{ "schema_version": "1.0.0", "api_version": "v1", "snapshot_id": "bctl-7eb7c1c7524bb525d233", "edition": { "name": "Civometra Index", "label": "2026 Q4", "status": "research", "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "official_city_results_released": false }, "as_of": "2026-10-27", "as_of_meaning": "Last complete source check recorded in the research snapshot; not a common observation period or a new editorial review. A separately validated source may have a later retrieved_at date; inspect each observation.", "dates": { "source_checked_at": "2026-10-27", "last_complete_source_check_at": "2026-10-27", "latest_observation_retrieved_at": "2026-10-27", "observations_changed_at": "2026-10-21", "editorial_review_earliest": "2026-10-11", "editorial_review_latest": "2026-10-27", "urban_context_retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "index_evidence_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "air_quality_retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_candidates_evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "protocols_prepared_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_geographies_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "pm25_evidence_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "heat_evidence_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "rental_vacancy_evidence_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "housing_supply_evidence_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "life_expectancy_evidence_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "road_deaths_evidence_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27" }, "publisher": { "name": "BestCityToLive Intelligence", "initiative": "AINT.app", "url": "https://aint.app" }, "notice": "Civometra is a research edition, with no official quarterly city results. Current engine-accepted index inputs are explicitly separated from editorial guides, contextual observations and inherited legacy scores. An accepted indicator does not establish an eligible city score or ranking. National context never measures a city.", "rights": "No new licence is granted by this API. BestCityToLive editorial material retains its existing rights. Third-party observations and sources retain their own licences and attribution requirements; consult each primary publisher before reuse. Source catalog links do not imply permission to reproduce full source content.", "kind": "city-observatory", "id": "observatory:los-angeles", "self": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/observatory/los-angeles.json", "canonical_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/observatory", "slug": "los-angeles", "name": "Los Angeles", "country": { "id": "country:USA", "name": "United States", "iso_2": "US", "iso_3": "USA", "continent": "North America" }, "canonical_city_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/city/los-angeles", "editorial_reviewed_at": "2026-10-13", "editorial_source_count": 3, "context_coverage": { "agency_records": 3, "agency_measurements": 3, "derived_agency_changes": 0, "national_records": 4, "urban_source_fields": 2, "urban_derived_measures": 1, "air_context_records": 2, "air_monitor_records": 2, "modelled_air_context_records": 0, "notice": "Destination counts are not counts of independent physical urban areas. Population is projected; area is a source field; density is derived. Some destination guides share one urban centre." }, "urban_context": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "id": "2007", "name": "Los Angeles", "constituentNames": [ "Los Angeles", "Long Beach", "Anaheim", "Santa Ana", "Irvine", "Glendale", "San Bernardino", "Fontana", "Huntington Beach", "Ontario", "Garden Grove", "Rancho Cucamonga", "Pomona", "Torrance", "Pasadena", "Fullerton", "Orange", "Inglewood", "Downey", "El Monte", "Costa Mesa", "West Covina", "Norwalk", "Burbank", "South Gate", "Carson", "Santa Monica" ], "countryLabels": { "GADM": "United States", "UN_WPP": "United States of America" }, "population2025": 13474332.62, "populationLabel": "Projected urban-centre population · 2025", "populationInterpretation": "2025 projection from GHS-POP R2023A; not a 2025 census count.", "areaKm2": 4498, "densityPerKm2": 2995.6275277901286, "densityCalculation": "GC_POP_TOT_2025 / GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "period": "2025", "latitude": 33.9889625, "longitude": -118.0740847, "boundaryType": "GHSL urban centre", "sourceFields": { "population": "GC_POP_TOT_2025", "area": "GC_UCA_KM2_2025", "id": "ID_UC_G0" }, "matchingMethod": "Reference-point intersection with the official 2025 polygon; no nearest-neighbour substitution.", "referencePoint": { "latitude": 34.0522, "longitude": -118.2437, "role": "Inherited destination reference point used only for spatial matching; not a scored boundary." }, "sourceUrl": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "sourceArchive": "/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "sourceArchiveSHA256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6", "ranking_eligible": false, "footprint": { "path": 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"viewBox": "0 0 320 220", "referencePoint": { "x": 88.83, "y": 86.3 }, "centroidPoint": { "x": 110.21, "y": 101.51 }, "simplificationM": 500, "sourceCRS": "ESRI:54009" }, "sharedWith": [], "matchNote": "The destination reference point intersects this source urban centre. The footprint may include multiple named places; inspect the constituent names and use its own boundary definition.", "scope": "morphological-urban-centre", "evidence_kind": "projected-urban-centre-context", "index_eligible": false, "projection": true, "source_ref": "source-1b70a5d9dd81952b", "source_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "notice": "Morphological urban centres are not municipalities or commuting functional urban areas. These contextual records are excluded from Civometra scoring. 2025 population is a short-range projection, based on GHS-POP R2023A. It is not a current census count. Density is a derived projection divided by footprint area.", "source_archive_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghsl-ucdb-general-v1_2-bc879d823205.zip", "source_archive_sha256": "bc879d82320504f89df2041b7936221c8239cd808abe93980493aed062b4f3d6" }, "index_evidence": { "methodology_version": "1.0.0", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "eligible": false, "weighted_coverage": 0.1, "accepted_metrics": 3, "total_metrics": 30, "pillar_coverage": { "means": 0, "infrastructure": 0.16666666666666666, "trust": 0, "environment": 0.3333333333333333, "opportunity": 0 }, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "residual-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "unit": "PPP international $ / person / year", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 40000 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "pillar": "means", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 5 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "price-income", "pillar": "means", "label": "Median home price / household income", "unit": "ratio", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 3, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "energy-burden", "pillar": "means", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 2, 15 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "transit-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "commute", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median one-way commute", "unit": "minutes", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 10, 60 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "broadband", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "unit": "Mbps", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 10, 250 ], "max_age_days": 365, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "road-deaths", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "metric": "road-deaths", "value": 7.557465747352914, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "source_frame_sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 31080 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 12927614, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:31080", "boundary_label": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 977, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 920, "midyear_resident_population": 12927614, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 97700000, "denominator": 12927614, "reduced_fraction": "48850000/6463807" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "31080", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US31080", "source_area_name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 732, "county_count": 2, "county_fips": [ "06037", "06059" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "transformed_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "native_matches": [ "31080" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 27733.135975618974, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 862, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "31080", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area", "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "13204657", "POPESTIMATE2020": "13182895", "POPESTIMATE2021": "12968590", "POPESTIMATE2022": "12906936", "POPESTIMATE2023": "12886400", "POPESTIMATE2024": "12927614", "NPOPCHG2020": "-21762", "NPOPCHG2021": "-214305", "NPOPCHG2022": "-61654", "NPOPCHG2023": "-20536", "NPOPCHG2024": "41214", "BIRTHS2020": "31399", "BIRTHS2021": "124588", "BIRTHS2022": "127597", "BIRTHS2023": "125847", "BIRTHS2024": "124244", "DEATHS2020": "25220", "DEATHS2021": "115341", "DEATHS2022": "98870", "DEATHS2023": "95838", "DEATHS2024": "90857", "NATURALCHG2020": "6179", "NATURALCHG2021": "9247", "NATURALCHG2022": "28727", "NATURALCHG2023": "30009", "NATURALCHG2024": "33387", "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "233", "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "15944", "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "83694", "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "105058", "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "130009", "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-29264", "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-232171", "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-173616", "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-156690", "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-122349", "NETMIG2020": "-29031", "NETMIG2021": "-216227", "NETMIG2022": "-89922", "NETMIG2023": "-51632", "NETMIG2024": "7660", "RESIDUAL2020": "1090", "RESIDUAL2021": "-7325", "RESIDUAL2022": "-459", "RESIDUAL2023": "1087", "RESIDUAL2024": "167" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "ca063264289074e73e4ff8c3a151512b152dabb7d92d83f16699ba946449350b" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "bec2d9d7e20272bdd828cec8290f5d2c3088adc0f45e5b53da067f32991893b6" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 12906895, "value": 7.569597490333655, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 97700000, "denominator": 12906895, "reduced_fraction": "19540000/2581379" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 2391, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 88, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 958, "2025": 1, "9999": 18 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-los-angeles", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-los-angeles", "observation_sha256": "f5489a4a86b249be4ce5b9de8a013744b47140206413287dcc9fc34ab028ee0b", "evidence_review_sha256": "d662dfafe3984d1a77fe1ae590c50581a6e551abb1bc59261da90adc88708333", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "cada0ae696c1201d0333efdad9635dd78025c242ca7a692a246d32f283dfe604", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_sha256": "cd6fd10c78120badc80050f0844ebff5c4e3789b41c569e5b78690611ed4fe7c", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "d871a132d4bbfc6fe6a7ae2f9e046a17e546ba358b5941bc6527e785083be525", "source_frame": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "31080", "source_name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -118.2437, "latitude": 34.0522, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "transformed_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "native_matches": [ "31080" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 27733.135975618974, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853" }, "county_fips": [ "06037", "06059" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:31080", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA31080; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record732", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 732, "native_shp_record_number": 732, "native_cbsa_code": "31080", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US31080", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } }, { "id": "daily-access", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "service-reliability", "pillar": "infrastructure", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 80, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "homicide", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "unit": "%", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 20 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "unit": "per 100000", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 50, 400 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "unit": "years", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 65, 85 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "school-access", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 70, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "social-support", "pillar": "trust", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 40, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "pm25", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "unit": "micrograms/m3", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 5, 50 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "metric": "pm25", "value": 12.523773681869056, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1642", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f51a43aa7366b0fdb3757f9f125dfbfd2c301721efb85bd79f37ffce72449e5c", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1642", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 16206528.530156042, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 10407, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10407, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1881, "total_known_modelled_population": 16206528.530156042, "pm_covered_population": 16206528.530156042, "weighted_concentration_sum": 202966895.48042825, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 12.529604693343646, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 12.38746809274214, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Los Angeles (source ID 1642). