34100154-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "bytes": 4276016, "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:13.410900+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:09 GMT", "last_modified": "Mon, 19 Oct 2026 12:30:46 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } }, "population": { "id": "housing-2025-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-population-7b007a0ff50b.zip", "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "source_urls": [ "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-17100148-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "bytes": 22688780, "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:15.274494+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:11 GMT", "last_modified": "Wed, 14 Jan 2026 13:30:47 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } } }, "original_source_precision": { "completion_published_decimals": 0, "population_published_decimals": 0, "completion_unit": "Units", "population_unit": "Persons", "scalar_factor": "units", "note": "Integer source operands; derived rate has no independently measured decimal precision." }, "revision_status": { "annual_table_release": "2026-01-21", "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19", "population_table_release": "2026-01-14", "completion_observation_flags": "Blank original STATUS/SYMBOL; no finality assertion", "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true, "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final", "xlsx_http_last_modified": "Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:09:06 GMT", "xlsx_internal_modified": "2026-01-16T17:28:52Z", "xlsx_internal_modified_notice": "Document metadata timestamp, not the observation period, retrieval date or independently verified publication date" }, "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "population_licence": { "name": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "acknowledgement": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence" }, "native_scope_note": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" } }, "quality_flags": [], "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "housing-supply-2025-cma2021-vancouver", "source_ref": "source-60dc249871b8d194", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-60dc249871b8d194", "source-b1d092b64a16e632", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "city_name": "Vancouver", "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -123.1207, "latitude": 49.2827, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "CAN03F", "country_iso3": "CAN", "source_name": "Vancouver", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 36, "member_ids": [ "CAN5915001", "CAN5915002", "CAN5915004", "CAN5915007", "CAN5915011", "CAN5915015", "CAN5915020", "CAN5915022", "CAN5915025", "CAN5915029", "CAN5915034", "CAN5915036", "CAN5915038", "CAN5915039", "CAN5915043", "CAN5915046", "CAN5915051", "CAN5915055", "CAN5915065", "CAN5915070", "CAN5915075", "CAN5915801", "CAN5915802", "CAN5915803", "CAN5915804", "CAN5915805", "CAN5915806", "CAN5915807", "CAN5915808", "CAN5915809", "CAN5915810", "CAN5915811", "CAN5915813", "CAN5915816", "CAN5915830", "CAN5915840" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Census Subdivisions" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Census Subdivisions": 36 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "7f2c3ac8e42b9b1cd890e70e66e18960152a588689f4043ec5ef9039c81ae7e6", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 375, "eFUA_name": "Vancouver", "Cntry_ISO": "CAN", "Cntry_name": "Canada", "UC_IDs": "187;199;204", "UC_num": 3, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "6259e87512258416416d80a7bfe1cc3aa958fcf609d1244d2bdf66bba0f28dae", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "Statistics Canada Census metropolitan area", "name": "Vancouver", "id": "933", "dguid": "2021S0503933", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "member_type": "Census subdivision", "member_ids": [ "5915001", "5915002", "5915004", "5915007", "5915011", "5915015", "5915020", "5915022", "5915025", "5915029", "5915034", "5915036", "5915038", "5915039", "5915043", "5915046", "5915051", "5915055", "5915062", "5915065", "5915070", "5915075", "5915801", "5915802", "5915803", "5915804", "5915805", "5915806", "5915807", "5915808", "5915809", "5915810", "5915811", "5915813", "5915816", "5915825", "5915830", "5915840" ], "source_frame": "statcan-cma-2021", "member_count": 38, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_member_set_comparison": { "oecd_only_ids": [], "national_only_ids": [ "5915062", "5915825" ], "same_identifier_membership": false, "notice": "Identifier set comparison only. Unknown OECD boundary vintage and geometry differences still require review; matching sets are not scoring approval." } }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-375.npz", "sha256": "d0014739517b793332d827bf92a877613a377fad8070d18099b62c0403273b9f" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:vancouver", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-vancouver", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Vancouver (source ID 375). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:vancouver", "city_slug": "vancouver", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "933", "source_name": "Vancouver", "source_cmap_uid": "59933", "source_dguid": "2021S050559933", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050559933", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-933-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Exact source CMA name and 2021-definition note in the original CMHC tables, original CMAUID/CMAPUID/DGUID, complete 156-part layer and independent strict destination-point intersection with original agency WGS84 geometry.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "source_cma_uid": "933", "source_cmap_uid": "59933", "source_dguid": "2021S050559933", "reference_point": { "latitude": 49.2827, "longitude": -123.1207, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b" } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:933", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-rental-vacancy-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct publisher-reported CMA2021 rental aggregate, reviewed only for this rental protocol. Separate from PM2015; no OECD geometric equivalence, source-point proxy or CSD aggregation is claimed.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-933-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-native-065b84da8d99.json", "sha256": "065b84da8d997845a3d2b5fa4b75b3fbec5a15ac807b79cd9c2cab5f3554f4a1", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27933%27&outFields=*&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:33:10.605365+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-native-065b84da8d99.json", "source_ref": "source-b7ae4be9ade05d5e" }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84-f0d1bc3effd4.json", "sha256": "f0d1bc3effd454a5566b872e1b8fd1d5bab528a99141b0a8ce956ce41d5112de", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27933%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:01.496246+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84-f0d1bc3effd4.json", "source_ref": "source-3c433377bda4a46a" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:vancouver", "city_slug": "vancouver", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "375", "source_name": "Vancouver", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "estimated_area_id": 375, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CAN03F", "oecd_name": "Vancouver", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 1601, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 2986.3798459076315, "intersection_km2": 1435.790186538185, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8968083613605153, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.4807794924365405, "intersection_over_union": 0.45557650002743405, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -123.1207, "latitude": 49.2827, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_iso3": "CAN", "source_country_name": "Canada" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:375", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=375; fid=822", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 822, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "6259e87512258416416d80a7bfe1cc3aa958fcf609d1244d2bdf66bba0f28dae", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "11883c4a959a4d9b030babb2d58e64055bc28c67b86cd3ad70742fe914bae3a2", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 375, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "6259e87512258416416d80a7bfe1cc3aa958fcf609d1244d2bdf66bba0f28dae", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "d1d1404c83401766cfa5d2b8467ce9a1d4d220550e91d2b894abd52dbcb8d28b" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vancouver (375)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:vancouver", "city_slug": "vancouver", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "933", "source_name": "Vancouver", "source_cmap_uid": "59933", "source_dguid": "2021S050559933", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050559933", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-933-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "source_cma_uid": "933", "source_cmap_uid": "59933", "source_dguid": "2021S050559933", "reference_point": { "latitude": 49.2827, "longitude": -123.1207, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b", "inventory_scope": "Complete original 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory; 42 type B CMA, 105 type D CA, 9 type K tracted CA features.", "selected_cma_type": "B" }, "housing_source_adapter": { "cmhc_notes": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" }, "completion_dguid_as_published": "2011S0503933", "population_dguid_as_published": "2021S0503933", "notice": "Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed." } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:933", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.housing-supply.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-housing-supply-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct official calendar 2025 CMHC gross completions and July 1 population in publisher CMA2021 geography, approved only for the housing-supply protocol. No estimated-FUA2015 or OECD geometric equivalence.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-housing-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-933-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-native-065b84da8d99.json", "sha256": "065b84da8d997845a3d2b5fa4b75b3fbec5a15ac807b79cd9c2cab5f3554f4a1", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27933%27&outFields=*&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:33:10.605365+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-native-065b84da8d99.json", "source_ref": "source-b7ae4be9ade05d5e" }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84-f0d1bc3effd4.json", "sha256": "f0d1bc3effd454a5566b872e1b8fd1d5bab528a99141b0a8ce956ce41d5112de", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27933%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:01.496246+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84-f0d1bc3effd4.json", "source_ref": "source-3c433377bda4a46a" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "city_name": "Vancouver", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:375", "source_area_id": "375", "source_area_name": "Vancouver", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:vancouver", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-vancouver", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Vancouver (source ID 375). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 1601, "population_grid_valid_cells": 1601, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 212, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2507138.354084499, "weather_covered_population": 2507138.354084499, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 11, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2507138.354084499, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-375.npz", "sha256": "3cf200bf5e1bfe8bc0373dd8e6b4170150437c08e315b162a2fbebd2a4147e42" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "city_name": "Vancouver", "value": 3.7, "unit": "%", "period_start": "2025-10-01", "period_end": "2025-10-31", "temporal_basis": { "precision": "month", "source_period": "2025-10", "source_reference_window": "First two weeks of October; results reflect market conditions at that time. An exact single reference day is not reported.", "exact_reference_date": null, "calendar_period_start": "2025-10-01", "calendar_period_end": "2025-10-31", "age_reference_date": "2025-10-01", "age_reference_meaning": "Conservative first possible day of the reported survey month for the unchanged 730-day index age limit; this is an age anchor, not an observed survey date." }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:vancouver", "evidence_id": "rental-vacancy-2025-cma2021-vancouver", "source_area_id": "933", "source_area_name": "Vancouver", "source_cma_uid": "933", "source_cmap_uid": "59933", "source_dguid": "2021S050559933", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_reference_year": 2021, "survey_month": "2025-10", "reported_universe_units": 129351, "vacant_unit_estimate": null, "original_published_value": "3.7", "quality_flags": [ { "code": "a", "label": "Excellent", "meaning": "Publisher reliability category for this vacancy proportion; based on CV, sampling fraction and universe size, not an exact standard error or confidence interval." } ], "uncertainty": { "status": "quality-category-reported-numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "note": "CMHC reports quality a (Excellent); exact standard error, CV, sample fraction and confidence interval are not published for this total. The average-rent CV thresholds do not apply to vacancy proportions.", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null }, "derivation": { "kind": "published-survey-rate", "published_rate": 3.7, "published_precision_percentage_points": 0.1, "reported_universe_units": 129351, "vacant_unit_estimate": null, "numerator_status": "Exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published; null, not inferred from a rounded rate.", "calculation": "Use the official published weighted combined apartment-and-row vacancy ratio at its original 0.1 percentage-point precision, paired with the publisher-reported qualifying rental-universe unit count. This is the original published estimate, not a recalculation from microdata. The exact weighted vacant-unit numerator is not published and remains null; never infer an observed vacant count by multiplying the rounded rate by the universe." