Civometra · reviewed research inputs
One shared method.
Every city.
Annual 2024 PM2.5, weighted by a common 2020 population grid inside explicitly historical 2015 estimated urban areas. Follow the calculation and exact source cells before quoting a figure.
Inspect the city evidence- destination bindings
- 63
- physical area estimates
- 62
- index indicators with current inputs
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Concentration
2024
SatPM V6.GL.03 annual modelled ambient PM2.5, nominal 0.01° grid. Nominal resolution does not establish neighbourhood accuracy.
Population weights
2020
GHS-POP R2023A modelled residential counts at 1 km. This is the actual weighting year, with missing cells retained as unknown.
Boundary edition
2015
One JRC/OECD estimated-FUA edition across the cohort. These historical modelled areas are not presented as observed current commuting zones.
This is one environmental input. It does not establish an overall city score or an official quarterly result. The fixed five-pillar coverage gates remain unchanged. Current admission is evaluated 2026-10-27; the underlying evidence was reviewed 2026-10-26.
Osaka and Kyoto share one physical estimate. The San Francisco guide is bound to the source estimated area named San Jose; original names remain visible. Country search refers to guide destinations, with original source country labels retained in the geography registry.
Annual PM2.5 · µg/m³
Inspect the city evidence.
63 of 63 destination bindings. Alphabetical order; no best-city ranking is implied.
| Destination guide | Modelled PM2.5 · 2024 | Historical source area · 2015 | Source coverage | Current engine state |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amsterdam ↗ Netherlands | 9.7µg/m³ · population-weighted | AmsterdamID 1427 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Auckland ↗ New Zealand | 5.8µg/m³ · population-weighted | AucklandID 869 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Bangalore ↗ India | 34.8µg/m³ · population-weighted | BengaluruID 9099 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Bangkok ↗ Thailand | 24.6µg/m³ · population-weighted | BangkokID 1894 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Barcelona ↗ Spain | 13.6µg/m³ · population-weighted | BarcelonaID 4523 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Beijing ↗ China | 43.9µg/m³ · population-weighted | BeijingID 7704 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Berlin ↗ Germany | 10.7µg/m³ · population-weighted | BerlinID 4946 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Boston ↗ United States | 6.1µg/m³ · population-weighted | BostonID 7347 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Brisbane ↗ Australia | 5.2µg/m³ · population-weighted | BrisbaneID 2355 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Brussels ↗ Belgium | 9.5µg/m³ · population-weighted | BrusselsID 1269 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Buenos Aires ↗ Argentina | 13.4µg/m³ · population-weighted | Buenos AiresID 4215 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Cairo ↗ Egypt | 45.2µg/m³ · population-weighted | CairoID 3981 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Calgary ↗ Canada | 9.1µg/m³ · population-weighted | CalgaryID 1276 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Cape Town ↗ South Africa | 9µg/m³ · population-weighted | Cape TownID 189 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Chicago ↗ United States | 8µg/m³ · population-weighted | ChicagoID 6654 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Copenhagen ↗ Denmark | 9µg/m³ · population-weighted | CopenhagenID 537 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Delhi ↗ India | 88.4µg/m³ · population-weighted | Delhi [New Delhi]ID 7466 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Dubai ↗ United Arab Emirates | 42.4µg/m³ · population-weighted | DubaiID 357 | 100% of known population has PM 99.68% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Dublin ↗ Ireland | 7.6µg/m³ · population-weighted | DublinID 415 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Edinburgh ↗ United Kingdom | 7.9µg/m³ · population-weighted | EdinburghID 2305 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Helsinki ↗ Finland | 6.9µg/m³ · population-weighted | HelsinkiID 687 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Ho Chi Minh City ↗ Vietnam | 30.1µg/m³ · population-weighted | Ho Chi Minh CityID 5038 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Hong Kong ↗ China | 15.9µg/m³ · population-weighted | Hong KongID 73 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Istanbul ↗ Türkiye | 20.2µg/m³ · population-weighted | IstanbulID 1637 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Jakarta ↗ Indonesia | 38.1µg/m³ · population-weighted | JakartaID 4897 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Kuala Lumpur ↗ Malaysia | 23.2µg/m³ · population-weighted | Kuala LumpurID 1322 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Kyoto ↗ Japan | 12.1µg/m³ · population-weighted | Osaka [Kyoto]ID 3956Shared with Osaka | 100% of known population has PM 99.94% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Lima ↗ Peru | 26.8µg/m³ · population-weighted | LimaID 2327 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Lisbon ↗ Portugal | 9.9µg/m³ · population-weighted | LisbonID 310 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| London ↗ United Kingdom | 8.6µg/m³ · population-weighted | LondonID 5288 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Los Angeles ↗ United States | 12.5µg/m³ · population-weighted | Los AngelesID 1642 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Madrid ↗ Spain | 9.9µg/m³ · population-weighted | MadridID 3147 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Manila ↗ Philippines | 25.4µg/m³ · population-weighted | Quezon City [Manila]ID 2845 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Melbourne ↗ Australia | 5.6µg/m³ · population-weighted | MelbourneID 1266 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Montreal ↗ Canada | 8.2µg/m³ · population-weighted | MontrealID 3485 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Mumbai ↗ India | 39µg/m³ · population-weighted | MumbaiID 7163 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Munich ↗ Germany | 9.3µg/m³ · population-weighted | MunichID 4736 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| New York City ↗ United States | 7.3µg/m³ · population-weighted | New YorkID 7244 | 100% of known population has PM 99.99% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Osaka ↗ Japan | 12.1µg/m³ · population-weighted | Osaka [Kyoto]ID 3956Shared with Kyoto | 100% of known population has PM 99.94% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Oslo ↗ Norway | 7.4µg/m³ · population-weighted | OsloID 596 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Paris ↗ France | 9.9µg/m³ · population-weighted | ParisID 2702 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Perth ↗ Australia | 6.2µg/m³ · population-weighted | PerthID 360 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Prague ↗ Czechia | 12.8µg/m³ · population-weighted | PragueID 535 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Rio de Janeiro ↗ Brazil | 17µg/m³ · population-weighted | Rio de JaneiroID 6961 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Rome ↗ Italy | 13.4µg/m³ · population-weighted | RomeID 3881 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| San Francisco ↗ United States | 7µg/m³ · population-weighted | San JoseID 1255 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Santiago ↗ Chile | 24.4µg/m³ · population-weighted | SantiagoID 2072 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| São Paulo ↗ Brazil | 18.3µg/m³ · population-weighted | São PauloID 6567 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Seattle ↗ United States | 4.9µg/m³ · population-weighted | SeattleID 4510 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Seoul ↗ South Korea | 24.5µg/m³ · population-weighted | SeoulID 94 | 100% of known population has PM 99.97% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Shanghai ↗ China | 34.6µg/m³ · population-weighted | ShanghaiID 10097 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Singapore ↗ Singapore | 13.4µg/m³ · population-weighted | SingaporeID 154 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Stockholm ↗ Sweden | 6µg/m³ · population-weighted | StockholmID 1445 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Sydney ↗ Australia | 5.7µg/m³ · population-weighted | SydneyID 1830 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Taipei ↗ Taiwan | 14.9µg/m³ · population-weighted | New Taipei [Taipei]ID 1141 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Tel Aviv ↗ Israel | 19.7µg/m³ · population-weighted | Tel AvivID 419 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Tokyo ↗ Japan | 12.9µg/m³ · population-weighted | TokyoID 5129 | 100% of known population has PM 99.72% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Toronto ↗ Canada | 7.4µg/m³ · population-weighted | TorontoID 2626 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Vancouver ↗ Canada | 5.4µg/m³ · population-weighted | VancouverID 375 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Vienna ↗ Austria | 11.2µg/m³ · population-weighted | ViennaID 790 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Warsaw ↗ Poland | 16.3µg/m³ · population-weighted | WarsawID 3222 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Washington DC ↗ United States | 7µg/m³ · population-weighted | Washington D.C.ID 7068 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
| Zurich ↗ Switzerland | 9.4µg/m³ · population-weighted | ZurichID 1479 | 100% of known population has PM 100% valid population-grid area | Admitted research inputAssessment & sources ↗ |
What the coverage figures mean.
The PM denominator is known valid 2020 modelled population. Fifty-one population cells in five areas remain unknown; they are excluded rather than assigned zero or assumed to be water. The separate area coverage makes that limitation visible. Both admission thresholds were fixed at 99% before city values were calculated.
No city-specific statistical interval is supplied by this global model. Nearest/bilinear and coarse-grid comparisons are sampling-sensitivity checks, with their own coverage, and are not confidence intervals.
Read the frozen operational definitionReproduce the working
Exact cells. Original sources.
The public extraction frames retain every native population value and sampled concentration used in the calculation. Independent code checked all 272,057 population cells and every stored concentration against original files. The source authors and versions are credited under CC BY 4.0; no endorsement is implied.