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-los-angeles", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-los-angeles", "observation_sha256": "ef21bf8dada9587db1abbd76463c05b01e70031474597f98e769dc20bc57bece", "evidence_review_sha256": "0cb5645cc93996586022c02a56a982b1cbaca81a3d0bc670d39a32bc7cf3e8a6", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_sha256": "616a6f9b8eb092d88feec4903812ecc65ecaec26256da652a34a07bde38b68ce", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1642", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "c88bb713abd3ead741a18a2a74b920c9e65683bc523170b940d653484a8c574f", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-1642", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz", "sha256": "f51a43aa7366b0fdb3757f9f125dfbfd2c301721efb85bd79f37ffce72449e5c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1642", "source_name": "Los Angeles", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "estimated_area_id": 1642, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "USA02F", "oecd_name": "Los Angeles (Greater)", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 10407, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 83882.11616161146, "intersection_km2": 9556.925418574847, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9183170383948156, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.11393281256951124, "intersection_over_union": 0.11278978313634887, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -118.2437, "latitude": 34.0522, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_name": "UnitedStates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1642; fid=8487", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8487, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8e31426c3d7434685eda49baf0643fa221b5a253976d3175cab4fdf3bea5d427", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "7aed764831f01d13d77c48b56b905a2a56b4ed2dcf5d187bf2c8624211235fbd", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1642, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "8e31426c3d7434685eda49baf0643fa221b5a253976d3175cab4fdf3bea5d427", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "a7210d85e26cdadbcfa8a1913b6b0f2c56de4e431825784225924ba564d8ed5c" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. No coordinate, boundary-linework, area or 1 km cell-footprint change; source originals separately retained.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "copyright_notice_sha256": "f20723519a580fb35b3499870f0b1baea54f483195105416e547f0014f1610d2", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] } }, { "id": "green-access", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "unit": "%", "higher_better": true, "anchors": [ 0, 100 ], "max_age_days": 1095, "status": "missing", "reason": "No index observation has been submitted for this indicator." }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "pillar": "environment", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "unit": "person-days/person", "higher_better": false, "anchors": [ 0, 90 ], "max_age_days": 730, "status": "accepted", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks.", "observation": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 11.519801470761283, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:los-angeles", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1642", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1642.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "21bcaae5b9f9d021cd707e2eaa3028295fd741db3a52b01f3f490ac19eeeb1c8", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1642.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1642", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 16206528.530156042, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 10407, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10407, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1881, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 16206528.530156042, "weather_covered_population": 16206528.530156042, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 186695991.1976263, "native_weather_points": 31, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Los Angeles (source ID 1642). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.986498081371653, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 32194237.830849934 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.46966624015609737, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 7611659.320740911 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.3123107007517128, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5061472.282005659 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 6.048713809517851, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 98028652.9246999 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 2.702612638963969, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 43799968.839329876 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 16206528.530156042, "strict_value": 11.519801470761283, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 186695991.1976263, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.986498081371653, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 32194237.830849934, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.46966624015609737, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 7611659.320740911, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.3123107007517128, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5061472.282005659, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 6.048713809517851, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 98028652.9246999, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 2.702612638963969, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 43799968.839329876, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-los-angeles", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1642.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "observation_identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-los-angeles", "observation_sha256": "6a1f489242b248238ededcd755169f44957db4dc82f3dbddb4d2234cfaedb5d7", "evidence_review_sha256": "9f90dd861eff05d297fca73c1f9602d4194d841969940996ed37158a7c852aa9", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_sha256": "6bca97396eee1f1c23115e8aae4eebf3c229aa27f612aa4ea3e5c05ac32ac6b2", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1642", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "770dc89af9c10ec5315a0555324beb7000edfd811660e1821fc2b0cdc1b3211a", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1642", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1642.npz", "sha256": "21bcaae5b9f9d021cd707e2eaa3028295fd741db3a52b01f3f490ac19eeeb1c8", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. 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No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } ], "notice": "Per-indicator admission checks are research metadata, not an official results release. Contextual observations remain separate. Comparable definitions, documented boundaries and editorial quarterly review are required before publication." }, "index_history": { "slug": "los-angeles", "name": "Los Angeles", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "status": "research", "official_results_released": false, "metrics": [ { "id": "rent-burden", "label": "Median rent / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "residual-income", "label": "Income remaining after housing and essentials", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "essentials-burden", "label": "Essentials / disposable household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "rental-vacancy", "label": "Purpose-built rental vacancy", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "price-income", "label": "Median home price / household income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "energy-burden", "label": "Household energy / disposable income", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "transit-access", "label": "Residents within 500m of frequent public transit", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "commute", "label": "Median one-way commute", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "broadband", "label": "Median fixed download speed", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "label": "Traffic deaths per 100,000 residents", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-f49e65f9ae9b1c6d881246ef65e30f54605c663e605640d5b5baa1463e4ea73d", "selected_evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-los-angeles", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-f49e65f9ae9b1c6d881246ef65e30f54605c663e605640d5b5baa1463e4ea73d", "identity": { "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-los-angeles", "observation_sha256": "f5489a4a86b249be4ce5b9de8a013744b47140206413287dcc9fc34ab028ee0b", "evidence_review_sha256": "d662dfafe3984d1a77fe1ae590c50581a6e551abb1bc59261da90adc88708333", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "cada0ae696c1201d0333efdad9635dd78025c242ca7a692a246d32f283dfe604", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_sha256": "cd6fd10c78120badc80050f0844ebff5c4e3789b41c569e5b78690611ed4fe7c", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "d871a132d4bbfc6fe6a7ae2f9e046a17e546ba358b5941bc6527e785083be525", "source_frame": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "metric": "road-deaths", "value": 7.557465747352914, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "source_frame_sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 31080 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 12927614, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:31080", "boundary_label": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 977, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 920, "midyear_resident_population": 12927614, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 97700000, "denominator": 12927614, "reduced_fraction": "48850000/6463807" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "31080", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US31080", "source_area_name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 732, "county_count": 2, "county_fips": [ "06037", "06059" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "transformed_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "native_matches": [ "31080" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 27733.135975618974, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 862, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "31080", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area", "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "13204657", "POPESTIMATE2020": "13182895", "POPESTIMATE2021": "12968590", "POPESTIMATE2022": "12906936", "POPESTIMATE2023": "12886400", "POPESTIMATE2024": 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"RESIDUAL2022": "-459", "RESIDUAL2023": "1087", "RESIDUAL2024": "167" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "ca063264289074e73e4ff8c3a151512b152dabb7d92d83f16699ba946449350b" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "bec2d9d7e20272bdd828cec8290f5d2c3088adc0f45e5b53da067f32991893b6" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 12906895, "value": 7.569597490333655, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 97700000, "denominator": 12906895, "reduced_fraction": "19540000/2581379" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 2391, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 88, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 958, "2025": 1, "9999": 18 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-los-angeles", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "daily-access", "label": "Residents within a 15-minute walk of everyday services", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "service-reliability", "label": "Reliable water and electricity access", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "homicide", "label": "Intentional homicide rate", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "unmet-healthcare", "label": "Residents with unmet medical needs", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "avoidable-mortality", "label": "Age-standardized avoidable mortality", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "life-expectancy", "label": "Urban-area life expectancy at birth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "school-access", "label": "Children with access to a school place", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "social-support", "label": "Residents reporting someone to rely on", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "pm25", "label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-b200c41dcd40c1584a2435f008c42fb47d8c621d319d3bf471a35add780b388c", "selected_evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-los-angeles", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-b200c41dcd40c1584a2435f008c42fb47d8c621d319d3bf471a35add780b388c", "identity": { "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-los-angeles", "observation_sha256": "ef21bf8dada9587db1abbd76463c05b01e70031474597f98e769dc20bc57bece", "evidence_review_sha256": "0cb5645cc93996586022c02a56a982b1cbaca81a3d0bc670d39a32bc7cf3e8a6", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "05e35da782e171155969f3129d6002a26efff73c77ca18abfe0430ac93eedfc5", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_sha256": "616a6f9b8eb092d88feec4903812ecc65ecaec26256da652a34a07bde38b68ce", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1642", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "c88bb713abd3ead741a18a2a74b920c9e65683bc523170b940d653484a8c574f", "source_frame": { "id": "pm25-2024-efua-1642", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz", "sha256": "f51a43aa7366b0fdb3757f9f125dfbfd2c301721efb85bd79f37ffce72449e5c", "source_urls": [ "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026. Population weighting and extraction by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; JRC population and boundary sources credited separately." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "metric": "pm25", "value": 12.523773681869056, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles", "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1642", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "f51a43aa7366b0fdb3757f9f125dfbfd2c301721efb85bd79f37ffce72449e5c", "source_record_ref": "pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz; population_2020 and pm_fine arrays; source estimated area 1642", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; annual ambient outdoor concentration represented at residential grid cells, with source coverage explicitly reported.", "denominator": 16206528.530156042, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from SatPM and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual PM2.5: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "calculation_method": "sum(known 2020 population_cell * valid nearest native 0.01-degree annual 2024 PM2.5 at that population-cell centre) / sum(covered known 2020 population_cell). The reviewed 2015 source boundaries align exactly with whole 1 km population cells; no fractional edge allocation is needed. Concentration is represented as constant within each population cell. Missing values are never zero; known zero is retained.", "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 10407, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10407, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1881, "total_known_modelled_population": 16206528.530156042, "pm_covered_population": 16206528.530156042, "weighted_concentration_sum": 202966895.48042825, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 12.529604693343646, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 12.38746809274214, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Los Angeles (source ID 1642). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-los-angeles", "source_ref": "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-e473b5267fc79730", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2024-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 665, "last_age_eligible_date": "2026-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2027-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "green-access", "label": "Residents within 300m of public green space", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "heat-exposure", "label": "Annual dangerous heat exposure", "status": "accepted", "selected_history_id": "input-c4ca29e92dec4907f04beb4f2cd50df8ce0d68f1da5930e2eb8ea0332418c9e1", "selected_evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-los-angeles", "submitted_rows": 1, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [ { "id": "input-c4ca29e92dec4907f04beb4f2cd50df8ce0d68f1da5930e2eb8ea0332418c9e1", "identity": { "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-los-angeles", "observation_sha256": "6a1f489242b248238ededcd755169f44957db4dc82f3dbddb4d2234cfaedb5d7", "evidence_review_sha256": "9f90dd861eff05d297fca73c1f9602d4194d841969940996ed37158a7c852aa9", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "protocol_sha256": "67b31ac71f805f7807a86472a0b7a27857d242ac001d41d89a49a6a421b68659", "protocol_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_sha256": "6bca97396eee1f1c23115e8aae4eebf3c229aa27f612aa4ea3e5c05ac32ac6b2", "geography_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1642", "source_frame_registry_sha256": "770dc89af9c10ec5315a0555324beb7000edfd811660e1821fc2b0cdc1b3211a", "source_frame": { "id": "heat-2025-efua-1642", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1642.npz", "sha256": "21bcaae5b9f9d021cd707e2eaa3028295fd741db3a52b01f3f490ac19eeeb1c8", "source_urls": [ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "https://thermaltrace.climate.copernicus.eu/", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0. Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication." }, "geography_source_frames": [ { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-514cc4071511.gpkg", "sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." }, { "id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "source_urls": [ "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95" ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "attribution": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre, developed in collaboration with OECD. GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement." } ] }, "observation": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "metric": "heat-exposure", "value": 11.519801470761283, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:los-angeles", "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1642", "source_frame_url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1642.npz", "source_frame_sha256": "21bcaae5b9f9d021cd707e2eaa3028295fd741db3a52b01f3f490ac19eeeb1c8", "source_record_ref": "heat-2025-efua-1642.npz; heat_days_2025/monthly_heat_days_2025 and exact population operands; estimated source area 1642", "universe": "Residents modelled in the GHS-POP R2023A 2020 native 1 km count grid inside the frozen 2015 JRC/OECD estimated functional urban area; historical annual outdoor UTCI maximum heat days represented at residential grid cells. This is not an individual clinical-risk measure.", "denominator": 16206528.530156042, "publisher": "BestCityToLive Research Desk / AINT.app; derived from C3S/ECMWF and European Commission/JRC", "source_label": "Population-weighted annual extreme-heat exposure: reviewed research input", "geography": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642", "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "population_reference_year": 2020, "source_model": { "name": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace (archived chart-data snapshot)", "version": null, "source_url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "sha256": "42401d35af69b247923a891cde93a7f9893bc420dff5034fea864dda8a53c8d0" }, "calculation_method": "For each complete UTC day in 2025, count maximum outdoor UTCI >=38 degrees Celsius at the nearest actual native 0.25-degree Thermal Trace grid point for each population-cell centre. Annual exposure = sum(known 2020 population_cell * exposed UTC days) / sum(known population with complete 365-day weather); monthly values use the same denominator. Exact whole 1 km 2015 source-cell masks are retained. Weather is constant within a population cell; no interpolation, neighbour gap-fill, invented zero population or city-specific thresholds. Primary exposure counts exported daily maximum Celsius UTCI >=38. Publisher annual hot counts were empirically compared with strict > recounts at 26/32/38/46 on those same exact exported Celsius operands; inclusive-minus-reference equals the exact equality count. No epsilon, rounded operands or verified backend cause is asserted. The difference is threshold-definition sensitivity, not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, separate scored indicator or replacement primary value.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 10407, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10407, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1881, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 16206528.530156042, "weather_covered_population": 16206528.530156042, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 186695991.1976263, "native_weather_points": 31, "expected_days": 365 }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Los Angeles (source ID 1642). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "weather_reference_year": 2025, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.986498081371653, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 32194237.830849934 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.46966624015609737, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 7611659.320740911 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.3123107007517128, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5061472.282005659 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 6.048713809517851, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 98028652.9246999 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 2.702612638963969, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 43799968.839329876 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 16206528.530156042, "strict_value": 11.519801470761283, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 186695991.1976263, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.986498081371653, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 32194237.830849934, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.46966624015609737, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 7611659.320740911, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.3123107007517128, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5061472.282005659, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 6.048713809517851, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 98028652.9246999, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 2.702612638963969, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 43799968.839329876, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "reviewed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-los-angeles", "source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source_frame_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1642.npz", "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ] }, "source_age": { "reference_date": "2025-12-31", "reference_kind": "period-end", "maximum_age_days": 730, "age_days": 300, "last_age_eligible_date": "2027-12-31", "first_age_rejected_date": "2028-01-01", "notice": "These UTC dates describe the unchanged age gate only; source, identity, review and selection checks still apply." }, "duplicate_submissions": 1, "state": "selected", "selected": true, "age_eligible": true, "reasons": [] } ], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "flood-exposure", "label": "Residents in high-risk flood areas", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "thermal-comfort", "label": "Annual hours with moderate outdoor thermal conditions", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "emissions", "label": "Territorial greenhouse gas emissions per capita", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "employment", "label": "Employment rate, working age", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "job-growth", "label": "Three-year annualized employment growth", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "skills", "label": "Adults with postsecondary qualifications", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "business-formation", "label": "New employer firms per 1,000 working-age residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "culture-access", "label": "Residents near a library or cultural venue", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] }, { "id": "housing-supply", "label": "Housing completions per 1,000 residents", "status": "missing", "selected_history_id": null, "selected_evidence_id": null, "submitted_rows": 0, "withheld_rows": 0, "withheld_states": {}, "records": [], "selection_decisions": [] } ], "notice": "Only exact completed approved evidence identities expose observations. Expiry and current selection do not rewrite historical source values, source dates or approvals. Rejected/unreviewed/future raw rows are withheld; their fixed diagnostic counts are not observations. Age dates describe the unchanged UTC age gate only. No official score or quarterly result is released." }, "air_monitor_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 2, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "monitor-annual-summary" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "epa_city_name": "Los Angeles", "epa_state_code": "06", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "selected_year": 2025, "selected_monitor_records": 2, "selected_unique_sites": 1, "annual_coverage": { "2024": 3, "2025": 2 }, "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary." } ], "records": [ { "id": "epa:2025:06-037-1103-88101-1:24-hour:no-events", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "source_city_name": "Los Angeles", "source_state_name": "California", "geography_type": "monitoring-site", "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary.", "site_id": "06-037-1103", "monitor_id": "06-037-1103-88101-1", "parameter_code": "88101", "parameter_name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "poc": "1", "site_name": "Los Angeles-North Main Street", "address": "1630 N MAIN ST, LOS ANGELES", "coordinates": { "latitude": 34.06659, "longitude": -118.22688, "datum": "WGS84" }, "cbsa_name_as_published": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "year": 2025, "metric": "annual-measured-pm25-monitor-context", "measurement_kind": "annual ground-monitor daily-mean summary", "annual_single_year": true, "population_weighted": false, "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "value": 12.708408, "value_as_published": "12.708408", "unit": "micrograms/m3 (local conditions)", "source_unit": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "sample_duration": "24 HOUR", "metric_used": "Daily Mean", "pollutant_standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "method_name": "R & P Model 2025 PM-2.5 Sequential Air Sampler w/VSCC - Gravimetric", "related_hourly_method_names": [], "related_hourly_source_csv_rows": [], "event_type": "No Events", "observation_count": 333, "observation_percent": 91, "completeness_indicator": "Y", "valid_day_count": 333, "required_day_count": 365, "exceptional_data_count": 0, "null_data_count": 32, "certification_indicator": "Certified", "source_date_of_last_change": "2026-03-27", "quality_flags": [ "monitor-statistic-not-city-exposure", "no-population-weighting", "no-reviewed-harmonized-fua-boundary", "no-city-level-aggregation" ], "limitations": [ "Site/instrument statistic, not a city average or population-weighted exposure.", "Multiple instruments at one site are retained separately and are not independent areas.", "Completeness and certification are distinct; inspect the original reported fields." ], "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Site measurement is not harmonized FUA population-weighted exposure." }, "source": { "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "dataset": "AirData annual concentration by monitor", "url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip", "sha256": "7af948b3dcaf2d214e7d8fdcfb8ab7b4b6dd9865a43ead6f1e21955bcc326cb8", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "csv_member": "annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.csv", "csv_sha256": "4ab9dc5135f81cf781f68837a0cf04d3e0223086d46a10eff550d85dcbb433d6", "csv_row_number": 7307, "documentation_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/FileFormats.html", "pm25_advisory_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/Data_Advisory_PM25_88101_Pregen_Files.pdf", "license_url": "https://edg.epa.gov/EPA_Data_License.htm", "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip" }, "raw_source_record": { "State Code": "06", "County Code": "037", "Site Num": "1103", "Parameter Code": "88101", "POC": "1", "Latitude": "34.06659", "Longitude": "-118.22688", "Datum": "WGS84", "Parameter Name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "Sample Duration": "24 HOUR", "Pollutant Standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "Metric Used": "Daily Mean", "Method Name": "R & P Model 2025 PM-2.5 Sequential Air Sampler w/VSCC - Gravimetric", "Year": "2025", "Units of Measure": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "Event Type": "No Events", "Observation Count": "333", "Observation Percent": "91", "Completeness Indicator": "Y", "Valid Day Count": "333", "Required Day Count": "365", "Exceptional Data Count": "0", "Null Data Count": "32", "Primary Exceedance Count": "8", "Secondary Exceedance Count": "8", "Certification Indicator": "Certified", "Num Obs Below MDL": "0", "Arithmetic