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/cmhc-rms-2025-vancouver-2fda7bea9ad4.xlsx", "sha256": "2fda7bea9ad42787c1820dd4d60f11091ff2455c4eec1732b14acc97660c3258" }, "geography_frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84-f0d1bc3effd4.json", "sha256": "f0d1bc3effd454a5566b872e1b8fd1d5bab528a99141b0a8ce956ce41d5112de" }, "native_geography_frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-native-065b84da8d99.json", "sha256": "065b84da8d997845a3d2b5fa4b75b3fbec5a15ac807b79cd9c2cab5f3554f4a1" }, "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-vancouver-2025-en.xlsx?rev=9c12f2db-c0c8-4d06-83e1-cc3e06da8d36", "source_record_ref": "Table 3.1.1 X36 (Oct-25, Total), Y36 (quality); Table 3.1.3 K36 (Oct-25, Total universe); Vancouver CMA; 2021 census geographic definitions.", "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Rental Market Survey Data Tables, October 2025; combined private apartment and row units", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/rental-market/rental-market-report-data-tables/2025/rmr-vancouver-2025-en.xlsx?rev=9c12f2db-c0c8-4d06-83e1-cc3e06da8d36", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files; original CMA2021 identities and polygons", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Official October 2025 weighted vacancy estimate for private apartment and row rental units combined in the exact 2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933). One-decimal published precision; not apartment-only, all-rental-stock, availability or a 2026 market reading. The exact survey day and vacant-unit numerator are unknown. This source-specific CMA2021 binding is separate from the PM2015 area; no CMHC/Statistics Canada endorsement.", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_refs": { "survey_source_ref": "source-997e9b2334882590", "licence_source_ref": "source-cdf1ed360db5ae6f", "downstream_conditions_source_ref": "source-cdf1ed360db5ae6f" }, "source_ref": "source-85a93333571949d9", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-85a93333571949d9", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ], "scoring_boundary": { "id": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:vancouver", "city_slug": "vancouver", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-census-metropolitan-area", "authority": "Statistics Canada", "source_geography_id": "933", "source_name": "Vancouver", "source_cmap_uid": "59933", "source_dguid": "2021S050559933", "source_dguid_as_published": "2021S050559933", "source_dguid_scope": "Provincial CMA part; complete official layer proves exactly one part for this CMAUID.", "boundary_vintage": "2021-01-01", "geography_edition": "2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, second edition", "version": "statcan-cma2021-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-933-native", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84", "crosswalk_method": "Exact source CMA name and 2021-definition note in the original CMHC tables, original CMAUID/CMAPUID/DGUID, complete 156-part layer and independent strict destination-point intersection with original agency WGS84 geometry.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "vancouver", "source_cma_uid": "933", "source_cmap_uid": "59933", "source_dguid": "2021S050559933", "reference_point": { "latitude": 49.2827, "longitude": -123.1207, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "complete_layer_proof": { "whole_layer_records": 156, "independent_objectid_records": 156, "attribute_objectids_equal_complete_id_set": true, "selected_cma_part_count": 1, "attribute_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-all-identities", "attribute_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-all-identities-0ee709dfc333.json", "attribute_archive_sha256": "0ee709dfc333a80ca2048a93ff6582730b7f262a8c4f68162ba7422eabb01bc3", "complete_objectid_frame_ref": "rental-statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids", "complete_objectid_archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-layer-objectids-ddc46b5729ff.json", "complete_objectid_archive_sha256": "ddc46b5729ff9dca9fbb29208db8c3e4a57b511f107a9fb7100cf6909327be8b" } }, "functional_definition": "Census Metropolitan Area 2021, Digital Boundary Files (DBF).\nA census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, based on data from the current Census of Population Program, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts.", "analytical_area_id": "statcan-cma2021:933", "boundary_label": "2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933)", "shared_with": [], "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.rental-vacancy.measurement@1.0.0" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-rental-vacancy-2025-initial-research-v1", "review_scope": "Direct publisher-reported CMA2021 rental aggregate, reviewed only for this rental protocol. Separate from PM2015; no OECD geometric equivalence, source-point proxy or CSD aggregation is claimed.", "geography_ref": "statcan-cma2021-v1-0:vancouver", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "statcan-cma2021-933-native", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-native-065b84da8d99.json", "sha256": "065b84da8d997845a3d2b5fa4b75b3fbec5a15ac807b79cd9c2cab5f3554f4a1", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27933%27&outFields=*&returnGeometry=true&f=json", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, reference date 1 January 2021; original native EPSG:3347 polygon. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:33:10.605365+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-native-065b84da8d99.json", "source_ref": "source-b7ae4be9ade05d5e" }, { "id": "statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84-f0d1bc3effd4.json", "sha256": "f0d1bc3effd454a5566b872e1b8fd1d5bab528a99141b0a8ce956ce41d5112de", "source_urls": [ "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6/query?where=CMAUID%3D%27933%27&outFields=%2A&returnGeometry=true&f=json&outSR=4326", "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census Digital Boundary Files, original agency outSR=4326 polygon; no local simplification or repair. No endorsement.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T21:51:01.496246+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84-f0d1bc3effd4.json", "source_ref": "source-3c433377bda4a46a" } ] }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical source review approval, not a guarantee of current admission.", "notice": "A scoped Canadian CMHC survey cohort, not a global vacancy ranking or a measure of all rental housing. Rates describe the combined private apartment and row structures covered by the survey. Preserve the seasonal month, original CMA2021 identifiers, source quality and one-decimal precision. No exact fieldwork day, vacant-unit numerator or numeric confidence interval is invented. 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This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-34100154-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/34100154-eng.zip", "bytes": 4276016, "sha256": "0b6bfd429925c0de6102e9b15b6f1946bb7fc5a05b08534e12ed9df75d6d5f13", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:13.410900+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:09 GMT", "last_modified": "Mon, 19 Oct 2026 12:30:46 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } }, "population": { "id": "housing-2025-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-population-7b007a0ff50b.zip", "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "source_urls": [ "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip" ], "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "licence_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "original_retrieval_receipt": { "filename": "statcan-17100148-eng.zip", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "resolved_url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "bytes": 22688780, "sha256": "7b007a0ff50bb1bad6a041093c3c71502c095f2516d20c961d9c26ed55b327d5", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T23:05:15.274494+00:00", "http_date": "Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:05:11 GMT", "last_modified": "Wed, 14 Jan 2026 13:30:47 GMT", "etag": null, "content_type": "application/zip" } } }, "original_source_precision": { "completion_published_decimals": 0, "population_published_decimals": 0, "completion_unit": "Units", "population_unit": "Persons", "scalar_factor": "units", "note": "Integer source operands; derived rate has no independently measured decimal precision." }, "revision_status": { "annual_table_release": "2026-01-21", "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19", "population_table_release": "2026-01-14", "completion_observation_flags": "Blank original STATUS/SYMBOL; no finality assertion", "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true, "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final", "xlsx_http_last_modified": "Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:09:06 GMT", "xlsx_internal_modified": "2026-01-16T17:28:52Z", "xlsx_internal_modified_notice": "Document metadata timestamp, not the observation period, retrieval date or independently verified publication date" }, "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "population_licence": { "name": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "acknowledgement": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence" }, "native_scope_note": { "source_frame_ref": "housing-2025-cmhc-geography", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-cmhc-geography-5ca133946244.xlsx", "sha256": "5ca133946244c91dbc0c3119d266dc18a0672795686ea5c5eb18bec1fc739171", "sheet": "Notes", "cell": "A2" } }, "revision_status": { "annual_table_release": "2026-01-21", "monthly_table_release": "2026-10-19", "population_table_release": "2026-01-14", "completion_observation_flags": "Blank original STATUS/SYMBOL; no finality assertion", "monthly_sum_equals_annual_and_native_workbooks": true, "population_status": "preliminary postcensal for2025 per table note5; not final", "xlsx_http_last_modified": "Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:09:06 GMT", "xlsx_internal_modified": "2026-01-16T17:28:52Z", "xlsx_internal_modified_notice": "Document metadata timestamp, not the observation period, retrieval date or independently verified publication date" }, "quality_flags": [], "uncertainty": { "status": "numeric-uncertainty-not-published", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "coefficient_of_variation": null, "note": "Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Completion rows carry blank original quality/revision symbols; blank does not imply zero uncertainty or finality." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/housing-2025-minimal-source-frames.json", "sha256": "6d0d982c476494ff9c39d7554166f8777d1362b66ecc3e04c03a5c11cf55140f" }, "geography_frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-wgs84-f0d1bc3effd4.json", "sha256": "f0d1bc3effd454a5566b872e1b8fd1d5bab528a99141b0a8ce956ce41d5112de" }, "native_geography_frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/statcan-cma2021-933-native-065b84da8d99.json", "sha256": "065b84da8d997845a3d2b5fa4b75b3fbec5a15ac807b79cd9c2cab5f3554f4a1" }, "source_url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "source_record_ref": "CMHC Table A6_1 K46 / Table F6-4 G45; Statistics Canada annual v42127995, monthly January–December 2025, population v1589917707 (July 1,2025); native Notes!A2 SGC2021 adapter.", "licence": { "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data", "acknowledgement": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This information is reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of CMHC.", "derived_notice": "Adapted from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025. This does not constitute an endorsement by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation of this product.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data/cmhc-licence-agreement-use-of-data" }, "population_licence": { "name": "Statistics Canada Open Licence", "url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "acknowledgement": "Source: Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0148-01, January 14, 2026 release, July 1, 2025 population estimates.", "derived_notice": "Housing-supply rate calculated by BestCityToLive / AINT.app from Statistics Canada population estimates and CMHC completion counts; no publisher endorsement.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation", "title": "Starts and Completions Survey, January to December 2025; all intended markets", "url": "https://assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/housing-data-tables/housing-market-data/housing-information-monthly/2025/december/provincial-starts-completions-dwelling-type-12-25-en.xlsx", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "Table 17-10-0148-01, July 1,2025 population estimates; preliminary postcensal", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/17100148-eng.zip", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" }, { "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "title": "CMA2021 digital boundaries; original whole-CMA provincial-part identity proof", "url": "https://geo.statcan.gc.ca/geo_wa/rest/services/2021/Digital_boundary_files/MapServer/6", "licence": "Statistics Canada Open Licence" } ], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Official 2025 gross CMHC dwelling construction completions per 1,000 July 1 residents in 2021 official census metropolitan area: Vancouver (CMAUID 933). Official CMHC construction-stage completion: generally all proposed work has been performed, although up to 10% may remain under some circumstances. For multi-dwelling buildings the stage applies to the structure; the reported counts are dwelling units. This is not legal occupancy certification, actual occupation, sale or absorption. Preliminary postcensal July 1, 2025 population estimate, all ages and total gender; not a census count, projection or final estimate. No numeric confidence interval is published for the selected source rows. Native CMHC December 2025 workbook Notes!A2 explicitly assigns SGC2021 Census geography from January 2023. The annual/monthly Statistics Canada completion CSVs retain literal 2011-prefixed national-CMA DGUIDs; their cause is not asserted and they are never rewritten. The population table explicitly uses national CMA2021 DGUIDs. Original CMA classification codes, names, native workbook totals/notes, the complete 156-feature CMA/CA provincial-part source inventory (42 CMA B, 105 CA D, 9 tracted CA K features), and exact agency polygons bind this reviewed source adapter. All four selected units are type B CMAs, each with one provincial part. No equivalence with PM/heat estimated-FUA2015 is claimed.", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "source_ref": "source-60dc249871b8d194", "licence_source_refs": [ "source-cdf1ed360db5ae6f", "source-022c94e4a8032a40" ], "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-60dc249871b8d194", "source-b1d092b64a16e632", "source-e2f3edd0cd9c4fe3" ], "notice": "Reviewed historical gross new-build construction completions per 1,000 preliminary July 1 residents. 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Current engine admission, source review and an official quarterly result are separate." }, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "vienna", "name": "Vienna", "country": { "id": "country:AUT", "name": "Austria", "iso_2": "AT", "iso_3": "AUT", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/vienna", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/vienna.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 1, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "vienna", "id": "1081", "name": "Vienna", "constituentNames": [ "Vienna" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Austria", "UN_WPP": "Austria" }, "population2025": 2056564.784, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 325, "densityPerKm2": 6327.891643076923, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 48.200053, "longitude": 16.3637215, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 48.2082, "longitude": 16.3738, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M179.71,24.57L192.86,24.57L206.0,50.86L225.71,50.86L225.71,64.0L232.29,64.0L232.29,70.57L245.43,70.57L245.43,90.29L225.71,90.29L225.71,96.86L219.14,96.86L219.14,116.57L225.71,116.57L232.29,129.71L245.43,129.71L245.43,136.29L212.57,136.29L212.57,129.71L186.29,129.71L186.29,136.29L146.86,142.86L146.86,149.43L140.29,149.43L140.29,169.14L146.86,169.14L146.86,175.71L153.43,175.71L160.0,188.86L153.43,188.86L153.43,202.0L140.29,202.0L140.29,188.86L127.14,182.29L120.57,156.0L107.43,149.43L107.43,110.0L100.86,110.0L100.86,96.86L94.29,96.86L94.29,90.29L74.57,90.29L74.57,83.71L81.14,83.71L81.14,77.14L107.43,77.14L107.43,70.57L114.0,70.57L114.0,50.86L140.29,50.86L153.43,24.57L166.57,24.57L166.57,18.0L179.71,18.0L179.71,24.57Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 160.85, "y": 86.59 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 156.53, "y": 92.27 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.06666666666666667, "accepted_metrics": 2, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0, "infrastructure": 0, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after 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observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "vienna", "metric": "pm25", "value": 11.236545106003751, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:vienna", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-790", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-790.