Mean": "12.708408", "Arithmetic Standard Dev": "9.850331", "1st Max Value": "99.6", "1st Max DateTime": "2025-01-08 00:00", "2nd Max Value": "77.1", "2nd Max DateTime": "2025-07-05 00:00", "3rd Max Value": "64.6", "3rd Max DateTime": "2025-01-09 00:00", "4th Max Value": "54.6", "4th Max DateTime": "2025-12-17 00:00", "1st Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "1st NO Max DateTime": "", "2nd Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "2nd NO Max DateTime": "", "99th Percentile": "54.6", "98th Percentile": "36.2", "95th Percentile": "31", "90th Percentile": "22.2", "75th Percentile": "13.6", "50th Percentile": "10.3", "10th Percentile": "5.5", "Local Site Name": "Los Angeles-North Main Street", "Address": "1630 N MAIN ST, LOS ANGELES", "State Name": "California", "County Name": "Los Angeles", "City Name": "Los Angeles", "CBSA Name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "Date of Last Change": "2026-03-27" }, "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "source_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false }, { "id": "epa:2025:06-037-1103-88101-3:24-hr-blk-avg:no-events", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "source_city_name": "Los Angeles", "source_state_name": "California", "geography_type": "monitoring-site", "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary.", "site_id": "06-037-1103", "monitor_id": "06-037-1103-88101-3", "parameter_code": "88101", "parameter_name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "poc": "3", "site_name": "Los Angeles-North Main Street", "address": "1630 N MAIN ST, LOS ANGELES", "coordinates": { "latitude": 34.06659, "longitude": -118.22688, "datum": "WGS84" }, "cbsa_name_as_published": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "year": 2025, "metric": "annual-measured-pm25-monitor-context", "measurement_kind": "annual ground-monitor daily-mean summary", "annual_single_year": true, "population_weighted": false, "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "value": 12.649857, "value_as_published": "12.649857", "unit": "micrograms/m3 (local conditions)", "source_unit": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "sample_duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "metric_used": "Daily Mean", "pollutant_standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "method_name": "", "related_hourly_method_names": [ "Met One BAM-1020 Mass Monitor w/VSCC - Beta Attenuation" ], "related_hourly_source_csv_rows": [ 7320 ], "event_type": "No Events", "observation_count": 349, "observation_percent": 96, "completeness_indicator": "Y", "valid_day_count": 349, "required_day_count": 365, "exceptional_data_count": 0, "null_data_count": 0, "certification_indicator": "Certified", "source_date_of_last_change": "2026-03-26", "quality_flags": [ "monitor-statistic-not-city-exposure", "no-population-weighting", "no-reviewed-harmonized-fua-boundary", "no-city-level-aggregation", "calculated-daily-record-method-name-blank" ], "limitations": [ "Site/instrument statistic, not a city average or population-weighted exposure.", "Multiple instruments at one site are retained separately and are not independent areas.", "Completeness and certification are distinct; inspect the original reported fields." ], "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Site measurement is not harmonized FUA population-weighted exposure." }, "source": { "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "dataset": "AirData annual concentration by monitor", "url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip", "sha256": "7af948b3dcaf2d214e7d8fdcfb8ab7b4b6dd9865a43ead6f1e21955bcc326cb8", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "csv_member": "annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.csv", "csv_sha256": "4ab9dc5135f81cf781f68837a0cf04d3e0223086d46a10eff550d85dcbb433d6", "csv_row_number": 7324, "documentation_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/FileFormats.html", "pm25_advisory_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/Data_Advisory_PM25_88101_Pregen_Files.pdf", "license_url": "https://edg.epa.gov/EPA_Data_License.htm", "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip" }, "raw_source_record": { "State Code": "06", "County Code": "037", "Site Num": "1103", "Parameter Code": "88101", "POC": "3", "Latitude": "34.06659", "Longitude": "-118.22688", "Datum": "WGS84", "Parameter Name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "Sample Duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "Pollutant Standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "Metric Used": "Daily Mean", "Method Name": "", "Year": "2025", "Units of Measure": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "Event Type": "No Events", "Observation Count": "349", "Observation Percent": "96", "Completeness Indicator": "Y", "Valid Day Count": "349", "Required Day Count": "365", "Exceptional Data Count": "0", "Null Data Count": "0", "Primary Exceedance Count": "4", "Secondary Exceedance Count": "4", "Certification Indicator": "Certified", "Num Obs Below MDL": "0", "Arithmetic Mean": "12.649857", "Arithmetic Standard Dev": "8.949715", "1st Max Value": "92.9", "1st Max DateTime": "2025-01-08 00:00", "2nd Max Value": "83.3", "2nd Max DateTime": "2025-07-05 00:00", "3rd Max Value": "74.2", "3rd Max DateTime": "2025-01-09 00:00", "4th Max Value": "38.9", "4th Max DateTime": "2025-12-17 00:00", "1st Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "1st NO Max DateTime": "", "2nd Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "2nd NO Max DateTime": "", "99th Percentile": "38.9", "98th Percentile": "32.9", "95th Percentile": "25.7", "90th Percentile": "19.5", "75th Percentile": "14.8", "50th Percentile": "10.8", "10th Percentile": "5.6", "Local Site Name": "Los Angeles-North Main Street", "Address": "1630 N MAIN ST, LOS ANGELES", "State Name": "California", "County Name": "Los Angeles", "City Name": "Los Angeles", "CBSA Name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "Date of Last Change": "2026-03-26" }, "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "source_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "EPA monitoring-site summaries only; zero rows means no matching monitor context in this snapshot. Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "air_quality_context": { "status": "context-only", "record_count": 2, "index_eligible": false, "ranking_eligible": false, "evidence_types": [ "monitor-annual-summary" ], "source_retrievals": [ { "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00" } ], "coverage": [ { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "epa_city_name": "Los Angeles", "epa_state_code": "06", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "selected_year": 2025, "selected_monitor_records": 2, "selected_unique_sites": 1, "annual_coverage": { "2024": 3, "2025": 2 }, "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary." } ], "records": [ { "id": "epa:2025:06-037-1103-88101-1:24-hour:no-events", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "source_city_name": "Los Angeles", "source_state_name": "California", "geography_type": "monitoring-site", "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary.", "site_id": "06-037-1103", "monitor_id": "06-037-1103-88101-1", "parameter_code": "88101", "parameter_name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "poc": "1", "site_name": "Los Angeles-North Main Street", "address": "1630 N MAIN ST, LOS ANGELES", "coordinates": { "latitude": 34.06659, "longitude": -118.22688, "datum": "WGS84" }, "cbsa_name_as_published": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "year": 2025, "metric": "annual-measured-pm25-monitor-context", "measurement_kind": "annual ground-monitor daily-mean summary", "annual_single_year": true, "population_weighted": false, "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "value": 12.708408, "value_as_published": "12.708408", "unit": "micrograms/m3 (local conditions)", "source_unit": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "sample_duration": "24 HOUR", "metric_used": "Daily Mean", "pollutant_standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "method_name": "R & P Model 2025 PM-2.5 Sequential Air Sampler w/VSCC - Gravimetric", "related_hourly_method_names": [], "related_hourly_source_csv_rows": [], "event_type": "No Events", "observation_count": 333, "observation_percent": 91, "completeness_indicator": "Y", "valid_day_count": 333, "required_day_count": 365, "exceptional_data_count": 0, "null_data_count": 32, "certification_indicator": "Certified", "source_date_of_last_change": "2026-03-27", "quality_flags": [ "monitor-statistic-not-city-exposure", "no-population-weighting", "no-reviewed-harmonized-fua-boundary", "no-city-level-aggregation" ], "limitations": [ "Site/instrument statistic, not a city average or population-weighted exposure.", "Multiple instruments at one site are retained separately and are not independent areas.", "Completeness and certification are distinct; inspect the original reported fields." ], "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Site measurement is not harmonized FUA population-weighted exposure." }, "source": { "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "dataset": "AirData annual concentration by monitor", "url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip", "sha256": "7af948b3dcaf2d214e7d8fdcfb8ab7b4b6dd9865a43ead6f1e21955bcc326cb8", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "csv_member": "annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.csv", "csv_sha256": "4ab9dc5135f81cf781f68837a0cf04d3e0223086d46a10eff550d85dcbb433d6", "csv_row_number": 7307, "documentation_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/FileFormats.html", "pm25_advisory_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/Data_Advisory_PM25_88101_Pregen_Files.pdf", "license_url": "https://edg.epa.gov/EPA_Data_License.htm", "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip" }, "raw_source_record": { "State Code": "06", "County Code": "037", "Site Num": "1103", "Parameter Code": "88101", "POC": "1", "Latitude": "34.06659", "Longitude": "-118.22688", "Datum": "WGS84", "Parameter Name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "Sample Duration": "24 HOUR", "Pollutant Standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "Metric Used": "Daily Mean", "Method Name": "R & P Model 2025 PM-2.5 Sequential Air Sampler w/VSCC - Gravimetric", "Year": "2025", "Units of Measure": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "Event Type": "No Events", "Observation Count": "333", "Observation Percent": "91", "Completeness Indicator": "Y", "Valid Day Count": "333", "Required Day Count": "365", "Exceptional Data Count": "0", "Null Data Count": "32", "Primary Exceedance Count": "8", "Secondary Exceedance Count": "8", "Certification Indicator": "Certified", "Num Obs Below MDL": "0", "Arithmetic Mean": "12.708408", "Arithmetic Standard Dev": "9.850331", "1st Max Value": "99.6", "1st Max DateTime": "2025-01-08 00:00", "2nd Max Value": "77.1", "2nd Max DateTime": "2025-07-05 00:00", "3rd Max Value": "64.6", "3rd Max DateTime": "2025-01-09 00:00", "4th Max Value": "54.6", "4th Max DateTime": "2025-12-17 00:00", "1st Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "1st NO Max DateTime": "", "2nd Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "2nd NO Max DateTime": "", "99th Percentile": "54.6", "98th Percentile": "36.2", "95th Percentile": "31", "90th Percentile": "22.2", "75th Percentile": "13.6", "50th Percentile": "10.3", "10th Percentile": "5.5", "Local Site Name": "Los Angeles-North Main Street", "Address": "1630 N MAIN ST, LOS ANGELES", "State Name": "California", "County Name": "Los Angeles", "City Name": "Los Angeles", "CBSA Name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "Date of Last Change": "2026-03-27" }, "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "source_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false }, { "id": "epa:2025:06-037-1103-88101-3:24-hr-blk-avg:no-events", "source_id": "epa-airdata-annual", "evidence_type": "monitor-annual-summary", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "source_city_name": "Los Angeles", "source_state_name": "California", "geography_type": "monitoring-site", "geography_scope": "Only monitoring sites carrying this exact city name and state in EPA AirData; this is not a city-wide spatial average or reviewed FUA boundary.", "site_id": "06-037-1103", "monitor_id": "06-037-1103-88101-3", "parameter_code": "88101", "parameter_name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "poc": "3", "site_name": "Los Angeles-North Main Street", "address": "1630 N MAIN ST, LOS ANGELES", "coordinates": { "latitude": 34.06659, "longitude": -118.22688, "datum": "WGS84" }, "cbsa_name_as_published": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "year": 2025, "metric": "annual-measured-pm25-monitor-context", "measurement_kind": "annual ground-monitor daily-mean summary", "annual_single_year": true, "population_weighted": false, "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "value": 12.649857, "value_as_published": "12.649857", "unit": "micrograms/m3 (local conditions)", "source_unit": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "sample_duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "metric_used": "Daily Mean", "pollutant_standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "method_name": "", "related_hourly_method_names": [ "Met One BAM-1020 Mass Monitor w/VSCC - Beta Attenuation" ], "related_hourly_source_csv_rows": [ 7320 ], "event_type": "No Events", "observation_count": 349, "observation_percent": 96, "completeness_indicator": "Y", "valid_day_count": 349, "required_day_count": 365, "exceptional_data_count": 0, "null_data_count": 0, "certification_indicator": "Certified", "source_date_of_last_change": "2026-03-26", "quality_flags": [ "monitor-statistic-not-city-exposure", "no-population-weighting", "no-reviewed-harmonized-fua-boundary", "no-city-level-aggregation", "calculated-daily-record-method-name-blank" ], "limitations": [ "Site/instrument statistic, not a city average or population-weighted exposure.", "Multiple instruments at one site are retained separately and are not independent areas.", "Completeness and certification are distinct; inspect the original reported fields." ], "index_admission": { "admitted": false, "reason": "Site measurement is not harmonized FUA population-weighted exposure." }, "source": { "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "dataset": "AirData annual concentration by monitor", "url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip", "sha256": "7af948b3dcaf2d214e7d8fdcfb8ab7b4b6dd9865a43ead6f1e21955bcc326cb8", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "csv_member": "annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.csv", "csv_sha256": "4ab9dc5135f81cf781f68837a0cf04d3e0223086d46a10eff550d85dcbb433d6", "csv_row_number": 7324, "documentation_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/FileFormats.html", "pm25_advisory_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/Data_Advisory_PM25_88101_Pregen_Files.pdf", "license_url": "https://edg.epa.gov/EPA_Data_License.htm", "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/epa-annual-conc-by-monitor-2025-7af948b3dcaf.zip" }, "raw_source_record": { "State Code": "06", "County Code": "037", "Site Num": "1103", "Parameter Code": "88101", "POC": "3", "Latitude": "34.06659", "Longitude": "-118.22688", "Datum": "WGS84", "Parameter Name": "PM2.5 - Local Conditions", "Sample Duration": "24-HR BLK AVG", "Pollutant Standard": "PM25 24-hour 2024", "Metric Used": "Daily Mean", "Method Name": "", "Year": "2025", "Units of Measure": "Micrograms/cubic meter (LC)", "Event Type": "No Events", "Observation Count": "349", "Observation Percent": "96", "Completeness Indicator": "Y", "Valid Day Count": "349", "Required Day Count": "365", "Exceptional Data Count": "0", "Null Data Count": "0", "Primary Exceedance Count": "4", "Secondary Exceedance Count": "4", "Certification Indicator": "Certified", "Num Obs Below MDL": "0", "Arithmetic Mean": "12.649857", "Arithmetic Standard Dev": "8.949715", "1st Max Value": "92.9", "1st Max DateTime": "2025-01-08 00:00", "2nd Max Value": "83.3", "2nd Max DateTime": "2025-07-05 00:00", "3rd Max Value": "74.2", "3rd Max DateTime": "2025-01-09 00:00", "4th Max Value": "38.9", "4th Max DateTime": "2025-12-17 00:00", "1st Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "1st NO Max DateTime": "", "2nd Max Non Overlapping Value": "", "2nd NO Max DateTime": "", "99th Percentile": "38.9", "98th Percentile": "32.9", "95th Percentile": "25.7", "90th Percentile": "19.5", "75th Percentile": "14.8", "50th Percentile": "10.8", "10th Percentile": "5.6", "Local Site Name": "Los Angeles-North Main Street", "Address": "1630 N MAIN ST, LOS ANGELES", "State Name": "California", "County Name": "Los Angeles", "City Name": "Los Angeles", "CBSA Name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "Date of Last Change": "2026-03-26" }, "source_ref": "source-6f181976f12fc9d7", "source_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_conc_by_monitor_2025.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:06.653654+00:00", "ranking_eligible": false, "index_eligible": false } ], "notice": "Separate contextual evidence classes: EPA annual monitor/site summaries and EEA two-year modelled city/greater-city exposure. Monitor rows are not city averages, independent urban areas or population-weighted FUA exposure. EEA values are 2024–2025 modelled city-boundary averages, not annual monitor statistics. Do not pool, average, rank or convert these classes into index inputs. Missing destinations are not assigned a substitute value." }, "geography_candidates": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "city_name": "Los Angeles", "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "status": "matched", "scoring_approved": false, "reference_point": { "longitude": -118.2437, "latitude": 34.0522, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "oecd_fua_candidates": [ { "id": "USA02F", "country_iso3": "USA", "source_name": "Los Angeles (Greater)", "source_label": "OECD functional urban area", "identity_source_frame": "oecd-codelist", "boundary_vintage": null, "boundary_vintage_status": "unknown: the retrieved package does not establish the national boundary/commuting reference year", "boundary_match": "point_intersects", "boundary_source_frame": "oecd-boundaries", "boundary_archive_generation": "2025-03-06T14:50:34.695Z", "member_count": 919, "member_ids": [ "USA0600212", "USA0600296", "USA0600394", "USA0600450", "USA0600464", "USA0600884", "USA0600947", "USA0601150", "USA0601290", "USA0602000", "USA0602294", "USA0602364", "USA0602462", "USA0602896", "USA0603274", "USA0603344", "USA0603386", "USA0603512", "USA0603666", "USA06037", "USA0603790015", "USA0603790560", "USA0603790730", "USA0603790810", "USA0603791400", "USA0603791730", "USA0603791750", "USA0603792110", "USA0603792140", "USA0603792360", "USA0603792400", "USA0603792785", "USA0603792920", "USA0603793090", "USA0603793100", "USA0603793155", "USA0603793200", "USA0603793380", "USA0603793510", "USA0603793730", "USA0603820", "USA0604030", "USA0604758", "USA0604870", "USA0604982", "USA0604996", "USA06059", "USA0605990050", "USA0605990420", "USA0605991413", "USA0605991977", "USA0605992150", "USA0605993015", "USA0605993110", "USA0606028", "USA0606308", "USA0606406", "USA0606434", "USA06065", "USA0606590253", "USA0606590410", "USA0606590492", "USA0606590520", "USA0606590590", "USA0606590670", "USA0606590880", "USA0606591280", "USA0606591370", "USA0606591450", "USA0606591530", "USA0606592060", "USA0606592130", "USA0606592340", "USA0606592450", "USA0606592640", "USA0606592810", "USA0606635", "USA0607064", "USA06071", "USA0607172", "USA0607190188", "USA0607190220", "USA0607191513", "USA0607192040", "USA0607192080", "USA0607192102", "USA0607192260", "USA0607192770", "USA0607192955", "USA0607193482", "USA0607193555", "USA0607193850", "USA0607218", "USA0607946", "USA0608100", "USA0608786", "USA0608954", "USA0609360", "USA0609598", "USA0609864", "USA0610928", "USA0611530", "USA0611796", "USA0612048", "USA0612552", "USA0612734", "USA0612916", "USA0613210", "USA0613214", "USA0613560", "USA0613756", "USA0614260", "USA0614890", "USA0614974", "USA0615044", "USA0616350", "USA0616420", "USA0616532", "USA0616580", "USA0616742", "USA0617162", "USA0617498", "USA0617568", "USA0617750", "USA0617946", "USA0618352", "USA0618982", "USA0618986", "USA0618996", "USA0619022", "USA0619052", "USA0619192", "USA0619766", "USA0619990", "USA0620697", "USA0620802", "USA0620984", "USA0621034", "USA0621096", "USA0621230", "USA0621292", "USA0621810", "USA0621964", "USA0622230", "USA0622412", "USA0622457", "USA0624477", "USA0624680", "USA0625114", "USA0625380", "USA0626067", "USA0628000", "USA0628168", "USA0629000", "USA0629112", "USA0630000", "USA0630014", "USA0630410", "USA0630658", "USA0630944", "USA0631092", "USA0631596", "USA0632385", "USA0632506", "USA0632548", "USA0633182", "USA0633364", "USA0633434", "USA0633518", "USA0633574", "USA0633588", "USA0634302", "USA0634316", "USA0634392", "USA0636000", "USA0636056", "USA0636203", "USA0636434", "USA0636448", "USA0636452", "USA0636490", "USA0636546", "USA0636770", "USA0636826", "USA0637554", "USA0637692", "USA0639003", "USA0639045", "USA0639108", "USA0639114", "USA0639178", "USA0639220", "USA0639248", "USA0639259", "USA0639290", "USA0639304", "USA0639444", "USA0639486", "USA0639496", "USA0639556", "USA0639598", "USA0639612", "USA0639645", "USA0639715", "USA0639836", "USA0639892", "USA0640032", "USA0640130", "USA0640256", "USA0640340", "USA0640354", "USA0640526", "USA0640830", "USA0640886", "USA0641180", "USA0641194", "USA0641208", "USA0641880", "USA0642370", "USA0642468", "USA0643000", "USA0643224", "USA0644000", "USA0644420", "USA0644574", "USA0644644", "USA0645246", "USA0645400", "USA0645680", "USA0645806", "USA0646436", "USA0646492", "USA0646520", "USA0646646", "USA0646660", "USA0646842", "USA0646884", "USA0647066", "USA0647430", "USA0648256", "USA0648410", "USA0648648", "USA0648788", "USA0648816", "USA0648914", "USA0649270", "USA0649348", "USA0649544", "USA0649684", "USA0650076", "USA0650132", "USA0650734", "USA0651182", "USA0651560", "USA0651820", "USA0652302", "USA0652379", "USA0652526", "USA0652624", "USA0652715", "USA0652760", "USA0653224", "USA0653896", "USA0653980", "USA0655156", "USA0655184", "USA0655254", "USA0655380", "USA0655618", "USA0656000", "USA0656598", "USA0656700", "USA0656826", "USA0656924", "USA0657302", "USA0657526", "USA0658072", "USA0659052", 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"USA92378", "USA92382", "USA92385", "USA92386", "USA92391", "USA92392", "USA92394", "USA92395", "USA92397", "USA92398", "USA92399", "USA92401", "USA92404", "USA92405", "USA92407", "USA92408", "USA92410", "USA92411", "USA92415", "USA92501", "USA92503", "USA92504", "USA92505", "USA92506", "USA92507", "USA92508", "USA92509", "USA92518", "USA92521", "USA92530", "USA92532", "USA92536", "USA92539", "USA92543", "USA92544", "USA92545", "USA92548", "USA92549", "USA92551", "USA92553", "USA92555", "USA92557", "USA92561", "USA92562", "USA92563", "USA92567", "USA92570", "USA92571", "USA92582", "USA92583", "USA92584", "USA92585", "USA92586", "USA92587", "USA92590", "USA92591", "USA92592", "USA92595", "USA92596", "USA92602", "USA92603", "USA92604", "USA92606", "USA92610", "USA92612", "USA92614", "USA92617", "USA92618", "USA92620", "USA92624", "USA92625", "USA92626", "USA92627", "USA92629", "USA92630", "USA92637", "USA92646", "USA92647", "USA92648", "USA92649", "USA92651", "USA92653", "USA92655", "USA92656", "USA92657", "USA92660", "USA92661", "USA92662", "USA92663", "USA92672", "USA92673", "USA92675", "USA92676", "USA92677", "USA92678", "USA92679", "USA92683", "USA92688", "USA92691", "USA92692", "USA92694", "USA92697", "USA92701", "USA92703", "USA92704", "USA92705", "USA92706", "USA92707", "USA92708", "USA92780", "USA92782", "USA92801", "USA92802", "USA92804", "USA92805", "USA92806", "USA92807", "USA92808", "USA92821", "USA92823", "USA92831", "USA92832", "USA92833", "USA92835", "USA92840", "USA92841", "USA92843", "USA92844", "USA92845", "USA92860", "USA92861", "USA92865", "USA92866", "USA92867", "USA92868", "USA92869", "USA92870", "USA92879", "USA92880", "USA92881", "USA92882", "USA92883", "USA92886", "USA92887", "USA93510", "USA93532", "USA93534", "USA93535", "USA93536", "USA93543", "USA93544", "USA93550", "USA93551", "USA93552", "USA93553", "USA93558", "USA93562", "USA93563", "USA93591" ], "member_geography_levels": [ "Counties", "Places", "Subcounties", "Zipcodes" ], "member_count_by_geography_level": { "Counties": 4, "Places": 314, "Subcounties": 56, "Zipcodes": 545 }, "membership_interpretation": "Counts of source correspondence units. Multiple geographic levels may overlap; do not sum their populations or treat these rows as disjoint boundary components.", "membership_source_frame": "oecd-membership", "membership_boundary_alignment": "not audited; separate source snapshots must not be assumed contemporaneous", "scoring_approved": false, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "da7cdaf3221d84805d693c94e21cc3740a5ce5aed3e84245e76096033d5e2a71", "shared_with": [] } ], "estimated_fua_2015": { "status": "matched", "source_frame": "jrc-efua", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "type": "JRC/OECD globally estimated functional urban area; modelled commuting influence", "scoring_approved": false, "candidates": [ { "eFUA_ID": 1642, "eFUA_name": "Los Angeles", "Cntry_ISO": "USA", "Cntry_name": "UnitedStates", "UC_IDs": "11;12;14;16;41;45", "UC_num": 6, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8e31426c3d7434685eda49baf0643fa221b5a253976d3175cab4fdf3bea5d427", "shared_with": [] } ], "notice": "Historical estimated area of influence, not observed current commuting data. Not interchangeable with OECD administrative FUAs or 2025 GHSL urban centres." }, "eurostat_2024_research_crosscheck": { "status": "unresolved", "source_frame": "gisco-2024", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "licence_notice": "Retrieved GISCO metadata states source acknowledgement and non-commercial use; Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics. Do not assume commercial API boundary reuse is cleared.", "candidates": [] }, "national_metro_context": { "type": "US OMB/Census Metropolitan statistical area", "name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "id": "31080", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city": { "name": "Los Angeles", "state_fips": "06", "place_fips": "44000" }, "member_type": "County or county equivalent", "member_ids": [ "06037", "06059" ], "source_frame": "us-cbsa-2023", "member_count": 2, "scoring_approved": false, "oecd_comparison_notice": "The OECD correspondence includes overlapping Counties, Places, Subcounties and Zipcodes; this national MSA is delineated by whole counties. Its county membership cannot be equated to the complete mixed-level OECD correspondence or to a city-proper ACS estimate." }, "scope_notice": "Municipal/city-proper, national metropolitan, police-service and GHSL urban-centre records describe their own populations and boundaries. They do not become FUA observations through matching city names or shared points. Indicator-specific aggregation and a reviewed vintage crosswalk are required.", "evaluated_at": "2026-10-26", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/geography-candidates.json", "notice": "An evidence-backed geography intake, not the scoring approval registry. Matches establish candidate identities, not comparable indicator coverage. Unknown vintages remain unknown; global estimated areas stay separate from observed-commuting FUAs.", "source_frames": [ { "frame_id": "oecd-codelist", "file": "oecd-cl-fua-city-1_1.xml", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/codelist/OECD.CFE.EDS/CL_FUA_CITY/1.1", "sha256": "aecbdc423785710a0a337163ae605bc51f88c565c199799728fb446982ed2da1", "bytes": 1561098, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.049947+00:00", "last_modified": "2025-03-04", "publisher": "OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities", "label": "CL_FUA_CITY v1.1", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data: reuse including commercial use with attribution, subject to additional/third-party restrictions.", "licence_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html", "source_ref": "source-b753484b99b33b89" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-boundaries", "file": "oecd-fuas-stats-legacy.bin", "url": "https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=3b18f993-eae9-4870-918c-e098d9fcd6ff", "sha256": "32629857c00e6a91f9e17fc94320d45b601af77484f82253e75cef0517115f89", "bytes": 91224531, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:08:20.095977+00:00", "last_modified": null, "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Official SDMX-linked FUAs/Cities GeoPackage package", "boundary_vintage": null, "package_generation": "2025-03-06", "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; package contains no separate licence file and underlying third-party geographic rights must be preserved.", "source_ref": "source-1c8c1738511e2bcc" }, { "frame_id": "oecd-membership", "file": "oecd-fua-cities-sau-mapping.csv", "url": "https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv", "sha256": "950426aa326d75adda45def5215ae82c399517b198743a046b78bd1a51c812fc", "bytes": 6333285, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:58.380496+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 19 May 2026 09:32:02 GMT", "publisher": "OECD", "label": "Correspondence between small administrative units, cities and functional urban areas", "boundary_vintage": null, "licence": "OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 Data; source-specific and third-party conditions remain applicable.", "source_ref": "source-c4aae10b7519c8d4" }, { "frame_id": "jrc-efua", "file": "ghs-fua-2015.zip", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A/V1-0/GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0.zip", "sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "bytes": 3059037, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:00.993849+00:00", "last_modified": "Tue, 03 Mar 2020 13:48:42 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre; developed with OECD", "label": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "licence": "Copyright notice\n------------------\n\n(c) European Union, 1995-2026\n\nThe Commission's reuse policy is implemented by the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 \non the reuse of Commission documents [1]. Any copyright and/or sui generis right on the dataset \nis licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence [2]. \nReuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.