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "dc5310d425873252eab0e29692080fb2523ca748527214c11fb78bb086d660cd", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-790.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 790", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2565196.338830962, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vienna (790)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:790", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vienna (790)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 3104, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3104, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 468, "total_known_modelled_population": 2565196.338830962, "pm_covered_population": 2565196.338830962, "weighted_concentration_sum": 28823944.367029786, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 11.239491704133446, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 11.024331610979576, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Vienna (source ID 790). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-vienna", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-790.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-vienna", "observation_sha256": "1bb026556f1e564d52e5dca17c877879398caf6e12e2308c553cf17e58eeda75", "evidence_review_sha256": "b2d3f380af01a4d777926271bdd393baeb274a77f3101717920516a838b9a77a", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:vienna", "geography_sha256": "319a8e348198eb0da27e2833d1501e73959687936650a14843c4ca7cbbe1d7d7", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-790", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "ac9b5f88af137414714be80d90555be8dd55523f9e530f90e3d59102486bf3c9", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-790", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-790.npz", "sha256": "dc5310d425873252eab0e29692080fb2523ca748527214c11fb78bb086d660cd", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:vienna", "city_slug": "vienna", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "790", "source_name": "Vienna", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "vienna", "estimated_area_id": 790, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "AT001F", "oecd_name": "Wien", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 3104, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 9616.63455715997, "intersection_km2": 3094.53767173292, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9969515695015851, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.3217900870974568, "intersection_over_union": 0.32147377161949625, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 16.3738, "latitude": 48.2082, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "AUT", "source_country_iso3": "AUT", "source_country_name": "Austria" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:790", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=790; fid=258", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 258, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "3b21a550d12bbb9645c8287e2e063c4f252ae0b3bf4383dd41d46cdd25ac39e8", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "1f15df0aad426ae3236dd73df1594547f92d88dedfe77be10b974418ab6d8e27", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 790, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "3b21a550d12bbb9645c8287e2e063c4f252ae0b3bf4383dd41d46cdd25ac39e8", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "804f8e6cef1eacf89b37066e20f75a6b0c19414b707d7808de0656069ef295dd" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vienna (790)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:vienna", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "vienna", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 1.989229923804933, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:vienna", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-790", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-790.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "766b8a9d581cd1ef23b261563d6144c92d1ee82c41978ee9c9bb882bbcd3a257", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-790.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 790", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2565196.338830962, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vienna (790)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:790", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vienna (790)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3104, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3104, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 468, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2565196.338830962, "weather_covered_population": 2565196.338830962, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5102765.317637407, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Vienna (source ID 790). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.9977197352335414, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2559347.012000477 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.973893658453069, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2498228.4470745036 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.017616530118322652, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 45189.85856242664 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2565196.338830962, "strict_value": 1.989229923804933, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5102765.317637407, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.9977197352335414, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2559347.012000477, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.973893658453069, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2498228.4470745036, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.017616530118322652, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 45189.85856242664, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-vienna", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-790.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-vienna", "observation_sha256": "e250afe2dfa5dba38b01c4be196c87daf55951ea44d21dd4c32909093a1d9ab1", "evidence_review_sha256": "635fb804d6127d7bddef6a670c23e3805ed2357ce81fcf0fb25d595308dbb42e", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:vienna", "geography_sha256": "11cbb0b33191f837cd1eaec8520a8062f1d80927f377c334da52104b616043b8", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-790", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "044cb4b132c5e3e168550229661fe2d7fe2591043f488a3a0ff5a2dddf5b811c", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-790", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-790.npz", "sha256": "766b8a9d581cd1ef23b261563d6144c92d1ee82c41978ee9c9bb882bbcd3a257", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:vienna", "city_slug": "vienna", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "790", "source_name": "Vienna", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "vienna", "estimated_area_id": 790, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "AT001F", "oecd_name": "Wien", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 3104, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 9616.63455715997, "intersection_km2": 3094.53767173292, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9969515695015851, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.3217900870974568, "intersection_over_union": 0.32147377161949625, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 16.3738, "latitude": 48.2082, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "AUT", "source_country_iso3": "AUT", "source_country_name": "Austria" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:790", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=790; fid=258", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 258, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "3b21a550d12bbb9645c8287e2e063c4f252ae0b3bf4383dd41d46cdd25ac39e8", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "1f15df0aad426ae3236dd73df1594547f92d88dedfe77be10b974418ab6d8e27", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 790, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "3b21a550d12bbb9645c8287e2e063c4f252ae0b3bf4383dd41d46cdd25ac39e8", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "804f8e6cef1eacf89b37066e20f75a6b0c19414b707d7808de0656069ef295dd" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vienna (790)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:vienna", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:vienna", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. 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Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "vienna", "name": "Vienna", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, 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null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], 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V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "vienna", "metric": "pm25", "value": 11.236545106003751, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:vienna", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-790", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-790.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "dc5310d425873252eab0e29692080fb2523ca748527214c11fb78bb086d660cd", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-790.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 790", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2565196.338830962, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vienna (790)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:790", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vienna (790)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 3104, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3104, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 468, "total_known_modelled_population": 2565196.338830962, "pm_covered_population": 2565196.338830962, "weighted_concentration_sum": 28823944.367029786, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 11.239491704133446, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 11.024331610979576, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Vienna (source ID 790). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "vienna", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 1.989229923804933, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:vienna", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-790", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-790.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "766b8a9d581cd1ef23b261563d6144c92d1ee82c41978ee9c9bb882bbcd3a257", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-790.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 790", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2565196.338830962, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vienna (790)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:790", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vienna (790)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3104, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3104, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 468, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2565196.338830962, "weather_covered_population": 2565196.338830962, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5102765.317637407, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Vienna (source ID 790). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.9977197352335414, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2559347.012000477 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.973893658453069, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2498228.4470745036 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.017616530118322652, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 45189.85856242664 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2565196.338830962, "strict_value": 1.989229923804933, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5102765.317637407, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.9977197352335414, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2559347.012000477, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.973893658453069, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2498228.4470745036, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.017616530118322652, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 45189.85856242664, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-vienna", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-790.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "vienna", "source_city_name": "Wien", "source_country_name": "Austria", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:vienna:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "vienna", "source_city_name": "Wien", "source_country_name": "Austria", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "Wien", "country": "Austria" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 10.108811378, "value_as_published": "10.108811378", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "1,766,746", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2014 for city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 3, "csv_line_end": 4, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "Wien", "Country": "Austria", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "10.108811378", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2014 for city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "1,766,746" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "vienna", "city_name": "Vienna", "destination_country_iso3": "AUT", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 16.3738, "latitude": 48.2082, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "AT001F", "country_iso3": "AUT", "source_name": "Wien", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 350, "member_ids": [ "AUT10101", "AUT10301", "AUT10302", "AUT10303", "AUT10304", "AUT10305", "AUT10306", "AUT10308", "AUT10309", "AUT10310", "AUT10311", "AUT10312", "AUT10314", "AUT10315", "AUT10316", "AUT10317", "AUT10318", "AUT10319", "AUT10320", "AUT10321", "AUT10322", "AUT10323", "AUT10601", "AUT10602", "AUT10603", "AUT10605", "AUT10606", "AUT10607", "AUT10608", "AUT10609", "AUT10611", "AUT10612", "AUT10614", "AUT10615", "AUT10616", "AUT10617", "AUT10701", "AUT10702", "AUT10703", "AUT10704", "AUT10705", "AUT10706", "AUT10707", "AUT10708", "AUT10709", "AUT10710", "AUT10711", "AUT10712", "AUT10713", "AUT10714", "AUT10715", "AUT10716", "AUT10717", "AUT10718", "AUT10719", "AUT10720", "AUT10721", "AUT10722", "AUT10723", "AUT10724", "AUT10725", "AUT10726", "AUT10727", "AUT30401", "AUT30601", "AUT30602", "AUT30603", "AUT30604", "AUT30607", "AUT30608", "AUT30612", "AUT30613", "AUT30614", "AUT30615", "AUT30616", "AUT30618", "AUT30620", "AUT30621", "AUT30623", "AUT30625", "AUT30626", "AUT30629", "AUT30631", "AUT30633", "AUT30635", "AUT30636", "AUT30637", "AUT30639", "AUT30641", "AUT30645", "AUT30646", "AUT30701", "AUT30702", "AUT30703", "AUT30704", "AUT30706", "AUT30708", "AUT30709", "AUT30710", "AUT30711", "AUT30712", "AUT30713", "AUT30715", "AUT30716", "AUT30718", "AUT30719", "AUT30721", "AUT30722", "AUT30724", "AUT30726", "AUT30728", "AUT30729", "AUT30730", "AUT30731", "AUT30732", "AUT30733", "AUT30734", "AUT30735", "AUT30736", "AUT30737", "AUT30738", "AUT30739", "AUT30740", "AUT30741", "AUT30801", "AUT30802", "AUT30803", "AUT30804", "AUT30805", "AUT30808", "AUT30810", "AUT30811", "AUT30812", "AUT30813", "AUT30814", "AUT30817", "AUT30819", "AUT30821", "AUT30822", "AUT30824", "AUT30825", "AUT30826", "AUT30827", "AUT30828", "AUT30829", "AUT30830", "AUT30831", "AUT30834", "AUT30835", "AUT30836", "AUT30838", "AUT30841", "AUT30842", "AUT30844", "AUT30845", "AUT30846", "AUT30848", "AUT30849", "AUT30850", "AUT30852", "AUT30854", "AUT30856", "AUT30857", "AUT30858", "AUT30859", "AUT30860", "AUT30863", "AUT30865", "AUT31001", "AUT31008", "AUT31009", "AUT31014", "AUT31015", "AUT31016", 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Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f3fa823ee927eca9567283dddc056900a7655485005a3cef5cc68315bd62df6f", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 790, "eFUA_name": "Vienna", "Cntry_ISO": "AUT", "Cntry_name": "Austria", "UC_IDs": "3027", "UC_num": 1, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "3b21a550d12bbb9645c8287e2e063c4f252ae0b3bf4383dd41d46cdd25ac39e8", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:vienna", "city_slug": "vienna", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "790", "source_name": "Vienna", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Vienna (790)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:vienna", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "vienna", "city_name": "Vienna", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:790", "source_area_id": "790", "source_area_name": "Vienna", "value": 11.236545106003751, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 3104, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3104, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 468, "total_known_modelled_population": 2565196.338830962, "pm_covered_population": 2565196.338830962, "weighted_concentration_sum": 28823944.367029786, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 2565196.338830962, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 11.239491704133446, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 11.024331610979576, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-790.npz", "sha256": "dc5310d425873252eab0e29692080fb2523ca748527214c11fb78bb086d660cd" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:vienna", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-vienna", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Vienna (source ID 790). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. 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This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 3104, "population_grid_valid_cells": 3104, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 468, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2565196.338830962, "weather_covered_population": 2565196.338830962, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5102765.317637407, "native_weather_points": 14, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.9977197352335414, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2559347.012000477 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.973893658453069, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 2498228.4470745036 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.017616530118322652, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 45189.85856242664 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2565196.338830962, "strict_value": 1.989229923804933, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5102765.317637407, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.9977197352335414, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2559347.012000477, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.973893658453069, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 2498228.4470745036, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.017616530118322652, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 45189.85856242664, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-790.npz", "sha256": "766b8a9d581cd1ef23b261563d6144c92d1ee82c41978ee9c9bb882bbcd3a257" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. 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These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "warsaw", "name": "Warsaw", "country": { "id": "country:POL", "name": "Poland", "iso_2": "PL", "iso_3": "POL", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/warsaw", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/warsaw.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 1, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:warsaw", "city_slug": "warsaw", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "3222", "source_name": "Warsaw", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "warsaw", "estimated_area_id": 3222, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "PL001F", "oecd_name": "Warszawa", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 4181, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 8599.395280442115, "intersection_km2": 3701.9431168098463, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8854205015091716, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.4304887723011519, "intersection_over_union": 0.40777249800793214, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 21.0122, "latitude": 52.2297, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "POL", "source_country_iso3": "POL", "source_country_name": "Poland" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3222", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=3222; fid=7334", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7334, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "6b0258a2bf31f1eeca1ac852774ee91929c685181511d7054a94bb43238be201", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "1e668e2aba226db5245492b078520bdbb40a80afaa0bcc8f3acb5544cb2123a6", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 3222, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "eeb751616bcf77b49fecf0c3b3d1fa0677715a71e2f4c6759e72cdab56893857", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "7e2f6bb15ca4622afd3b3284dbd63a224b0cac21c423f3ceb44116b2d89a230f" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Warsaw (3222)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:warsaw", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "warsaw", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:warsaw", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3222", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3222.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f5939c3255902522431b930cca0c9f72761259cde61d1b9fcac6cd71c11f98f1", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3222.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3222", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2975931.9294594172, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Warsaw (3222)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3222", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Warsaw (3222)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 4181, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4181, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 271, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2975931.9294594172, "weather_covered_population": 2975931.9294594172, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 18, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Warsaw (source ID 3222). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2975931.9294594172, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-warsaw", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3222.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-warsaw", "observation_sha256": "42e6ccf50356a555154c6ecd26b49189b9ce4e2d93596902972c82a30a59ed91", "evidence_review_sha256": "7e58adf8ab283956049fb7917170bc8718caeb0fd3b4a888be7f719486642f26", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:warsaw", "geography_sha256": "bab8e51ac896c8df86c31d2da3f302def78c51d641dfbf8baede7cca9a9020fd", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3222", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "68b6ece323eb1694965684fb64a93eb5db26e8a5771184c7ff784da4aa2634cb", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-3222", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3222.npz", "sha256": "f5939c3255902522431b930cca0c9f72761259cde61d1b9fcac6cd71c11f98f1", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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"geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3222", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "88efc6754b087b53518cbc6af29fb4851ca92cf5bb1a4f28c3efe35255f8f566", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-3222", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3222.npz", "sha256": "104e6af0f513e229aede78ad404f2a0136ece2271391a6060b9ca27c2f3da994", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "warsaw", "metric": "pm25", "value": 16.282900767429037, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:warsaw", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3222", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3222.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "104e6af0f513e229aede78ad404f2a0136ece2271391a6060b9ca27c2f3da994", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-3222.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 3222", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2975931.9294594172, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Warsaw (3222)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3222", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Warsaw (3222)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 4181, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4181, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 271, "total_known_modelled_population": 2975931.9294594172, "pm_covered_population": 2975931.9294594172, "weighted_concentration_sum": 48456804.29801132, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 16.28271826423839, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 16.18732896302871, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Warsaw (source ID 3222). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-warsaw", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-3222.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-3c689f911da039865e5ee86da47e38232512dbee92b33256e44eaf87b00fc63c", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-warsaw", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-3c689f911da039865e5ee86da47e38232512dbee92b33256e44eaf87b00fc63c", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-warsaw", "observation_sha256": "42e6ccf50356a555154c6ecd26b49189b9ce4e2d93596902972c82a30a59ed91", "evidence_review_sha256": "7e58adf8ab283956049fb7917170bc8718caeb0fd3b4a888be7f719486642f26", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:warsaw", "geography_sha256": "bab8e51ac896c8df86c31d2da3f302def78c51d641dfbf8baede7cca9a9020fd", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3222", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "68b6ece323eb1694965684fb64a93eb5db26e8a5771184c7ff784da4aa2634cb", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-3222", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3222.npz", "sha256": "f5939c3255902522431b930cca0c9f72761259cde61d1b9fcac6cd71c11f98f1", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "warsaw", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:warsaw", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3222", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3222.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f5939c3255902522431b930cca0c9f72761259cde61d1b9fcac6cd71c11f98f1", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-3222.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 3222", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2975931.9294594172, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Warsaw (3222)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3222", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Warsaw (3222)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 4181, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4181, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 271, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2975931.9294594172, "weather_covered_population": 2975931.9294594172, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 18, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Warsaw (source ID 3222). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2975931.9294594172, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-warsaw", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3222.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "warsaw", "source_city_name": "Warszawa", "source_country_name": "Poland", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:warsaw:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "warsaw", "source_city_name": "Warszawa", "source_country_name": "Poland", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "Warszawa", "country": "Poland" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 15.785153389, "value_as_published": "15.785153389", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "1,777,972", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2018 for city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 525, "csv_line_end": 526, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "Warszawa", "Country": "Poland", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "15.785153389", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2018 for city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "1,777,972" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "warsaw", "city_name": "Warsaw", "destination_country_iso3": "POL", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 21.0122, "latitude": 52.2297, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "PL001F", "country_iso3": "POL", "source_name": "Warszawa", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 101, "member_ids": [ "POL100509", "POL140209", "POL140303", "POL140310", "POL1405", "POL140501", "POL140502", "POL140503", "POL140504", "POL140505", "POL140506", "POL140603", "POL1408", "POL140801", "POL140802", "POL140803", "POL140804", "POL140805", "POL1412", "POL141201", "POL141204", "POL141205", "POL141206", "POL141207", "POL141208", "POL141209", "POL141210", "POL141211", "POL141212", "POL141213", "POL141214", "POL141215", "POL1414", "POL141401", "POL141402", "POL141403", "POL141404", "POL141405", "POL141406", "POL141605", "POL1417", "POL141701", "POL141702", "POL141703", "POL141704", "POL141705", "POL141706", "POL141708", "POL1418", "POL141802", "POL141803", "POL141804", "POL141805", "POL142004", "POL142005", "POL142006", "POL142007", "POL142012", "POL1421", "POL142101", "POL142102", "POL142103", "POL142104", "POL142105", "POL142106", "POL142403", "POL142405", "POL142603", "POL142805", "POL142808", "POL1432", "POL143201", "POL143202", "POL143203", "POL143204", "POL143205", "POL143206", "POL143207", "POL1433", "POL143303", "POL143305", "POL143307", "POL143308", "POL1434", "POL143401", "POL143402", "POL143403", "POL143404", "POL143405", "POL143406", "POL143407", "POL143408", "POL143409", "POL143410", "POL143411", "POL143412", "POL143506", "POL143803", "POL143805", "POL1465", "POL146501" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Counties (Powiaty)", "Municipalities (Gminy)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Counties (Powiaty)": 11, "Municipalities (Gminy)": 90 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "091ae468829cf74715c0b1564af8baa70228f374340c9405ff9b4aa85551daba", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 3222, "eFUA_name": "Warsaw", "Cntry_ISO": "POL", "Cntry_name": "Poland", "UC_IDs": "3216;3219", "UC_num": 2, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "6b0258a2bf31f1eeca1ac852774ee91929c685181511d7054a94bb43238be201", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "PL001F", "URAU_NAME": "Warszawa", "CNTR_CODE": "PL" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:warsaw", "city_slug": "warsaw", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "3222", "source_name": "Warsaw", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "warsaw", "estimated_area_id": 3222, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "PL001F", "oecd_name": "Warszawa", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 4181, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 8599.395280442115, "intersection_km2": 3701.9431168098463, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.8854205015091716, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.4304887723011519, "intersection_over_union": 0.40777249800793214, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 21.0122, "latitude": 52.2297, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "POL", "source_country_iso3": "POL", "source_country_name": "Poland" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3222", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=3222; fid=7334", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7334, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "6b0258a2bf31f1eeca1ac852774ee91929c685181511d7054a94bb43238be201", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "1e668e2aba226db5245492b078520bdbb40a80afaa0bcc8f3acb5544cb2123a6", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 3222, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "eeb751616bcf77b49fecf0c3b3d1fa0677715a71e2f4c6759e72cdab56893857", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "7e2f6bb15ca4622afd3b3284dbd63a224b0cac21c423f3ceb44116b2d89a230f" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Warsaw (3222)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:warsaw", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:warsaw", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "warsaw", "city_name": "Warsaw", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:3222", "source_area_id": "3222", "source_area_name": "Warsaw", "value": 0, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:warsaw", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-warsaw", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Warsaw (source ID 3222). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 4181, "population_grid_valid_cells": 4181, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 271, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2975931.9294594172, "weather_covered_population": 2975931.9294594172, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "native_weather_points": 18, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2975931.9294594172, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-3222.npz", "sha256": "f5939c3255902522431b930cca0c9f72761259cde61d1b9fcac6cd71c11f98f1" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null }, { "slug": "washington-dc", "name": "Washington DC", "country": { "id": "country:USA", "name": "United States", "iso_2": "US", "iso_3": "USA", "continent": "North America" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/washington-dc", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/washington-dc.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 3, "agency_measurements": 3, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 6, "air_monitor_records": 6, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. 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34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "8fcbe9e141daab0dcd5891bf0b071e3389f75cf1d553e5099e63cfc438f9f173" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "a66806f4c4ab8dc539816f3649de4e274f625f82b30ade0f6c08f0ecfe3d5ccf" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "2aba112a4c739abfe4607d22262188fc11f297babb9884c04b543683a9915cc6" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "e935e03049ce49fd4abe3f7ffa3ad19658a17a476727de4f9ec6208400fbdf5c" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 6415518, "value": 6.858370594549029, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 44000000, "denominator": 6415518, "reduced_fraction": "22000000/3207759" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 1017, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 27, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 439, "9999": 1 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 6, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 6, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-washington-dc", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-washington-dc", "observation_sha256": "4fcd9786946c7007cbb1a1a8d95df99a4ef17405cc8fe3605716920bd1e373b6", "evidence_review_sha256": "03a9788914106c5c5eaf71e4049e3a0cce67e81966f556f6a8b0749f1794d54b", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "cada0ae696c1201d0333efdad9635dd78025c242ca7a692a246d32f283dfe604", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:washington-dc", "geography_sha256": "fcc5f3ffe276bec031fbedf2cbf54bcdae610ce54772726b1fbf52d8cb660fb9", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "c8e61178fe7091eca4a5b414f59a87c3cdcc5f0e16e2df4ee0a807479da493bb", "source_frame": { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "8fcbe9e141daab0dcd5891bf0b071e3389f75cf1d553e5099e63cfc438f9f173", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "a66806f4c4ab8dc539816f3649de4e274f625f82b30ade0f6c08f0ecfe3d5ccf", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:washington-dc", "city_slug": "washington-dc", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "47900", "source_name": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "washington-dc", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -77.0369, "latitude": 38.9072, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -77.0369, 38.9072 ], "transformed_point": [ -77.0369, 38.9072 ], "native_matches": [ "47900" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 24947.798351437592, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "8fcbe9e141daab0dcd5891bf0b071e3389f75cf1d553e5099e63cfc438f9f173" }, "county_fips": [ "11001", "24017", "24021", "24031", "24033", "51013", "51043", "51047", "51059", "51061", "51107", "51153", "51157", "51177", "51179", "51187", "51510", "51600", "51610", "51630", "51683", "51685", "54037" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:47900", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA47900; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record485", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "a66806f4c4ab8dc539816f3649de4e274f625f82b30ade0f6c08f0ecfe3d5ccf", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 485, "native_shp_record_number": 485, "native_cbsa_code": "47900", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US47900", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:washington-dc", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "a66806f4c4ab8dc539816f3649de4e274f625f82b30ade0f6c08f0ecfe3d5ccf", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "washington-dc", "metric": "pm25", "value": 7.024206774902888, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:washington-dc", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7068", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7068.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "a8ce05dee873150270db7495faec44def70ecc354a6bcfbc91fcda45a0176579", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7068.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 7068", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 5991806.5196682345, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Washington D.C. (7068)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7068", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Washington D.C. (7068)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 7446, "population_grid_valid_cells": 7446, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 341, "total_known_modelled_population": 5991806.5196682345, "pm_covered_population": 5991806.5196682345, "weighted_concentration_sum": 42087687.94936091, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 7.017997089491702, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 6.974952201989161, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Washington D.C. (source ID 7068). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-washington-dc", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7068.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-washington-dc", "observation_sha256": "f7fa4f6c581d0de3b6ba658a59857f94a751cfcdd800564dcaefa8600d87e79e", "evidence_review_sha256": "0d312bd01c9f08d483db1b6ace8d96d2cdbdca31f5de20f87fed68d838b014f4", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:washington-dc", "geography_sha256": "daba4309b8f80d41ce0d49b071bc6a39bfd6a0f0ac8857d1825aaed10640a255", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7068", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "a96c71f98e9d3a75d7230bbd7648b9460b6f7cabdd6e0e958c82d6edfda037bc", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-7068", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7068.npz", "sha256": "a8ce05dee873150270db7495faec44def70ecc354a6bcfbc91fcda45a0176579", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:washington-dc", "city_slug": "washington-dc", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "7068", "source_name": "Washington D.C.", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "washington-dc", "estimated_area_id": 7068, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "USA04F", "oecd_name": "Washington (Greater)", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 7446, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 23798.500322624288, "intersection_km2": 7397.143157178455, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.993438511573792, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.31082391986465996, "intersection_over_union": 0.3101871249656425, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -77.0369, "latitude": 38.9072, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_name": "UnitedStates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7068", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=7068; fid=8700", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8700, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f1366025968ab7b15f26e97bec22ad812a9db7c9a1ac133422363c8fbe35e46a", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "da1b0a5c8b7df777602266f4a90f6e81c016e6a2fb2d22460af23bac19f3c7c4", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 7068, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "4b75f6c6f3a69fbd403a1ece27c8fec6adec032d4745d4fcb6f158da0e04d3b3", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "e79ecbadafb923d4f91f909c3407b44d0e7b26436822728654ba3dd2f9dca381" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": false, "validity_adapter_applied": true, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Washington D.C. (7068)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:washington-dc", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "washington-dc", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 18.8951179654893, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:washington-dc", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7068", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7068.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "57f558c4796780e72f1678b7d2927a971fb8199f0f104fe399693e76892f7444", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7068.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 7068", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 5991806.5196682345, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Washington D.C. (7068)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7068", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Washington D.C. (7068)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 7446, "population_grid_valid_cells": 7446, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 341, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 5991806.5196682345, "weather_covered_population": 5991806.5196682345, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 113215891.01551917, "native_weather_points": 24, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Washington D.C. (source ID 7068). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 6.393254620612407, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 38307144.717684485 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.939948014328397, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 65550051.83708445 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.561915330548495, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9358694.460750237 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 5991806.5196682345, "strict_value": 18.8951179654893, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 113215891.01551917, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 6.393254620612407, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 38307144.717684485, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.939948014328397, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 65550051.83708445, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.561915330548495, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9358694.460750237, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-washington-dc", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7068.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-washington-dc", "observation_sha256": "ab9861a25002aab752575dc56ea6eba47a10d0079fcd00141223716d32ad7c5a", "evidence_review_sha256": "81e4870444d4577795f42019e120ddded83b34c5823a55fa010e7527a2931060", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:washington-dc", "geography_sha256": "dfd7f6a35865e2314b016ab8fe487ff2f7a4256f5543ab132b2deeb993d60570", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7068", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "cd17fec459728abe4ee709ffc70fdafdb2f76aeb9bd6209fb2a3b94a5d9f2b06", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-7068", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7068.npz", "sha256": "57f558c4796780e72f1678b7d2927a971fb8199f0f104fe399693e76892f7444", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:washington-dc", "city_slug": "washington-dc", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "7068", "source_name": "Washington D.C.", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "washington-dc", "name": "Washington DC", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-24b7c0a8aec852c8b0a6bc5ebfa32def49ce24eba04ff107a895c6871210b5b0", "selected_evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-washington-dc", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-24b7c0a8aec852c8b0a6bc5ebfa32def49ce24eba04ff107a895c6871210b5b0", "identity": { "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-washington-dc", "observation_sha256": "4fcd9786946c7007cbb1a1a8d95df99a4ef17405cc8fe3605716920bd1e373b6", "evidence_review_sha256": "03a9788914106c5c5eaf71e4049e3a0cce67e81966f556f6a8b0749f1794d54b", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "cada0ae696c1201d0333efdad9635dd78025c242ca7a692a246d32f283dfe604", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:washington-dc", "geography_sha256": "fcc5f3ffe276bec031fbedf2cbf54bcdae610ce54772726b1fbf52d8cb660fb9", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "c8e61178fe7091eca4a5b414f59a87c3cdcc5f0e16e2df4ee0a807479da493bb", "source_frame": { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "8fcbe9e141daab0dcd5891bf0b071e3389f75cf1d553e5099e63cfc438f9f173", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "a66806f4c4ab8dc539816f3649de4e274f625f82b30ade0f6c08f0ecfe3d5ccf", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "washington-dc", "metric": "road-deaths", "value": 