\n\n[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj\n[2] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "licence_url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" }, { "frame_id": "gisco-2024", "file": "gisco-2024-fua.geojson", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/geojson/URAU_RG_100K_2024_4326_FUA.geojson", "sha256": "6522106c9a49b4f1e51128a35ef64f2275fd7a1dc256e16e9db94ff360934c71", "bytes": 45018165, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:05:46.800226+00:00", "last_modified": "Thu, 19 Feb 2026 07:54:23 GMT", "publisher": "European Commission, Eurostat/GISCO", "label": "Urban Audit 2024 FUA RG 100K EPSG:4326; research cross-check only", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "licence": "Retrieved metadata: source acknowledgement AND non-commercial use. Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics.", "licence_source_frame": { "file": "gisco-2024-metadata.pdf", "url": "https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/urau/urau-2024-metadata.pdf", "sha256": "61064c10ba07dc7763861570a77e450e952e0912a9ffb65bc654d82bc4bbee35", "bytes": 10342, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:04:59.000190+00:00", "last_modified": "Mon, 15 Dec 2025 11:41:42 GMT" }, "geometry_redistribution_cleared": false, "source_ref": "source-a3575a85154b916e" }, { "frame_id": "us-cbsa-2023", "file": "us-2023-cbsa-delineations.xlsx", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629", "bytes": 143798, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:06:36.735881+00:00", "last_modified": "Fri, 04 Aug 2023 14:36:17 GMT", "publisher": "United States Census Bureau / Office of Management and Budget", "label": "July 2023 CBSA delineations", "boundary_vintage": "2023-07", "principal_city_source_frame": { "file": "us-2023-principal-cities.xlsx", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list2_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "1e1091de28d1ad1423cebf18e7cdb6db4fbf2204fd357bc68c24e8261dcce161", "bytes": 79368, "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26T19:06:36.716958+00:00", "last_modified": "Fri, 04 Aug 2023 14:36:23 GMT" }, "licence": "US Census Bureau government data: public-domain government work; cite source.", "licence_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "source_ref": "source-b2291e17aab05222" } ] }, "scoring_boundary": { "id": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "estimated-functional-urban-area", "authority": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "source_geography_id": "1642", "source_name": "Los Angeles", "boundary_vintage": "2015", "geography_edition": "GHS-FUA R2019A, 2015, V1_0", "version": "efua2015-cohort-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter-v1", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "crosswalk_method": "Inherited WGS84 destination point transformed to ESRI:54009 and uniquely intersected with original source polygon; original country labels retained. OECD IDs/overlap diagnostics are separate, non-equivalence crosswalks.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "estimated_area_id": 1642, "oecd_crosswalk": [ { "oecd_id": "USA02F", "oecd_name": "Los Angeles (Greater)", "status": "spatial-overlap-diagnostic-only", "boundary_vintage": null, "estimated_area_km2": 10407, "oecd_projected_area_km2": 83882.11616161146, "intersection_km2": 9556.925418574847, "fraction_of_estimated_area_in_oecd": 0.9183170383948156, "fraction_of_oecd_area_in_estimated": 0.11393281256951124, "intersection_over_union": 0.11278978313634887, "oecd_reprojected_validity_adapter_applied": false, "notice": "Approximate area diagnostic after reprojection to common equal-area CRS; not boundary equivalence, current boundary vintage, population coverage or outcome conversion weights." } ], "oecd_status": "matched-different-edition", "reference_point": { "longitude": -118.2437, "latitude": 34.0522, "provenance": "Inherited destination registry: spatial lookup aid only; not evidence of a scored boundary." }, "destination_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_iso3": "USA", "source_country_name": "UnitedStates" }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "civometra-pm25-initial-research-admission-2026-10-26", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0; eFUA_ID=1642; fid=8487", "exact_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-exact.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "12ae143651080d64458da3ce2603bb58ee4cd3d9357e624a383128f41f0bebc9", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "source_fid": 8487, "source_geometry_wkb_sha256": "8e31426c3d7434685eda49baf0643fa221b5a253976d3175cab4fdf3bea5d427", "source_geometry_blob_sha256": "7aed764831f01d13d77c48b56b905a2a56b4ed2dcf5d187bf2c8624211235fbd", "crs": "ESRI:54009", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "extraction_geometry": { "archive_file": "efua-2015-cohort-validity-adapter.gpkg", "archive_sha256": "514cc4071511d149ff4f37b533404954e5e785913cbafce1294428848bc0a9fb", "table": "GHS_FUA_UCDB2015_GLOBE_R2019A_54009_1K_V1_0", "record_id": 1642, "geometry_wkb_sha256": "8e31426c3d7434685eda49baf0643fa221b5a253976d3175cab4fdf3bea5d427", "adapter": "make-valid-linework-v1", "source_1km_mask_sha256": "a7210d85e26cdadbcfa8a1913b6b0f2c56de4e431825784225924ba564d8ed5c" }, "geometry_review": { "completed": true, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "original_valid": true, "validity_adapter_applied": false, "native_area_and_grid_footprint_unchanged": true }, "interpretation": "Fixed 2015 globally estimated functional area. Current-year annual exposure may be extracted within this historical analytical footprint using separately reviewed population and concentration grids. This is not a claim about observed/current commuting flows or present-day city-proper boundaries.", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "2015 estimated functional urban area: Los Angeles (1642)", "review_scope": "Reviewed research geography for this PM protocol only; not an observed current commuting zone or blanket approval for other indicators.", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. 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GHS-FUA R2019A (2015), V1_0. Source DOI 10.2905/347F0337-F2DA-4592-87B3-E25975EC2C95. Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "original_source_frame_ref": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a-v1-0-original", "original_source_archive_sha256": "d54de59b82b8c4d64a710f90ccd554975a3be92233f14115ac154094c3549979", "adaptation": "Exact selected original features, with documented make_valid linework decomposition only where invalid. 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Selection and geometry validity adaptation by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no publisher endorsement.", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/ghs-fua-2015-r2019a-d54de59b82b8.zip", "source_ref": "source-0a2031537592e1ba" } ] }, { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "31080", "source_name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -118.2437, "latitude": 34.0522, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "transformed_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "native_matches": [ "31080" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 27733.135975618974, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853" }, "county_fips": [ "06037", "06059" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:31080", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA31080; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record732", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 732, "native_shp_record_number": 732, "native_cbsa_code": "31080", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US31080", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] } ], "reviewed_pm25_history": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "city_name": "Los Angeles", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642", "source_area_id": "1642", "source_area_name": "Los Angeles", "value": 12.523773681869056, "unit": "micrograms/m3", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "concentration_year": 2024, "source_model": { "name": "SatPM CNNPM25", "version": "V6.GL.03", "source_url": "https://satpmdata.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/V6GL03/CNNPM25/Annual/GL/V6GL03.CNNPM25.GL.202401-202412.nc", "sha256": "9f1059f6a7d675a53f987e8b6ccc6981c3c29a867cc3a2324043a4eff2c19928" }, "protocol_ref": "civometra.pm25.measurement@1.0.0", "shared_with": [], "coverage": { "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "pm_population_coverage": 1, "cell_count": 10407, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10407, "population_grid_missing_cells": 0, "population_grid_zero_cells": 1881, "total_known_modelled_population": 16206528.530156042, "pm_covered_population": 16206528.530156042, "weighted_concentration_sum": 202966895.48042825, "population_in_zero_pm_cells": 0 }, "denominator": 16206528.530156042, "sensitivity": { "bilinear_estimate": 12.529604693343646, "bilinear_population_coverage": 1, "coarse_estimate": 12.38746809274214, "coarse_population_coverage": 1, "notice": "Method-sampling diagnostics with their own coverage; not statistical uncertainty or confidence intervals. Neither fills missing primary values." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "No city-specific statistical interval supplied by this global product; sampling sensitivity is not a confidence interval." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/pm25-2024-efua-1642.npz", "sha256": "f51a43aa7366b0fdb3757f9f125dfbfd2c301721efb85bd79f37ffce72449e5c" }, "geography_ref": "efua-2015-v1-0:los-angeles", "evidence_id": "pm25-2024-efua2015-los-angeles", "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2024 modelled ambient PM2.5 weighted by 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Los Angeles (source ID 1642). Historical modelled geography; source country labels and area identities are retained.", "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group / Washington University in St. Louis / SatPM", "title": "Shen, S., Li, C., van Donkelaar, A., Jacobs, N., Wang, C., and Martin, R. V. (2024). Enhancing Global Estimation of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations by Including Geophysical a Priori Information in Deep Learning. ACS ES&T Air. doi:10.1021/acsestair.3c00054. SatPM V6.GL.03, annual 2024; accessed 26 October 2026.", "url": "https://www.satpm.org/v6-gl-03", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential-population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current": { "admitted": true, "as_of": "2026-10-27" }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval, not a guarantee of current admission. The current engine state separately applies age and all other checks." }, "reviewed_heat_history": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "city_name": "Los Angeles", "analytical_area_id": "ghs-efua-2015-r2019a:1642", "source_area_id": "1642", "source_area_name": "Los Angeles", "value": 11.519801470761283, "unit": "person-days/person", "period_start": "2025-01-01", "period_end": "2025-12-31", "weather_reference_year": 2025, "population_reference_year": 2020, "boundary_reference_year": 2015, "protocol_ref": "civometra.heat-exposure.measurement@1.0.0", "geography_ref": "efua-2015-heat-v1-0:los-angeles", "evidence_id": "heat-2025-efua2015-los-angeles", "shared_with": [], "review_status": "accepted", "scope_notice": "Annual 2025 modelled outdoor heat exposure using 2020 modelled population in the fixed 2015 estimated area Los Angeles (source ID 1642). Native weather resolution is 0.25 degrees. This historical modelled analytical footprint is not a current municipality or observed commuting boundary.", "coverage": { "cell_count": 10407, "population_grid_valid_cells": 10407, "missing_cells": 0, "zero_cells": 1881, "population_grid_area_coverage": 1, "total_known_modelled_population": 16206528.530156042, "weather_covered_population": 16206528.530156042, "weather_population_coverage": 1, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 186695991.1976263, "native_weather_points": 31, "expected_days": 365 }, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 1.986498081371653, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 32194237.830849934 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0.46966624015609737, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 7611659.320740911 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0.3123107007517128, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 5061472.282005659 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 6.048713809517851, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 98028652.9246999 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 2.702612638963969, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 43799968.839329876 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "value": 0, "weighted_exposed_person_days": 0 } ], "definition_sensitivity": { "label": "threshold-definition sensitivity", "threshold_c": 38, "primary_comparison": ">=", "reference_comparison": ">", "denominator": 16206528.530156042, "strict_value": 11.519801470761283, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 186695991.1976263, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0, "monthly_exposure_days": [ { "month": "2025-01", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-02", "calendar_days": 28, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-03", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-04", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-05", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 1.986498081371653, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 32194237.830849934, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0.46966624015609737, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 7611659.320740911, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-07", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0.3123107007517128, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 5061472.282005659, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 6.048713809517851, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 98028652.9246999, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-09", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 