6.836025044088477, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:washington-dc", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population.json", "source_frame_sha256": "8fcbe9e141daab0dcd5891bf0b071e3389f75cf1d553e5099e63cfc438f9f173", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 47900 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 6436489, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:47900", "boundary_label": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 440, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 415, "midyear_resident_population": 6436489, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 44000000, "denominator": 6436489, "reduced_fraction": "44000000/6436489" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "47900", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US47900", "source_area_name": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 485, "county_count": 23, "county_fips": [ "11001", "24017", "24021", "24031", "24033", "51013", "51043", "51047", "51059", "51061", "51107", "51153", "51157", "51177", "51179", "51187", "51510", "51600", "51610", "51630", "51683", "51685", "54037" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -77.0369, 38.9072 ], "transformed_point": [ -77.0369, 38.9072 ], "native_matches": [ "47900" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 24947.798351437592, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 1523, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "47900", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV", "LSAD": 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"-22784", "NETMIG2020": "-20102", "NETMIG2021": "-30129", "NETMIG2022": "-389", "NETMIG2023": "24863", "NETMIG2024": "61060", "RESIDUAL2020": "-2966", "RESIDUAL2021": "-298", "RESIDUAL2022": "811", "RESIDUAL2023": "141", "RESIDUAL2024": "29" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "8fcbe9e141daab0dcd5891bf0b071e3389f75cf1d553e5099e63cfc438f9f173" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "a66806f4c4ab8dc539816f3649de4e274f625f82b30ade0f6c08f0ecfe3d5ccf" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "2aba112a4c739abfe4607d22262188fc11f297babb9884c04b543683a9915cc6" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "e935e03049ce49fd4abe3f7ffa3ad19658a17a476727de4f9ec6208400fbdf5c" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 6415518, "value": 6.858370594549029, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 44000000, "denominator": 6415518, "reduced_fraction": "22000000/3207759" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 1017, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 27, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 439, "9999": 1 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 6, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 6, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-washington-dc", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-ffbe7705ce42d960e431c35864a08c9529c9083aa6bd8814f4f0d4c0c8250803", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-washington-dc", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-ffbe7705ce42d960e431c35864a08c9529c9083aa6bd8814f4f0d4c0c8250803", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-washington-dc", "observation_sha256": "f7fa4f6c581d0de3b6ba658a59857f94a751cfcdd800564dcaefa8600d87e79e", "evidence_review_sha256": "0d312bd01c9f08d483db1b6ace8d96d2cdbdca31f5de20f87fed68d838b014f4", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:washington-dc", "geography_sha256": "daba4309b8f80d41ce0d49b071bc6a39bfd6a0f0ac8857d1825aaed10640a255", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7068", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "a96c71f98e9d3a75d7230bbd7648b9460b6f7cabdd6e0e958c82d6edfda037bc", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-7068", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7068.npz", "sha256": "a8ce05dee873150270db7495faec44def70ecc354a6bcfbc91fcda45a0176579", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "washington-dc", "metric": "pm25", "value": 7.024206774902888, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:washington-dc", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7068", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7068.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "a8ce05dee873150270db7495faec44def70ecc354a6bcfbc91fcda45a0176579", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-7068.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 7068", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 5991806.5196682345, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Washington D.C. (7068)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7068", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Washington D.C. (7068)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 7446, "population_grid_valid_cells": 7446, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 341, "total_known_modelled_population": 5991806.5196682345, "pm_covered_population": 5991806.5196682345, "weighted_concentration_sum": 42087687.94936091, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 7.017997089491702, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 6.974952201989161, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Washington D.C. (source ID 7068). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-washington-dc", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7068.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-be986adff9991da9f9294db075eaedae2b5650475913473c4635ac32d25d838b", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-washington-dc", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-be986adff9991da9f9294db075eaedae2b5650475913473c4635ac32d25d838b", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-washington-dc", "observation_sha256": "ab9861a25002aab752575dc56ea6eba47a10d0079fcd00141223716d32ad7c5a", "evidence_review_sha256": "81e4870444d4577795f42019e120ddded83b34c5823a55fa010e7527a2931060", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:washington-dc", "geography_sha256": "dfd7f6a35865e2314b016ab8fe487ff2f7a4256f5543ab132b2deeb993d60570", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7068", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "cd17fec459728abe4ee709ffc70fdafdb2f76aeb9bd6209fb2a3b94a5d9f2b06", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-7068", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7068.npz", "sha256": "57f558c4796780e72f1678b7d2927a971fb8199f0f104fe399693e76892f7444", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "washington-dc", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 18.8951179654893, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:washington-dc", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7068", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7068.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "57f558c4796780e72f1678b7d2927a971fb8199f0f104fe399693e76892f7444", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-7068.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 7068", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 5991806.5196682345, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Washington D.C. (7068)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7068", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Washington D.C. (7068)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 7446, "population_grid_valid_cells": 7446, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 341, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 5991806.5196682345, "weather_covered_population": 5991806.5196682345, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 113215891.01551917, "native_weather_points": 24, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Washington D.C. (source ID 7068). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 6.393254620612407, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 38307144.717684485 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.939948014328397, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 65550051.83708445 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.561915330548495, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9358694.460750237 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 5991806.5196682345, "strict_value": 18.8951179654893, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 113215891.01551917, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 6.393254620612407, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 38307144.717684485, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.939948014328397, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 65550051.83708445, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.561915330548495, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9358694.460750237, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-washington-dc", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7068.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. 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Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "washington-dc", "city_name": "Washington DC", "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -77.0369, "latitude": 38.9072, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "USA04F", "country_iso3": "USA", "source_name": "Washington (Greater)", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 1252, "member_ids": [ "USA11001", "USA1100150000", "USA1150000", "USA20001", "USA20002", 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"USA2463300", "USA2463375", "USA2463950", "USA2464375", "USA2464495", "USA2464568", "USA2464950", "USA2465312", "USA2465600", "USA2466400", "USA2466635", "USA2466762", "USA2466850", "USA2467500", "USA2467675", "USA2468300", "USA2468400", "USA2468600", "USA2468700", "USA2469200", "USA2469425", "USA2469675", "USA2470475", "USA2470525", "USA2470775", "USA2470850", "USA2471150", "USA2471200", "USA2471450", "USA2472350", "USA2472450", "USA2473325", "USA2473350", "USA2473600", "USA2473650", "USA2474050", "USA2474282", "USA2474560", "USA2475725", "USA2475810", "USA2476550", "USA2476650", "USA2476675", "USA2476725", "USA2477100", "USA2477262", "USA2477825", "USA2478050", "USA2478425", "USA2478650", "USA2479350", "USA2479675", "USA2479875", "USA2479900", "USA2481175", "USA2481250", "USA2481275", "USA2481675", "USA2483025", "USA2483100", "USA2483290", "USA2483775", "USA2484350", "USA2484375", "USA2484784", "USA2486475", "USA2486525", "USA2486710", "USA2486750", "USA25414", "USA25425", "USA25430", "USA25432", "USA25438", "USA25442", "USA25443", "USA25446", "USA5100772", "USA5101000", "USA51013", "USA5101390072", "USA5101912", "USA5102064", "USA5102112", "USA5102248", "USA5103000", "USA5103320", "USA5104088", "USA51043", "USA5104390256", "USA5104390544", "USA5104394703", "USA5104395495", "USA5104396367", "USA51047", "USA5104790640", "USA5104790680", "USA5104793447", "USA5104794079", "USA5104795535", "USA5104795895", "USA5104796303", "USA5105336", "USA51059", "USA5105928", "USA5105990464", "USA5105993391", "USA5105993943", "USA5105994207", "USA5105994543", "USA5105994783", "USA5105995191", "USA5105995847", "USA5105995999", "USA51061", "USA5106190688", "USA5106190704", "USA5106194215", "USA5106194511", "USA5106195599", "USA5106275", "USA5106968", "USA5108708", "USA5108984", "USA5109072", "USA5109188", "USA5109352", "USA5109952", "USA51107", "USA5110776", "USA5110790022", "USA5110790076", "USA5110790400", "USA5110790488", "USA5110790656", "USA5110793415", "USA5110794247", "USA5110795887", "USA5111224", "USA5111230", "USA5111245", "USA5111464", "USA5111470", "USA5112264", "USA5112472", "USA5113403", "USA5113624", "USA5114440", "USA5114744", "USA5115176", "USA51153", "USA5115390480", "USA5115390928", "USA5115393671", "USA5115394807", "USA5115394943", "USA5115395133", "USA5115396455", "USA51157", "USA5115793823", "USA5115794007", "USA5115795063", "USA5115795967", "USA5115796199", "USA5116240", "USA5117376", "USA51177", "USA5117790168", "USA5117790232", "USA5117790760", "USA5117791008", "USA5117794231", "USA5117794311", "USA5117795543", "USA51179", "USA5117990064", "USA5117993535", "USA5117993683", "USA5117993687", "USA5117993783", "USA5117993863", "USA5117995407", "USA51187", "USA5118793599", "USA5118793831", "USA5118794919", "USA5118795663", "USA5118795807", "USA5119560", "USA5119571", "USA5120436", "USA5120752", "USA5121088", "USA5122472", "USA5123392", "USA5123732", "USA5123760", "USA5123984", "USA5126496", "USA5126592", "USA5126701", "USA5126875", "USA5127200", "USA5127264", "USA5128496", "USA5128528", "USA5129008", "USA5129136", "USA5129552", "USA5129628", "USA5129744", "USA5129968", "USA5130176", "USA5130618", "USA5131912", "USA5132496", "USA5132498", "USA5132592", "USA5133584", "USA5134240", "USA5135912", "USA5135976", "USA5136648", "USA5137288", "USA5139064", "USA5139259", "USA5139304", "USA5139448", "USA5139544", "USA5139916", "USA5142501", "USA5142664", "USA5142680", "USA5142746", "USA5143352", "USA5143432", "USA5143600", "USA5144048", "USA5144430", "USA5144984", "USA5145008", "USA5145784", "USA5145957", "USA5146328", "USA5146760", "USA5147064", "USA5147136", "USA5147208", "USA5147296", "USA5148376", "USA5148450", "USA5148952", "USA5148968", "USA5149144", "USA5149656", "USA5149998", "USA51510", "USA5151090020", "USA5151192", "USA5151448", "USA5151544", "USA5152658", "USA5153030", "USA5154144", "USA5155208", "USA5155528", "USA5155752", "USA5155758", "USA5156464", "USA5157560", "USA5158104", "USA5158472", "USA5158696", "USA5159364", "USA5159416", "USA51600", "USA5160093507", "USA5160536", "USA51610", "USA5161093531", "USA5162264", "USA51630", "USA5163093651", "USA5164152", "USA5165008", "USA5165120", "USA5165128", "USA5165776", "USA5166032", "USA5166512", "USA5166672", "USA51683", "USA5168394474", "USA51685", "USA5168594476", "USA5168880", "USA5169168", "USA5171216", "USA5171810", "USA5171825", "USA5171826", "USA5172935", "USA5173760", "USA5174100", "USA5174120", "USA5174384", "USA5174470", "USA5174592", "USA5174916", "USA5175376", "USA5175702", "USA5176416", "USA5176464", "USA5176516", "USA5178192", "USA5179360", "USA5179950", "USA5180029", "USA5180120", "USA5180224", "USA5181072", "USA5182371", "USA5183136", "USA5183248", "USA5183440", "USA5184368", "USA5184976", "USA5187240", "USA5187312", "USA5187333", "USA5187410", "USA5188176", "USA54037", "USA5403790504", "USA5403791548", "USA5403791740", "USA5403792160", "USA5403792760", "USA5408932", "USA5414610", "USA5435284", "USA5453692", "USA5466988", "USA5473252", "USA5473444", "USA5473468" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Counties", "Places", "Subcounties", "Zipcodes" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Counties": 31, "Places": 482, "Subcounties": 209, "Zipcodes": 530 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "79cabb101d8bbba1740fde1723304576464cfacfc51d643f02d40c0cc271ae0f", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 7068, "eFUA_name": "Washington D.C.", "Cntry_ISO": "USA", "Cntry_name": "UnitedStates", "UC_IDs": "852;855;856;858;859;871;874;877", "UC_num": 8, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "f1366025968ab7b15f26e97bec22ad812a9db7c9a1ac133422363c8fbe35e46a", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. 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Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Washington D.C. (7068)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:washington-dc", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-7068.npz", "sha256": "a8ce05dee873150270db7495faec44def70ecc354a6bcfbc91fcda45a0176579" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:washington-dc", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-washington-dc", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Washington D.C. (source ID 7068). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. 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Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "washington-dc", "city_name": "Washington DC", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:7068", "source_area_id": "7068", "source_area_name": "Washington D.C.", "value": 18.8951179654893, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:washington-dc", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-washington-dc", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Washington D.C. (source ID 7068). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 7446, "population_grid_valid_cells": 7446, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 341, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 5991806.5196682345, "weather_covered_population": 5991806.5196682345, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 113215891.01551917, "native_weather_points": 24, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 6.393254620612407, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 38307144.717684485 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 10.939948014328397, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 65550051.83708445 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.561915330548495, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 9358694.460750237 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 5991806.5196682345, "strict_value": 18.8951179654893, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 113215891.01551917, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 6.393254620612407, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 38307144.717684485, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 10.939948014328397, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 65550051.83708445, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.561915330548495, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 9358694.460750237, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-7068.npz", "sha256": "57f558c4796780e72f1678b7d2927a971fb8199f0f104fe399693e76892f7444" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": { "city_slug": "washington-dc", "value": 6.836025044088477, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:washington-dc", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 47900 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 6436489, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:47900", "boundary_label": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 440, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 415, "midyear_resident_population": 6436489, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 44000000, "denominator": 6436489, "reduced_fraction": "44000000/6436489" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "47900", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US47900", "source_area_name": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 485, "county_count": 23, "county_fips": [ "11001", "24017", "24021", "24031", "24033", "51013", "51043", "51047", "51059", "51061", "51107", "51153", "51157", "51177", "51179", "51187", "51510", "51600", "51610", "51630", "51683", "51685", "54037" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -77.0369, 38.9072 ], "transformed_point": [ -77.0369, 38.9072 ], "native_matches": [ "47900" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 24947.798351437592, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 1523, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "47900", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV", "LSAD": 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"/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "8fcbe9e141daab0dcd5891bf0b071e3389f75cf1d553e5099e63cfc438f9f173" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "a66806f4c4ab8dc539816f3649de4e274f625f82b30ade0f6c08f0ecfe3d5ccf" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "2aba112a4c739abfe4607d22262188fc11f297babb9884c04b543683a9915cc6" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "e935e03049ce49fd4abe3f7ffa3ad19658a17a476727de4f9ec6208400fbdf5c" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 6415518, "value": 6.858370594549029, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 44000000, "denominator": 6415518, "reduced_fraction": "22000000/3207759" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 1017, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 27, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 439, "9999": 1 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 6, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 6, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-washington-dc", "city_name": "Washington DC", "source_area_id": "47900", "source_area_name": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV", "review_status": "accepted", "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "8fcbe9e141daab0dcd5891bf0b071e3389f75cf1d553e5099e63cfc438f9f173" }, "numerator_person_fatalities": 440, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 415, "midyear_resident_population": 6436489, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_boundary": { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:washington-dc", "city_slug": "washington-dc", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "47900", "source_name": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "washington-dc", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -77.0369, "latitude": 38.9072, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -77.0369, 38.9072 ], "transformed_point": [ -77.0369, 38.9072 ], "native_matches": [ "47900" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 24947.798351437592, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "8fcbe9e141daab0dcd5891bf0b071e3389f75cf1d553e5099e63cfc438f9f173" }, "county_fips": [ "11001", "24017", "24021", "24031", "24033", "51013", "51043", "51047", "51059", "51061", "51107", "51153", "51157", "51177", "51179", "51187", "51510", "51600", "51610", "51630", "51683", "51685", "54037" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:47900", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA47900; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record485", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "a66806f4c4ab8dc539816f3649de4e274f625f82b30ade0f6c08f0ecfe3d5ccf", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 485, "native_shp_record_number": 485, "native_cbsa_code": "47900", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US47900", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:washington-dc", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "a66806f4c4ab8dc539816f3649de4e274f625f82b30ade0f6c08f0ecfe3d5ccf", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-washington-dc-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "licence_source_refs": [ "source-81cbb49139c6b6e8", "source-ca5172f562a17a92" ], "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ], "notice": "Territorial 2024 FARS motor-vehicle-involved traffic fatal-person counts per July 1, 2024 resident population, on complete OMB July 2023 metropolitan county sets. A motor vehicle in transport is required; eligible victims include occupants, pedestrians and cyclists, while nonmotor-only events are outside this initial global convention. The 2024 Annual Report File is provisional. The 30-day public-access trafficway classification is source-reported; unknown individual death timestamps are retained. Public access does not mean government road ownership or every publicly accessible parking area: qualifying parking lot ways are distinct from stalls and aisles. This is not resident lifetime risk, deaths per distance travelled, a municipal measure, a global comparison or an official quarterly result. Native NAD83 boundaries and the reviewed destination-point adapter are distinct from PM and heat geographies. Historical source review does not by itself establish current engine admission." } }, { "slug": "zurich", "name": "Zurich", "country": { "id": "country:CHE", "name": "Switzerland", "iso_2": "CH", "iso_3": "CHE", "continent": "Europe" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/zurich", "json_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/zurich.json", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 0, "agency_measurements": 0, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 1, "air_monitor_records": 0, "modelled_air_context_records": 1, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "zurich", "id": "1689", "name": "Zurich", "constituentNames": [ "Zurich" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "Switzerland", "UN_WPP": "Switzerland" }, "population2025": 689208.0731, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 187, "densityPerKm2": 3685.6046689839573, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 47.3816557, "longitude": 8.5374583, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 47.3769, "longitude": 8.5417, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": "M204.0,26.0L244.0,26.0L244.0,34.0L236.0,34.0L236.0,82.0L220.0,82.0L220.0,90.0L212.0,90.0L212.0,106.0L204.0,106.0L204.0,122.0L220.0,130.0L220.0,154.0L204.0,154.0L204.0,162.0L212.0,162.0L212.0,178.0L220.0,178.0L220.0,186.0L236.0,186.0L228.0,202.0L220.0,202.0L220.0,194.0L212.0,194.0L212.0,186.0L204.0,186.0L196.0,170.0L172.0,170.0L172.0,154.0L164.0,154.0L164.0,138.0L156.0,138.0L156.0,106.0L148.0,106.0L148.0,98.0L140.0,98.0L140.0,90.0L132.0,90.0L124.0,74.0L108.0,74.0L108.0,82.0L100.0,82.0L100.0,74.0L76.0,74.0L76.0,42.0L92.0,42.0L92.0,50.0L116.0,50.0L116.0,58.0L148.0,58.0L148.0,50.0L164.0,50.0L164.0,42.0L180.0,34.0L180.0,18.0L204.0,18.0L204.0,26.0Z", "viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 175.22, "y": 89.4 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 172.25, "y": 85.34 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.06666666666666667, "accepted_metrics": 2, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0, "infrastructure": 0, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after 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observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 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"pm25", "value": 9.384315653447127, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:zurich", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1479", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1479.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "19934cb164adcc82f52bec57c0e7ee2b7bd1fc4a530d56a6008b4ba099824e3f", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1479.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1479", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2124245.7611781457, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European 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Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:zurich", "city_slug": "zurich", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1479", "source_name": "Zurich", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "zurich", "estimated_area_id": 1479, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CH002F", "oecd_name": "Zürich", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2588, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 1465.5219018137539, "intersection_km2": 1392.3845519968488, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.5380156692414408, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.9500946729445742, "intersection_over_union": 0.5232291193435203, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 8.5417, "latitude": 47.3769, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CHE", "source_country_iso3": "CHE", "source_country_name": "Switzerland" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1479", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1479; fid=7983", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7983, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "7ef4d04d5eb9697b79a657fce8ad4d028060483814623fbb5c47bf4036c38e9f", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "1d749972fb3cc3ce4064a702c7ed01fa84129fd6c06fe2e5e561567867cef64e", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1479, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "7ef4d04d5eb9697b79a657fce8ad4d028060483814623fbb5c47bf4036c38e9f", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "cea58dc6a4dacfb2f18db39a7627dd6e31d81fb00f6426786d75be80f0692c29" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Zurich (1479)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:zurich", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "zurich", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0.4857585144139428, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:zurich", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1479", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1479.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f18a4e94f2f4577af9ca56bff16652616138d28b9f15693dab1de8e61e58cbf5", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1479.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1479", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2124245.7611781457, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Zurich (1479)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1479", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Zurich (1479)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2588, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2588, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 124, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2124245.7611781457, "weather_covered_population": 2124245.7611781457, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1031870.4652000112, "native_weather_points": 12, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Zurich (source ID 1479). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.1290140799089244, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 274057.61237883125 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.35674443450501836, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 757812.8528211799 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2124245.7611781457, "strict_value": 0.4857585144139428, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1031870.4652000112, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.1290140799089244, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 274057.61237883125, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.35674443450501836, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 757812.8528211799, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-zurich", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1479.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-zurich", "observation_sha256": "dc99b5ea4c5b6d82d1fbcb5f5e51db1e3f55a11159df590964f696dc1cafcb5c", "evidence_review_sha256": "5ecd8c8e5f57d6da2033218292c398d7738adc9b41772577a8e15358e3594c47", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:zurich", "geography_sha256": "6e829126330af2b6a1af40c1ea15eb34a7f912c390c3647ba6ea6796abdab087", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1479", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "6ff3d3b04ea73a0b61d47051969529b568196d4b0a53da59f4f620e70b1c07a4", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1479", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1479.npz", "sha256": "f18a4e94f2f4577af9ca56bff16652616138d28b9f15693dab1de8e61e58cbf5", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:zurich", "city_slug": "zurich", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1479", "source_name": "Zurich", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. 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"geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1479", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "80b8d85bc49417c5a380feae5117cefdc42e39e56add75c9a4bb5353561f7846", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-1479", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1479.npz", "sha256": "19934cb164adcc82f52bec57c0e7ee2b7bd1fc4a530d56a6008b4ba099824e3f", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "zurich", "metric": "pm25", "value": 9.384315653447127, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:zurich", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1479", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1479.