2.702612638963969, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 43799968.839329876, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-10", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "calendar_days": 30, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "calendar_days": 31, "strict_value": 0, "strict_weighted_exposed_person_days": 0, "inclusive_minus_strict_value": 0, "equality_weighted_person_days": 0 } ], "notice": "Exact published-Celsius comparison sensitivity; not a confidence interval, physical accuracy estimate, new scored indicator or replacement primary value. The provider backend comparison/conversion order is not established." }, "uncertainty": { "status": "not-reported-for-this-derived-area", "note": "The source supplies no city-specific statistical confidence interval. Regional reanalysis does not resolve shade, indoor conditions, neighbourhood microclimate or individual physiological exposure." }, "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/heat-2025-efua-1642.npz", "sha256": "21bcaae5b9f9d021cd707e2eaa3028295fd741db3a52b01f3f490ac19eeeb1c8" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by ECMWF", "title": "ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace, archived 2025 daily maximum/minimum outdoor UTCI chart facts", "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/derived-utci-historical?tab=overview", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": { "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "basis": "Pinned official frontend chart/CSV export metadata; the JSON response itself omits licence and units.", "attribution": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) information 2025, implemented by ECMWF. Source: ERA5-HEAT via Thermal Trace and the Climate Data Store, DOI 10.24381/cds.553b7518; chart facts licensed CC BY 4.0.", "modifications": "Modified by BestCityToLive / AINT.app: daily maxima counted >=38 degrees Celsius on exact exported daily operands, native 0.25-degree sampling with the disclosed higher-coordinate tie rule, GHS-POP 2020 population weighting on reviewed estimated-FUA 2015 masks, and annual/monthly calculations with strict-threshold definition sensitivity. These derivatives are not source-produced city estimates.", "responsibility_notice": "Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data in this publication.", "no_endorsement": "The original publishers have not endorsed BestCityToLive, AINT.app, Civometra, the historical estimated-area compatibility review, or these derived city-area values." } }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre", "title": "GHS-POP R2023A V1-0, 2020 modelled residential population counts", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, { "publisher": "European Commission Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with OECD", "title": "GHS-FUA R2019A V1_0, estimated functional urban areas, 2015", "url": "https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/347f0337-f2da-4592-87b3-e25975ec2c95", "licence": "CC BY 4.0" } ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-26", "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "review_status_meaning": "Historical review approval; current admission separately applies age and other engine checks.", "source_refs": { "weather_source_ref": "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "app_source_ref": "source-46745581000ebca4", "population_source_ref": "source-f3189a9194a27e72" }, "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-82ac6f7a3f0687eb", "source-f3189a9194a27e72", "source-ef5611a3b029db1b" ], "monthly_status": "dependent-annual-contributions-not-independent-indicators", "notice": "Dated modelled annual heat research, using historical population and estimated boundaries. A counted UTC day reaches the daily-maximum UTCI threshold; it does not mean 24 hours at that threshold or individual measured exposure. Monthly rows are dependent contributions to one annual indicator, not independent admitted metrics, forecasts or climate normals. Current admission comes only from the engine; no composite score or official ranking is established." }, "reviewed_rental_vacancy_history": null, "reviewed_housing_supply_history": null, "reviewed_life_expectancy_history": null, "reviewed_road_deaths_history": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "value": 7.557465747352914, "unit": "per 100000", "period_start": "2024-01-01", "period_end": "2024-12-31", "source_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "geography_type": "harmonized-urban-area", "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "protocol_ref": "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0", "source_record_ref": "FARS2024 person.csv INJ_SEV4; STATE/ST_CASE joins and complete OMB2023 MSA 31080 counties; original rows linked in derivation.", "universe": "All source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport traffic crashes on trafficways customarily open to public access within a reviewed functional urban region, irrespective of victim residence or victim mode. The source classification requires death immediately or within 30 days (720 hours) of the qualifying crash. The denominator is the same region's usual-resident midyear population for the crash year. This is a territorial source count scaled by residents, not resident travel-risk probability. Nonmotor-only events and a broader nonmotor-inclusive road-death total are outside the adopted construct. Every future country source requires independent evidence of this event scope and region/population compatibility or an exact separately reviewed bridge.", "denominator": 12927614, "publisher": "BestCityToLive / AINT.app, derived from NHTSA and U.S. Census Bureau", "source_label": "Provisional2024 FARS motor-vehicle traffic fatal persons / Vintage2024 residents", "geography": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "definition_version": "1.0.0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:31080", "boundary_label": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "boundary_reference_year": 2024, "population_reference_year": 2024, "calculation_method": "100000 * source-classified fatal persons in qualifying motor-vehicle-in-transport public-access trafficway crashes occurring within the complete reviewed functional urban region during a calendar crash year / that region's usual-resident midyear population for the same year. Count persons, not fatal crashes; allocate by crash year, not death year. Retain source-classified qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and cases with missing geocodes; never select only geocoded cases, impute unknown severity, claim unobserved individual follow-up intervals, or substitute resident deaths occurring elsewhere.", "scope_notice": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "derivation": { "kind": "territorial-fatal-persons-per-midyear-residents", "calculation": "100000 * source INJ_SEV4 fatal persons selected by complete MSA STATE+COUNTY membership / original July1 2024 MSA residents from Vintage2024. Count people, not crashes; use crash year2024, not death year. Retain qualifying cross-year/unknown death dates and missing geocodes; no unknown-severity imputation or favourable population-vintage selection.", "scale": 100000, "numerator_person_fatalities": 977, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 920, "midyear_resident_population": 12927614, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "calendar_period": { "year": 2024, "start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31" }, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 97700000, "denominator": 12927614, "reduced_fraction": "48850000/6463807" }, "source_victim_selector": { "file": "person.csv", "field": "INJ_SEV", "equals": "4", "label": "Fatal Injury (K)" }, "location_selector": "Person STATE+COUNTY, independently equal to joined accident STATE+COUNTY; exact OMB county membership", "fatal_person_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE", "VEH_NO", "PER_NO" ], "crash_identity": [ "STATE", "ST_CASE" ], "source_classification": { "motor_vehicle_in_transport_required": true, "death_followup_days": 30, "maximum_followup_hours": 720, "trafficway_basis": "customarily-open-to-public", "time_allocation": "crash-year", "fatal_injury_code": "4", "prior_death_code": "6", "unknown_injury_code": "9", "individual_death_timestamps_complete": false, "independent_720h_verification": false, "release_status": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization", "intentional_event_rule": "Manual813798 page521: suicide-only cases are not coded; when other fatalities occur, the suicide victim is severity6 or0, not4. Prior-to-crash severity6 and unknown9 are not added.", "notice": "FARS requires a motor vehicle in transport and source-classified fatal injury within30days/720hours on a trafficway customarily open to the public. That is access, not legal road ownership or blanket public-parking coverage. Incomplete individual timestamps remain unknown; no independent720hour verification is claimed." }, "source_geography": { "native_cbsa_code": "31080", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US31080", "source_area_name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "membership_edition": "OMB July2023, 2020 standards", "native_boundary_product": "TIGER/Line2024", "native_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_record_number": 732, "county_count": 2, "county_fips": [ "06037", "06059" ], "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "transformed_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "native_matches": [ "31080" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 27733.135975618974, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } } }, "original_population_record": { "filename": "cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0", "csv_row_1based": 862, "source_field": "POPESTIMATE2024", "raw_source_record": { "CBSA": "31080", "MDIV": "", "STCOU": "", "NAME": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "LSAD": "Metropolitan Statistical Area", "ESTIMATESBASE2020": "13204657", "POPESTIMATE2020": "13182895", "POPESTIMATE2021": "12968590", "POPESTIMATE2022": "12906936", "POPESTIMATE2023": "12886400", "POPESTIMATE2024": "12927614", "NPOPCHG2020": "-21762", "NPOPCHG2021": "-214305", "NPOPCHG2022": "-61654", "NPOPCHG2023": "-20536", "NPOPCHG2024": "41214", "BIRTHS2020": "31399", "BIRTHS2021": "124588", "BIRTHS2022": "127597", "BIRTHS2023": "125847", "BIRTHS2024": "124244", "DEATHS2020": "25220", "DEATHS2021": "115341", "DEATHS2022": "98870", "DEATHS2023": "95838", "DEATHS2024": "90857", "NATURALCHG2020": "6179", "NATURALCHG2021": "9247", "NATURALCHG2022": "28727", "NATURALCHG2023": "30009", "NATURALCHG2024": "33387", "INTERNATIONALMIG2020": "233", "INTERNATIONALMIG2021": "15944", "INTERNATIONALMIG2022": "83694", "INTERNATIONALMIG2023": "105058", "INTERNATIONALMIG2024": "130009", "DOMESTICMIG2020": "-29264", "DOMESTICMIG2021": "-232171", "DOMESTICMIG2022": "-173616", "DOMESTICMIG2023": "-156690", "DOMESTICMIG2024": "-122349", "NETMIG2020": "-29031", "NETMIG2021": "-216227", "NETMIG2022": "-89922", "NETMIG2023": "-51632", "NETMIG2024": "7660", "RESIDUAL2020": "1090", "RESIDUAL2021": "-7325", "RESIDUAL2022": "-459", "RESIDUAL2023": "1087", "RESIDUAL2024": "167" } }, "original_source_archives": { "fars": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-fars-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "cb9c413120d6e661e4173f740128cbf99ee54163c951a50a041dfa816ff3a79d" }, "original_filename": "FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "publisher": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration", "publisher_url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "bytes": 32672161, "sha256": "5112727a8c0dc91ffee27ca05bddb073934f2d192ce4fae997da767dccdbe04f", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-001.bin", "sha256": "bdbf3cfa60f0d4b5e45353eed975452cf9ffffc83b6d224a18841dc61baf3033", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-fars-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/fars2024-national-csv-5112727a8c0d.part-002.bin", "sha256": "f796ce0929224ddbc5594087919b350c14ea77fa9ea5f91c8f0e9a3a5ee4db73", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 12672161, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "native_geometry": { "manifest": { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0" }, "original_filename": "tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "publisher_url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "bytes": 34959504, "sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "reconstruction": "Exact ordered concatenation, without separators or decompression", "parts": [ { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-001", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-001.bin", "sha256": "593dd43be19c182f2de18bc1e2a4be7e987a0dc128ebbae233b5934d5f46358b", "order": 1, "offset": 0, "bytes": 20000000, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-part-002", "url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.part-002.bin", "sha256": "6b72e011db8669ed0181c977c4edd5f60c4edef875366e1dae80386dc45653f1", "order": 2, "offset": 20000000, "bytes": 14959504, "content_type": "application/octet-stream", "standalone_zip": false } ] }, "membership": { "id": "road-2024-membership", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-census-list1_2023.xlsx", "sha256": "952c4b1e78acbb54e6ec9412434b7602fedacbf021736351a63c181bdb753629" }, "population": { "id": "road-2024-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv", "sha256": "8bb9e59c3193ce1fc4f1bd08308fe435b2840d0a80a521f51db99b4185d28ea0" }, "population_revision": { "id": "road-2024-population-revision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-cbsa-est2025-alldata.csv", "sha256": "bf6fad83753456413d047d1acebeb434bd067eba9d6d0be62b3f737ad1301852" } }, "source_frames": { "county_membership_population": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853" }, "native_boundary": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef" }, "fatal_persons": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-persons.json", "sha256": "ca063264289074e73e4ff8c3a151512b152dabb7d92d83f16699ba946449350b" }, "fatal_crashes": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-fatal-crashes.json", "sha256": "bec2d9d7e20272bdd828cec8290f5d2c3088adc0f45e5b53da067f32991893b6" }, "source_facts": { "id": "road-2024-source-facts", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-source-facts.json", "sha256": "7adbc22337ddb08dca3cde2cfb994e57649a62fa28d3912acf322aad56403e39" } }, "revision_sensitivity_only": { "kind": "later-population-vintage-comparison", "population_estimate_vintage": 2025, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "midyear_resident_population": 12906895, "value": 7.569597490333655, "exact_rational": { "numerator": 97700000, "denominator": 12906895, "reduced_fraction": "19540000/2581379" }, "notice": "Not primary. Uses Jan1 2025 non-MSA boundaries; identical OMB membership does not establish exact native geometry identity. Revision