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "19934cb164adcc82f52bec57c0e7ee2b7bd1fc4a530d56a6008b4ba099824e3f", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1479.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1479", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 2124245.7611781457, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Zurich (1479)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1479", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Zurich (1479)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 2588, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2588, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 124, "total_known_modelled_population": 2124245.7611781457, "pm_covered_population": 2124245.7611781457, "weighted_concentration_sum": 19934592.74839278, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 9.377556393220683, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 9.199829018771133, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Zurich (source ID 1479). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-zurich", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1479.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-3a77435ba430c93491d51eed438d0c3d1cc20ec37ab33588d52b76a5008cca9f", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-zurich", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-3a77435ba430c93491d51eed438d0c3d1cc20ec37ab33588d52b76a5008cca9f", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-zurich", "observation_sha256": "dc99b5ea4c5b6d82d1fbcb5f5e51db1e3f55a11159df590964f696dc1cafcb5c", "evidence_review_sha256": "5ecd8c8e5f57d6da2033218292c398d7738adc9b41772577a8e15358e3594c47", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:zurich", "geography_sha256": "6e829126330af2b6a1af40c1ea15eb34a7f912c390c3647ba6ea6796abdab087", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1479", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "6ff3d3b04ea73a0b61d47051969529b568196d4b0a53da59f4f620e70b1c07a4", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1479", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1479.npz", "sha256": "f18a4e94f2f4577af9ca56bff16652616138d28b9f15693dab1de8e61e58cbf5", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "zurich", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 0.4857585144139428, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:zurich", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1479", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1479.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f18a4e94f2f4577af9ca56bff16652616138d28b9f15693dab1de8e61e58cbf5", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1479.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1479", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 2124245.7611781457, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Zurich (1479)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1479", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Zurich (1479)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2588, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2588, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 124, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2124245.7611781457, "weather_covered_population": 2124245.7611781457, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1031870.4652000112, "native_weather_points": 12, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Zurich (source ID 1479). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.1290140799089244, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 274057.61237883125 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.35674443450501836, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 757812.8528211799 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2124245.7611781457, "strict_value": 0.4857585144139428, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1031870.4652000112, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.1290140799089244, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 274057.61237883125, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.35674443450501836, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 757812.8528211799, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-zurich", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1479.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 0, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [], "source_retrievals": [], "coverage": [], "records": [], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 1, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "modelled-city-period-average" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "zurich", "source_city_name": "Zürich", "source_country_name": "Switzerland", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "selected_records": 1, "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)" } ], "records": [ { "id": "eea:zurich:2024-2025", "source_id": "eea-city-viewer-2026", "evidence_type": "modelled-city-period-average", "city_slug": "zurich", "source_city_name": "Zürich", "source_country_name": "Switzerland", "source_geography_key": { "city_name": "Zürich", "country": "Switzerland" }, "official_geography_id": null, "geography_type": "urban-audit-city", "geography_scope": "Urban Audit 2020 city boundary (not a functional urban area)", "metric": "two-year-modelled-population-weighted-pm25-context", "measurement_kind": "modelled population-weighted city exposure", "value": 8.800916672, "value_as_published": "8.800916672", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "period_label": "2024–2025 two-calendar-year average", "observation_years": [ 2024, 2025 ], "annual_single_year": false, "population_weighted": true, "spatial_resolution": "1 km × 1 km source air-quality maps", "monitor_station_count": null, "monitor_temporal_coverage": null, "source_population_as_published": "409,241", "source_population_note": "Population data from 2018 for city (Eurostat)", "methodology": "EEA/ETC-HE maps estimate population-weighted concentrations within Urban Audit 2020 cities. The latest maps can use validated or preliminary Up-To-Date inputs. This concentration averages the two calendar years in the publisher metadata.", "quality_flags": [ "modelled-not-ground-station-summary", "two-year-period-not-annual", "map-inputs-may-include-preliminary-utd-data", "urban-audit-city-not-reviewed-fua", "population-context-vintages-vary-do-not-call-current" ], "limitations": [ "UK and Türkiye are not in this export; London, Edinburgh and Istanbul are not substituted.", "City/greater-city scopes differ from GHSL morphological cores and commuting FUAs.", "The exported concentration is a 2024–2025 average, not a single-year 2025 observation.", "Modelled exposure and direct ground-monitor annual means remain different measurement classes.", "The population field is ancillary publisher context with varying source years; it is not the 2025 population denominator for a new calculation.", "No complete reviewed FUA crosswalk or current engine admission has been performed." ], "source": { "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "dataset": "European city air quality ranking 2026", "url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv", "sha256": "e28c9d73c710cb86991219cc4f4e2a8f4b1a11ed7fb4f974ee7dda7455dd264c", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "page_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer", "metadata_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/european-city-air-quality-viewer/city_aq_viewer_2025", "metadata_modified_date": "2026-08-25", "csv_record_number_excluding_header": 759, "csv_line_end": 760, "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice", "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/eea-city-viewer-2026-e28c9d73c710.csv" }, "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Two-year Urban Audit city modelled exposure is not annual reviewed harmonized FUA evidence." }, "raw_source_record": { "City name": "Zürich", "Country": "Switzerland", "Fine particulate matter (ug/m3)": "8.800916672", "noDataExplainer": "", "noDataExplainerStar": "", "Note On Population Data": "Population data from 2018 for city (Eurostat)", "Population in the city": "409,241" }, "source_ref": "source-1f3da4893c252a82", "source_url": "https://tableau-public.discomap.eea.europa.eu/views/City_AQ_Viewer_2026_JRC/EuropeanCityRanking.csv?:showVizHome=no", "publisher": "European Environment Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:13:15.535802+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "zurich", "city_name": "Zurich", "destination_country_iso3": "CHE", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": 8.5417, "latitude": 47.3769, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "CH002F", "country_iso3": "CHE", "source_name": "Zürich", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 155, "member_ids": [ "CHE0001", "CHE0002", "CHE0003", "CHE0004", "CHE0005", "CHE0008", "CHE0009", "CHE0010", "CHE0011", "CHE0012", "CHE0013", "CHE0014", "CHE0023", "CHE0051", "CHE0052", "CHE0053", "CHE0054", "CHE0055", "CHE0056", "CHE0057", "CHE0058", "CHE0059", "CHE0060", "CHE0061", "CHE0062", "CHE0063", "CHE0064", "CHE0065", "CHE0066", "CHE0067", "CHE0068", "CHE0069", "CHE0070", "CHE0071", "CHE0072", "CHE0081", "CHE0082", "CHE0083", "CHE0084", "CHE0085", "CHE0086", "CHE0087", "CHE0088", "CHE0089", "CHE0090", "CHE0091", "CHE0092", "CHE0093", "CHE0094", "CHE0095", "CHE0096", "CHE0097", "CHE0098", "CHE0099", "CHE0100", "CHE0101", "CHE0102", "CHE0111", "CHE0112", "CHE0115", "CHE0116", "CHE0117", "CHE0119", "CHE0121", "CHE0131", "CHE0135", "CHE0136", "CHE0137", "CHE0138", "CHE0139", "CHE0141", "CHE0151", "CHE0152", "CHE0153", "CHE0154", "CHE0155", "CHE0156", "CHE0157", "CHE0158", "CHE0159", "CHE0160", "CHE0161", "CHE0172", "CHE0173", "CHE0176", "CHE0177", "CHE0178", "CHE0180", "CHE0182", "CHE0191", "CHE0192", "CHE0193", "CHE0194", "CHE0195", "CHE0196", "CHE0197", "CHE0198", "CHE0199", "CHE0200", "CHE0213", "CHE0215", "CHE0219", "CHE0223", "CHE0224", "CHE0225", "CHE0226", "CHE0227", "CHE0230", "CHE0241", "CHE0242", "CHE0243", "CHE0244", "CHE0245", "CHE0246", "CHE0247", "CHE0248", "CHE0249", "CHE0250", "CHE0251", "CHE0261", "CHE0293", "CHE0294", "CHE0295", "CHE0296", "CHE0298", "CHE1321", "CHE1322", "CHE1323", "CHE2933", "CHE2938", "CHE4022", "CHE4023", "CHE4030", "CHE4031", "CHE4040", "CHE4048", "CHE4061", "CHE4062", "CHE4063", "CHE4066", "CHE4067", "CHE4071", "CHE4073", "CHE4074", "CHE4075", "CHE4079", "CHE4081", "CHE4083", "CHE4084", "CHE4226", "CHE4238", "CHE4306", "CHE4308", "CHE4318", "CHE4319" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Municipalities (Gemeinden/communes/comuni/vischnancas)" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Municipalities (Gemeinden/communes/comuni/vischnancas)": 155 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "aa149452b1946b45bb4b13b81c3f3b8cd50b87b782b38ca938edffdb6aeba1fa", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1479, "eFUA_name": "Zurich", "Cntry_ISO": "CHE", "Cntry_name": "Switzerland", "UC_IDs": "2449;2463;2475;2494", "UC_num": 4, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "7ef4d04d5eb9697b79a657fce8ad4d028060483814623fbb5c47bf4036c38e9f", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [ { "URAU_CODE": "CH002F", "URAU_NAME": "Zurich", "CNTR_CODE": "CH" } ] }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. 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Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. 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No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:zurich", "city_slug": "zurich", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1479", "source_name": "Zurich", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "zurich", "estimated_area_id": 1479, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "CH002F", "oecd_name": "Zürich", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 2588, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 1465.5219018137539, "intersection_km2": 1392.3845519968488, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.5380156692414408, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.9500946729445742, "intersection_over_union": 0.5232291193435203, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": 8.5417, "latitude": 47.3769, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "CHE", "source_country_iso3": "CHE", "source_country_name": "Switzerland" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra.heat2025.complete-source-and-scoped-review@1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1479", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1479; fid=7983", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 7983, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "7ef4d04d5eb9697b79a657fce8ad4d028060483814623fbb5c47bf4036c38e9f", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "1d749972fb3cc3ce4064a702c7ed01fa84129fd6c06fe2e5e561567867cef64e", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1479, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "7ef4d04d5eb9697b79a657fce8ad4d028060483814623fbb5c47bf4036c38e9f", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "cea58dc6a4dacfb2f18db39a7627dd6e31d81fb00f6426786d75be80f0692c29" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Zurich (1479)", "review_scope": "Same exact 2015 source geometry, separately reviewed for the frozen heat protocol only. Historical estimated area; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval.", "derived_from_geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:zurich", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:zurich", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } ], "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "zurich", "city_name": "Zurich", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1479", "source_area_id": "1479", "source_area_name": "Zurich", "value": 0.4857585144139428, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:zurich", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-zurich", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Zurich (source ID 1479). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 2588, "population_grid_valid_cells": 2588, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 124, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 2124245.7611781457, "weather_covered_population": 2124245.7611781457, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 1031870.4652000112, "native_weather_points": 12, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.1290140799089244, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 274057.61237883125 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.35674443450501836, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 757812.8528211799 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 2124245.7611781457, "strict_value": 0.4857585144139428, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 1031870.4652000112, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.1290140799089244, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 274057.61237883125, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.35674443450501836, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 757812.8528211799, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1479.npz", "sha256": "f18a4e94f2f4577af9ca56bff16652616138d28b9f15693dab1de8e61e58cbf5" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": null } ], "links": { "cities": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/cities.json", "index_metrics": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/index-metrics.json", "urban_centres": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/urban-centres.json", "raw_index_evidence": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/index-evidence.json" } }