comparison, not CI, new input or preferred rate." }, "coverage": { "county_membership_complete": true, "population_components_reconcile": true, "fatal_person_vs_crash_fatals_reconcile": true, "unknown_other_notreported_county_fatalities_in_constituent_states": 0, "unknown_injury_severity_is_not_imputed": true, "source_person_rows_in_region": 2391, "unknown_not_reported_injury_severity_persons_in_region": 88, "died_prior_to_crash_persons_not_counted_as_crash_fatalities": 0, "fatal_person_death_year_counts": { "2024": 958, "2025": 1, "9999": 18 }, "fatal_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "fatal_persons_in_crashes_with_out_of_range_or_missing_geocode": 1, "geocoded_crash_point_coverage_is_not_used_for_count_selection": true }, "source_inventories": { "omb_county_relationships": 1915, "omb_tiger_cbsas": 935, "us_population_cbsas": 925, "puerto_rico_cbsas_absent_from_population": 10, "fars_scope": "50 US states and District of Columbia; acquired national file excludes Puerto Rico", "notice": "OMB/TIGER include10PuertoRico areas absent from both US population files; FARS PuertoRico code43 is not CensusFIPS72. No PuertoRico adapter/coverage claimed." }, "method_qualification": { "territorial_not_resident_risk": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents.", "ascertainment_and_provisional": "FARS2024 ARF is provisional; an administrative fatal-crash census does not establish complete ascertainment or zero uncertainty.", "unknown_dates_and_followup": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation.", "source_fatals_reconciliation": "Every crash FATALS equals joined INJ_SEV4 persons. FATALS is derived from that classification, so this checks extraction/joins, not independent ascertainment.", "geography_compatibility": "Complete OMB2023 membership and primary Vintage2024 components match. PrinceWilliam/Fairfax transfer is internal to DC MSA. Change inventories do not prove every polygon vertex unchanged; native geography is distinct from PM2015.", "population_revision": "Vintage2024 July2024 is primary. Vintage2025 July2024 uses Jan2025 other boundaries; codes do not prove identical geometry. Revision sensitivity is not CI, newinput or a favourable replacement.", "manual_provenance": "Primary NHTSA multipart PDFs were decoded with exact payload hashes. Analytical/coding SHA512 differs from unacquired ROSA mirror checksums; cause is unknown. Coding metadata retains a draft/revisions phrase. Pinned primary endpoints/index/title/report/year, not mirror equivalence, establish this version.", "manual_source_refs": [ { "report_number": "813794", "title": "FARS Analytical User Manual1975–2024", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813794", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "1288a6ad80f51ce954cf53bb3d07bf70bfc4910fb18cb877a5739a163595d1ad", "pdf_pages": [ 6, 10 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false }, { "report_number": "813791", "title": "2024 FARS Overview, ARF/final cycle", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813791", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "cae507854dfe5be1eb18cd6b97ffd1ec137350eccd32cb979ef41bbe938ea408", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": null }, { "report_number": "813798", "title": "FARS/CRSS2024 Coding and Validation Manual", "source_url": "https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813798", "reviewed_payload_sha256": "c9bbf7040939ab60c9663f3e0b7fb4bc5c2b9be4d6bafb5b59464800c921610a", "pdf_pages": [ 521 ], "archive_status": "privately-reviewed-not-publicly-redistributed", "publisher_mirror_checksum_match": false } ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" }, "rights_review": { "id": "road-2024-rights", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-rights-review.json", "sha256": "b555236b9483e4dc1b626debbda65c8d126062a63a5ac293aa0d63c5650982e3" }, "independent_audit": { "id": "road-2024-independent-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-independent-proof.json", "sha256": "3cbfd334d95ca7ac065f51dbd08266e52db17015190ae1dfa70b0ed7f59adefb" }, "initial_scope_decision": { "id": "road-2024-initial-scope-decision", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-initial-scope-decision.json", "sha256": "87d49103c915bb4ee636b0fb94921440ec7343313986ad0d8390a607465fd2fc" } }, "source_licences": { "fatalities": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "population_and_membership": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" }, "native_geometry": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "acknowledgement": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } } }, "quality_flags": [ { "code": "provisional-arf", "label": "Provisional ARF", "meaning": "2024 Annual Report File (ARF), provisional and subject to finalization" }, { "code": "territorial-source-count", "label": "Territorial, not resident risk", "meaning": "Territorial FARS motor-vehicle traffic deaths on customarily public-access trafficways, not nonmotor-only road events or resident travel risk. Native OMB2023 MSA counties and Jan2024 TIGER NAD83 boundaries are separately reviewed source regions, not PM2015 estimated-FUA equivalents." }, { "code": "unknowns-retained", "label": "Source unknowns preserved", "meaning": "Known January2025 death years and unknown dates remain in crash-year2024 when source-classified INJ_SEV4. No independent720hour verification or date imputation." } ], "uncertainty": { "status": "not-provided", "standard_error": null, "confidence_interval": null, "note": "Administrative fatal-crash census and resident population estimates; unknown case ascertainment/ARF revisions and population estimate error are not zero uncertainty." }, "licence": { "name": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use", "acknowledgement": "Source: NHTSA, 2024 FARS Annual Report File (ARF), provisional, released April2026.", "derived_notice": "Regional selection/count/rate by BestCityToLive / AINT.app; no NHTSA endorsement or warranty. Agency logos/private submissions are not reused.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/terms-use" }, "source_attribution": [ { "publisher": "NHTSA", "title": "2024 FARS ARF", "url": "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "licence": "NHTSA public U.S. Government information; distribution/copying permitted" }, { "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "title": "Vintage2024 / OMB2023 / TIGER2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries" } ], "evidence_id": "road-2024-omb2023-los-angeles", "city_name": "Los Angeles", "source_area_id": "31080", "source_area_name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "review_status": "accepted", "frame": { "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853" }, "numerator_person_fatalities": 977, "fatal_crashes_not_numerator": 920, "midyear_resident_population": 12927614, "population_reference_date": "2024-07-01", "population_estimate_vintage": 2024, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_boundary": { "id": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "city_slug": "los-angeles", "status": "reviewed", "scope": "functional-urban-area", "boundary_kind": "official-metropolitan-statistical-area", "authority": "U.S. Census Bureau / OMB", "source_geography_id": "31080", "source_name": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA", "boundary_vintage": "2024-01-01", "geography_edition": "OMB July2023 / TIGER/Line2024", "version": "census-tiger2024-road-v1.0.0", "source_frame_ref": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "original_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "coordinate_source_frame_ref": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "crosswalk_method": "Complete OMB county set/native CBSA identity and unique point intersection under named non-ballpark4m NAD83/WGS84 adapter; source county compatibility separately reviewed.", "crosswalk": { "city_slug": "los-angeles", "reference_point": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "longitude": -118.2437, "latitude": 34.0522, "coordinate_epoch": null }, "point_adapter": { "source_crs": "EPSG:4326", "target_crs": "EPSG:4269", "description": "axis order change (2D) + Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + axis order change (2D)", "definition": "proj=noop ellps=GRS80", "accuracy_m": 4, "is_ballpark": false, "coordinate_epoch": null, "input_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "transformed_point": [ -118.2437, 34.0522 ], "native_matches": [ "31080" ], "diagnostic_distance_to_external_boundary_m": 27733.135975618974, "distance_notice": "Approximate diagnostic interior distance on source NAD83 geometry; no measured geospatial accuracy is claimed.", "qualification": "EPSG operation represents WGS84/NAD83 agreement at stated4m accuracy; its no-op pipeline is not a claim of exact datum identity or survey accuracy.", "proof": { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6" } }, "county_membership_population_frame": { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-county-membership-population.json", "sha256": "04a148d8ac28e2cd9bdefd5eb002ec7ab1f9e4a6d9f72f88e2377c34bce27853" }, "county_fips": [ "06037", "06059" ], "geographic_change_review": { "id": "road-2024-geographic-change-review", "url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geographic-change-review.json", "sha256": "aa0ed0c78ac634d012222daedd2e5752769a8c3951eb08360654de80ebe023a3" } }, "reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "scoring_approved": true, "policy_decision_ref": "road-motor-traffic-2024-research-v1-0", "analytical_area_id": "us-omb2023-cbsa:31080", "shared_with": [], "source_record_ref": "Original CBSA31080; OMB List1 county set; TIGER native record732", "approved_protocol_refs": [ "civometra.road-deaths.measurement@1.0.0" ], "boundary_label": "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · OMB2023 MSA / Jan2024 native boundaries", "review_scope": "Road-only protocol permission, no PM/eFUA equivalence.", "exact_geometry": { "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "archive_sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef", "original_archive_manifest_ref": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "original_archive_sha256": "ea2f40fcd9ecf46663da798e2e524766d37d6a802d760cd50c6629cfb861e54e", "native_crs": "EPSG:4269", "native_dbf_record_number": 732, "native_shp_record_number": 732, "native_cbsa_code": "31080", "native_geoidfq": "310M700US31080", "source_boundary_reference_date": "2024-01-01", "simplified": false, "reprojected": false, "clipped": false }, "geography_ref": "census-tiger2024-road-v1-0:los-angeles", "geography_type_required": "harmonized-urban-area", "notice": "Scoped protocol permissions can repeat one unchanged physical boundary. Counts distinguish reviewed entries from unique destinations and analytical areas. Frozen 2015 estimated areas are not current observed commuting zones or 2025 urban centres.", "registry_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/scoring-geographies.json", "source_frames": [ { "id": "road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "sha256": "4da9aac198b5262bb6084c71ff92049594d92b556af857c3ddabe6f753fe3cef", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2023/delineation-files/list1_2023.xlsx", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/metro/totals/cbsa-est2024-alldata.csv" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-los-angeles-native-boundary.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" }, { "id": "road-2024-tiger-archive-manifest", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "sha256": "d79352ed52578eed9fb4113a8ae7b29fb0de66429153abf35be488f97590c7e0", "source_urls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2024/CBSA/tl_2024_us_cbsa.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-27T00:15:17.185451+00:00", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/tiger2024-us-cbsa-ea2f40fcd9ec.archive-manifest.json", "source_ref": "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" }, { "id": "road-2024-geometry-proof", "archive_url": "/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "sha256": "baebb0379b61dde8c8ed86562037da6218ec978800824c20ee9fc5249f63e7c6", "source_urls": [ "https://static.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/downloads/FARS/2024/National/FARS2024NationalCSV.zip" ], "licence": "U.S. Census Bureau federal factual data and native statistical boundaries", "licence_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title17/html/USCODE-2024-title17-chap1.htm", "reuse_review": "permitted-with-attribution", "reuse_reviewed_at": "2026-10-27", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OMB July2023, Vintage2024 residents and TIGER/Line2024. Vintage2025 is revision sensitivity only.", "derived_notice": "Factual selection/rates by BestCityToLive / AINT.app. TIGER/Line is a source trademark; statistical boundaries are not legal land descriptions. No Census/OMB endorsement or survey-accuracy claim.", "downstream_conditions_url": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "archive_absolute_url": "https://bestcitytolive.com/data/source-frames/road-2024-geometry-source-proof.json", "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0" } ] }, "current_engine_state": "accepted", "current_engine_evaluated_at": "2026-10-27", "current": { "admitted": true, "status": "accepted", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "reason": "A reviewed observation passes the configured admission checks." }, "source_ref": "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "licence_source_refs": [ "source-81cbb49139c6b6e8", "source-ca5172f562a17a92" ], "attribution_source_refs": [ "source-36f81ce7708a40a0", "source-2d65d60c9b1cef68" ], "notice": "Territorial 2024 FARS motor-vehicle-involved traffic fatal-person counts per July 1, 2024 resident population, on complete OMB July 2023 metropolitan county sets. A motor vehicle in transport is required; eligible victims include occupants, pedestrians and cyclists, while nonmotor-only events are outside this initial global convention. The 2024 Annual Report File is provisional. The 30-day public-access trafficway classification is source-reported; unknown individual death timestamps are retained. Public access does not mean government road ownership or every publicly accessible parking area: qualifying parking lot ways are distinct from stalls and aisles. This is not resident lifetime risk, deaths per distance travelled, a municipal measure, a global comparison or an official quarterly result. Native NAD83 boundaries and the reviewed destination-point adapter are distinct from PM and heat geographies. Historical source review does not by itself establish current engine admission." }, "links": { "city": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/cities/los-angeles.json", "markdown": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/cities/los-angeles.md", "index_metrics": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/index-metrics.json", "urban_centres": "https://bestcitytolive.com/api/v1/urban-centres.json" } }